Photosynthesis Light reactions Generate ATP and NADPH O2 generated as by-product Light is absorbed by thylakoid membrane pigments (chlorophyll)

yll) 1. Light first goes to Photosystem 2, H2O is split to make oxygen and protons released into the lumen 2. Electrons go to plastoquinone, proton released into lumen 3. Electrons go to Cytochrome B6F 4. Electrons go to plastocyanin 5. Electrons and more light go to Photosystem 2 6. In photosystem 2, the electrons are used by Ferrodoxin and Ferrodoxin NADP Reductase to make NADPH 7. Proton gradient in the lumen is used to pump ATP into the stroma by ATP synthase Carbon-fixation reactions (Calvin cycle) Overall equation: 6 CO2 + 12 NADPH + 18 ATP C6H12O6 Use ATP and NADPH to generate sugars from CO2 Consists of three steps: 1. Carboxylation CO2 and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate are catalyzed by Rubisco to make 3phosphoglycerate 2. Reduction ATP and NADPH are used to reduce 3-phosphoglycerate into glyceraldehyde-3phosphate 3. Regeneration 5 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphates are turned back into ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate Cytoplasmic Membrane Systems Endomembrane system ER Rough ER Site of synthesis for certain proteins secreted proteins, integral membrane proteins of organelles 1. Protein synthesis is initiated in the cytoplasm 2. New protein is recognized/bound by signal recognition particle 3. Ribosome/SRP moves to SRP receptor in ER membrane 4. The complex associates with the translocon 5. Protein moves through the translocon, BiP helds fold once in the ER 6. SRP is released, recycled to the next protein 7. Once in the ER, proteins are folded and modified. Disulfide bonds can be shuffled and oligosaccharides can be added. 8. Proteins must be folded properly to exit the ER and be sent to the Golgi Smooth ER Detoxifies organic compounds by Cytochrome P450: hydrophobic to hydrophilic Converts glucose 6-phosphate to glucose in the liver Dephosphorylates so it can cross membrane Calcium storage

Synthesis of sterols and steroid hormones Synthesis of most membrane lipids Phosphoglyceride, lipids for membranes of organelles and nuclear membranes The Golgi Complex Sorts and packages macromolecules into vesicles for transport Modifies or trims proteins 1. Cis-Golgi Network 1. Entry site for material arriving from the ER 2. Some are sent back to ER, some are sent on to other Golgi regions 2. Cis cisterna 3. Medial cisterna 4. Trans Cisterna 5. Trans-Cisterna Network Endosomes Lysosomes Vacuoles Golgi vacuoles Transport vesicles

G-Proteins Monomeric G proteins Ras switch protein Ran and Rabs transport protein Heteromeric or trimeric G proteins Used in signaling G protein-coupled receptors Process G-proteins uses for signaling: 1. Ligand first binds to receptor. G-protein docks to receptor. 2. G-protein loses GDP, binds GTP 3. G-protein Alpha + GTP binds to effector (such as Adenylyl Cyclase) 4. Effector uses ATP to make cAMP (2nd messenger) 5. G-protein Alpha now has ADP, reassociates with the other two subunits to reset 6. The receptor turns off (removes the signal) by either moving into the cell by a vesicle or breaking it down. 7. The receptor can also be phosphorylated by G-protein Receptor Kinase. This promotes the bonding of Arrestin.