Bonaza Stock Market

Analysis of Investment in Stock Market & Portfolio Management Using Instrument Derivatives Futures
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A PROJECT REPORT
ON
ANALYSIS OF INVESTMENT IN STOCK MARKET & PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT AT BONANZA PORTFOLIO LIMITED
Project report Submitted in the Partial fulfillment for the award of
MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION ( MBA) By BHANUPRATAP SINGH RATHORE
MANAGEMENT & COMMERCE INSTITUTE OF GLOBAL SYNEGRY, AJMER( RAJ.)
( RAJASTHAN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, KOTA)
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DECLARATION
BHANUPRATAP
SINGH
RATHORE
Student
Of
MBA,
MANAGEMENT & COMMERCE INSTITUTE OF GLOBAL SYNERGY, AJMER (RAJ.) declare that the Project Entitled Analysis of Investment in stock market & portfolio management . In Partial Fulfillment of MBA Degree Course in BONANZA PORTFOLIO LTD. is my Original Work.
(BHANUPRATAP SINGH RATHORE)
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
If words are considered as a symbol of approval and token of appreciation then let the words play the heralding role expressing my gratitude The world of capital market war far from me but I got an opportunity to understand the capital market at Bonanza Portfolio Ltd. While training I learnt many things about capital market and its structure. So I am very thankful to Bonanza Portfolio association limited for giving me such opportunity. First of all I thank to that Gracie god who blessed me with all kinds of facilities that had been provided to me for completion of my report. I am also grateful to Mrs._____________ for permitting me to take the training at Bonanza portfolio Ltd. I acknowledge my deepest sense of gratitude and sincere feeling of in debt ness divine all my faculty____________ members (lecturer) under whose guidance and through their sustained efforts and encouraging attitude I was able to complete my project. It would have been difficult to achieve the results in such a short span of time. I want to express my sincere gratitude to all the staff members of Bonanza Portfolio Ltd. for spending their precious time and sharing the value able information with me and in helping my project to be a success.
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PREFACE
For management career, it is important to develop managerial skills. In order to achieve positive and concrete results, along with theoretical concepts, the exposure of real life situation existing in corporate world is very much needed. To fulfill this need, this practical training is required. I took training in Bonanza portfolio Ltd. located in Ajmer. It was my fortune to get training in a very healthy atmosphere. I got ample opportunity to view the overall working of the stock exchange. This report is the result of my 45 days of summer training in Bonanza portfolio Ltd, as a part of M.B.A. The subject of my report isSTOCK MARKET & PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT
ANALYSIS OF INVESTMENT IN
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Contents
S.No
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
Topic
Declaration Acknowledgement Preface Industry Profile Company Profile Objective of Study Methodology of project Analysis of Investments Risk-Return of various Investment Avenues Understanding Portfolio Interpretation of Beta
Pg.No.
02 03 04 06 08 11 12 14 31 36 48
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12. 13. 14.
Understanding Concept of Derivatives Findings of Report & Recommendation Bibliography
58 84 ,85 86
INDUSTRY PROFILE Journey of Indian stock market

Indian Stock Markets are one of the oldest in Asia. Its history dates back to nearly 200 years ago. The earliest records of security dealings in India are meager and obscure. The East India Company was the dominant institution in those days and business in its loan securities used to be transacted towards the close of the eighteenth century. By 1830's business on corporate stocks and shares in Bank and Cotton presses took place in Bombay. Though the trading list was broader in 1839, there were only half a dozen brokers recognized by banks and merchants during 1840 and 1850. The 1850's witnessed a rapid development of commercial enterprise and brokerage business attracted many men into the field and by 1860 the number of brokers increased into 60. In 1860-61 the American Civil War broke out and cotton supply from United States of Europe was stopped; thus, the 'Share Mania' in India begun. The number of brokers increased to about 200 to 250. However, at the end of the American Civil
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War, in 1865, a disastrous slump began (for example, Bank of Bombay Share which had touched Rs 2850 could only be sold at Rs. 87). At the end of the American Civil War, the brokers who thrived out of Civil War in 1874, found a place in a street (now appropriately called as Dalal Street) where they would conveniently assemble and transact business. In 1887, they formally established in Bombay, the "Native Share and Stock Brokers' Association" (which is alternatively known as "The Stock Exchange "). In 1895, the Stock Exchange acquired a premise in the same street and it was inaugurated in 1899. Thus, the Stock Exchange at Bombay was consolidated.
Growth Pattern of the Indian Stock Market
Sr. As on 31st No. December No. of 1 Stock Exchanges No. of 2 Listed Cos. No. of Stock 3 Issues of Listed Cos. Capital of Listed 4 Cos. (Cr. Rs.) Market value of Capital of 5 Listed Cos. (Cr. Rs.) Capital per Listed Cos. 6 (4/2) (Lakh Rs.) 7 Market Value of Capital per Listed Cos. (Lakh Rs.)
1946 1961 1971 7 1125 1506 7 8
1975 1980 8 9
1985 14 4344 6174
1991 20 6229 8967
1995 22 8593 11784
1203 1599 2111 2838
1552 2265 3230 3697
270
753
1812
2614 3973
9723
32041
59583
971
1292 2675
3273 6750
25302
110279
478121
24 86
63 107
113 167
168 211
175 298
224 582
514 1770
693 5564
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(5/2) Appreciated value of Capital per Listed Cos. (Lakh Rs.)
358
170
148
126
170
260
344
803
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COMPANY PROFILE
Bonanza portfolio Limited Bonanza a leading Financial Services & Brokerage House working diligently since 1994 can be described in a single word as a "Financial Powerhouse". With acknowledged industry leadership in execution and clearing services on Exchange Traded Derivatives and cash market products. Bonanza has spread its trustworthy tentacles all over the country with more than 1025 outlets spread across 340 cities. It provides an extensive smorgasbord of services in equity, commodities, currency derivatives, wealth management, distribution of third party products etc. Keeping in par with the modern tech-savvy world , Bonanza makes an integrated and innovative use of technology; it also enables its clients to trade online as well as offline and the strategic tieups with the latest technology partners has earned Bonanza this prestigious place in one of the top brokerage houses in the country. Client -focused philosophy backed by memberships of all principal Indian Stock and Commodity Exchanges makes Bonanza stand apart from its competitors and a preferred service provider in the industry for value-based services. To add to our ever-growing achievements, a study by Dun and Bradstreet has rated Bonanza as the SIXTH largest broking house in terms of equity terminal listings in the country. If this is not enough, Bonanza Portfolio Ltd was recently nominated amongst the Top 3 Retail Financial Advisors of the country in an event conducted by CNBC-TV18 and OptiMix Financial Advisor Awards 2008. Also Bonanza has been awarded by BSE the "Major Volume driver for the year 2004-2005, 2006-2007 and 2008-2009".
ACHIEVEMENTS
1. Top Equity Broking House in terms of branch expansion for 2008*. 2. 3rd in terms of Number of Trading Accounts for 2008*. 3. 6th in terms of trading terminals in for two consecutive years 2007- 2008*.
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4. 9th in terms of Sub Brokers for 2007* 5. Awarded by BSE 'Major Volume Driver 04-05, 06-07, 07-08. 6. Nominated among the Top 3 for the "Best Financial Advisor Awards '08" in the category of National Distributors - Retail instituted by CNBC-TV18 and OptiMix.
* As per the survey by DUN & BRADSTREET.
CORPORATE TIE UPS

The company has Corporate Tie ups with Birla Sunlife ,Bajaj Allianz, ICICI Prudential, SBI , Aviva , Kotak Mahindra and Reliance for Life Insurance and General Insurance. In General Insurance, Bonanza provides Insurance for Motor, Health, Travel, Housekeeper, Shopkeeper, Marine, Personal and Group Insurance. REASONS TO CHOOSE Bonanza Portfolio EXPERIENCE Bonanza Portfolio ltd has more than eight decades of trust and credibility in the Indian stock market. In the Asia Money brokers poll held recently, SSKI won the Indias best broking house for 2004 award. Ever since it launched Sharekhan as its retail broking division in February 2000, it has been providing institutional-level research and broking services to individual investors. TECHNOLOGY With our online trading account you can buy and sell shares in an instant from any PC with an Internet connection. You will get access to our powerful online trading tools that will help you take complete control over your investment in shares. .
LTD
ACCESSIBILITY
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Sharekhan provides ADVICE, EDUCATION, TOOLS AND EXECUTION services for investors. These services are accessible through our centers across the country (over 250 locations in 123 cities), over the internet (through the website www.sharekhan.com) as well as over the voice tool. KNOWLEDGE In a business where the right information at the right time can translate into direct profits, you get access to a wide range of information on our content-rich portal, sharekhan.com. You will also get a useful set of knowledge-based tools that will empower you to take informed decisions. CONVENIENCE You can call our Dial-N-Trade number to get investment advice and execute your transactions. We have a dedicated call-centre to provide this service via a toll free number from anywhere in India.
CUSTOMER SERVICE Our customer service team will assist you for any help that you need relating to transactions, billing, Demat and other queries. Our customer service can be contracted via a toll-free number, email or live chat on sharekhan.com. INVESTMENT ADVICE Sharekhan has dedicated research teams for fundamental and technical research. Our analyst constantly track the pulse of the market and provide timely investment advice to you in the form of daily research emails, online chat, printed reports and SMS on your phone.
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BENEFITS Secure Order by Voice Tool Dial-n-Trade. Automated Portfolio to keep track of the value of your actual purchases. 24x7 Voice Tool access to your trading account. Personalized Price and Account Alerts delivered instantly to your cell phone & email address. Special Personal Inbox for order and trade confirmations. On-line customer service via web chat. Anytime Ordering
SERVICE PROVIDED BY BONANZA

1. Mutual Funds 2. Insurance 3. PMS 4. Share Broking 5. IPO 6. Currency Derivatives 7. Share Broking 8. Commodity Broking Life Insurance General Insurance
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
To provide basic idea of different stock market investment instruments to investor.
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To provide knowledge to investor about various type of risk associated with various investment instruments. To provide investor knowledge about P\E, P\BV and Beta that would help them in selection of script and creation of portfolio. To help investor in learning about derivative instrument future for the purpose of speculation and hedging.
METHODOLOGY OF THE PROJECT

Research problem: To identified the Stock Market Investment Avenue and methods to help investor in selection of script to create portfolio. And the measures of hedging the portfolio with the use of derivative instrument future. Research design: Research design is exploratory as the basic objective is to identified the stocks and methods to create and protect portfolio. Data collection: Primary data: - Primary data are collected by my regularly tracking the stock price of various scripts selected. Secondary data: - Secondary data are collected from various journals, websites and financial news paper.
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LIMITATIONS OF THE PROJECT
The time duration given to complete the report was not sufficient. The report is basically is made between the horizon of two months and the situation of market is very dynamic so the conclusion or the return might not reflect the true picture.
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ANALYSIS OF INVESTMENT WHAT IS INVESTMENT?

