EIA Field C-En

INVESTOR: Public Enterprise ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY OF SERBIA BELGRADE
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY FOR THE PROJECT: "COAL EXPLOITATION IN THE OPEN CAST MINE "FIELD C", FOR THE CAPACITY OF 5 MIL. TONS ANNUALLY, WITH THE EXCAVATION OF THE EAST DUMP SITE ISTONA KIPA
Belgrade, 2009
RB KOLUBARA d.o.o. OGRANAK PROJEKT L A Z A R E V A C

KO LUBA A R PR JE O KT
Environmental Impact Assessment Study for the Project: "Coal Exploitation in the Open Cast Mine "Field C", for the Capacity of 5 mil. tons Annually, with the Excavation of the East Dump Site Istona Kipa
INTRODUCTION
Within the development plans of the mining basin Kolubara, possible directions for maintaining the continuity of coal production from its eastern part are being considered, after a decrease in production and the closure of the open cast mine Field D. The planned development of this mine and the conditions which must be fulfilled to enable its realisation has been defined by the Conceptual Design with the Feasibility Study for Expanding the Borders of the OCM "Field D". At this moment, the conditions for expanding the OCM Field D according to this design have not been fulfilled yet, which has created the need and space for analysing the possibility of opening the OCM Field C. The open cast mine Field C represents a geological and technological unity with the active OCM Field B. Today, the open cast mine Field B is in the phase of remediation i.e. active preparation and release of overburden masses which covered and captured about one million tons of coal reserves ready for exploitation, by the activation of a landslide at the internal dump site in 2006. In the previously completed technical documentation according to which the mine is developed, the western border of the OCM Field C has been treated only up to the dump site "Istona kipa" (East Dump Site). With the aim of determining the technical and economical conditions of excavation, the possibility of excavating the coal reserves under this dump site has been proved by the study Study on the Prospects at the Location Istona Kipa . The fact is that by coal excavation within the area of Istona kipa dump site, the deposit is used to the maximum with a favourable overburden coefficient and the continuation of uninterrupted coal exploitation from the Field B towards the Field E is enabled. A part of the equipment shall be engaged from the Field D, which shall be closed down before the planned time due to higher production, which means that the coal exploitation in this area is reality and it brings multiple benefits. In accordance with the Mining Law requirements related to obtaining the permit for performing mining activities, Environmental Impact Assessment Study has been drawn up for the stated project, with the aim of obtaining the approval of the authority competent for environmental protection issues concerning the conformity of the Conceptual Design with the Feasibility Study for Coal Exploitation in the OCM Field C, for the Capacity of 5 Million Tons of Coal Annually, with the Excavation of Istona kipa Dump Site with the conditions for environmental protection and improvement. What is especially important is that the Environmental Impact Assessment Study for the project is an integral part of the technical documentation without which project implementation can not be started. The main long-term goal of environmental protection within the broader area of Kolubara lignite basin is to provide controlled conditions for the lignite deposit exploitation and 1

electrical power production, and to simultaneously reduce permanent area degradation and environmental pollution. Particular goals of environmental protection above all include the following: Providing the conditions for preservation and rational usage of natural resources (coal and water reserves), Preventing dirty technologies transfer, Reducing uncontrolled release of polluting and toxic substances and further environmental degradation, Reducing the emission of sulphure-dioxide, nitrogen oxides of ash and other toxic substances and further environmental degradation, Reducing waste quantity, waste processing and recycling, Remediating the polluted parts of the environment and degraded areas, Integrating the concept of sustainable development and environmental protection into the process of making strategic and investment decisions, Taking systematic and permanent measures of protection, restitution and rehabilitation of the endangered environment, Taking systematic and permanent measures for protecting the population endangered by the environmental state deterioration, Preserving natural biodiversity ecosystems, Integral protection of air, water and soil, Developing a system for informing the public about the environmental state, Implementing stimulative and destimulative measures of economic policy for environmental management into practice, Remediating the polluted parts of the environment in the degraded area, Preserving and protecting the areas which must not be polluted and destroyed for strategic reasons (water supply sources, protective zones, protective natural areas), Preventing the transfer of dirty technologies and ecologically inefficient plants. The Project Holder as the owner is certainly the party most interested in total compliance with the legislation within the field of environmental protection. The location of the project in question in the work zone and it shall be realized in accordance with the planning documentation, conditions and approvals of the competent authorities which is at the same time in accordance with the Law on Environmental Protection (The Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia no. 135/04, Article 9) i.e. the basic principles of environmental protection, in particular: Integrity principle mutually agreed plans, programs and regulations through a system of permits and environmental protection measures. Prevention and precaution principle every activity of the Project Holder shall be carried out in such a manner so as to cause the least possible change in the environment, risk for the environment and peoples health, shall be carried through the measures which prevent or limit the environmental impact at the pollution source and through the application of the best obtainable and available technologies, technique and equipment. 2

Responsibility principle the Project Holder shall eliminate all remnant pollution (gravel dredging at the project location, location squalor and visual pollution) Polluter pays principle in accordance with the regulations, the Project Holder bears the total costs of the measures for pollution prevention and reduction, which includes the costs of the environmental risk and the costs of remedying the damage caused to the environment.
Environmental Impact Assessment Study for the project: "Coal Mining in the Open Cast Mine Field C for the Capacity of 5 Million Tons Annually with the Excavation of Istona kipa Dump Site has been drawn up in accordance with the following laws and regulations: Law on Environmental Protection The Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, number: 135/04, Law on Environmental Impact Assessment "The Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia", number: 135/04, Law on Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment The Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia", number: 135/04, Law on Integrated Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution The Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia' , number: 135/04, Law on Mining The Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, number: 44/95 and 34/2006 Law on Geological Research The Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, number: 44/95, Regulation on Determining the List of Projects for which Impact Assessment is Obligatory and the List of Projects for which Environmental Impact Assessment May be Required. The Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, number: 84/05, Regulation on the Kinds of Activities and Plants for which an Integrated Permit is issued The Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, number: 84/05, Rule Book on the Contents of the Request Concerning the Necessity of Impact Assessment and the Contents of the Request for Determining the Scope and Contents of the Environmental Impact Assessment Study The Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, number: 69/05, Rule Book on the Contents of the Environmental Impact Assessment Study The Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, number: 69/05 Rule Book on the Manner of Handling the Waste with Hazardous Substance Features The Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, number: 12/95, Rule Book on the Methodology for Assessing the Hazard of Chemical Accident and Environmental Pollution, Preparative Measures and Consequence Relieving Measures The Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia", number: 60/94, Rule Book on the Criteria for Determining the Location and Organizing Waste Matter Dumps The Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia", number: 54/92, Rule Book on Emission Limiting Values, Measuring Method and Terms and Data Recording The Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia", number: 30/97, 35/97, Rule Book on the Allowed Noise Level in the Environment The Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia", number: 54/92, Regulation on the Contents of the Program of Measures for Adapting the Operation of the Existing Plant or Activity to the Prescribed Conditions The Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, number: 84/05, 3

Regulation on the Criteria for Determining the Best Available Techniques, for Quality Standards Application, and for Determining Emission Limiting Values in an Integrated Permit The Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, number: 84/05, Law on Waste Matter Handling The Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, Number: 25/96, 26/96, Rule Book on the Conditions and Manner of Sorting, Packing and Storing Secondary Raw Materials The Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, number: 55/01, Rule Book on Hazardous Substances in Waters The Official Gazette of the Socialist Republic of Serbia, number: 31/82, Rule Book on the Manner and Minimum Number of Waste Waters Quality Tests The Official Gazette of the Socialist Republic of Serbia, number: 47/83, 13/84, Rule Book on the Allowed Quantities of Hazardous and Harmful Substances in the Soil and their Testing Methods The Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, number: 23/94, Law on Ionizing Radiation Protection The Official Gazette of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, number: 46/96, 85/05, Rule Book on the Maximum Limitations for Radioactive Environmental Contamination and on Performing Decontamination The Official Gazette of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, number: 8/87, Rule Book on the Limitations of Exposure to Ionizing Radiation The Official Gazette of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, number: 32/98, Rule Book on the Limitations for Radioactive Environment Contamination and on the Manner of Performing Decontamination, Rule Book on the Manner and Conditions of Collecting, Storing, Record Keeping, Warehousing, Processing and Dumping of Radioactive Waste Matter The Official Gazette of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, number: 9/99, Law on Toxic Substances Production and Trade The Official Gazette of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , number: 15/95, 28/96, 37/02, List of Poisons the Production, Trade and Use of which are Prohibited The Official Gazette of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, number: 12/00, List of Poisons Sorted into Groups The Official Gazette of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, number: 12/00, Law on Hazardous Substances Transport The Official Gazette of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, number: 27/90, 45/90, 24/94, 28/96, 21/99, 44/99, 68. Law on Forests The Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, number: 46/91, 83/92, 54/93, 60/93, 53/93, 67/93, 48/94, 54/96, Law on Waters The Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, number: 46/91, 53/93, 67/93, 48/94, 54/96

1. DATA ON THE PROJECT HOLDER
The main data on the Project Holder are stated within this point.
Data on the Project Holder

Name: R B " KOLUBARA " d.o.o. Lazarevac branch "OPEN CAST MINES" BAROEVAC
Head office:
Lazarevac
Address:
Baroevac
Telephone:
011/8123-333
Fax:
011/8120-251
e-mail:
misa.stojakovic@rbkolubara.co.rs
Director:
Radosav Mili min.eng.grad.
Identification number:
07788053
Activity:
10202 lignite excavation and briquetting

