AIR BRAKE Air break system is for replacing the vacuum break system.

New air break wagons are introduced in the Indian railways, resulting in need to design locomotive break system, which can operate the order vacuum braked wagons as well as nearly introduce air braked ones. This has led to the design of the 28 LAV-1 dual Break system which is adopted by the Indian railway for indigenously build diesel locomotive WDM2c for hauling both graduated release air braked stock as well as standard vacuum braked train.

CLASSIFICATION OF BRAKES IN 28 LAV-1 BRAKE SYS:1. A9 brake 2. SA 9 brake SA9 braking system is used only for loco and is purely air brake. It is used when loco is run ideally without train. A9 braking system is used for train as well as loco. It may be air brake or vacuum brake according to the type of train attached to loco. These braking systems are used on loco model 28LA V dual brake system. L- Loco, A- air, V- vacuum. The compressed air or vacuum needed for a device called expressor mounted on engine extension shaft produces braking. Expressor: --- exhauster + compressor The expressor contains 6 cylinders, 3 of which produced compressed air and 3 of them are used for creating vacuum. These are 2 low-pressure cylinders and one high-pressure cylinder.

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The low-pressure cylinder produces air at 3.5 Kg/cm2. This air is transferred to left hand side main reservoir. SALIENT FEATURES The salient features of 28 LAV-1 dual brake system are as under 1. Locomotive brake may be applied with any desired pressure between the maximum and minimum and this pressure automatically maintained in the locomotive brake cylinder against normal leakage from then until released by the driver brake value. 2. To locomotive brakes can be applied to any level between release and full application with either the automatic or independent brake values. 3. Emergency brake application to vent directly brake pipe and vacuum drain pipe simultaneously is possible. 4. It is always possible to release the locomotive brakes with the train brakes remained applied. 5. Dynamic brake interlock to prevent simultaneously application of automatic air brakes and dynamic brakes on loco. 6. Visual indication in drives lab through airflow indicator device during train parting or low parting or guards emergency valve operation during heavily of air brake stock. 7. In the event of emergency brake app by the driver, train parting or loco parting , the traction power shall be automatically cut off. 8. In case of parting between the locomotives, the trailing between the locomotive and trailing stock, automatic app of locomotive brakes take place respective of air or vacuum braked trailing stock. 9. Multiple unit operation enables brake equipments if train loco to be controlled by those of lead locos.
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10.In case of very heavy leakage in the feed pipe or failure of feed pipe inter coupling equipment, Levin pipe brake system on trailing stock cab be worked as single pipe system by simply isolating the feed pipe of trailing stock from locomotive. Vacuum Brake Keeping the differences between top and bottom chamber of the brake cylinder, Very gradually brakes can be applied. This type of brakes was used in locomotives. Force applied and the brake shoe can be calculated by area of piston and length of stroke. Area of piston was = 18 sq. Length of stroke of piston = 4 to 4 for maximum difference of vacuum. Utilization time of brake was 30 into 45min. Maximum produce for applying brake. Create vacuum in top and bottom chambers of piston. Apply brake means distributing the vacuum in the bottom chamber,. From the levers brake are applied. Neutralized the vacuum in top and bottom chamber. Again create the vacuum and again the brake will be applied. Disadvantages: o Not suitable for high speed operations. o Brake cylinder and piston are very heavy. o Occupying large space, it used pneumatic 18 cylinder, which can be replaced by 8 cylinder.. o Application and replace time of brakes is large. o 1st wagon will get braking effort 1st and last will get when all the brake are applied. o Vacuum will be very high at 1st wagon and very low at the last vehicle or wagon. o Do not have uniform braking thorough out the trains.
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Pneumatic or air brake system: Air brake system use compressed air at 70 PSI for the application of brake. Used for high-speed train operation and uses very low amount of air in the system. Advantages: Light in weight. Uniform pressure through out the length Of the train and apply brakes equally in all the wagon or vehicles. Advantages of Air Brake System over Vacuum System In AB system the application of breaks the required air pressure is build quickly and hence the brake can be applied again in almost no time but in VB system after the vacuum has been destroyed during braking it takes a little time foe again generating the vacuum. So the brakes if needed to apply after very less time cant be activated. In AB system the whole of the pressure generated for application of brakes is not used during braking. Only a portion of the applied pressure is used. Hence its quick action.Any kind of accident can rip open vacuum pipe hence destroying the vacuum and instant application of brakes is there. Dynamic Brakes One of the most interesting system for braking is the dynamic braking system. In this system we dont use any mechanical is apply the brakes. In it we cuts off main supply from the generator to0 the traction motors in the

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bogie. Is the motors now with cut off supply can work as generator themselves therefore they starts producing DC supply. Now this supply is given to this resistance plates present in hood and whole of the ENC\F generator is dropped across these air cooped resistance plates. The ENF generated is converted in from of heat and dissipated. This load on traction motors tends to apply a reverse torque on the wheels shafts and hence a reverse torque on the wheels. So brakes are applied. This bind of braking system is used for sudden stoppage of the train experienced drivers often use this as a braking system while stopping on some stations. In Air Braking system other the application of the required air pressure is build quickly and hence the brakes can be applied in almost no time hut in vacuum braking, it takes a little time for again generation the vacuum. So the brakes if needed to apply often very less cant be activated. In AB system the whole of the pressure generated for application of brakes is not used during braking. Only a piston if the applied pressure is used. Hence its quick action.

AIR BRAKE SYSTEMS COACHING

Brake Cylinders with Integral Slack Adjusters These are manufactured in 8" dia (203 mm) with 3.3/4" stroke (95 mm). This is a Brake Cylinder with Integral Slack Adjuster for application in Indian
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Railways Coaching Brake System which eliminates use of separate Slack adjuster and also reduces rigging and levers to a considerable extent.

Auxiliary Reservoir Auxiliary Reservoir feeds Brake Cylinder through Distributor Valve in brake application position. 200 Lts capacity reservoir is used for Coach Brake System

Air Brake Hose Coupling (Brake Pipe and Feed Pipe) Air Brake Hose Couplings are used in between two adjacent vehicles for continuation of air flow between brake pipe as well as in feed pipe lines. Passenger Alarm Relay Valve The Passenger Alarm Relay Valve is a diaphragm operated high capacity vent valve, which magnifies and relays the pneumatic braking signal generated through operation of passenger alarm signal device. Passenger Emergency Alarm Signal Device The Passenger Emergency Alarm Signal Device is provided in each passenger coach equipped with graduated release automatic air brake system to enable
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passenger to apply brakes from the vehicle in case of any emergency. Centrifugal Dirt Collector Centrifugal Dirt Collector is provided for removal of dirt as well as heavy dust particles prior to the entry of air in the system by centrifuge action.

Isolating Cock Ball type Isolating Cocks are used to provide facility for cutting-off of air supply to Auxiliary Reservoir from Feed Pipe as well as isolation of Brake Cylinder. Cut Off Angle Cock Cut-off Angle Cocks are provided at the end of brake pipe and feed pipe on each vehicle to maintain flow of air in the air brake system during the run of the vehicle. These cocks are closed while isolating the vehicle from the train for any reason. Cut off angle cock are supplied either in 1.1/4" (32 mm) or 1" (25 mm) sizes. Check Valve with Choke Check Valves are used between Feed Pipe and Auxiliary Reservoir to permit flow of air from Feed Pipe to Auxiliary Reservoir in one direction only.

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Direct Admission Valve(DAValve) Direct Admission Valves are used in Vacuum Brake System for Coaches for direct application of brakes when vacuum is destroyed.

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