Investment is the activity, which is made with the objective of earning some sort of positive returns in the future. It is the commitment of the funds to earn future returns and it involves sacrificing the present investment for the future return. Every person makes the investment so that the funds he has increases as keeping cash with himself is not going to help as it will not generate any returns and also with the passage of time the time value of the money will come down. As the inflation will rise the purchasing power of the money will come down and this will result that the investor who does not invest will become more poor as he will not have any funds whose value have been increased. Thus every person whether he is a businessman or a common man will make the investment with the objective of getting future returns.
TYPES OF INVESTMENT:There are basically three types of investments from which the investors can choose. The three kinds of investment have their own risk and return profile and investor will decide to invest taking into account his own risk appetite. The main types of investments are: -
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Economic investments:These investments refer to the net addition to the capital stock of the society. The capital stock of the society refers to the investments made in plant, building, land and machinery which are used for the further production of the goods. This type of investments are very important for the development of the economy because if the investment are not made in the plant and machinery the industrial production will come down and which will bring down the overall growth of the economy.
Financial Investments:This type of investments refers to the investments made in the marketable securities which are of tradable nature. It includes the shares, debentures, bonds and units of the mutual funds and any other securities which is covered under the ambit of the Securities Contract Regulations Act definition of the word security. The investments made in the capital market instruments are of vital important for the country economic growth as the stock market index is called as the barometer of the economy.
General Investments:These investments refer to the investments made by the common investor in his own small assets like the television, car, house, motor cycle. These types of investments are termed as the household investments. Such types of investment are important for the domestic economy of the country. When the demand in the domestic economy boost the over all productions and the manufacturing in the industrial sectors also goes up and this causes rise in the employment activity and thus boost up the GDP growth rate of the country. The organizations like the Central Statistical Organization (CSO) regularly takes the study of the investments made in the household sector which shows that the level of consumptions in the domestic markets.
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CHARACTERISICS OF INVESTMENT
Certain features characterize all investments. The following are the main characteristic features if investments: -
1. Return: All investments are characterized by the expectation of a return. In fact, investments are made with the primary objective of deriving a return. The return may be received in the form of yield plus capital appreciation. The difference between the sale price & the purchase price is capital appreciation. The dividend or interest received from the investment is the yield. Different types of investments promise different rates of return. The return from an investment depends upon the nature of investment, the maturity period & a host of other factors.
2. Risk: Risk is inherent in any investment. The risk may relate to loss of capital, delay in repayment of capital, nonpayment of interest, or variability of returns. While some investments like government securities & bank deposits are almost risk less, others are more risky. The risk of an investment depends on the following factors. 0 1 The longer the maturity period, the longer is the risk. The lower the credit worthiness of the borrower, the higher is the risk.
The risk varies with the nature of investment. Investments in ownership securities like equity share carry higher risk compared to investments in debt instrument like debentures & bonds.
3. Safety: The safety of an investment implies the certainty of return of capital without loss of money or time. Safety is another features which an investors desire for his investments. Every investor expects to get back his capital on maturity without loss & without delay.
4. Liquidity: -
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An investment, which is easily saleable, or marketable without loss of money & without loss of time is said to possess liquidity. Some investments like company deposits, bank deposits, P.O. deposits, NSC, NSS etc. are not marketable. Some investment instrument like preference shares & debentures are marketable, but there are no buyers in many cases & hence their liquidity is negligible. Equity shares of companies listed on stock exchanges are easily marketable through the stock exchanges. An investor generally prefers liquidity for his investment, safety of his funds, a good return with minimum risk or minimization of risk & maximization of return.
IMPORTANCE
In the current situation, investment is becomes necessary for everyone & it is important & useful in the following ways:
1. Retirement planning: Investment decision has become significant as people retire between the ages of 55 & 60. Also, the trend shows longer life expectancy. The earning from employment should, therefore, be calculated in such a manner that a portion should be put away as a savings. Savings by themselves do not increase wealth; these must be invested in such a way that the principal & income will be adequate for a greater number of retirement years. Increase in working population, proper planning for life span & longevity have ensured the need for balanced investments.
2. Increasing rates of taxation: Taxation is one of the crucial factors in any country, which introduce an element of compulsion, in a persons saving. In the form investments, there are various forms of saving outlets in our country, which help in bringing down the tax level by offering deductions in personal income. For examples: 0 1 Unit linked insurance plan, Life insurance,
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National saving certificates, Development bonds, Post office cumulative deposit schemes etc.
3. Rates of interest: It is also an important aspect for sound investment plan. It varies between investment & another. This may vary between risky & safe investment, they may also differ due different benefits schemes offered by the investments. These aspects must be considered before actually investing. The investor has to include in his portfolio several kinds of investments stability of interest is as important as receiving high rate of interest.
4. Inflation: Since the last decade, now a days inflation becomes a continuous problem. In these years of rising prices, several problems are associated coupled with a falling standard of living. Before funds are invested, erosion of the resource will have to be carefully considered in order to make the right choice of investments. The investor will try & search outlets, which gives him a high rate of return in form of interest to cover any decrease due to inflation. He will also have to judge whether the interest or return will be continuous or there is a likelihood of irregularity. Coupled with high rate of interest, he will have to find an outlet, which will ensure safety of principal. Beside high rate of interest & safety of principal an investor also has to always bear in mind the taxation angle, the interest earned through investment should not unduly increase his taxation burden otherwise; the benefit derived from interest will be compensated by an increase in taxation.
5. Income: For increasing in employment opportunities in India., investment decisions have assumed importance. After independence with the stage of development in the country a number of organization & services came into being. For example: The Indian administrative services,
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Banking recruitment services, Expansion in private corporate sector, Public sector enterprises, Establishing of financial institutions, tourism, hotels, and education. More avenues for investment have led to the ability & willingness of working people to save & invest their funds.
6. Investment channels: The growth & development of country leading to greater economic activity has led to the introduction of a vast array of investment outlays. Apart from putting aside saving in savings banks where interest is low, investor have the choice of a variety of instruments. The question to reason out is which is the most suitable channel? Which media will give a balanced growth & stability of return? The investor in his choice of investment will give a balanced growth & stability of return? The investor in his choice of investment will have try & achieve a proper mix between high rates of return to reap the benefits of both. For example: 0 1 Fixed deposit in corporate sector Unit trust schemes.
INVESTMENTS AVENUES:There are various investments avenues provided by a country to its people depending upon the development of the country itself. The developed countries like the USA and the Japan provide variety of investments as compared to our country. In India before the post liberalization era there were limited investments avenues available to the people in which they could invest. With the opening up of the economy the number of investments avenues have also increased and the quality of the investments have also improved due to the use of the professional activity of the players involved in this segment. Today investment is no longer a process of trial and error and it has become a systematized process, which
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involves the use of the professional investment solution provider to play a greater role in the investment process. Earlier the investments were made without any analysis as the complexity involved the investment process were not there and also there was no availability of variety of instruments. But today as the number of investment options have increased and with the variety of investments options available the investor has to take decision according to his own risk and return analysis. An investor has a wide array of Investment Avenue. They are as under:
Investment
Equity
Fixed Income
Mutual Fund
Deposits
Tax Sheltered
Life Insurance
Real Estate
Precious
Financial Derivatives
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EQUITY SHARES: -
Types of Equity Instruments: Ordinary Shares

Ordinary shareholders are the owners of a company, and each share entitles the holder to ownership privileges such as dividends declared by the company and voting rights at meetings. Losses as well as profits are shared by the equity shareholders. Without any guaranteed income or security, equity shares are a risk investment, bringing with them the potential for capital appreciation in return for the additional risk that the investor undertakes in comparison to debt instruments with guaranteed income.
Preference Shares
Unlike equity shares, preference shares entitle the holder to dividends at fixed rates subject to availability of profits after tax. If preference shares are cumulative, unpaid dividends for years of inadequate profits are paid in subsequent years. Preference shares do not entitle the holder to ownership privileges such as voting rights at meetings.
Equity Warrants
These are long term rights that offer holders the right to purchase equity shares in a company at a fixed price (usually higher than the current market price) within a specified period. Warrants are in the nature of options on stocks.
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Classification in terms of Market Capitalisation

Market capitalisation is equivalent to the current value of a company i.e. current market price per share times the number of outstanding shares. There are Large Capitalisation companies, Mid-Cap companies and Small-Cap companies. Different schemes of a fund may define their fund objective as a preference for Large or Mid or Small-Cap companies' shares. Large Cap shares are more liquid and hence easily tradable. Mid or Small Cap shares may be thought of as having greater growth potential. The stock markets generally have different indices available to track these different classes of shares.
Classification in terms of Anticipated Earnings