2. DESCRIPTION OF THE LOCATION PLANNED FOR PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
Kolubara coal bearing basin encompasses the western part of umadija and it expands up to Koceljevo in the west, up to Rudovci and Prkosava in the east, up to Stepojevac in the north and up to Lajkovac, i.e. Slovac in the south. It encompasses the middle and lower flow of the river Kolubara and its main tributaries: Lukavica, Petan, Turija and Beljanica on the east side, Tamnava with Ub and Kladnica on the west side. It is about 55 km long along the eastwest axis, while the north-south axis is 15 km long. It covers the area of about 600 km2. The River Kolubara divides the basin into the western part, which is bigger, and the eastern part, which is smaller, but economically more important. Several exploitation and research-exploitation areas-fields are contoured in the eastern part of the basin (figure 2.0.a.), such as: "A", "B", "C", "E", "F", "G", "Veliki Crljeni", "opiLazarevac" and "Field D". Several exploitation and exploitation-research areas-fields are contoured in the western part of the basin (figure 2.0.a.), such as: "Trli", "Zvizdar", "Ruklade", "Radljevo", "Tamnava". Morphologically, the basin is represented by mostly plain and slightly undulate terrain in which the highest elevation of the terrain is 185-250 metres, while in the areas of the alluvial plains of the river Kolubara and its tributaries, the terrain elevations are below 90 metres. The river network is well-developed and it belongs to the basin of the river Kolubara, and thereby to the basins of the rivers Sava and Dunav. The traffic situation of the broader area is extremely favourable. Beograd-Bar railroad and Ibarska magistrala runs through the middle part, as well as a number of regional roads. Besides, the basin itself is interconnected by an electrical industrial railroad, from Rudovci through Vreoci and Veliki Crljeni to Obrenovac.
GENERAL MAP OF THE PRODUCTIVE PART OF KOLUBARA MINING BASIN
FIELD TRLI FIELD ZVIZDAR FIELD RUKLADE FIELD RADLJEVO
FIELD OPI FIELD F FIELD TAMNAVA

FIELD STEPOJEVAC
FIELD VEL.CRLJENI
FIELD CI FIELD B FIELD A FIELD D
NON-EXPLOITABLE ZONE
FIELD TURIJA FIELD G FIELD E
Figure 2.0.a.(Source: The mines documentation)

Field "C" is located in the south-east part of Kolubara coal bearing basin and it represents its integral part. It covers around 2 km2. It is located about 20 km from Lazarevac and 60 km from Belgrade. The relief of the area is slightly undulate with a lower area in the southern marginal part (terrain elevations about 120 m) and slightly elevated part towards the north where the natural terrain elevation is up to 160 meters. In the eastern and western part the deposit is in direct contact with the mining fields "B" and "E", while in the southern part the coal thins out. In the northern marginal area (towards the field "D") there is a phenomenon called Baroevac horst (figure 2.0.b.) where floor sands appear in the shape of an anticline and thin coal seams are found. This coal does not determine the economic value of the deposit, so this zone is mostly considered unproductive when it comes to coal.
Figure 2.0.b. Coal deposit "Fields B and C" with designed borders at coal and overburden excavation sites (gray and green lines) (Source:: R.Stojakovi et al., 2005, Geological Department Rudovci)
In the north and north-west part of the deposit, the external dump site of the field "D" has been formed (the so-called "Istona Kipa") with the maximum height of 210 metres. The east and west borders of the field "C" are artificial, they overlap with the research profile lines of the neighbouring fields. The line Y= 7 450 500 is in the east part towards the field "B", while the line Y=7 448 750 is in the west (towards the field "E"). The south and north borders of the field "C" overlap with the research profile lines of the neighbouring fields. The profile line Y= 4 919 500 is in the north part towards the field "D", while the line Y=4 917 500 is in the south part (towards the river Petan) (Figure 2.0.c). The road Lazarevac-Vreoci-Aranelovac runs along the south marginal part of the area, and the industrial railroad Rudovci-Vreoci runs parallel to this road. The river Petan also runs directly withn the road and railway zone (figure 2.0.b.). In the north and north-west part of the deposit the external dump site of the field "D" has been formed (the so-called "Istona Kipa") with the maximum height of 210 metres.

When it comes to the natural and geological structural features of the seams of coal and other accompanying sediments, the deposit Field C" represents a natural continuation of the "Field B" further towards the west and the "Field E".
4919500
4919000
4918500
PK ''B''
4918000
Dijatomejska zemlja
4917500
PK ''C''
7447500 7448000 7448500 7449000 7449500 7450000 7450500 7451000 7451500 7452000
4917000
Figure 2.0.c. Spatial position of OCM "Field B" and OCM "Field B"(Source: B. Vukovi-Kolubara Projekt)
The area of the open cast mine "Field C" with the protective zone, occupies only a small part of the inhabited place Baroevac with important infrastructural facilities. Apart from the inhabited place, the road of regional importance Lazarevac-Aranelovac, the local traffic roads network, a narrow track industrial railroad, the river Petan and the graveyard in Baroevac are also located within the area of this open cast mine. 2.1. Conformity of the location with the spatial planning documentation
The Spatial Plan of the Republic of Serbia defines the area of Kolubara basin (in which the energy and mining objects are located) as a special purpose area. In order to deifne more precisely the environmental protection issue in the broader and narrower area, it is necessary to gather and consider the existing planning documentation covering the broader area in order to establish the connection between this study research and the conditions resulting from the documentation. A higher spatial planning document for Kolubara basin is the Spatial Plan of the Republic of Serbia (The Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia no.13/96). The Spatial Plan of the Republic of Serbia as a strategic development document is primarily oriented towards finding the possibilities for solving the most important spatial problems having occurred in the previous period, as well as towards determining the long-term (global) goals of landscaping and settlement planning. 8

The Spatial Plan of the Republic of Serbia strategically requests the obligatory conformity of the space usage with the capacity and limits of natural and created values and with the needs of socio-economic development, which actually represents the basic concept of sustainable development. Strategic goals of environmental protection defined by the provisions of the SPRS (Spatial Planning of the Republic of Serbia) represent the factors of preserving the ecological integrity of space i.e. rational usage of natural resources and protection of natural values of the environment. The development of the whole lignite basin Kolubara is prescribed by the Energy Development Strategy of the Republic of Serbia, published in the Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, 44/05. In conformity with the general strategy stated in the Spatial Plan of the Republic of Serbia and the Spatial Plan of Kolubara Lignite Basin, the development of this area refers to efficient and rational usage of natural potentials. The Project Analysis of Space Reservation in Kolubara Coal Bearing Basin until the Year 2020 with Development Projection until the End of Exploitation with the Aim of Developing Open Cast Coal Exploitation was urgent and it represents the foundation for drawing up and adopting the Spatial Plan of the Exploitation Area of Kolubara Lignite Basin. The urgency of the Spatial Plan adoption was acknowledged far back in 2003. Without such foundations, the development of open cast coal mining in Kolubara becomes uncertain, which may cause a reduced production of electric power. In accordance with the aforementioned facts, Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment of the Spatial Plan for the Area of Kolubara Lignite Basin, has been made in accordance with the Law on Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia 135/04). The Spatial Plan for the Development of the Exploitation Area of Kolubara Lignite Basin is in the phase of adoption. The Institute of Architecture and Urban & Spatial Planning of Serbia (IAUS). The General Regulation Plan for the area of the settlements Baroevac, Medoevac, Zeoke and Burovo has been made, with the goal of rational landscaping and space usage. The plan is in conformity with the Spatial Plan for the City of Belgrade Administrative Area, the Spatial Plan of the Exploitation Area of Kolubara Lignite Basin, the Spatial Plan of the City Municipality Lazarevac as well as with the urbanistic plans of the neighbouring areas. Furthermore, in accordance with the aforementioned facts, the Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment for the General Regulation Plan for the Settlements Baroevac, Medoevac, Zeoke and Burovo has been drawn up according to the Law on Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia 135/04). 2.2. Required land areas
The exploitation area of the open cast mine Field C with the excavation of the east dump site Istona kipa covers the area of about 4,5 km2. It is located within the area of the 9

cadastral municipality Baroevac. The households of the inhabitants of Baroevac, arable land, meadows, forests, orchards etc. are located on the cadastral plots. The situational map of the current state of mining activities with the infrastructural facilities are shown in the Enclosure no.3. The area of the open cast mine Field C (without the east dump site "Istona kipa") with the protective zone, covers 153,25 ha. The copy of the cadastral plots plan with drawn boundaries of the open cast mine Field C is shown in Enclosure no.1. 2.3. Pedological, geomorphological, geological, hydrogeological and seismological features of the terrain
2.3.1. Pedological features The soil is the surface layer of the hard earth crust which is more or less modified under the influence of hydrosphere, biosphere and atmosphere. The soil is an open system since certain processes and reactions constantly take place in it. Within the soil itself, matter exchange with the environment, material translocation and transformation are performed. The processes and reactions taking place in the soil are very complex because they involve chemical, biological and physical reactions, but they are also influenced by the climate, vegetation and other organisms. All these processes spontaneously take place in the soil. Within the surrounding area and the location of the OCM "Field C" itself, the following soil types may be found: 1. alluvial soil, 2. parapodzol 3. podzol. Alluvial soils cover a smaller area, they are frequently flooded and unsuitable for agriculture. Parapodzol can be found in the higher parts of the terrain and it prevails in this area; it belongs to the poorer type of soil than the previous; it is useful for the economy of the whole region because it is still fertile enough. Parapodzol and the similar soil covers more than 50% of the area of Kolubara basin region and it expands at the altitude from 100 to 200 m. This type of soil has the characteristic of forming an impermeable foundation beneath the terrain surface which retains the surface waters. This type of soil is of bad composition with relatively high acidity and limited contents of nutrients. The contents of humus vary depending on the depth and progress of agricultural activities on this type of soil, drainage and fertilization are necessary. Parapodzol as the type of soil is dominant, and consequently, its agricultural potential is important for the regional economy. Podzol belongs to the type of soil with lower fertility which is also important for the agriculture in this region. Podzol is the type of soil with relatively reduced fruitful potential in comparison to parapodzol. Productivity level of this soil depends on the parent substrate.
10

