Reformation and Counter-Reformation

1525 - 1648
Lesson 10 27 November 2011

Reformation in Switzerland
Ulrich Zwingli and Zurich
Graduated University of Basel in 1506, becomes a priest and chaplain 1519: Breaks with Roman Catholicism and adopts Luthers Teachings 1523: Writes The Sixty Seven Articles 1529: Breaks with Luther over the meaning of the Lords Supper 1531: Killed in combat while a chaplain fighting the Catholic League The systematic theologian of the Reformation Born in France in 1509 , educated at the University of Paris and the University of Bourges in law Adopts Luthers views and moves to Basel in 1534 1536: Writes first edition of The Institutes of the Christian Religion in Geneva 1538-1541: Exiled to Strasbourg 1541- 1564: Returns to Geneva, becomes its most influential citizen 1559: Last edition of The Institutes is completed, influences many English and Scots believers Conrad Grebel and Felix Manz founds the Anabaptist movement in Zurich Balthasar Hubmaier German Anabaptist; executed in Moravia Melchior Hoffman and Jan Matthys Strasbourg and Munster almost destroys the movement Menno Simons the Netherlands organizes a community and saves the movement Beliefs: baptism for believers only, a free church with no state interference, hold goods in community, pacifism and refused to take oaths

John Calvin and Geneva

The Radical Reformation

The Reformation in Europe

(1/2) France
Upper class merchants and middle class workers against the privileges of the aristocrats and clergy 1560: Follow reformed theology and become known as the Huguenots August 24, 1572: The St. Bartholomews Day Massacre 1593: Henry of Navarre, the Huguenot leader, converts to Catholicism and becomes Henry IV; in 1598 issues the Edict of Nantes (toleration) 1685: Louis XIV revokes the Edict and forces Huguenots to flee to Switzerland, England, South Africa and the Netherlands

Germany
Center of Reformed Theology would be the University of Heidelberg and grow stronger in the Rhine River Valley

Hungary
Disliked Lutheranism and adopted Reformed theology destroyed in the CounterReformation

Scotland
John Knox (1514 1572); adopted Reformed Theology; against Mary Stuart Established Presbyterianism as the official religion of Scotland

The Reformation in Europe

(2/2) Ireland
South Ireland: Refused to follow Reformation due to its English characteristics Northern Ireland: Colonized by Scots Presbyterians in Ulster

Holland
Revolt against Spanish domination; adopted Reformed Theology William I of Orange; led the revolt and would form modern day Netherlands out of the provinces of Holland and Zeeland Flemish south would remain French and Catholic (Belgium) 1575: The University of Leyden established; the Northern Europe center for Calvinism

The Reformation in the East

Cyril Lucar (1572 1638) studied in Geneva, became the Patriarch of the Orthodox Church; attempted to establish Calvinism Assassinated in 1638 1672: The Synod of Bethlehem repudiated all forms of the Reformation in the East Russia: Refused to consider the Reformation, considered too democratic Emphasized national churches tied to a strong aristocracy

Reformed Theology
Calvinism John Calvin and The Institutes of the Christian Religion T: Total Depravity of Man U: Unconditional Election L: Limited Atonement I: Irresistible Grace P: Perseverance of the Saints Emphasizes the sovereignty of God in salvation Ariminianism Jacob Ariminus and The Remonstrance T: Total Depravity of Man C: Conditional Election U: Unlimited Atonement R: Resistible Grace NP: Possible for saved to fall away Salvation sufficient for all, but efficient only for believers

1618 1619: The Synod of Dort establishes Calvinism in Netherlands

The Counter-Reformation
Centered in the Aristocracy and the Papacy Dominated by Spain Charles V is Holy Roman Emperor, Philip II most powerful ruler in Europe Reforming Orders
The Oratory of Divine Love: emphasized reform of the priesthood For Women: The Ursuline Order emphasizing education and service of women For Men: The Society of Jesus (Jesuits) grew out of the Franciscans
Founded by Ignatius Loyola; greatest preacher Francis Xavier Emphasized education and unconditional obedience to the Pope

Sixteenth Century: The Catholic Century of Missions in Latin America, Africa, India and the East and in Canada The Council of Trent (1545 1563)
Called by Pope Paul III and voters were Italian tied to the Pope Established the Inquisition in all Catholic lands and The Index Declared the Vulgate as the only translation of the Bible, reinforces the sacraments, Establishes the Apocrypha as canonical, establishes faith, merit and tradition as the standard for salvation, obedience to the Pope

The Thirty Years War

A series of religious wars between Catholicism and Protestantism in Europe 1608: Protestants form the Evangelical Union, 1609 the Pope forms the Catholic League 1618: The Defenestration of Prague a Catholic succeeded a Protestant ruler due to his dying without heir War in Four Phases:
1618 1623: Maximilian (Bavaria) and Ferdinand II of Spain versus Frederick (Prussian) and Bohemia over control of Bohemia 1625 1629: The War in Denmark: Christian IV and German Princes defeated by Ferdinand II. Orders all Protestants out of that areas ruled by Catholics and only Lutherans recognized 1630 1635: The Swedish War under Gustavus Adolphus to make the Baltic a Swedish lake; freed Northern Germany for the Protestants 1635 1648: The French Phase when Cardinal Richelieu supported the Protestant German Princes against Catholic Spain and South Germany in order to gain lands for France The Peace of Westphalia (1648) establishes the nation-state and the modern period Protestants recognized both Lutheranism and Calvinism Population of Germany decreased by 1/3rd ; many flee to the New World

Results

References
Calvin, John. The Institutes of the Christian Religion Cairns, Earle E. Christianity Through the Centuries Cross, F. L. and E. A. Livingstone ed. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church Heinze, Rudolph W. The Baker History of the Church vol. 4 Reform and Conflict Spoul, R.C. Truths We Confess Vol. 1