In terms of the anticipated earnings of the companies, shares are generally classified on the basis of their market price in relation to one of the following measures: * Price/Earnings Ratio is the price of a share divided by the earnings per share, and indicates what the investors are willing to pay for the company's earning potential. Young and/or fast growing companies usually have high P/E ratios. Established companies in mature industries may have lower P/E ratios. The P/E analysis is sometimes supplemented with ratios such as Market Price to Book Value and Market Price to Cash Flow per share. Dividend Yield for a stock is the ratio of dividend paid per share to current market price. Low P/E stocks usually have high dividend yields. In India, at least in the past, investors have indicated a preference for the high dividend paying shares. What matters to fund managers is the potential dividend yields based on earnings prospects. Based on companies' anticipated earnings and in the light of the investment management experience the world over, stocks are classified in the following groups: Cyclical Stocks are shares of companies whose earnings are correlated with
the state of the economy. Their earnings (and therefore, their share prices) tend to
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go up during upward economic cycles and vice versa. Cement or Aluminum producers fall into this category, just as an example. These companies may command relatively lower P/E ratios, and have higher dividend pay-outs. Growth Stocks are shares of companies whose earnings are expected to increase at rates that exceed normal market levels. They tend to reinvest earnings and usually have high P/E ratios and low dividend yields. Software or information technology company shares are an example of this type. Fund managers try to identify the sectors or companies that have a high growth potential. Value Stocks are shares of companies in mature industries and are expected to yield low growth in earnings. These companies may, however, have assets whose values have not been recognized by investors in general. Fund managers try to identify such currently under-valued stocks that in their opinion can yield superior returns later. A cement company with a lot of real estate and a company with good brand names are examples of potential value shares.
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FIXED INCOME SECURITIES Many instruments give regular income. Debt instruments may be secured by the assets of the borrowers as generally in case of Corporate Debentures, or be unsecured as is the case with Indian Financial Institution Bonds. A debt security is issued by a borrower and is often known by the issuer category, thus giving us Government Securities and Corporate Securities or FI bonds. Debt instruments are also distinguished by their maturity profile. Thus, instruments issued with short-term maturities, typically under one year, are classified as Money Market Securities. Instruments carrying longer than one-year maturities are generally called Debt Securities. Most debt securities are interest-bearing. However, there are securities that are discounted securities or zero-coupon bonds that do not pay regular interest at intervals but are bought at a discount to their face value. A large part of the interestbearing securities are generally Fixed Income-paying, while there are also securities that pay interest on a Floating Rate basis.
A Review of the Indian Debt Market

The Wholesale Debt Market segment deals in fixed income securities and is fast gaining ground in an environment that has largely focused on equities. The Wholesale Debt Market (WDM) segment of the Exchange commenced operations on June 30, 1994. This provided the first formal screen-based trading facility for the debt market in the country.
This segment provides trading facilities for a variety of debt instruments including Government Securities, Treasury Bills and Bonds issued by Public Sector Undertakings/ Corporates/ Banks like Floating Rate Bonds, Zero Coupon Bonds, Commercial Papers, Certificate of Deposits, Corporate Debentures, State Government loans, SLR and Non-SLR Bonds issued by Financial Institutions,
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Units of Mutual Funds and Securitized debt by banks, financial institutions, corporate bodies, trusts and others.
Large investors and a high average trade value characterize this segment. Till recently, the market was purely an informal market with most of the trades directly negotiated and struck between various participants. The commencement of this segment by NSE has brought about transparency and efficiency to the debt market, along with effective monitoring and surveillance to the market. Business Growth in WDM Segment
Year 20082009 20072008 20062007 20052006 20042005 20032004 20022003 20012002 20002001 19992000 19981999 19971998
Market Number Net Traded Average Average Capitalisation of Value Daily Value Trade Size (Rs.crores) Trades (Rs.crores) (Rs.crores) (Rs.crores) 1,553,448 60,159 458,434.94 887,293.66 1,833.74 3,028.31 4,476.52 3,598.32 3,277.48 1,482.98 1,034.75 364.95 377.16 145.28 40.78 30.41 7.62 7.14 6.94 6.37 6.54 6.65 6.47 6.55 6.61 5.42 3.97 6.64
1,461,734 124,308
1,215,864 189,518 1,316,096.24 864,481 167,778 1,068,701.54 756,794 144,851 580,835 494,033 411,470 343,191 292,772 207,783 158,181 64,470 46,987 16,092 16,821 7,804 2,991 1,021 947,191.22 428,581.51 304,216.24 105,469.13 111,263.28 42,277.59 11,867.68 6,781.15
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Instruments in the Indian Debt Market

Certificate of Deposit Certificates of Deposit (CD) are issued by scheduled commercial banks excluding regional rural banks. These are unsecured negotiable promissory notes. Bank CDs have a maturity period of 91 days to one year, while those issued by FIs have maturities between one and three years. Commercial Paper Commercial paper (CP) is a short term, unsecured instrument issued by corporate bodies (public & private) to meet short-term working capital requirements. Maturity varies between 3 months and 1 year. This instrument can be issued to individuals, banks, companies and other corporate bodies registered or incorporated in India. CPs can be issued to NRIs on non-repatriable and nontransferable basis. Corporate Debentures The debentures are usually issued by manufacturing companies with physical assets, as secured instruments, in the form of certificates They are assigned a credit rating by rating agencies. Trading in debentures is generally based on the current yield and market values are based on yield-to-maturity. All publicly issued debentures are listed on exchanges.
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Floating Rate Bonds (FRB) These are short to medium term interest bearing instruments issued by financial intermediaries and corporate. The typical maturity of these bonds is 3 to 5 years. FRBs issued by financial institutions are generally unsecured while those from private corporate are secured. The FRBs are pegged to different reference rates such as T-bills or bank deposit rates. The FRBs issued by the Government of India are in the form of Stock Certificates or issued by credit to SGL accounts maintained by the RBI. Government Securities These are medium to long term interest-bearing obligations issued through the RBI by the Government of India and state governments. The RBI decides the cut-off coupon on the basis of bids received during auctions. There are issues where the rate is pre-specified and the investor only bids for the quantity. In most cases the coupon is paid semi-annually with bullet redemption features. Treasury Bills T-bills are short-term obligations issued through the RBI by the Government of India at a discount. The RBI issues T-bills for different tenures: now 91 -days and 364-days. These treasury bills are issued through an auction procedure. The yield is determined on the basis of bids tendered and accepted. Bank/FI Bonds Most of the institutional bonds are in the form of promissory notes transferable by endorsement and delivery. These are negotiable certificates, issued by the Financial Institutions such as the IDBI/ICICI/ IFCI or by commercial banks. These instruments have been issued both as regular income bonds and as discounted long-term instruments (deep discount bonds). Public Sector Undertakings (PSU) Bonds
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PSU Bonds are medium and long term obligations issued by public sector companies in which the government share holding is generally greater than 51%. Some PSU bonds carry tax exemptions. The minimum maturity is 5 years for taxable bonds and 7 years for tax-free bonds. PSU bonds are generally not guaranteed by the government and are in the form of promissory notes transferable by endorsement and delivery. PSU bonds in electronic form (demat) are eligible for repo transactions.
MUTUAL FUND SCHEMES

An investor can participant in various schemes floated by mutual fund instead of buying equity shares. In mutual funds invest in equity shares & fixed income securities. There are three broad types of mutual fund schemes. Growth schemes Income schemes Balanced schemes
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DEPOSITS
It is just like fixed income securities earn a fixed return. However, unlike fixed income securities, deposits are negotiable or transferable. The important types of deposits in India are: Bank deposits Company deposits Postal deposits.
TAX-SHELTERED SAVING SCHEMES

It provides benefits to those who participate in them. The most important tax sheltered saving schemes in India is: Employee provident fund scheme Public provident fund schemes National saving certificate
LIFE INSURANCE
In a broad sense, life insurance may be viewed as an investment. Insurance premiums represent the sacrifice & the assured sum the benefit. In India, the important types of insurance polices are: Endowment assurance policy Money back policy Whole life policy Premium back term assurance policy
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REAL ESTATE
For the bilk of the investors the most important asset in their portfolio is a residential house. In addition to a residential house, the more affluent investors are likely to be interested in the following types of real estate: Agricultural land Semi-urban land
PRECIOUS OBJECTS PRECIOUS OBJECTS: It is highly valuable in monetary terms but generally they are small in size. The important precious objects are: Gold & silver Precious stones Art objects
FINANCIAL DERIVATIVES: -
FINANCIAL DERIVATIVES
A financial derivative is an instrument whose value is derived from the value of underlying asset. It may be viewed as a side bet on the asset. The most import financial derivatives from the point of view of investors are: Options Futures.
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RISK RETURN OF VARIOUS INVESTMENT AVENUES