Within Kolubara region this type of soil can be found at high moisture localities, whereat soil acidity increases, nutrients rinse out and erosion appears. Within the area of the deposit "Field C" (river Petan valley) the land is used for agricultural purposes and to a small extent as the inhabited area. Within the broader tested area, the following types of vegetation are present in the highest degree: swamp vegetation, plane meadow vegetation, meadows and pastures on hilly terrains and significant areas under forest vegetation (Istona Kipa). Soil degradation due to intensive coal excavation is characteristic for this area, which leads to the formation of the soil of the lowest land capability class, deposol and technogenic soil. It is antropogenous soil created by overburden dumping, ash dumping, as well as the open cast mines themselves in which coal exploitation takes place. The dumped material Istona kipa dump site is of special significance for this location. It is the antropogenous type of soil created by unplanned dumping of different layers of soil into internal and external dump sites.
Figure 2.3.1.a. East dump site "Istona Kipa"
The dumped material "Istona kipa" is insufficiently examined and it is of various lithological composition (quaternary clay and sand, quaternary sands gravels, Pliocene alevrite clay, coal, Pliocene sand and neogenic sandy clays). When it comes to its granulometric composition, the dumped material "Istona kipa" is sandy clay and dusty sand. It is characterised by low plasticity and it usually varies from hard to soft consistency. 2.3.2. Morphological features In the morphological sense, the area of Kolubara basin represents a part of Lower Kolubara basin. This basin is clearly outlined by the hills rising from the low areas on the west, south 11

and east side, and in the north it opens with its whole width towards the Sava valley and the Pannonian Plain. The basin belongs to the type of open, peripheral basins of the horse-shoe shape, which can also be found in other places on the boundary of the Dinarides mountain plain. The bottom of the basin is several dozen kilometres wide. Morphologically, the basin represents mostly plain and slightly undulate terrain with the average altitude of about 150m, where the heighest elevation of the terrain is Stubiki Vis at the outskirts of Lazarevac with 393 m ASL, while in the parts of alluvial plains of the river Kolubara and its tributaries, terrain elevations are below 90 m ASL. The area of the terrain with the heights bigger than 200 m is insignificant and it represents only about 7% of the basin area. River valleys are cut into the surfaces and they are of various dimensions, i.e. depth, sides inclinations and appearance, depending on the force of the river flow, geological structure and general inclination of the terrain. Kolubara, as the most powerful flow of the area, has built the longest and biggest valley. In the part of its flow through the Lower Kolubara basin, north of elije the river Kolubara has formed a spacious alluvial plain. Due to the very low terrain inclination, the river flow has been forced to zigzag, meander, change direction and abandon old river beds or to bifurcate into several effluents. 2.3.3. Geological features Field "C" is made of the rocks from the Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic age. PALEOZOIC (Pz) Paleozoic represents the base (fundament) of the area, it is represented by various kinds of metamorphic slate rocks to the highest extent, whereat chlorite slates are predominant. In the field "C", plicative structure of asymmetrical synclinal-anticlinal shape is dominant. The bottom of the syncline is in the central part of the deposit, while the wings of the anticline are in the south and the north part. In the south part, the presence of chlorite slates is registered on the terrain surface with the northward inclination; while in the north part, the nuclear part of the anticlinal form of Baroevac horst is located. MESOZOIC (Mz) The Mesozoic rocks are present locally. They are registered as the presence of vulcanite/plutonite of dacite-andesite composition in the elevated parts of the paleorelief. The presence of vulcanite is registered within the zone of Baroevac horst; as well as in the south zone of the deposit. A more detailed study of the vulcanites has not been carried out, they could correspond to the dacites from the deposit /quarry "Baroevac".
12

CENOZOIC (Kz) Cenozoic rocks are the most frequent within the deposit area. They are represented by a series of sedimentary rocks of Miocene/Pliocene (M3/PI1) age, which discordantly lay on the Paleozoic slate fundament. They are productive in terms of coal. They were formed within the time period the end of Miocene (M3) the beginning of Pliocene (PI1). They are made of various kinds of clay, sands and alevrites. At the beginning of Pliocene (PI1), coal deposits were also created, which are now excavated. According to the age and vertical spatial disposition, they can be divided into: 1. sands and clay beneath the main coal seam, 2. interseam sands and clay, 3. roof seam sands and clay. A more detailed overview and the features of these sediments are given in the chapters dealing with hydrogeological features of the deposit. From the aspect of economic geology (ILMS aspect), coal seams are the most important. The deposit consists of two separate coal seams. The upper, i.e. roof coal seam is present in the higher parts. It is somewhat younger than the lower, it is thinner and of considerably lower quality in comparison with the lower (main) coal seam. It is closer to the terrain surface, so its exploitation is easier and more favourable. The economic value of the deposit is to a higher degree determined by the lower (main) coal seam. It is somewhat older than the roof seam, it is located at a higher depth, it is thicker and of better quality. Locally, the coal is more stratified, in places there are thin coal seams through the overburden, so the presence of the complex coal bearing series can be ascertained. The morphological features of both coal seams in totality correspond to the morphological features of the whole sedimentary and metamorphic series of rocks in the observed area. At the end of the sedimentation cycle, during the Quarternary (Q1,,2), heterogenous gravels and quarternary clays were deposited. They represent the final cycle of rocks sedimentation in this area. The stated is shown in the figures 2.3 3.a. and 2.3 3.b.
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Figure 2.3.3.a. General map of Kolubara coal bearing basin, the most productive area in terms of coal quantities and thickness are marked in grey (Stojakovi, Petrovi, 2004., Rudovci)
GENERAL MAP OF KOLUBARA COAL BEARING BASIN
1. Field Kruevica 2. Field Rudovci 3. Field A 4. Field B 5. Field C 6. Field Baroevac 7. Field E 8. Field D 9. Field Turija 10. Field Stepojevac 11. Field Veliki Crljeni 12. Field Volujak-Vreoci 13. Field G 14. Field F 15. Field opi-Lazarevac 16. Field Tamnava-Istok 17. Field Tamnava-Tapad 18. Field Radljevo 19. Field Trli 20. Field Zvizdar 21. Field Ruklade
Legend
Kolubara coal bearing basin covering the area of about 600 2 km (sterile-overburden zone), thin coal seams equivalent to the main coal seam Quaternary, clays, alluvial sands and gravels, Main coalgravels (roof aquifer) seam, researched alluvial of A+B+C1 terraced Quaternary, clays, reserves sands and gravels, terraced gravels categories, area 167 km2 (roof aquifer) Main coal seam, potential reserves of C2 category Roof coal seam, researched reserves of A+B+C1 categories, area around 30 km2 Main coal seam, excavated coal reserves on the day 31.12.2004 Position of geological profiles
Figure 2.3.3.b. Kolubara mining basin, geological profiles A-B and C-D, coal layers in black (Source:Stojakovi, Petrovi, 2004., Rudovci)
KOLUBARA COAL BEARING BASIN
Geological profile A-B
Field Tamnava Zapad Field E Field C Field B Field A
Field Radljevo
Field F
Geological profile C-D
Field opi-Lazarevac south
Field opi-Lazarevac north
Field F
Field G
Volujak horst
Field V. Crljeni
Legend
Quaternary, clays, alluvial sands and gravels, terraced gravels (roof aquifer) Miocene-Upper Pontian, roof clayey-sandy sediments Roof coal seam, xylite coal with thin layers of clay and amorphous coal Miocene-Upper Pontian, interseam quartz sands Miocene-Upper Pontian, complex of interseam clayeysandy sediments (interseam aquifer) Main coal seam, xylite coal with thin layers of clay and amorphous coal Floor coal seam, xylite coal with thin layers of clay and amorphous coal Miocene-Upper Pontian, complex of floor clayey-sandy sediments (floor aquifer) Paleozoic-DevonianCarboniferous, phyllites and sericite-chlorite slates
Geological coal reserves Coal quantity calculation has been made separately for the deposit field "E", field "D" and field "B+C", whereat the coal masses in the roof and the main coal seam have also been calculated separately. The results of the coal quantity calculations amount to: Total roof seam coal: Field "B+C" Field "E" Field "E+B+C" 6.020.000 t of coal; 2.900.000 t of coal; 8.920.000 t of coal. 14

