Fluid Mechanics - Stone

Fluid Dynamics: Physical ideas, the Navier-Stokes equations, and applications to lubrication flows and complex fluids
Howard A. Stone Division of Engineering & Applied Sciences Harvard University
A presentation for AP298r Monday, 5 April 2004
Outline
Part I: elementary ideas
A role for mechanical ideas Brief picture tour: small to large lengths scales; fast and slow flows; gases and liquids
Continuum hypothesis: material and transport properties

Newtonian fluids (and a brief word about rheology) stress versus rate of strain; pressure and density variations; Reynolds number; Navier-Stokes eqns, additional body forces; interfacial tension: statics, interface
deformation, gradients
Part II: Prototypical flows: pressure and shear

driven flows; instabilities; oscillatory flows
Part III: Lubrication and thin film flows Part IV: Suspension flows - sedimentation, effective viscosities, an application to biological membranes
Applied Physics 298r
A fluid dynamics tour 2
5 April 2004
From atoms to atmospheres: mechanics in the physical sciences
classical mechanics
particle and rigid body dynamics
celestial mechanics
motion of stars, planets, comets, ...
quantum mechanics
atoms and clusters of atoms
statistical mechanics
properties of large numbers
Isaac Newton 16421727
Continuum mechanics:
(materials viewed as continua) electrodynamics thermodynamics solid mechanics fluid mechanics
5 April 2004
A fluid dynamicists view of the world*

** ***
Galaxies
Snow avalanche
Astrophysics Geophysics
Mathematics Engineering aeronautical biomedical chemical environmental mechanical Physics
Fluid dynamicist
Biology
Chemistry
* after theme of H.K. Moffatt ** http://zebu.uoregon.edu/messier.html *** Courtesy of H. Huppert

Applied Physics 298r A fluid dynamics tour 4 5 April 2004
Fluid motions occur in many forms around us: Here is a short tour (Water) Little Big waves Waves Waves
Ship waves
Ref.: An Album of Fluid Motion, M. Van Dyke

Flow and design in sports

Cycles and cycling Yacht design and the Americas Cup
(importance of the keel)
Rebecca Twig, Winning Jan. 1996
http://www.sgi.com/features/2000/jan/cup/
Bicycling Feb. 1996

Swimming (large and small)
Micro-organisms: flagella, cilia
Running on water Rowing
Basilisk or Jesus lizard Speed vs. # of rowers? T.A. McMahon, Science (1971)
Ref: McMahon & Bonner,On Size and Life; Alexander Exploring Biomechanics
5 April 2004
Small fluid drops

(surface tension is important)
Water issuing from a millimeter-sized nozzle
(3 images on right: different oscillation frequencies given to liquid; ref: Van Dyke, An Album of Fluid Motion)
Bubble ink jet printer

(Olivetti)
also: deliver reagents to DNA (bio-chip) arrays
Three-dimensional printing -- MIT

(Prof. E. Sachs & colleagues)
Hagia Sophia (original in Istanbul Turkey)
5 inches
iPrinter/sld003.htm
. and a pretty picture . A dolphin blowing a toroidal bubble
5 April 2004
Elementary Ideas I
A brief tour of basic elements leading through the governing partial differential equations Physical ideas, dimensionless parameters
5 April 2004
Elementary Ideas II
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Elementary Ideas III
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Elementary Ideas IV
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Elementary Ideas V
4. Viscosity and Newtonian fluids
5 April 2004
Elementary Ideas VI
5. On to the equations of motion
5 April 2004
Elementary Ideas VII
5 April 2004
Elementary Ideas VIII

The Reynolds number
Newtons second law:
Osborne Reynolds (18421912)
mass. acceleration = forces

Forces (pressure) acting on fluid to cause motion Friction from surrounding fluid which resists motion: viscosity ()
High Reynolds number flow Low Reynolds number flow
U
L
ratio of inertial effects to viscous effects in the flow
r UL Re = m
Emphasizes inter-relation of size, speed, viscosity

5 April 2004
Elementary Ideas IX
5 April 2004
Quiz 1 Consider the rise height of a liquid on a plane. Use dimensional arguments to show that the rise height is proportional to the capillary length.
5 April 2004
PART II: Prototypical Flows I

Steady pressure-driven flow
5 April 2004
Prototypical Flows II
Additional effects when the mean free path of the fluid is comparable to the geometric dimensions
GAS FLOW IN A MICROCHANNEL: COMPRESSIBLE FLOW WITH SLIP
REF: ARKILIC, SCHMIDT & BREUER
5 April 2004
Prototypical Flows III

Even simple flows suffer dynamical instabilities!
Ref. D. Acheson
Prototypical Flows IV
5 April 2004
Lubrication Flows I
5 April 2004
Lubrication Flows II
5 April 2004
Lubrication Flows III
5 April 2004
Quiz 2 Consider pressure-driven flow in a rectangular channel of height h and width w with h<< w. Find an approximate expression for the flow rate through the channel. If the permeability is the ratio of the u/(p/L), find the permeability of such a rectangular channel.
5 April 2004
Lubrication Flows IV
5 April 2004
Lubrication Flows V
5 April 2004
Lubrication Flows VI
Time-dependent geometries
5 April 2004
Lubrication Flows VII
5 April 2004
Lubrication Flows VIII
5 April 2004
Lubrication Flows IX
5 April 2004
Suspension Flows I
5 April 2004
Suspension Flows II
5 April 2004
Suspension Flows III
5 April 2004
Suspension Flows IV
5 April 2004
Suspension Flows IV
Brownian motion and diffusion: The Stokes-Einstein equation
A typical diffusive displacement in time are linked by 2()2txtDt= (distance)2 Dcm10sec D cm10sec D . btkTD=6btkTDa= t
25 liqt 21 gast
Diffusion coefficient: Stokes-Einstein equation