Every investment is characterized by return & risk. Investors intuitively understand the concept of risk. A person making an investment expects to get some return from the investment in the future. But, as future is uncertain, so is the future expected return. It is this uncertainty associated with the returns from an investment that introduces risk into an investment. Risk arises where there is a possibility of variation between expectation and realization with regard to an investment.
Meaning of Risk
Risk & uncertainty are an integrate part of an investment decision. Technically risk can be define as situation where the possible consequences of the decision that is to be taken are known. Uncertainty is generally defined to apply to situations where the probabilities cannot be estimated. However, risk & uncertainty are used interchangeably.
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Types of risks
1. Systematic risk: Systematic risk is non diversifiable & is associated with the securities market as well as the economic, sociological, political, & legal considerations of prices of all securities in the economy. The affect of these factors is to put pressure on all securities in such a way that the prices of all stocks will more in the same direction. Example: During a boom period prices of all securities will rise & indicate that the economy is moving towards prosperity. Market risk, interest rate risk & purchasing power risk are grouped under systematic risk.
RISKS
SYSTAMATIC Market Risk Interest Rate Risk Purchasing power Risk
UNSYSTAMATIC Business Risk Financial Risk
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1. Systematic Risk (A) Market risk Market risk is referred to as stock variability due to changes in investors attitudes & expectations. The investor reaction towards tangible and intangible events is the chief cause affecting market risk. (B) Interest rate risk There are four types of movements in prices of stocks in the markets. These may termed as (1) long term, (2) cyclical (bull and bear markets), (3) intermediate or within the cycle, and (4) short term. The prices of all securities rise or fall depending on the change in interest rates. The longer the maturity period of a security the higher the yield on an investment & lower the fluctuations in prices. (C) Purchasing Power risk Purchasing power risk is also known as inflation risk. This risk arises out of change in the prices of goods & services and technically it covers both inflation and deflation periods. During the last two decades it has been seen that inflationary pressures have been continuously affecting the Indian economy. Therefore, in India purchasing power risk is associated with inflation and rising prices in the economy.
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2. Unsystematic Risk: The importance of unsystematic risk arises out of the uncertainty surrounding of particular firm or industry due to factors like labor strike, consumer preferences and management policies. These uncertainties directly affect the financing and operating environment of the firm. Unsystematic risks can owing to these considerations be said to complement the systematic risk forces. (A) Business risk Every corporate organization has its own objectives and goals and aims at a particular gross profit & operating income & also accepts to provide a certain level of dividend income to its shareholders. It also hopes to plough back some profits. Once it identifies its operating level of earnings, the degree of variation from this operating level would measure business risk. Example:If operating income is expected to be 15% in a year, business risk will be low if the operating income varies between 14% and 16%. If the operating income were as low as 10% or as high as 18% it would be said that the business risk is high. (B) Financial Risk: Financial risk in a company is associated with the method through which it plans its financial structure. If the capital structure of a company tends to make earning unstable, the company may fail financially. How a company raises funds to finance its needs and growth will have an impact on its future earnings and consequently on the stability of earnings. Debt financing provides a low cost source of funds to a company, at the same time providing financial leverage for the common stock holders. As long as the earnings of the company are higher than the cost of borrowed funds, the earning per share of common stock is increased. Unfortunately, a large amount of debt financing also increases the variability of the returns of the common stock holder & thus increases their risk. It is found that
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variation in returns for shareholders in levered firms (borrowed funds company) is higher than in unlevered firms. The variance in returns is the financial risk. Risk Return Of Various Investment Alternatives Management Decision Required H H M M L L L L L O O O O O Growth stock Speculative common stock Blue chips Convertible referred stock Convertible debentures Corporate bonds Government bonds Short-term bonds Money market funds Life insurance Commercial banks Unit trusts Saving a/c Cash H H M M M L L L L L L L L L Investment Market Risk Purchasing Power Risk L L L L L H H H H H H M-H H H
Business Risk H H M M M L L L L L L L L L
Interest Risk L L L L L H H L L L L L L L
So, there are so many investment options & the different option have different benefits & limitations in the sense risk associated with it. So it is difficult for them to chose option, which give maximum return at minimum risk.
PORTFOLIO Meaning of portfolio:Portfolio
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A combination of securities with different risk & return characteristics will constitute the portfolio of the investor. Thus, a portfolio is the combination of various assets and/or instruments of investments. The combination may have different features of risk & return, separate from those of the components. The portfolio is also built up out of the wealth or income of the investor over a period of time, with a view to suit his risk and return preference to that of the portfolio that he holds. The portfolio analysis of the risk and return characteristics of individual securities in the portfolio and changes that may take place in combination with other securities due to interaction among themselves and impact of each one of them on others. An investor considering investments in securities is faced with the problem of choosing from among a large number of securities. His choice depends upon the risk and return characteristics of individual securities. He would attempt to choose the most desirable securities and like to allocate is funds over this group of securities. Again he is faced with the problem of deciding which securities to hold and how much to invest in each. The investor faces an infinite number of possible portfolios or groups of securities. The risk and return characteristics of portfolio differ from those of individual securities combining to form a portfolio. The investor tries to choose the optimal portfolio taking in to consideration the risk return characteristics of all possible portfolios. As the economy and the financial environment keep changing the risk return characteristics of individual securities as well as portfolios also change. This calls for periodical review and revision of investment portfolios of investors. An investor invests his funds in a portfolio expecting to get a good return consistent with the risk that he has to bear. The return realized from the portfolio has to be measured and the performance of the portfolio has to be evaluated. It is evident that rational investment activity involves creation of an investment portfolio. Portfolio management comprises all the processes involved in the creation and maintenance of an investment portfolio. It deals specifically with the security analysis, portfolio analysis, portfolio selection, portfolio revision and portfolio evaluation. Portfolio management makes use of analytical techniques of
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analysis and conceptual theories regarding rational allocation of funds. Portfolio management is a complex process which tries to make investment activity more rewarding and less risky.
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PORTFOLIO DESIGN
Before designing a portfolio one will have to know the intention of the investor or the returns that the investor is expecting from his investment. This will help in adjusting the amount of risk. This becomes an important point from the point of view of the portfolio designer because if the investor will be ready to take more risk at the same time he will also get more returns. This can be more appropriately understood from the figure drawn below.
R1
Expected Returns
R2
Risk less Investment M1 Risk M2
From the above figure we can see that when the investor is ready to take risk of M1, he is likely to get expected return of R1, and if the investor is taking the risk of M2, he will be getting more returns i.e. R2. So we can conclude that risk and returns are directly related with each other. As one increases the other will also increase in same of different proportion and same if one decreases the other will also decrease.
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From the above discussion we can conclude that the investors can be of the following three types:
1. Investors willing to take minimum risk and at the same time are also expecting minimum returns. 2. Investors willing to take moderate risk and at the same time are also expecting moderate returns. 3. Investors willing to take maximum risk and at the same time are also expecting maximum returns.
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PORTFOLIO AGE RELATIONSHIP
Your age will help you determine what a good mix is / portfolio is Age below 30 30 t0 40 40 to 50 50 to 60 above 60 Portfolio 80% in stocks or mutual funds 10% in cash 10% in fixed income 70% in stocks or mutual funds 10% in cash 20% in fixed income 60% in stocks or mutual funds 10% in cash 30% in fixed income 50% in stocks or mutual funds 10% in cash 40% in fixed income 40% in stocks or mutual funds 10% in cash 50% in fixed income
These aren't hard and fast allocations, just guidelines to get you thinking about how your portfolio should look. Your risk profile will give you more equities or more fixed income depending on your aggressive or conservative bias. However, it's important to always have some equities in your portfolio (or equity funds) no matter what your age. If inflation roars back, this will be the portion of your investments that protects you from the damage, not your fixed income. Also, the fixed income of your portfolio should be diversified. If you buy bonds and debentures directly or if you invest in FDs, then make sure you have at least five different maturities to spread out the interest rate risk. Diversifying in equities and bonds means more than buying a number of positions. Each position needs to be scrutinized as to how it fits into the stocks or bonds that already are in your portfolio, and how they might be affected by the same event such as higher interest rates, lower fuel prices, etc. Put your portfolio together like
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a puzzle, adding a piece at a time, each one a little different from the other but achieving a uniform whole once the portfolio is complete.
Types of portfolio for study:

In portfolio Design, we are considering only two types of portfolio. They are as follow: 1. Random Portfolio 2. Sector Portfolio
1. Random portfolio
Random portfolio consists of the scripts that are randomly selected by the investor by its own knowledge and preference of the stocks. Here there is no analysis is done of the script, they are selected on the tips and buts received by the investors from the external sources.
Features of random portfolio

There is no method used for selection of the script in the portfolio. Selection is based on the individual criteria for the scripts. The investment is made for higher return in short term. Generally in India most of the portfolio are selected according to this random methods as no investor himself in that much analysis of the script.
Advantages of random portfolio

Easier to keep a track on the market as not much time wasted in the analysis. This portfolio seems to have perform better in short term as script are generally which are performing better at that time. Tips are available every where for the investor to pouch.
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It is the experience of the individual that can fetch him good return.
Disadvantages of random portfolio

There is every chance that you may select a script that has a very bad background in the market. Not every time the tips pay off for you. You need to have strong reason to select that script. Such portfolios are not able to sustain when there is a crisis in the market. There is a very high risk and return involve in such portfolio.
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2. Sector specific portfolio

Sector specific portfolio includes securities of those companies which are in the same business. Sector portfolios are very useful when there is a particular sector which is doing very good and has a bright future a head. Sector portfolio has the securities of those companies that engage in same kind of business. e.g. In late 1990s sector that was providing the highest return was information technology. Investors who have invested their money in these securities had earned very high return.
Features of sector portfolio

Script form the same group of companies that are in to the similar type of business. Maximum exposure to the industry/sector. So any news or event has the direct effect on the portfolio. Risk regarding the portfolio increases as it is expose to sector specific ups and downs. Useful investment tools for speculator and short-sellers. It is better suited for the sectors which have been providing good revenue in the near past.
Advantages of sector portfolio

It is better suited to investors who are willing to take risk. It provides better short term return then other portfolios. It is easy to keep a watch on one sector rather than many. You can have a good command over the things happening. Limited exposure to other sectors keeps the portfolio safe from the performance of other sectors in the economy.
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Disadvantages of sector portfolio

It is a highly risky portfolio as risk associated with the sector directly affects the performance of the portfolio. These types of portfolios are not suited for long-term investor as risk taken for the return can be too high. .Book value is based on historical costs, not current values, but can provide an important measure of the relative value of a company over time. Book value can be figured as assets minus liabilities, or assets minus liabilities and intangible items such as goodwill; either way, the figure that results is the company's net book value. This is contrasted with its market capitalization, or total share price value, which is calculated by multiplying the outstanding shares by their current market price. You can also compare a company's market value to its book value on a pershare basis. Divide book value by the number of shares outstanding to get book value per share and compare the result to the current stock price to help determine if the company's stock is fairly valued. Most stocks trade above book value because investors believe that the company will grow and the value of its shares will, too. When book value per share is higher than the current share price, a company's stock may be undervalued and a bargain to investors. In case of our sensex as we can see that it is currently trading at a P/B ratio of 4.41 this shows the average P/B ratio prevailing in the market. So any script trading below the P/B of 4.41 can said to be under valued if we keep the BSE SENSEX as bench mark. But it would be advisable for an investor to also look at the sector leaders P/B ratio to know what is the common industry P/B and based on that he can decide about whether to invest in the company or not. As such there is no guarantee that low P/B would able to give better return but this stocks are considered to be undervalued so one can think that this companies are undervalued so chances of appreciation are very high in case of low P/B scrip. Such companies having low P/B ratio can be considered as value stock and one can thin about investing in those companies.
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The P/E ratio as a guide to investment decisions