Total main coal: Field "B+C" Field "E" Field "D" Field "E+B+C"
37.200.000 t of coal; 24.000.000 t of coal; 17.500.000 78.700.000 t of coal.
Calculation of the quantities of the remaining masses of geological coal reserves in the main and roof seam field "E+B+C+D" Table 2.3.3.a. Roof + main coal seam t B+C E B+C+E D B+C+E+D 43.220.000 26.900.000 70.120.000 17.500.000 87.620.000
I.e. total main and roof seam coal: Field"B+C" Field "E" Field "E+B+C" 43.220.000 t of coal; 26.900.000 t of coal; 70.120.000 t of coal.
About 17.500.000 more tons of coal from the main coal seam from the field "D" which has not been excavated by the open cast mine should be added to this quantity of the left behind geological coal reserves. These left behind reserves of the main coal seam from the field "D" are in the so-called "Juno krilo" (South Wing) of the field "D", they are located directly to the north behind the fields "B", "C" and "E" successively; i.e. behind the external dump site "Istona kipa". There are around 87.620.000 tons of the total remaining, left behind and unexcavated geological coal reserves from both coal seams in the observed area, i.e. roundly: Field "B+C" Field "E" Field "D" Field ''+B+C+D'' 43.220.000 t of coal; 26.9000.000 t of coal; 17.500.000 t of coal; 87.620.000 t of coal.
The quality of the geological coal reserves has been calculated within the limits of the designed contours of the open cast mine, separately for the roof seam, and separately for the main coal seam. The quality of the geological reserves of the roof coal seam within the catching contour of the designed open cast mine, to be excavated, amounts to: LHVavg = 7,18MJ/kg, Wavg = 54,97%, Aavg = 12,35%.
15

The quality of the geological reserves of the main coal seam within the catching contour of the designed open cast mine, to be excavated, amounts to: LHVavg = 8,33MJ/kg, Wavg = 48,43%, Aavg = 13,04%. I.e., the quality of the geological coal reserves of the roof and main coal seam within the catching contour of the designed open cast mine, to be excavated, amounts to: LHVavg = 8,16 MJ/kg, Wavg = 49,43%, Aavg = 12,97%. Elementary analysis The chemical composition of the combustible part of the coal substance from the "Field C" is defined through the contents of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen/oxygen. The analysis has been performed on the samples free of moisture and ash. The elementary analysis encompasses both coal seams, and the obtained results are shown in the following chart. Elementary analysis
Elementarna analIza
70 60 50
40 30 20 10 0 Ugljenik 65.14 65.41 Vodonik 5.97 6.07 S.sagorljiv 1.23 1.64 Azot+kiseonik 27.66 26.87
Pov. sloj Glav. sloj
Carbon Gray - roof seam White - main seam
Hydrogen
Combustible Sulphur
Nitrogen+Oxygen
Carbon is a dominant component of the coal substance and the carrier of the heat of combustion (heat of combustion for carbon amounts to 34 MJ/kg), it is present in the form (C-fix) and volatile carbon. The average carbon content for the roof coal seam amounts to 65,00 %, and for the main coal seam 64,95 %. From the obtained results it is obvious that in the tested seams there are practically no differences in the carbon content. Hydrogen is an integral part of the coal substance and it is characterised by the heat of combustion (around 143190 KJ/kg). The average hydrogen content for the roof coal seam amounts to 5,86 %, and for the main coal seam 6,09 %. 16

Oxygen + Nitrogen Participation of O+N is very important from the aspect of chemical improvement of coal. The average contents of O+N for the roof coal seam amounts to 28,05 %, and for the main coal seam 27,14 %. From the obtained results it is obvious that the value of O+N decreases from the roof seam to the main seam. The content of macerals and minerals in the coal from the "Field C" Roof coal seam dominant macerals are textinite (19,58 %), attrinite (17,50 %), ulminite (12,25 %). The contents of densinite (3,16 %) and gelinite (4,00 %) show an approximately equable content, while the content of liptinite (0,50 %) and inertinite (1,58 %) is very low. Main coal seam mean content of textinite (24,22 %) and attrinite (10,77 %) is lower in the main coal seam, but the content of ulminite (14,88 %) is therefore higher. The contents of densinite (2,65 %), liptinite (0,55 %) and inertinite (1,85 %) show an approximately equal content as in the roof coal seam, while the content of gelinite (6,90 %) is significantly higher in the main coal seam. The content of xylitol from the macerals analysis amounts to 42 % (xylitol is of the lower and the middle gelification degree), the mean gelification index is 0,66. The mean content of clayey matter from the tested boreholes ranges between (30,00 % - 42,00 %), with the exception of the mean values of the content of mineral substances in the boreholes Ch-11/82 and C-16b/82, and the mean content is practically the same as in the roof coal seam (40,33 %). The portion of pyrite is the same as in the roof coal seam (0,50-1,50), and it is most often below 0,5 %. 2.3.4. Hydrogeological features The field "C" represents a natural continuation of the field "B" with respect to the coal seam expansion and its structural features. Geological conditions and mutual relations of rocks with collector and isolator features have conditioned the hydrogeological features of the field "C" . Within the terrain there are rock masses with the features of hydrogeological collectors and insulators. Their mutual disposition has caused the formation of various aquifers: roof aquifers - formed in alluvial gravels and sands, interseam aquifers formed in the interseam sands and floor aquifers formed in the floor sands. Aquifers overview is visible in the hydrogeological profiles north-south, east - west in the Enclosure number 2. Hydrogeological insulators Paleozoic slates are the oldest rocks in the floor of the coal seam with the feature of a hydrogeological insulator. They lie at various depths of over one hundred meters within the area of the syncline bottom and around ten meters on the syncline wings. Clay as an insulator has the highest percentage in direct floor coal seam. It is rarely pure, more often sandy and with thin seams of coal and coaly clay, of various colours from graygreen to blue. In the field "C", the coal is present in two seams of a more significant thickness and various thin seams in the floor.
17

The main coal seam expands continually and it reaches the depth of even up to 30 m (the west part of the field). Towards the south and the north, the thickness decreases until thinning, and towards the west, the border with the field "E" continues with a constant thickness. Hydrogeological collectors Hydrogeological collector in alluvial gravels The river Petan alluvion is made of the sediments: gravels, sands, little to medium clayey sands. The alluvial aquifer has been formed in them. The alluvial collector expands on the left and the right side of the river Petan, and laterally towards the north they lean on terraced gravels. Towards the west, Petan alluvion expands up to the alluvion of the river Kolubara and together they constitute an integral hydrogeological collector. Alluvial gravels and sands are restricted to the lower parts of the terrain, with the filtration coefficient defined on the basis of the granulometric contents according to the USBR form and it ranges within the values Kf = 1.4* 10-2 to 3.5* 10-6 cm/sec, which indicates to an insignificant heterogeneity of the medium. An alluvial aquifer of the compact type has been formed in the gravels and sands of the river Petan alluvion. The aquifer is recharged by the infiltration of atmospheric precipitations and from the river Petan. The aquifer has a free level, while the fluctuations depend on the hydrological circumstances varying from 1 - 2 m, within a hydrological year. The aquifer is drained into the river Petan and the ineterseam sands. The general direction of water movement is from the east towards the west and it is parallel to the direction of the river Petan flow. Hydrogeological collector in roof gravels In the higher parts of the deposit, in the roof of the coal series, there are terraced gravels. These are the sediments of various granulations, which are quite clayey. The thickness of this collector is 2-3m. In the higher parts of the deposit, where the terraced gravels are present, terraced aquifer has been formed, as a part of the roof aquifer. The aquifer is recharged by precipitations infiltration, and it is drained diffusely in the plain sides of gullies and streams. The small thickness of the seam and the extraordinarily clayed gravels has caused this medium to be very little researched. On the basis of the disposition of the lithological elements, the roof aquifer has a free level. Hydrogeological collector in interseam sands The sediments with the function of a hydrogeological collector are located between two coal seams and it consists of: medium-grained, fine-grained, at places large-grained, gray-brown to gray-yellow sands. The expansion of these sands is related to the expansion of the main coal seam. For the most part, the upper coal seam lies above the sands and it represents a hydrogeological insulator. On the south side, it expands along the whole length of the field "C". 18

In the east, interseam sands thin towards the field "B", towards the west, the sands continually expand into the field "E", they are of variable thickness from 1 m in the thinning zone towards the south and east, to 90 m in the west, synclinal part, where they are the thickest. The floor of the interseam sands is made of watertight coal seam which is a hydrogeological insulator. In the central part of the deposit, the roof of these sands is also made of the watertight upper coal seam. Towards the north and south, where the upper coal seam is eroded, the alluvial sediments of the river Petan and terraced gravels lie over the interseam sands. The filtration coefficient defined on the basis of the granulometric contents according to the USBR form ranges within the values Kf = n* 10-2 to n* 10-5 cm/sec. An interseam aquifer which is under pressure subartesian- has been formed between the two coal seams in the interseam sands. In the zones where the coal is eroded, there is an immediate contact with the terraced gravels and the alluvial collector. The aquifer has a free level. In general, the piesometric level decreases from the east to the west. The aquifer is recharged in the thinning zone of the upper coal seam, through the alluvion of the river Petan, by infiltration of the surface water. The aquifer is naturally drained through the alluvion of the river Kolubara, where hydraulic connection has been established between the interseam aquifer and the aquifer in the alluvion of the river Kolubara and artificially through water-capturing objects - wells, capturing the aquifer for the water supply needs. Hydrogeological collector in floor sands In the floor of the main coal seam, there are sediments made of clay, slightly sandy to sandy and with thin seams of coal. The depth of their dipping has not been accurately defined since the prospects have gone shallowly into the immediate coal floor. On the basis of the former level of research it can be said that this is a collector of limited expansion and weak filtration features. Due to the low level of research of the hydrogeological collector in the floor coal seam, we do not have enough data on this aquifer, i.e. its expansion, recharge, drainage etc. On the basis of the structural relation between the rocks with insulator and collector features, it is known that the aquifer has been formed in them under pressure. The floor seam aquifer is hydraulically connected to the roof seam and interseam aquifer in the alluvion of the river Petan, where the coal seam thins, and the alluvial gravels directly lie over the interseam and floor sands. Hydrogeological collector drainage On the basis of the hydrogeological parameters, as well as the good filtration coefficient of the collectors made of alluvial gravels, it can be concluded that the aquifer in them shall be easily drained in the coal exploitation process, by drainage channels and open slopes of the future open cast mine. 19