Translation diffusion of spherical particles Einstein: related thermal fluctuations to mean square displacement; with resistivity: = force/velocity
where = F/U
Stokes: = 6a
Stokes-Einstein equation
=fluid viscosity a
F,U
Typical magnitudes (small molecules in water):

can also investigate other shapes, rotational diffusion
Suspension Flows VI
5 April 2004
Suspension Flows VII
Ref. Stone & Ajdari 1996

Marangoni Flows:
Surface-driven motions
5 April 2004
More on thermally-driven flows
5 April 2004
Gradients in surface tension:

Marangoni stresses
Local value of surface tension is altered by change of temperature or surfactant concentration air liquid
low tension high tension
Fluid dragged from low to high tension
Contaminants typically lower surface tension Example: alcohol and water surfactants: amphiphilic molecules
Hydrocarbon tail Polar head group
air water
Courtesy of Professor Maria Teresa Aristodemo, Florence, and Dr. Raffaele Savino, Naples
Carlo Marangoni (18401925)
5 April 2004
Gradients in surface tension:

Marangoni stresses
Local value of surface tension is altered by change of temperature or surfactant concentration air liquid
low tension high tension
Fluid dragged from low to high tension
Contaminants typically lower surface tension Example: alcohol and water surfactants: amphiphilic molecules (soap)
Hydrocarbon tail Polar head group
air water
Courtesy of Professor Maria Teresa Aristodemo, Florence, and Dr. Raffaele Savino, Naples
Carlo Marangoni (18401925)
5 April 2004
Wine tears An example of the Marangoni effect

Evaporation from thin film
high surface tension low surface tension
5 April 2004
Wine tears An example of the Marangoni effect

Evaporation from thin film
Marangoni stress
low surface tension
high surface tension
5 April 2004
In fact: an improved history Fluid motions due to gradients in surface were first properly described by James Thomson in 1855
On certain curious motions observable at the surfaces of wine and other alcoholic liquors
James Thomson was the older brother of William Thomson (who will appear later in the talk)
5 April 2004
Conclusions
Continuum descriptions of fluid-like systems begin with momentum statement involving stress (Cauchy equation) For Newtonian fluids the starting point is the Navier-Stokes equations which is commonly studied assuming the density and viscosity are constant Common geometric configurations, including thin films, are well studied and ammenable to analysis Many common features among areas of complex fluids, suspensions, lubricating films, etc.
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Fluid Mechanics - Stone

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Fluid Dynamics: Physical ideas, the Navier-Stokes equations, and applications to lubrication flows and complex fluids

Howard A. Stone Division of Engineering & Applied Sciences Harvard University

A presentation for AP298r Monday, 5 April 2004

Continuum hypothesis: material and transport properties

Part II: Prototypical flows: pressure and shear

Applied Physics 298r

A fluid dynamics tour 2

From atoms to atmospheres: mechanics in the physical sciences

Isaac Newton 16421727

Applied Physics 298r

A fluid dynamics tour 3

A fluid dynamicists view of the world*

Mathematics Engineering aeronautical biomedical chemical environmental mechanical Physics

* after theme of H.K. Moffatt ** http://zebu.uoregon.edu/messier.html *** Courtesy of H. Huppert

Ref.: An Album of Fluid Motion, M. Van Dyke

Flow and design in sports

Rebecca Twig, Winning Jan. 1996

Bicycling Feb. 1996

Swimming (large and small)

Micro-organisms: flagella, cilia

Running on water Rowing

A fluid dynamics tour 7

Small fluid drops

Bubble ink jet printer

Three-dimensional printing -- MIT

Hagia Sophia (original in Istanbul Turkey)

. and a pretty picture . A dolphin blowing a toroidal bubble

Applied Physics 298r

A fluid dynamics tour 9

Applied Physics 298r

A fluid dynamics tour 10

Applied Physics 298r

A fluid dynamics tour 11

Elementary Ideas III

Applied Physics 298r

A fluid dynamics tour 12

Applied Physics 298r

A fluid dynamics tour 13

Applied Physics 298r

A fluid dynamics tour 14

Applied Physics 298r

A fluid dynamics tour 15

Elementary Ideas VII

Applied Physics 298r

A fluid dynamics tour 16

Elementary Ideas VIII

mass. acceleration = forces

High Reynolds number flow Low Reynolds number flow

ratio of inertial effects to viscous effects in the flow

Emphasizes inter-relation of size, speed, viscosity

Applied Physics 298r

Applied Physics 298r

A fluid dynamics tour 18

Applied Physics 298r

A fluid dynamics tour 19

PART II: Prototypical Flows I

Applied Physics 298r

A fluid dynamics tour 20

REF: ARKILIC, SCHMIDT & BREUER

Applied Physics 298r

A fluid dynamics tour 21

Prototypical Flows III

* after theme of H.K. Moffatt http://zebu.uoregon.edu/messier.html * Courtesy of H. Huppert