Earnings per share alone mean absolutely nothing. In order to get a sense of how expensive or cheap a stock is, you have to look at earnings relative to the stock price and hence employ the P/E ratio. The P/E ratio takes the stock price and divides it by the last four quarters' worth of earnings. If AB ltd is currently trading at Rs. 20 a share with Rs. 4 of earnings per share (EPS), it would have a P/E of 5. Big increase in earnings is an important factor for share value appreciation. When a stock's P-E ratio is high, the majority of investors consider it as pricey or overvalued. Stocks with low P-E's are typically considered a good value. However, studies done and past market experience have proved that the higher the P/E, the better the stock. First, one can obtain some idea of a reasonable price to pay for the stock by comparing its present P/E to its past levels of P/E ratio. One can learn what is a high and what is a low P/E for the individual company. One can compare the P/E ratio of the company with that of the market giving a relative measure. One can also use the average P/E ratio over time to help judge the reasonableness of the present levels of prices. All this suggests that as an investor one has to attempt to purchase a stock close to what is judged as a reasonable P/E ratio based on the comparisons made. One must also realize that we must pay a higher price for a quality company with quality management and attractive earnings potential. In the case if we look at the benchmark of BSE sensex on 1st of December it is trading at a P/E of 24.49. So if we just keep the benchmark P/E in mind then we can say that any stock which is trading bellow the P/E of 24.49 is available cheaply. But for an investor it is also advisable to look at the industry P/E as it is more important because just looking at the above position we can see that SBI is trading at a very low P/E of around 8 but if you see that in banking sector that to public sector banks the normal industry P/E is 8 all most all banks are trading around 8 or bellow the P/E of 8.
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So always it is advisable to look at what is the P/E of industry in which we want to invest to get the better idea, because if we take the example of IT industry there almost you will find companies around P/E of 30. so if any IT company having of P/E would considered to be a cheap option for the investor to invest in to. So the investor should also look at the industry average P/E. The new investor can know about the industry P/E or any other companies P/E in any financial magazine or from the internet also if he does not know how to calculate the P/E or is not having the data available with them. The formula for calculating the P/E ratio is
P/E = Current Market Price Earning Per Share
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RANDOM PORTFOLIO
Random portfolio consists of the scripts that are randomly selected by the investor by its own knowledge and preference of the stocks. Here there is no analysis is done of the script, they are selected on the tips and buts received by the investors from the external sources. We are considering BETA factor to design our Random Portfolio.
Beta Factor Beta indicates the proportion of the yield of a portfolio to the yield
of the entire market (as indicated by some index). If there is an increase in the yield of the market, the yield of the individual portfolio may also go up. If the index goes up by 1.5% and the yield of your portfolio goes up by 0.9%, the beta is 0.9/1.5 i.e. 0.6. in other words, beta indicates that for every 1 % increase in the market yield, the yield of the portfolio goes up by 0.6%. High beta shares do move higher than the market when the market rises and the yield of the fund declines more than the yield of the market when the market falls. In the Indian context a beta of 1.2% is considered very bullish. You can be indifferent to market swings if you know your stocks well. Or you can put your portfolio into neutral or bias for the upside if you're bullish or a little for the downside if you're bearish. One way to do that is to have a mix of stocks that have certain betas in your portfolio. When investors are bullish on the market, they like to have high beta stocks in their portfolios because if they're right, then their stocks go up faster than the market in general, and their performance is better than the market. If investors are bearish on the market, then they use the low beta or negative beta stocks because their portfolios will go down less than the market and their performance will be better than the general market. And if they want to be neutral, they can then make sure that they have stocks with a beta of 1 or develop a portfolio that has stocks with betas greater than 1 and less than 1 so that they have the whole portfolio with an average beta of 1. A beta for a stock is derived from historical data. This means it has no predictive value for the future, but it does show that if the stock continues to have the same price patterns relative to the market in general as it has in the past, you've got a
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way of knowing how your portfolio will perform in relation to the market. And with a portfolio with an average beta of 1, you can create your own index fund since you'll move more or less in tandem with the market.
Interpretation of Beta
When B = 1 means that the scrip has same volatility as compared to Index. Suitable for moderate investor. When B>1 means that scrip is more volatile as compared to market suitable for aggressive investors. When B<1 then scrip is less volatile as compared to market and suitable for defensive investors. Beta of scrips plays vital role in scrip selection in Portfolio management. Portfolio can be created in many ways as sector wise, diversified in various sector, beta wise scrip portfolio. SO BASED ON THIS BETA NOW WE WILL PREPARE THREE PORTFOLIO TO MATCH THE RISK TAKING CAPACITY OF AN INVESTOR THAT IS PORTFOLIO
AGGRESSIVE
MODERATE
DEFENSIVE
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DEFENSIVE PORTFOLIO
SR NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
SCRIPT ACC CIPLA DR REDDY GRASIM HDFC BANK ITC RANBUXY HERO HONDA HDFC GLAXO
BETA 0.72 0.78 0.69 0.76 0.76 0.81 0.69 0.8 0.82 0.61
PRICE ON 01-09-2010 530.45 440.00 963.00 1375.3 713.45 140.10 444.35 846.10 1191.3 1111.6
Wi 9.68 10.48 9.27 10.22 10.22 10.89 9.27 10.75 11.02 8.20
Total Portfolio Investment = 10,00,000 Rs.
Total Portfolio Beta = Wi * BETA =6.97 +8.18+6.40+7.76+7.76 +8.82+6.40+8.60+9.04+5.00 = 74.93 ~ 75
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RETURN ON INDIVIDUAL SCRIPTS 1ST MONTH

SR NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 SCRIPT ACC CIPLA DR REDDY GRASIM HDFC BANK ITC RANBUXY HERO HONDA HDFC GLAXO BETA 0.72 0.78 0.69 0.76 0.76 0.81 0.69 0.80 0.82 0.61 01-09-2010 530.45 440.00 963.00 1375.30 713.45 140.10 444.35 846.10 1191.30 1111.60 30-09-10 574.20 442.25 1121.25 1454.25 762.45 154.80 399.40 857.20 1339.70 1282.80 RETURN IN % 8.25 0.51 16.43 5.74 6.87 10.49 -10.12 1.31 12.46 15.40
2ND MONTH
SR NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 SCRIPT ACC CIPLA DR REDDY GRASIM HDFC BANK ITC RANBUXY HERO HONDA HDFC GLAXO BETA 0.72 0.78 0.69 0.76 0.76 0.81 0.69 0.80 0.82 0.61 01-09-10 530.45 440.00 963.00 1375.30 713.45 140.10 444.35 846.10 1191.30 1111.60 31-10-10 626.30 552.15 1306.10 1742.60 737.15 172.45 429.50 889.30 1365.65 1315.55 RETURN IN % 18.07 25.49 35.63 26.71 3.32 23.09 -3.34 5.11 14.64 18.35
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RETURN IN DEFENSIVE PORT FOLIO

TOTAL PORTFOLIO INVESTMENT = 10, 00,000
VALUE OF PORTFOLIO AS ON 31-10-2010 = 1166628.41
TOTAL RETURN ON PORTFOLIO = 1166628.41 - 1000000 = 166628.41
TOTAL RETURN IN % TERM = 16.66 %
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MODRATE PORTFOLIO
SR NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 PNB SCRIPT BHARTI GUJARAT AMBUJA BAJAJ AUTO HLL HINDALCO LT MTNL ZEE BHEL 1.00 1.00 1389.90 472.00 10.83 10.83 BETA 0.99 0.86 0.85 0.88 1.00 0.86 0.89 0.90 PRICE ON 01-09-2010 340.05 79.30 450.05 195.10 146.20 1825.65 142.15 157.90 Wi 10.73 9.32 9.21 9.53 10.83 9.32 9.64 9.75
Total Portfolio Investment = 10,00,000/- Rs.
Total Portfolio Beta = Wi * BETA = 10.62 + 8.01+7.83+8.39+10.83+ 8.01+8.58+8.78+10.83+10.83 = 92.72 ~ 93
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SR NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 SCRIPT BHARTI GUJARAT AMBUJA BAJAJ AUTO HLL HINDALCO LT MTNL ZEE BHEL PNB BETA 0.99 0.86 0.85 0.88 1.00 0.86 0.89 0.90 1.00 1.00 01-09-2010 340.05 79.30 450.05 195.10 146.20 1825.65 142.15 157.90 1389.90 472.00 30-09-10 357.25 88.55 513.25 195.25 164.80 2172.10 141.70 164.70 1795.60 465.35 RETURN IN % 5.06% 11.66% 14.04% 0.08% 12.72% 18.98% -0.32% 4.31% 29.19% -1.41%
2ND MONTH
SR NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
SCRIPT BHARTI GUJARAT AMBUJA BAJAJ AUTO HLL HINDALCO LT MTNL ZEE BHEL PNB
BETA 0.99 0.86 0.85 0.88 1.00 0.86 0.89 0.90 1.00 1.00
01-09-2010 340.05 79.30 450.05 195.10 146.20 1825.65 142.15 157.90 1389.90 472.00 31-10-10 361.05 88.30 550.10 243.70 153.35 2396.95 142.65 196.60 2027.00 442.10
RETURN IN % 6.18% 11.35% 22.23% 24.91% 4.89% 31.29% 0.35% 24.51% 45.84% -6.33%
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RETURN IN MODRATE PORT FOLIO

TOTAL PORTFOLIO INVESTMENT = 10,00,000/- Rs..
VALUE OF PORTFOLIO AS ON 31-10-2010 = 1162912.70/- Rs.
TOTAL RETURN ON PORTFOLIO

= 1162912.70 Rs. - 1000000 Rs. = 162912.70 Rs.
TOTAL RETURN IN % TERM = 16.29 % AGGRESSIVE PORTFOLIO

SR NO. SCRIPT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ICICI BANK LTD INFOSYS ONGC RELIANCE SATYAM SBIN TATA POWER TATA MOTER TATA STEEL WIPRO BETA 1.09 1.07 1.02 1.05 1.23 1.09 1.11 1.19 1.13 1.33 PRICE ON 01-09-2010 597.00 2979.35 1191.65 441.05 731.55 904.90 434.20 639.55 379.00 461.70 Wi 9.64 9.46 9.02 9.28 10.88 9.64 9.81 10.52 9.99 11.76
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Total Portfolio Investment = 10,00,000/- Rs.
Total Portfolio Beta = Wi * BETA

=10.50+10.12+9.20+9.75+13.38+ 10.50+10.89+12.52+11.29+15.64 = 113.80 ~ 114

SR NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 SCRIPT ICICI BANK LTD INFOSYS ONGC RELIANCE SATYAM SBIN TATA POWER TATA MOTER TATA STEEL WIPRO BETA 1.09 1.07 1.02 1.05 1.23 1.09 1.11 1.19 1.13 1.33 01-09-2010 597.00 2979.35 1191.65 441.05 731.55 904.90 434.20 639.55 379.00 461.70 30-09-10 609.25 2880.30 1237.30 480.15 746.75 886.35 471.80 708.45 404.45 529.70 RETURN IN % 2.05 -3.32 3.83 8.87 2.08 -2.05 8.66 10.77 6.72 14.73
2ND MONTH
SR NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 SCRIPT ICICI BANK LTD INFOSYS ONGC RELIANCE SATYAM SBIN TATA POWER TATA MOTER TATA STEEL WIPRO BETA 1.09 1.07 1.02 1.05 1.23 1.09 1.11 1.19 1.13 1.33 01-09-2010 597.00 2979.35 1191.65 441.05 731.55 904.90 434.20 639.55 379.00 461.70 31-10-10 615.25 2828.95 1136.40 500.55 769.65 877.50 511.20 816.20 431.00 520.45 RETURN IN % 3.06 -5.05 -4.64 13.49 5.21 -3.03 17.73 27.62 13.72 12.72
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RETURN IN AGGRESSIVE PORT FOLIO