In the higher parts of the terrain of the field C deposit, a terraced aquifer has been formed in the terraced gravels, which is drained by drainage channels on the open slopes of the future mine. Interseam aquifer drainage shall be aggravated because of the structural relations existing in the deposit, as well as the large thickness of the hydrogeological collector. The aquifer is under pressure and before starting the exploitation of the upper coal seam, aquifer draining must be performed as well as the lowering of the piesometric level underneath the floor of the upper coal seam. The piesometric level of the aquifer shall also be lowered by the exploitation of the interseam sands, and because of this a system of drainage objects (wells) should be made with the aim of lowering the aquifer level. 2.3.5. Seismological features The region of Kolubara coal basin is located in a seismically active zone, where earthquakes of significant seismic intensity may occur. As per the official seismological map which is the basis for construction in the seismic regions, for the objects of the I and II category in the sense of Technical Standards, for the period of 500 years, earthquake hazard has been estimated by the intensity of 80 MCS for the area of Ub, Obrenovac and parts of Lajkovac and Lazarevac, i.e. 90 MCS for a part of Lazarevac and Lajkovac. The objects beyond the category and their locations must be the subject of special seismological researches. 2.4. Water resources and water supply sources
Surface waters are the main hydrological characteristic of Kolubara basin. The main river is Kolubara, which flows from the south to the north and along its flow it collects water through its tributaries and carries it into the river Sava, which belongs to the Black Sea basin. The main tributaries of the river Kolubara are Ub, Tamnava, Kladnica, Vraniina, Petan and Turija. The main feature of the river Kolubara and its tributaries is their torrential character, with a high seasonal variability of the flow. The river Petan runs along the southern outskirts of the field C deposit, it runs from the east towards the west and falls into the river Kolubara. On its left and right side, a number of nameless streams flow into the river Petan, and with the progression of the open cast mine they will be relocated together with the river Petan according to the need. The river Petan has an unregulated outflow regime and it belongs to the torrential flows. In the dry period it reaches the very verge of drying out, and in the rainy period it floods in the unregulated part of the river bed. The flow of the river Petan is monitored by the Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia at the water-measuring station Zeoke (W.S Zeoke), which is located 9 km from the confluence. The overview of the results of the performed statistical processing of the average monthly flows for the period 1946-1997 is shown in the Table 2.4.a. It is obvious from the table that the minimum average monthly flow was recorded in September and that it amounted to 0,198 m3/s, that the maximum average monthly flow of 1,432 m 3 /s was recorded in March, while the average annual flow amounted to 0,695m3/s. 20

Overview of statistical parameters of the series of average monthly and average annual flows for the period 1946-1997 for the W.S. Zeoke, the river Petan ( Source: RHMS of Serbia) Table 2.4.a.
Stat. param Q 3 (m /s) 3 (m /s) CV Cs M I 0,755 0,719 0,95 1.55 o II 1,277 1,291 1,01 1,12 n t III 1,432 1,583 1,1 2,04 h s IV 0,943 1,306 1,39 3,34 V 0,914 1,242 1,36 2,0 VI 0,770 1,260 1,64 3,76 VII 0,435 0,654 1,50 3,23 VIII 0,405 1,038 2,056 4,15 IX 0,198 0,348 1,75 5,15 X 0,224 0,385 1,72 4,26 XI 0,387 0,596 1,38 3,39 XII 0,605 0,721 1,19 1,79 Ann. 0,69 5 0,51 8 0,74 1,44
Q(m3/s) (m3/s) CV CS
average monthly and average annual flow standard deviation variation ratio symmetry ratio
Overview of the statistic parameters of the series of average monthly flows for the period 1946-1997
Pr i kaz st at i st i ~ki h par amet ar a ser i ja sr ed w mese~ni h pr ot i caja za per i od 1946. - 1997. 1.6 1.4 1.2 pr ot i caj (m3/s) 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX eseci m
months
Flow (m3/s)
XI XII
The data for low waters of various durations have also been statistically processed. The Table 2.4.b. gives the overview of average flows in the low flow periods.
21

Overview of average flows in the low flow periods for various security at the profile W.S. Zeoke on the river Petan for the period 1961-1972 (Source: RHMS of Serbia) Table 2.4.b. Duration T-days
1 10 20 30 60 90 120 150 180
80% 0,032 0,036 0,042 0,046 0,055 0,064 0,075 0,087 0,103
Qmin(m3/s)
90% 0,026 0,029 0,035 0,039 0,048 0,055 0,065 0,074 0,082
95% 0,022 0,025 0,032 0,035 0,043 0,050 0,059 0,066 0,069
The table 2.4.v. gives the overview of the probability of occurrence of minimum average monthly flows for the period 1946-1997.
Overview of the probability of occurrence of minimum average monthly flows at the W.S.Zeoke(Source: RHMS of Serbia) Table 2.4.v.
Statistical parametres Av.val. 0,11
CV Cs
Qmin(m3/s)
50% 0,079 80% 0,054 90% 0,046 95% 0,042 97,5% 0,039 98% 0,038 99% 0,036 99,9% 0,033
0,951
4,045
The calculation of high waters at this location is given in the Table 2.4.g., performed by applying the statistical analysis to the series of maximum annual flows. By applying the traditional procedure of the probabilistic analysis to the series of annual maximums, theoretical values of maximum annual flows of various probabilities of occurrence on the profile W.S. Zeoke have been obtained, which are presented numerically in the stated Table 2.4.g.
Overview of the probability of occurrence of maximum annual flows at the W.S. Zeoke(Source: RHMS of Serbia) Table 2.4.g. F(km2)
Statistical parametres Average value 49,55
CV Cs
Qmax(m3/s)
0,1% 196 1% 166 2% 153 5% 130 10% 108
Note (period /curve type) 1951-1997log Pirson III
125
0,691
0,337
Due to a defect on the limnigraph, water-measuring station Zeoke stopped working back in 2006, so that only the hydrological data for the period from 1957 to 2006 are available.
22

Basic features of the series of average annual flows at the examined profiles Table 2.4.d.
Profile F (km2) Qsr (m3/s) Cv Cs Qmin (m3/s) Qmax (m3/s) Qmax/Qmin
HS Beli Brod HS Zeoke Kolubara-before the inflow of Petan Kolubara-after the inflow of Petan Petan-at the inflow into Kolubara Vraniina-at the inflow into Kolubara Kolubara-before the inflow of the relocated Petan
1896 125 1997 2167 170,1 27,5 1963
15,72 0,64 16,05 16,89 0,84 0,07 15,96
0,37 0,65 0,37 0,37 0,60 0,587 0,37
1,27 1,50 1,29 1,30 1,73 1,639 1,29
3,61 0,12 3,79 4,23 0,16 0,014 3,77
38,96 2,28 39,99 42,20 2,99 0,237 39,77
10,79 19,24 10,56 9,98 18,16 17,47 10,54
The formed series of daily flows at the examined profiles have been used for defining the flow duration curve. The standard procedures for calculating the duration curve have been applied, and the results are shown numerically in table 2.4. . and graphically in the figure of 2.4.a.
Overview of duration curve of daily flows at the examined profiles (m3/s)
Kolubarabefore the inflow of Petan 458,23 139,26 90,69 51,05 33,13 20,39 15,01 11,43 8,94 6,96 5,18 3,73 2,59 1,99 1,36 1,14 0,51 Kolubaraafter the inflow of Petan 462,07 141,02 94,13 54,01 35,04 21,61 15,85 12,02 9,50 7,40 5,52 4,02 2,92 2,23 1,57 1,25 0,58 Petan-at the inflow into Kolubara 118,71 10,33 5,81 2,88 1,66 0,94 0,82 0,71 0,59 0,47 0,35 0,24 0,12 0,06 0,02 0,01 0,02
Table 2.4..
Vraniina-at the inflow into Kolubara 6,21 0,843 0,474 0,233 0,127 0,061 0,040 0,029 0,023 0,018 0,014 0,011 0,0056 0,0028 0,0011 0,0006 0,020 Kolubarabefore the inflow of the relocated Petan 450,69 138,26 90,21 50,97 32,93 20,27 14,93 11,37 8,91 6,93 5,16 3,71 2,58 1,99 1,36 1,14 0,50
Duration(%) 0 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 98 99 100
HS Beli Brod 451,00 135,84 88,72 50,10 32,34 19,83 14,48 11,04 8,67 6,72 4,99 3,59 2,48 1,83 1,25 1,06 0,49
HS Zeoke 91,00 8,36 4,68 2,29 1,35 0,91 0,80 0,68 0,57 0,46 0,34 0,23 0,11 0,06 0,02 0,01 0,01
23

Kriva trajanja proticaja

Reka:Petan Hidroloka stanica: Zeoke 100 90 80
Q (m3/s)
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 10 20 30 40 50
P (%)
70 Q (m3/s) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30
60
70
80
90
100
40
50 P (%)
60
70
80
90
100
Figure 2.4.a.
Flow duration curve at the profile HS Zeoke (River Petan)
The basic features of the river Kolubara, Kladnica, Tamnava, Petan and Ub are given in the table 2.4..
Basic features of rivers ( Source: RHMS of Serbia)
River Measuring points Catching area (km2/s)
Table 2.4..
Average water flow, (m3/s)
Draevac Kolubara Beli brod Slovac Valjevo
3588 1869 995 340
20,8 16,06 9,47 3,66
Kladnica Tamnava Petan Ub
Paljuvi Vi Koceljevo Zeoke Ub
74 208 125 214
0,26 1,22 0,78 0,97
The river bed of the river Kolubara is cut into the surface rocks at the depth of 4-7m. The bed itself is narrow and winding because it runs through various soils within the region. The meanders are of an irregular shape, with sharp turns at places, which affects the instability of the shores and the river bed itself. The highest water-level of the river Kolubara occurs within the period from February to April, with the participation of 42% in the total annual flow. The lowest water-level occurs from August to October, with the participation of 10% of the total annual flow. The highest annual flow occurs in March, and the lowest in September. 24

Lignite exploitation in the open cast mines conditions radical changes of the ground waters regime, so that in the distant future stable water supply from the ground aquifers can not be counted upon in the analyzed areas. Due to the lowering of the ground waters level, an increasing number of local ground water sources shall not be usable. It is necessary to stress that the conditions for water quality protection are very complex due to the existence of large concentrated polluters. Kolubara regional system for the highest quality water uses ground water sources in the initial stage of development. Accumulation "Stuborovni" expands the regional system also to the protected surface waters source in the river Jablanica basin. Twelve water supply systems have been built within the area of the municipality Lazarevac. They are used for supplying the population and economy with drinking water as well as for technological use. Concerning the planned development of the mining and energy objects, many of these systems shall be jeopardized in the future. Open cast coal exploitation in the central part of Kolubara basin physically destroys the interseam aquifer, a greater part of the alluvial aquifer and disturbs the floor aquifer regime. The mentioned water supply systems use ground water from the sources capturing water from various aquifers. Water supply system Lazarevac consists of two subsystems and it supplies the population from several settlements within the area of the municipalities Lajkovac and Lazarevac. Water supply system Veliki Crljeni provides drinking water for the thermal power plant facilities and a part of the population of Veliki Crljeni. The source consists of several drilled wells capturing water from the floor aquifer, with the capacity of 25l/s (planned expansion to 40l/s). A part of this source is jeopardized by the planned construction of the open cast mine Veliki Crljeni. Water supply system Vreoci provides water for a part of the population of Vreoci and the plants of Kolubara Prerada (Kolubara Processing Plant). The source consists of several drilled wells capturing water from various depths from three different hydrogeological collectors. The source capacity in the present state amounts to 60l/s. The source of this water supply system is jeopardized by the opening of the open cast mine in this area. Water supply system Medoevac provides drinking water for the population of the settlements from Medoevac to Rudovci and the industrial facilities of the mines in this direction. The wells capture the water from the interseam aquifer with the total capacity of 30l/s. The source of the system Medoevac is physically destroyed by constructing new open cast mines in this area. Water supply system Tamnava-Istok 1 and 2 is currently used for providing water for the industrial circle in Kaleni and the population along the outskirts of the open cast mine Tamnava-Istono polje( Tamnava-East Field), who have been left without drinking water due to the impact of the open cast mine. The total system capacity amounts to 30l/s. The source of this water supply system is under the direct influence of the open cast mines drainage. 25

Water supply system Kaleni-TE-TO is under construction. It is planned to supply drinking water for the industrial circle in Kaleni and the population in the direction Veliki Crljeni-Stepojevac. The source Kaleni captures water from the floor aquifer, with the present capacity of 30l/s with planned expansion to 100l/s. The complexity of the water supply problem in the given area is clear, considering the schedule of the planned relocation of the population. The relocation and regulation of the waterflow in the central part of Kolubara basin represents the external infrastructure of the development of the open cast coal mines, however, these activities shall affect the regime and quality of the surface and ground waters in the area. Due attention must be paid to solving the issue of water supply for this whole area with planning the development of the open cast coal exploitation. 2.5. Climatic features
In the examined area, the climate mostly has the features of the continious climate, with warm and wet summer and cold winters. The coldest month is January, with average temperature within the interval from -2,1 to -2,40C, and the warmest is July with average temperature of 20,70C. The overview of the climatic features with the corresponding meteorological parameters, which shall be given in the continuation of the text (Table 2.5.a.), rely on several-year-long observations at the meteorological station Zeoke (M. S. Zeoke). The data on the soil temperature are the following: The lowest soil temperature at the depth of 50cm amounted to 1,60C (recorded in February 1982), The highest soil temperature at the same depth amounted to 24,00C (recorded in August 1985).
Climatic features at the M.S. Zeoke period 1972-1986 ( Source: RHMS of Serbia) Table 2.5.a.
Parameter
Average temperature Abs.max temperature (C) Abs.min temperature (C) Relative humidity (C) Precipitations distribution (mm) Winter Spring Summer Autumn Vegetative period annual
M
I 2,4 23,3 -20,0 87 II 2,7 22,5 -14,5 82 III 7,7 28,0 -9,5 74 IV 10,8 29,5 -4,0 70 V
o
VI 16,5 30,6 0,5 71
n
19,5 35,0 3,0 78
t
VII 20,8 36,8 5,0 78
h
VIII 20,3 37,6 6,0 77
s
IX 17, 2 34, 5 0,0 78 X 11,8 29,0 -3,5 82 XI 5,7 22,5 -22,5 83 XII 2,5 20,2 -12,5 83
Yea r
11,5
79
157 185 240 188 427 769
26

Relative humidity shown per months for the period (1972-1986)

Rel at i vna vl a` nost pr i kazana po m eseci m za a per i od (1972.-1986.)
r el at i vna vl a` nost (st ep. S)) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII m eseci
Relative humidity
months
Average monthly temperature shown per months for the period 1972-1986
Sr ed wa m ese~na t m per at ur a pr i kazana po m eseci m za per i od 1972.-1986. a
25 sr edwe t em at ur e (st ep. S) per
20
Average temperatures
15
10
0 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII m eseci
months
Apart from these features, wind parameters are also important for assessing the expansion of pollutants, because air circulation is a dominant factor affecting their transport. The wind features from the M.S. Zeoke are given in the Table 2.5.b. On the basis of the stated data on average temperatures it can be concluded that moderately continental climate is present in the area in question.
27

Average wind frequencies and velocities per directions ( Source: RHMS of Serbia) Table 2.5.b.
Param. Wind Freq.(%) Wind. Vel.(m/s) N 3,6 3,9 NNE 1,9 3,3 NE 0,5 3,6 ENE 1,6 3,9 E 10,4 5,3 ESE 10,3 6,2 SE 2,7 5,4 SSE 3,3 4,4 S 4,2 4,2 SS W 1,4 4,1 SW 1,0 4,1 WS W 1,8 3,5 W 8,0 3,9 WN W 6,1 4,3 N W 2,6 4,4 NN W 2,4 4,0 C 35,4
The basic features of winds are the following: - the observed area is considerably exposed to wind activity from various directions throughout the year, - dominant wind directions are from the second and the fourth quadrant, - in the colder period of the year, the winds blow from the north and north-east direction, which brings low temperatures, as well as the south-east wind called koava, although of somewhat lower intensity, - in the warmer part of the year, the winds from the west and north-west direction are dominant, bringing precipitations, - the winds from the east and south direction are modified under the influence of mountainous hinterland of the observed area (Kosmaj, Bukulja, Rudnik). The frequency of occurrence of certain atmospheric stability categories, indicating the type of turbulent movements determining the process of polluting substances diffusion in the air are given in the Table 2.5.v. Frequency of occurrence of certain atmospheric stability categories (Source: Serbia) Table 2.5.v.
Season Winter Spring Summer Autumn Year
RHMS
0 4,2 8,4 0 4,2
4,23 8,3 20,8 12,5 8,4
12,54 12,5 12,5 12,5 12,5
37,55 37,5 20,8 25,2 29,1
4,26 4,2 0 4,2 4,2
41,67 33,5 37,5 45,6 45,8
28

N NNW NNE
N NNW NNE
NW
NE
NW
NE
3.9 m/s 3.3 3. m/s 6 m /s
WNW
ENE
WNW
3.6 % 1. 0. 9 % 5 %
4.0 m/s
ENE
2.4
4.3 m
W
3.9 m/s
m/s 3.5
4. 1 m /s 4.1 m/s
1. 0 % 1.4 %
4 4.
/s
m /s
m/s 3.9
6.1 %
5.3 m/s
6 2. %
1.6
8.0 %
% 1.8
10.4 %
2.
6.2 m/s 4.4
% 3.3
m/s
ESE
10.3
4.2 m/s
WSW
%
ESE
4.2 %
WSW
4 5. m /s
SW
SE
SW
SE
SSW S
SSE
SSW S
SSE
Figure 2.5.a. Overview of the wind resistance rose in the observed area ( Source: RHMS of Serbia)
2.6.
Flora, fauna and ecosystems
By the inspection of the Register of Protected Natural Areas within the territory of Lazarevac (1948-1998) it has been found that there are no natural protected areas within the region. Within the broader area there are no protected plant and animal species and their habitats. A new ecosystem has been created as the consequence of the influence of the mining activities in the area, whereat the natural environment has been significantly changed. The natural vegetation has been preserved only by rivers streams in the form of marshes, meadows and smaller wood complexes. The region used to be rich in pedunculed oak and ash woods. Today, the wood vegetation has been turned into arable land, and it has been completely cleared in the open cast mine. Within the area of the "Field B" where exploitation has been finished, only an area of around 50ha in the furthest south-east part of the mine has been reclaimed so far, which has been afforested by black locust trees.
Figure 2.6.a. Natural vegetation at the dump site "Istona kipa"
29