TOTAL PORTFOLIO INVESTMENT = 10,00,000/- Rs.
VALUE OF PORTFOLIO AS ON 31-10-2010 =10,84,397.28/- Rs.
TOTAL RETURN ON PORTFOLIO

= 1084397.28 Rs - 1000000Rs = 84397.28 Rs.
TOTAL RETURN IN % TERM = 8.44 %
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Interpretation of Random Portfolio

As in the theoretical way we have scene that the Beta shows the movement or change in the price of script vis--vis index. And a Beta >1 is more riskier and hence should give more return as compared to the script having Beta < 1. as the person is taking more risk then he should get more return. But in our case we have scene that Moderate portfolio having Beta < 1 has given more return as compared to Aggressive Portfolio.
So we can easily say that the investment in equity market is subject to market risk and any one having long-term investment horizon should only enter into equity market. This analysis that has been carried out was only for a period of two month there are chances that in the long run aggressive portfolio would outperform the other portfolio
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DERIVATIVES
Derivatives is a product whose value is derived from the value of one or more basic variables, called bases (underlying asset, index, or reference rate), in a contractual manner. The underlying asset can be equity, forex or commodity or any other asset. For example, wheat farmer may wish to sell their harvest at a future date to eliminate the risk of a change in prices by the date. Such a transaction is an example of a derivative. The price of this derivative is driven by the spot price of wheat which is the underlying. In the Indian context the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act. 1956 (SC(R) A) defines derivative to include 1. A security derived from a debts instrument, share, loan whether secured or unsecured, risk instrument or contract for differences or any other form of security. 2. A contract, which derives its value from the prices, or index of price, of underlying securities. The derivatives are securities under the (SC(R)A) and hence the trading of derivatives is governed by the regulatory framework under the (SC(R)A).
TYPES OF DERIVATIVES
The most commonly used types of derivatives are as follows: o Forwards: A forward contract is a customized contract between two entities, where settlement takes place on a specific date in the future at todays pre-agreed price.
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o Futures: A future contract is an agreement between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a certain time in the future at a certain price. Future contracts are special types of forward contract in the sense that the former are standardized exchange-traded contracts. o Options: Options are of two types call and put. Calls give the buyer the right but not the obligation to buy a gives quantity of the underlying asset, at a given price on or before a given future date. Plus give the buyer the right, but not the obligation to sell a given quantity of the underlying asset at a given price on or before a given date.
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INTRODUCTION TO FUTURE
Future markets were designed to solve the problems that exist in forward markets. A future contract is an agreement between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a certain time in the future at a certain price. But unlike forward contracts, the future contracts are standardized and exchange traded. To facilitate liquidity in the future contracts, the exchange specifies certain standard features of the contract. It is a standardized contract with standard underlying instrument, a standard quantity and quality of the underlying instrument that can be delivered, (or which can be used for reference purpose in settlement) and a standard time of such settlement. A future contract may be offset prior to maturity by entering into an equal and opposite transaction. More than 99% of future transactions ate offset this way. The standardized items in a future contract are: Quantity of the underlying. Quality of the underlying. The date and the month of delivery. The units of price quotation and minimum price change. Location of settlement.
FEATURES OF A FUTURE CONTRACT Future contracts are organized / standardized contracts, which are traded on the exchanges. These contracts, being standardized and traded on the exchanges are very liquid in nature. In futures market, clearing corporation/ house provides the settlement guarantee.
DISTINCTION BETWEEN FUTURE AND FORWARD CONTRACTS:
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Future contracts are often confused with future contracts. The confusion is primarily because both serve essentially the same economic functions of allocating risk in the presence of future price uncertainty. However futures are a significant improvement over the forward contracts as they eliminate counterparty risk and offer more liquidity.
Features
Forward Contract
Future Contract Traded on exchange
Operational Mechanism
Not traded on exchange
Contract Specifications
Differs from trade to trade. Contracts are standardized contracts.
Counterparty Risk
Exists
Exists, but assumed by Clearing house. Corporation/
Liquidation Profile
Poor Liquidity as contracts Very are tailor maid contracts.
high
Liquidity
as
contracts are standardized contracts.
Price Discovery
Poor;
as
markets
are Better;
as
fragmented
fragmented.
markets are brought to the common platform.
FUTURE TERMINOLOGY
Spot Price: The price at which an asset trades in the spot market. Future Price: The price at which the future contracts trades in the market. Contract Cycle: The period over which a contract trades. The index futures contracts on the NSE have one-month, two-months and three-months expiry cycle, which expire on the last Thursday of the month. Thus a
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January expiration contract would expire on the last Thursday of January and a February expiration contract would cease trading on the last Thursday of February. On the Friday following the last Thursday, a new contract having a three-month expiry would be introduced for trading. Expiry Date: It is the date specified in the future contract. This is the last day on which the contract will be traded, at the end of which it will cease to exist. Contract Size: The amount of asset that has to be delivered under one contract. For instance, the contract size on NSEs futures market is 200 Nifties. Basis: Basis is usually defined as the spot price minus the future price. There will be a different basis for each delivery month for each contract. In a normal market, basis will be negative. This reflects that futures prices normally exceed spot prices. Cost of Carry: The relationship between futures prices and spot prices can be summarized in terms of what is known as the cost of carry. This measures the storage cost plus the interest that is paid to finance the asset less the income earned on the asset. Initial Margin: The amount that must be deposited in the margin account at the time a futures contract is first entered into is known as initial margin. Marking-to-Market: In the future market, at the end of each trading day, the margin account is adjusted to reflect the investors gain or loss depending upon the futures closing price. This is called marking-to-market. Maintenance Margin: This is somewhat lower than the initial margin. This is set to ensure that the balance in the margin account never becomes negative. If the balance in the margin account falls below the maintenance
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margin, investor receives a margin call and is expected to top up the margin account to the initial level before trading commences on the next day.
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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FUTURES AND OPTIONS

At a practical level, the option buyer faces an interesting situation. He pays for the option in full at the time it is purchased. After this, he only has an upside. There is no possibility of the options position generating any further losses to him (other than the funds already paid for option). This is different from futures, which is free to enter into, but can generate very large losses. This characteristic makes options attractive to many occasional market participants, who cannot put in the time to closely monitor their future options. Buying put option means that you are buying insurance. To buy a put option on Nifty is to buy insurance which reimburses the full extent to which Nifty drops below the strike price of the put option. This is attractive to many people, and to mutual funds creating guaranteed return products. The Nifty index fund industry will find it very useful to make a bundle of a Nifty index fund and a Nifty put option to create a new kind of a Nifty index fund, which gives the investor protection against extreme drops in Nifty. Selling put option is selling insurance, so anyone who feels like earning revenues by selling insurance can set himself up to do so on the index option market. More generally, option offer nonlinear payoffs whereas futures only have linear payoffs. By combining futures and options, a wide variety of innovative and useful payoff structures can be created.
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PAYOFF FOR DERIVATIVES CONTRACT

Payoff is likely profit/loss that would accrue to a market participant with change in the price of the underlying asset. This is generally depicted in the form of payoff diagrams, which show the price of the underlying asset on the X-axis and the profit/losses on the Y-axis. Payoff for Futures: Future contracts have linear payoffs. It means that the losses as well as profits for the buyer and the seller of a future contract are unlimited. These linear payoffs are fascinating as they can be combined with options and the underlying to generate various complex payoffs.
Payoff for buyer for futures: Long Futures

The payoff for a person who buys a futures contract is similar to the payoff for a person who holds an asset. He has a potentially unlimited upside as well as a potentially unlimited downside. Take the case of a speculator who buys a twomonth Nifty index futures contract when the Nifty stands at 1220. The underlying asset in this case is the Nifty portfolio. When the index moves down it starts making losses. Profit
1220 0 Nifty Loss
Payoff for seller of futures: Short futures
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The payoff for a person who sells a futures contracts is similar to the payoff for a person who shorts an asset. He has a potentially unlimited upside as well as a potentially unlimited downside. Take the case of a speculator who sells a twomonth Nifty index futures contract when the Nifty stands at 1220. The underlying asset in this case is the Nifty portfolio. When the index moves down, the short future position starts making profits, and when the index moves up, it starts making losses.
Profit
1220 0 Nifty
Loss
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USING INDEX FUTURES

There is always risk involved when we trade in a stock market. The risk cannot be eradicated fully but can be minimized up to some extent. Following are the types of risks that can be minimized through futures: Basic objective of introduction of futures is to manage the price risk. Index futures are used to manage the systemic risk, vested in the investment in securities. Basically there are eight basic modes of trading on the index futures market;
Hedging
H1 Long stock, short Nifty futures H2 Short stock, long nifty futures H3 Have portfolio, short Nifty futures H4 Have funds, long Nifty futures
Hedge Terminology:
Long hedge- When you hedge by going long in futures market. Short hedge - When you hedge by going short in futures market. Cross hedge - When a futures contract is not available on an asset, you hedge your position in cash market on this asset by going long or short on the futures for another asset whose prices are closely associated with that of your underlying. Hedge Contract Month- Maturity month of the contract through which hedge is accomplished. Hedge Ratio - Number of future contracts required to hedge the position.
Speculation
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Speculation is all about taking position in the futures market without having the underlying. Speculators operate in the market with motive to make money. They take: Naked positions - Position in any future contract. Spread positions - Opposite positions in two future contracts. This is a conservative speculative strategy. Speculators bring liquidity to the system, provide insurance to the hedgers and facilitate the price discovery in the market. S1 Bullish index, long Nifty futures S2 Bearish index, short Nifty futures
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HEDGING
H1: long stock, short Nifty futures