By the destruction of the natural vegetation (Figure 2.6.a.), the natural habitats of many animals and birds have also been destroyed. Wild hares, foxes, deer and does now prevail in these areas. As for the birds, there are migratory birds such as swallows and storks. When it comes to the birds interesting in terms of hunting, there are quails and pheasants. In the rivers, there are fish populations. The diversity of fish fund depends on the quantity quality of surface waterflows. The river Kolubara has the richest fish fund. The present species are chub, dace, pike, less frequently carp, and very rarely pikeperch. In the river Petan as well as in other rivers and streams the fish fund is poorer. 2.7. Topography and landscape features
Landscape features of the space units in the analysed area represent an important element for considering the overall interactions within the relation the designed open cast mine the environment. It is necessary to bear in mind that this kind of analysis is about a specific psychologically-affective category expressed through the overall synergetic effect of the whole surroundings on the observer with the inevitably present culturological, sociological and subjective implications. With the aim of quantifying certain occurrences related to the phenomenon of landscape features assessment, the landscape is stratified into two basic categories including the physical i.e. material features and the affective i.e. psychological features. The physical features, which may be natural or created, belong to the category of material landscape features. The natural physical landscape features are the terrain morphology, vegetation, water areas and the sky, and the created features are the development level and the cultivation level. Psychologically-affective features are picturesqueness, unity, coherence, harmony, intactness etc. The terrain morphology represents one of the primary elements of landscape, so that the influences within the domain of changing the terrain morphology due to the construction of the open cast mine are considered the most important. Morphological features of the analysed area are described in detail within the chapter on the geological features (Figure 2.7.a.).
Figure 2.7.a. Appearance of the landscape in direct vicinity of the future open cast mine
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Vegetation valorisation includes its visual and biological quality. The visual impression of the diversity of plant species reaches its fullness in the vegetative period. The terrain of Kolubara basin, which used to be rich in woods, is now significantly changed. Psychologically-affective landscape features are expressed through the tameness and harmony in the parts of the cultivated and tilled areas, and the picturesqueness in the river valleys. It is necessary to stress that the largest part of the analyzed area is degraded in the landscape sense by the construction of mining industrial objects. 2.8. Immovable Cultural Property
Important cultural heritage is located within the region of Kolubara basin. Many of them have been discovered during the mining activities precisely within the area of the river Kolubara. The important cultural heritage includes the archaeological sites from the prehistoric age in the places Rudovac and Veliki Crljeni. The site Karaevac is located in Rudovci, and BoljetinKolarovac is in Veliki Crljeni. The archaeological sites from the Roman period have been found in Veliki Crljeni, (Rakovac), Rudovci (Karaula) and Stepojevac (Batina). Old graveyards and village graveyards are mostly from the Middle Age, which makes them important from the aspect of cultural heritage. Almost all bigger places have memorials, busts of fallen soldiers during NOB (National Liberation Movement), as well as soldier tombstones. Apart from this cultural heritage, folk architecture, churches, monasteries, graveyards and roadside tombstones should also be mentioned. Old houses important as folk architectural heritage have been preserved in the places Baroevac, Veliki Crljeni, Vreoci, Zeoke, Junkovac, Mali Crljeni and Rudovci. Important churches and monasteries are located in the places Baroevac Vreoci, Junkovac Petka and opi. 2.9. Population and the concentration of the population
The exploitation area of the OCM Field "B" is located within the territory of the municipality Lazarevac, in which the impact of the mining activities is the biggest. The closest settlements are Baroevac, Rudovci, Mali Crljeni, Zeoke, Burovo, Medoevac, Strmovo and Prkosava. The Table 2.9.a. shows the population of the stated villages on the basis of the census from 2000. When it comes to the settlements structure, rural settlements of compact or scattered type are dominant. The main feature of the settlements is a low level of urbanization and a small number of households in the villages. A typical village household consists of a house with the plot and fields. Within the plot there are stables, barn, and other facilities. In the direct vicinity of the house there are also the fields used for agricultural processing. Some of the households have small pastures and woods, especially in the part by the rivers and streams. Town settlements are not located above lignite deposits, but they are mostly located at the outskirts of the basin. An example of the aforesaid is Lazarevac. Very small settlements are dominant within the whole area, and more than 50% falls into the category of the settlements with up to 1000 inhabitants.
31

Population per settlements (census 2000) Settlement Lazarevac - municipality Baroevac Medoevac Mali Crljeni Zeoke Vreoci Veliki Crljeni Junkovac
Table 2.9.a.
Population 53.498 1.293 1.103 890 895 3332 4840 990
The biggest conflict occurring in the coal exploitation zones exists because of the necessity of the open cast mines progression on one hand and the development of the settlement existence on the other. The most important manifestations of this conflict are land occupation, relocation of settlements, public, production and utility facilities from the zones of mining activities. The mining activities shall have the biggest impact on the settlement Baroevac with the population of 1293 (census of 2000). The distance between the closest mine border towards the settlement Baroevac is around 160m, as well as the overview of the objects disposition (the river Petan, road Aranelovac Vreoci old industrial railroad, new mounting site, graveyard-Baroevac, dump site D and B) is given in the Enclosure no.3.
Figure 2.9.a. The appearance of a household in the direct vicinity of the open cast mine
Coal exploitation in the Open Cast Mine Field C with the excavation of the East dump site requires a relocation of 45 households by the end of exploitation. The houses and homesteads are located on the left and the right side of the road Araelovac-Vreoci, Enclosure no. 4. 32

The Parcel map of the open cast mine field B and C with drawn expropriation design is shown in the Enclosure no. 4. The relocation of the households and all objects must be in conformity with the Spatial Plan of the Exploitation Area of Kolubara Basin and the General Regulation Plan for the Settlement Baroevac, Zeoke, Medoevac and Burovo. 2.10. The data on the existing economic and residential facilities and infrastructure and suprastructure facilities The following runs through the central part of the basin: Electrical single line standard gauge railway Belgrade - Poega and industrial electrical railways: double line standard gauge railway Vreoci - Stubline and single line narrow gauge railway Rudovci - Vreoci - Veliki Crljeni. A number of modern asphalt roads runs across the basin, the most important of them being the main road Beograd Stepojevac, Ljig - aak and regional roads: Beograd Obrenovac, Ub - Valjevo, Aranelovac-Lazarevac, Lajkovac - Valjevo and Valjevo-Koceljevo - abac (Figure no 2.10 a.) The closest residential facilities are in the direct vicinity of the open cast mine "B" and "D". The river Petan runs at the outskirts of the "Field C". A number of local roads run across the OCM "Field C". This area is supplied by water from the water supply system Medoevac, the water supply system Zeoke Mounting site and the water supply system Junkovac.
33

Figure 2.10.a. Road and railway network (Source: Spatial Plan of the Exploitation Area of Kolubara Lignite Basin).
A certain number of energy and other facilities of local and wider social importance should also be added to this, the following primarily standing out among them: thermal power plant "Kolubara A" in Veliki Crljeni, thermal power plant heating plant (under construction) "Kolubara B", coal drying plant in Vreoci. Figure 2.10.b. shows the energy infrastructure of the area.
34

Figure 2.10. b. Energy infrastructure of the area (Source: Spatial Plan of the Exploitation Area of Kolubara Lignite Basin).
35

3. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
3.1. Description of the previous project implementation activities
The Project Holder has provided the following documentation for the realization of the project in question: Certificate of coal reserves in the deposit "Fileds B and C", Kolubara basin number: 310-01-00054/2005-06, 29.08.2005 THE MINISTRY OF MINING AND ENERGY of the Republic of Serbia, Spatial Plan for the exploitation area of Kolubara Lignite Basin acknowledgement is underway The Institute of Architecture and Urban and Spatial Planning of Serbia 2008 Water management conditions in the procedure of preparing the technical documentation for draining surface and ground waters from the mine "Field C" with the excavation of the dump site Istona Kipa into the recepient Petan. THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTIRE, FORESTRY AND WATER MANAGEMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA, The Republic Water Directorate no. 325-05-623/2008-07 dated 06.08.2008 - Belgrade. The conditions of natural and environmental protection for making the assessment of the environmental impact of coal exploitation in the OCM "Field C" with the excavation of "Istona Kipa" dump site 03-1746/3 dated 02. 12. 2008 The Republic of Serbia, The Institute for Nature Conservation Belgrade. Hydrometeorological opinion in the procedure of drawing up the Technical Documentation Conceptual Design with the Feasibility Study of Coal Exploitation in the OCM "Field C" no. 92 I-I-496/2007-22 dated 16. 01. 2008 Belgrade The Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia. Conceptual Design with the Feasibility Study of Coal Exploitation in the OCM "Field C" for the Capacity of 5 Million Tons Annually with the Excavation of "Istona kipa" Dump Site Kolubara-Projekt, Lazarevac, 2008
3.2. Description of the object, the planned process and the technological features 3.2.1. Object description The designed boundaries of the open cast mine "Field C" with the excavation of the eastern dump site "Istona kipa", encompass the area which is larger than the area of the OCM "Field C". It covers the whole area of the deposit "Field C", while in the north and west part the mining operations enter the fileds "D" and "E". To begin the coal exploitation in the open cast mine "Field C" and for the mechanization to enter the area of "Istona Kipa" dump site, it is primarily necessary to perform preliminary activities including the following: Relocation of the mounting site in Zeoke, Relocation of the village graveyard in Baroevac, Relocation of the existing regional road, industrial railroad and the river Petan to a new route The beginning of the mining operations in the area of "Field C" with the excavation of "Istona kipa" dump site (formed upon the opening of "Field D"), includes: 36