A person who feels that the stocks will be intrinsically under evaluated or the profits and the quality of the company will make it more worth as compared to the market will always like to take a long position on the cash market. While doing so he will have to face the following kinds of risks: 1. His understanding can be wrong, and the company is really not worth more than the market prices. 2. The entire market moves against him and generate losses even though the underlying idea was correct. The second outcome happens all time. A person may buy Reliance at Rs.190 thinking hat it would announce good results and the stock price would rise. A few days later, Nifty drops, so he makes losses, even if his understanding of Reliance was correct. There is a peculiar problem here. Every buy position on a stock is simultaneously a buy position on Nifty. This is because a, LONG RELIANCE position generally gains if Nifty rises and generally losses if Nifty drops. In this sense, a LONG RELIANCE position is not a focused play on the valuation of Reliance. It carries a LONG NIFTY position along with it, as incidental baggage. The stock picker may be thinking that he wants to be LONG RELIANCE but a long position on Reliance effectively forces him to be LONG RELIANCE + LONG NIFTY.
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If we think that WIPRO is under evaluated, the position LONG WIPRO is not purely about WIPRO; it is also partly about Nifty. Every trader who has a LONG WIPRO position is forced to be an index speculator, even though he may not have no interest in the index. Those who are bullish about the index should just buy Nifty futures; the need not trade individual stocks. Those who are bullish about WIPRO do wrong by carrying along a long position on Nifty as well. There is a simple way out. Every time we adopt a long position on a stock, we should sell some amount of Nifty futures. This will help in offsetting the hidden Nifty exposure that is every long-stock position. Once this is done, we will have a position which will be purely about the performance of the stock. The position LONG WIPRO + SHORT NIFTY is a pure play on the value of WIPRO, without any risk from fluctuation of the market index. When this will be done the stockpicker has hedged away his index exposure. The basic point of this hedging strategy is that the stockpicker proceeds with his core skill, i.e. picking stocks, at the cost of lower risk.
NOTE: hedging does not remove losses. The best that can be achieved by using
hedging is the removal of unwanted exposure, i.e. unnecessary risk. The hedged position will make less profit than the un-hedged position, half the time. One should not enter into a hedging strategy hoping profit for sure; all that can come out of hedging is reduced risk.
H2: Short stock, long Nifty futures
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If a person feels that the stock is over evaluated or the profits and the quality of the company made it worth a lot less as compared to what the market thinks, he can take a short position on the cash market. This will give rise to two types of risks: 1. His understanding can be wrong, and the company is really worth more than the market price. 2. The entire market moves against him and generates losses even though the underlying idea was correct. The second outcome happens all time. A person may sell Reliance at Rs.190 thinking that Reliance would announce poor result and the stock price would fall. And if after few days if the Nifty rises, he will incur loss, even if the intrinsic understanding of Reliance was correct. There is a peculiar problem here. Every sell position on a stock is simultaneously a sell position on Nifty. This is because a SHORT RELIANCE position generally gains if Nifty falls and generally loses if Nifty rises. In this sense, a SHORT RELIANCE position is not a focused play on the valuation of Reliance. It carries a SHORT NIFTY position along with it, as incidental baggage. The stockpicker may be thinking he wants to be SHORT RELIANCE, but a short position on Reliance on the market effectively forces him to be SHORT RELIANCE + SHORT NIFTY.
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Even if we think that WIPRO is overvalued, the position SHORT WIPRO is not purely about WIPRO; it is also about the Nifty. Every trader who has a SHORT WIPRO position is forced to be an index speculator, even though he may not have any interest in the index. Those who are bearish about the index should just sell Nifty futures; the need not trade individual stocks. Those who are bearish about WIPRO do wrong by carrying along a short position on Nifty as well. There is a simple way out. Every time we adopt a short position on a stock, we should buy some amount of Nifty futures. This will help in offsetting the hidden Nifty exposure that is every short-stock position. Once this is done, we will have a position, which will be purely about the performance of the stock. The position SHORT WIPRO + LONG NIFTY is a pure play on the value of WIPRO, without any risk from fluctuation of the market index. When this will be done the stockpicker has hedged away his index exposure. The basic point of this hedging strategy is that the stockpicker proceeds with his core skill, i.e. picking stocks, at the cost of lower risk.
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H3: Have Portfolio, short Nifty futures

Some of us might have experienced the feeling of owing an equity portfolio, and then one day, we become uncomfortable about the overall stock market. Sometimes we have a view that the stock prices will fall in the near future. At other times, we may see that the market is in for a few days or weeks of massive volatility, and we do not have an appetite for this kind of volatility. The best example of this volatility is the union budget. Market positions become volatile for one week before and two weeks after the budget. Many investors want to eradicate this three weeks volatility. This becomes a peculiar problem if we are thinking of selling the shares in the near future, for example, in order to finance a purchase a house. This planning can go wrong if by the time we sell shares, Nifty has dropped sharply. There are two main alternatives, when one faces this type of problem: 1. Sell shares immediately. This sentiment generates panic selling which is rarely optimal for the investor. 2. Do nothing, i.e. suffer the pain of volatility. This leads to political pressure for government to do something when stock prices fall. Here in this case, with the index futures market, a third and a remarkable alternative becomes available: 3. Remove your exposure to index fluctuations temporarily using index futures. This will allow rapid response to market conditions, without panic selling of shares. It will allow an investor to be in control of his risk, instead of doing nothing and suffering the risk. The idea here is that every portfolio contains a hidden index exposure. This statement is true for all portfolios, whether a portfolio is composed of index stock or not. In the case of portfolios, most of the portfolio risk is accounted for by index
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fluctuations. Hence a position LONG PORTFOLIO + SHORT NIFTY can often become one-tenth as risky as the LONG PORTFOLIO position. Is suppose we have a portfolio of Rs.1 billion, which is having a beta of 1.25. Then a complete hedge is obtained by selling Rs.1.25 million of Nifty futures.
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H4: Have funds, buy Nifty futures

A person may be in a situation where he is having funds, which needed to be invested in equity, or he may be expecting to get funds in future to be invested in equity. The following can be the occurrences in the above conditions: A closed-end fund, which just finished its initial public offering, has cash, which is not yet invested. If a person is planning to sell some of his shares. The land deal is slow and will take time to complete. It takes several weeks from the date that it becomes sure that the funds will come to the date that the funds are actually are in hands. An open-ended fund has just sold fresh units and has received funds. To get oneself invested in equity sounds quite easy but it involves the following problems: 1. A person may need time to research stocks, and carefully pick stocks that are expected to do well. This process of research takes time. For that time the investor is partly invested in cash and partly invested in stocks. During this time, he is exposed to the risk of missing out if the overall market index goes up. 2. A person may have made up his mind on what portfolio he seeks to buy, but going to the market and placing the market order would generate large impact cost. The execution would be improved substantially if he could instead place a limit orders and gradually accumulate the portfolio at favorable prices. This takes time, and during this time, he is exposed to the risk of missing out if the Nifty goes up. 3. In some cases, such as land sale above, the person may not simply have cash to immediately buy the shares, hence he is forces to wait even if he feels that Nifty is unusually cheap. He is exposed to the risk of missing out if Nifty rises.
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The three alternatives that are available with an investor are as follows: The investor would obtain the desired equity exposure by buying index futures, immediately. A person who expects to obtain Rs.5 million by selling land would immediately enter into a position LONG NIFTY worth Rs.5 million. Similarly a close-end fund, which has just finished its initial public offering and has cash, which is not yet invested, can immediately enter into a LONG NIFTY to the extent it wants to be invested into equity. The index futures market is likely to be more liquid than individual stocks so it is possible to take extremely large position at a low impact cost. Later, the investor / close-end fund can gradually acquire stocks. As and when shares are obtained, one would scale down the LONG NIFTY position correspondingly. No matter how slowly the stocks are purchased, this strategy would fully capture a rise in Nifty, so there is no risk of missing out on a broad rise in the stock market while this process is taking place. Hence, this strategy allows the investor to take more care and spend more time in choosing stocks and placing aggressive limit orders.
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SPECULATION
S1: Bullish index, long Nifty futures

We may sometimes think that the market index is going to rise and we can make profits by adopting a position on the index. After a good budget, or good corporate results, or the onset of the stable government, many people may feel that the index would go up. Now a days people have the following two strategies to get benefit from an upward movement in the index: 1. Buy selected liquid securities, which move with the index, and sell them at a later date. 2. Buy the entire index portfolio and then sell it at a later date. The first alternative is widely used. A lot of the trading volume on the liquid stock is based on using these liquid stocks as an index proxy. However, these positions run the risk of making losses owing to company. The second alternative is cumbersome and expensive in terms of the transaction cost involved in it. Taking a position on the index is effortless using the index futures market. By using the index futures an investor can buy or sell the entire index by trading on one singe security. Once a person is LONG NIFTY using the futures market, he gains if the index rises and losses if the index falls.
S2: Bearish index, short Nifty futures

We may sometimes think that the market is going to fall and we can make profit by adopting a position on the index. After a bad budget, or bad corporate results, or
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the onset of a coalition government, many people feel that the index would go down. So to get the benefit from the downward movement in the index we are having the following two choices: 1. Sell selected liquid securities, which move with the index, and buy them at a later date. 2. Sell the entire index portfolio and then buy it at a later date. The first alternative is widely used. A lot of the trading volume on liquid stock is based on using these positions run the risk of making losses owing to company. The second alternative is hard to implement. This strategy is cumbersome and also expensive in terms of the transaction cost involved. Taking a position on the index is effortless using the index futures market. By using the index futures an investor can buy or sell the entire index by trading on one singe security. Once a person is SHORT NIFTY using the futures market, he gains if the index falls and losses if the index rises.
Now after learning about the futures what we can do is that as we are having our three portfolios we would see how we could hedge our position using the futures contract. As we know that Hedging does not always make money. The best way that can be achieved using hedging is the removal of unwanted exposure, i.e. unnecessary risk. The hedged position will make less profit than the unhedged position. One should not enter into a hedging strategy hoping to make excess profits for sure; all that can come out of hedging is reduced risk. So one should go for hedging only if the movement of market makes him uncomfortable. Here we are having a portfolio of script so to hedge our position we would have to know what is the portfolio BETA
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The Portfolio BETA = Wi * Beta
Where, Wi = the weightage of scrip in the portfolio Beta =

% Change in Script Return
% Change in Market Return The BETA of a script can be easily found out from the website of National Stock Exchange and also from the website of Bombay stock exchange Here for the purpose of hedging we will have to short nifty futures as we are having the portfolio and the future contracts may not be available for all the scrip. But as we have seen earlier that all script have hidden exposure to nifty. So we will short the nifty future contract for the purpose of hedging our portfolio. The current nifty lot size is 200. Now for the purpose of hedging the portfolio we will have to decide about the number of lots of Nifty that the investor will have to sell in order to hedge his position. To find out that figure we will have to do the following calculations: -
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Types of portfoliosDEFENSIVE PORTFOLIO

Amount of Nifty to be short = Investment * Portfolio Beta The current Nifty level = 1000000 * 0.75 2813.7 = 266.55
As the nifty that are required to be short comes out to be 266.55 but as we know that the nifty is available in the lot size of 300 so this will give our portfolio a partial hedge as we are unable to short the exact nifty figure that we have calculated. During this two month the nifty has moved to 3064.4 this shows that nifty has increased by 250.70 in % terms nifty has gone up by 8.91 % Now as we have short position of one nifty contract we would require to pay the buyer of contract 250.70*300 =75,210Rs. If we take in to account the profit that we now earn is 1,66,628 75210= 91418/Rs. So we can easily see that the hedging as reduced our profit we were earning 1,66,628 with hedging it has reduced to 75210. talking in % terms we can say that we were earning 16.66% but due to hedging the profit comes down to 9.14% PROFIT ( Rs. ) WITHOUT HEDGING WITH HEDGING 1,66,628 91,418 PROFIT ( % ) 16.66 % 9.14 %
MODERATE PORTFOLIO Amount of Nifty to be short = Investment * Portfolio Beta

The current Nifty level = 162612.70* 0.93 2813.7 = 53.74 ~ 54
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As the nifty that are required to be short comes out to be 54 but as we know that the nifty is available in the lot size of 100 so this will give our portfolio a partial hedge as we are unable to short the exact nifty figure that we have calculated. During 2 month the nifty has moved to 3064.4 this shows that nifty has increased by 250.70 in % terms nifty has gone up by 8.91 % Now as we have short position of one nifty contract we would require to pay the buyer of contract 250.70*100 =25,070 Rs. If we take in to account the profit that we now earn Is 1,40,35025,070= 1,15,280Rs. So we can easily see that the hedging as reduced our profit we were earning 1,40,350 Rs. with hedging it has reduced to 25070. talking in % terms we can say that we were earning 16.29% but due to hedging the profit comes down to 11.53% PROFIT ( Rs. ) WITHOUT HEDGING WITH HEDGING 1,40,350 1,15,280 PROFIT ( % ) 16.29 % 11.53 %
AGGRESSIVE PORTFOLIO
Amount of Nifty to be short = Investment * Portfolio Beta The current Nifty level = 10,00,000 *1.14 2813.7 = 405.16
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As the nifty that are required to be short comes out to be 405.16 but as we know that the nifty is available in the lot size of 400 so this will give our portfolio a partial hedge as we are unable to short the exact nifty figure that we have calculated. During this two month the nifty has moved to 3064.4 this shows that nifty has increased by 250.70 in % terms nifty has gone up by 8.91 % Now as we have short position of one nifty contract we would require to pay the buyer of contract 250.70*400 =1,00,280Rs. If we take in to account the profit that we now earn is 84,397 1,00,280 ( 15,883) Rs. So we can easily see that the hedging as reduced our profit we were earning 84,397with hedging it has reduced to (15,883). talking in % terms we can say that we were earning 8.44% but due to hedging the profit comes down to ( 1.58 )% PROFIT ( Rs. ) WITHOUT HEDGING WITH HEDGING 84,397 ( 15,883) PROFIT ( % ) 8.44 % (1.58 ) % =
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SECTOR PORTFOLIO
Sector specific portfolio includes securities of those companies which are in the same business. Sector portfolios are very useful when there is a particular sector which is doing very good and has a bright future a head. Sector portfolio has the securities of those companies that engage in same kind of business.
e.g. In late 1990s sector that was providing the highest return was information technology. Investors who have invested their money in these securities had earned very high return.
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FINDING OF THE REPORT

Findings of the report gives the fruit of the all the analysis done on the research of measuring and comparing performance of the portfolio with the market portfolio.
Random portfolio
After understanding the various concepts about what are the investments option and what are the risks associated with the various investment avenues. And also about how one can use Derivative to be specific Future for the purpose of Hedging and Speculation.
But it is advisable to use the direct equity investment only if the investors have adequate knowledge about selection of stocks. There task does not ends with the selection of script but they are also required to pay close attention to the various happening in the economy that have direct or indirect effect on stock market as we have learn that the price of the script is affected by two factor, one is company specific news and the other is economy specific news so any investor investing in the equity directly has to keep the close track of the economy as well as the company in which they invest to look out for any new development that take place
As in the theoretical way we have scene that the Beta shows the movement or change in the price of script vis--vis index. And a Beta >1 is more riskier and hence should give more return as compared to the script having Beta < 1. as the person is taking more risk then he should get more return. But in our case we have seen that Moderate portfolio having Beta < 1 has given more return as compared to Aggressive Portfolio.
So we can easily say that the investment in equity market is subject to market risk and any one having long-term investment horizon should only
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enter into equity market. This analysis that has been carried out was only for a period of two month there are chances that in the long run aggressive portfolio would outperform the other portfolio. And we have also scene the Derivative- Future how one can use it for the purpose of speculation and hedging. But hedging is only for the removal of unnecessary risk or exposure one should not go for hedging for earning excess return. So if one does not have enough knowledge, expertise & analytical capabilities then one should avoid going for direct equity investment as the chances of loss increases. And the other very important aspect is the regular monitoring of the portfolio and reviewing is also an important aspect that one needs to pay close attention to.
RECOMMENDATION
From the above given findings and the conclusions of the study done by me, here are the list of recommendations that comes out of the study. Form the study it is also proven that even in short run sector portfolio is highly risky option for investment. Here in the study it is providing negative return. That shows that investors who want to have safe return must think twice before selecting sector portfolio for a long term investment.
Though random portfolio is having scripts with highest return and volatility, but for a long term prospect is becomes hard to fetch good return out of it as it is hard to take use of high volatility.
There is a requirement for frequent portfolio checking to maintain the higher return and to make use of high volatility.
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Bibliography Books
1. Derivatives Module of NSE ( NCFM ) 2. Securities analysis and Portfolio Management -B.K. Bhalla
Web Bibliography
1. www.bonanzaonline.com 2. www.nseindia.com 3. www.bseindia.com 4. www.derivativesindia.com 5. www.moneycontrol.com
others
1. Magazines Business World
2. News Papers Economic Times of India Times of India
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Analysis of Investment in Stock Market & Portfolio Management Using Instrument Derivatives Futures

Project report Submitted in the Partial fulfillment for the award of

MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION ( MBA) By BHANUPRATAP SINGH RATHORE

MANAGEMENT & COMMERCE INSTITUTE OF GLOBAL SYNEGRY, AJMER( RAJ.)

( RAJASTHAN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, KOTA)

(BHANUPRATAP SINGH RATHORE)

12. 13. 14.

Understanding Concept of Derivatives Findings of Report & Recommendation Bibliography

INDUSTRY PROFILE Journey of Indian stock market

Growth Pattern of the Indian Stock Market

1946 1961 1971 7 1125 1506 7 8

1985 14 4344 6174

1991 20 6229 8967

1995 22 8593 11784

1203 1599 2111 2838

1552 2265 3230 3697

(5/2) Appreciated value of Capital per Listed Cos. (Lakh Rs.)

CORPORATE TIE UPS

SERVICE PROVIDED BY BONANZA

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

To provide basic idea of different stock market investment instruments to investor.

METHODOLOGY OF THE PROJECT

LIMITATIONS OF THE PROJECT

ANALYSIS OF INVESTMENT WHAT IS INVESTMENT?

Types of Equity Instruments: Ordinary Shares

Classification in terms of Market Capitalisation

Classification in terms of Anticipated Earnings

A Review of the Indian Debt Market

Instruments in the Indian Debt Market

MUTUAL FUND SCHEMES

TAX-SHELTERED SAVING SCHEMES

RISK RETURN OF VARIOUS INVESTMENT AVENUES

SYSTAMATIC Market Risk Interest Rate Risk Purchasing power Risk

UNSYSTAMATIC Business Risk Financial Risk

PORTFOLIO Meaning of portfolio:Portfolio

Risk less Investment M1 Risk M2

PORTFOLIO AGE RELATIONSHIP

Types of portfolio for study:

Features of random portfolio

Advantages of random portfolio

Disadvantages of random portfolio

2. Sector specific portfolio

Features of sector portfolio

Advantages of sector portfolio

Disadvantages of sector portfolio

The P/E ratio as a guide to investment decisions

P/E = Current Market Price Earning Per Share

Total Portfolio Investment = 10,00,000 Rs.

Total Portfolio Beta = Wi * BETA =6.97 +8.18+6.40+7.76+7.76 +8.82+6.40+8.60+9.04+5.00 = 74.93 ~ 75

RETURN ON INDIVIDUAL SCRIPTS 1ST MONTH

RETURN IN DEFENSIVE PORT FOLIO

VALUE OF PORTFOLIO AS ON 31-10-2010 = 1166628.41

TOTAL RETURN ON PORTFOLIO = 1166628.41 - 1000000 = 166628.41

TOTAL RETURN IN % TERM = 16.66 %

Total Portfolio Investment = 10,00,000/- Rs.

Total Portfolio Beta = Wi * BETA = 10.62 + 8.01+7.83+8.39+10.83+ 8.01+8.58+8.78+10.83+10.83 = 92.72 ~ 93

RETURN ON INDIVIDUAL SCRIPTS 1ST MONTH

RETURN IN MODRATE PORT FOLIO

VALUE OF PORTFOLIO AS ON 31-10-2010 = 1162912.70/- Rs.

TOTAL RETURN ON PORTFOLIO

TOTAL RETURN IN % TERM = 16.29 % AGGRESSIVE PORTFOLIO

Total Portfolio Investment = 10,00,000/- Rs.

Total Portfolio Beta = Wi * BETA