Excavation of the previously dumped masses, Unloading and bringing the working slopes into the position so that they provide safe operation of the mechanization and the crew in the mine Operations development schedule is in conformity with the construction of the open cast mine and the vertical division of the deposit into benches.
The Situational map of the initial state of the mining activities with the surroundings is shown in the Eclosure no. 3. The open cast mine "Field C" represents the continuation of the mining activities from the "Field B" which has previously been expanded into a part of the area of the "Field C" deposit. The northern boundary of the open cast mine "Field C" is a contour which shall encompass the coal seam up to the natural limit located beneath the East dump site of the "Field D". The west boundary is the designed boundary of the "Field E" according to the accepted variant. The east boundary is the end of the designed activities in the "Field B" where it has been extended. The south boundary has been accepted according to the third variant of the Study ,,Selection of Boundaries and Opening of the Open Cast Mine "Field E" for the Capacity of 12 Million Tons of Coal Annually - Kolubara Projekt 2007. By countouring the open cast mine, 62.690.000 tons of pit coal and 222.181.000 m3 of overburden shall be excavated together with the masses of the "East Dump Site" with the overburden coefficient of 3,36 m3/t. Due to very bad geomechanical features of the material which is not homogenous, excavation of the external dump site of the field D is unfavourable. There is a hazard from the buried waste inside the dump site itself (metal objects, stumps, parts of foundations and the like), and there is also the fact that the dump site was reclaimed long time ago. However, this solution gives us the possibility to bridge the lacking coal quantities from the "Field D" for the power plants within the period of about three years, and a good solution for transferring the exploitation from the "Field D" and the "Field B to the "Field E". By removing the masses of "Istona kipa", safe operation of the mechanization in the OCM "Field E" is enabled. In the OCM "Field E", there is a sudden dipping of the coal seam, a high depth and small space at the very beginning of exploitation. Observing the period of the first 5 years, overburden coefficient is drastically lower with respect to the average for the whole deposit (except for the year 2008 when coal production in the "Field B" begins after finished remediation of the internal dump site), which means that it will be much more unfavourable in the folowing years. The calculation of masses was based on the following processed data (The Study of Prospects at the Location "Istona kipa" with the Aim of Determining Techno-economic Conditions of Excavation, DP Kolubara Projekt, 2007) and the criteria: - Bulk density: in the upper seam........1,16 t/m3 in the main seam.......1,14 t/m3 - separation of selective overburden larger than 1,0 m - with exploitation losses of 5%
37

The calculation of masses was made for every year separately for overburden as well as for the two coal seams also including thin interseams. The data obtained within the annual masses calculation and according to the suggested mechanization rendered the following parameters in the table no. 3.2.1.a.
Year 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 total Overburden (mill. m3) 3, 65+4,514 3,92+10,000* 6,87+ 5,000* 9, 02+3,699* 12,08 35,54+23,213* Upper seam (mill. t) 0,99 1,535 2,894 2,506 2,295 10,22 Main seam (mill. t) 0,448 0,766 0,916 1,353 3,483 Table no. 3.2.1.a. Overburden Total coefficient O (mill. t) O: T 0.99 3,68 (8,24) 1,983 1,97 (7,01) 3,660 1,87 (3,24) 3,422 2,63 (3,71) 3,648 3,31 13,703 2,59 (4,28)
23,213*mill. m3 are the masses of the previous overburden from the dump site "Istona kipa". The terrain configuration of the "Field C" is such that overburden masses increase with the progression of the activities i.e. deeper and deeper position of the deposit is being entered. The open cast mine "Field B" is the oldest active open cast mine in Kolubara Mining Basin. It encompasses the east part of the east part of Kolubara coal bearing basin. The regional road Vreoci-Aranelovac runs directly by the southern boundary of the open cast mine, connecting the mine with the main road communication of this area and the main road Belgrade-Gornji Milanovac. Apart from the road, the industrial railroad Vreoci-Rudovci has been built directly next to it, connecting the open cast mine with the main railway direction Belgrade - Bar. The south boundary is defined by a safety distance towards the industrial railroad VreociRudovci and in the field it amounts to 70-80m. The general inclination of the southern end slope is 22o. The open cast mine is limited on the north side in such a manner that the exploitation encompasses the coal seam up to its natural borderline. The field boundary is defined by the selection of a safe inclination angle of the northern end slope, so that all coal is safely excavated up to the floor seam in its stooped part, the northern slope inclination is 10,5o. When it comes to the western and northwestern boundary of the mine, the situation is complex. Namely, Baroevac graveyard is located in the western direction, the dump site Istona kipa is located on the northwestern side, which has not been planned for excavation in the previous designing tasks, where considerable quantities of coal would remain and the end of the mining operations in this open cast mine. Substation Zeoke 4 is also located on the east side. The Conceptual Design (Coal Exploitation in the Open Cast Mine "Field C" for 5 Million Tons Annually, with the Excavation of Istona Kipa Dump Site), envisages the relocation of the graveyard and the substation Zeoke 4, as well as the excavation of Istona Kipa. The general inclination of the northwestern slope is 13,5o (direction towards Istona Kipa). 38

When it comes to the eastern boundary, it is perceived dually: as the real boundary of the mine in the internal network for the area of Kolubara coal basin, or as the eastern boundary of the exploitation area, which is modified depending on the state of the mining activities. The end slope inclination through overburden benches is up to 12o, and through coal benches it is 25o. Slopes inclination on overburden benches in the end slope is 45o, and on the coal bench it is 60o. 3.2.2. Production process and technological features In the open cast mine "Field B" today, remediation of the internal dump site is being performed according to the project Huesker-Gascher-2007, where about 1.000.000 t of PC shall be released from the slidden masses by the preparation suggested in this project. This mine is developed according to the Detailed Design of the I phase (1.000.000 t of Pc) for the expansion of the open cast mine Field B to 3.000.000 t of PC annually, by which the western boundary of the OCM "Field C" is treated only up to "Istona kipa". The Study on the Prospects at the Location "Istona kipa" has proved the possibility of excavating the coal reserves beneath this dump site with a favourable overburden coefficient with the aim of determining techno-economic conditions for excavation. The boundaries of the future mine "Field C" are set according to the Study prospects, and the end slopes according to the requested geomechanical conditions of the working environments in the field.
Figure 3.2.2.a. The appearance of the open cast mine
Coal exploitation in the "Field C" shall be performed in continuity from the "Field B" and the equipment from the "Field B and C" shall be engaged in it. It is necessary to consider previously the development of coal excavation fronts as from the present state in the field "Field B", the time of finishing landslide remediation and to plan the fronts development when it comes to the overburden and coal.
39

It is necessary to coordinate the arrival and inclusion of the mechanization from the "Field D", which shall be engaged primarily for excavating the previous overburden from Istona kipa", and then also the new mechanization which shall also be engaged for overburden excavation on benches. 3.2.2.1. Overburden excavation
Overburden excavation, transport and dumping is performed continually by applying the ECS system. One ECS system is enganged on two bench levels in the mine. The bucket wheel excavator C700s operates at the first bench level with the self-propelled transporter RUDIS, and the excavator SchRs 350 operates at the second bench level with the self-propelled transporter BRs 1200. The spreader BRs 1600/(28+50)x17 operates at the external dump site. The state of the previous activities in the Field B", terrain relief, excavation possibilities and the coal seam geometry have the main role in determining the method for working with overburden. Working finished grades of the excavator vary with the works front progression towards the west and northwest, following the geometry of the coal seam. The conveyors are 1400 mm wide, with the speed of 4,5 m/s and the capacity Q=3500 m3rm/h. The dumping system is deep with the progression towards the west, with the maximum dumping depth of 16 m. Draglines (E 6/45- 2 pcs, Marion 7200- 5 pcs) are active on remediation of the internal dump site of the "Field B", as well as on cleaning the roof coal and removing the height difference for the bucket wheel excavators. The overburden from "Istona kipa" is excavated by the bucket wheel excavator SRs 1200 with the sprader O-5 Ars 1600(37+60)x18. The inclusion of the bucket wheel excavator SRs 1301(G-4), which achieves the finished grade E175, is planned for the year 2009, dumping is performed by the new spreader ArsBRs 1600(28+50)x15. As from the year 2010, the bucket wheel excavator SRs 1200 24/4 (pl. G-6) is active on overburden excavation in the "Field C". It is sent to revitalization in June 2010, and it is replaced by G-1. G-6 shall dump at the external dump site of the "Field B", and the masses excavated by G-1 shall be dumped at the internal dump site of the open cast mine "Field B". During the year 2010, SRs1301 (G-10) continues the excavation of "Istona kipa" according to the finished grade E175, dumping the masses at the internal dump site of the "Field D". During the year 2011, the excavator G-10 continues with the same technology. After the finished excavation at the dump site, it moves to the first bench level of the "Field B" where G-6 has been operating. The masses are dumped at the internal dump site of the "Field B" by the spreader ArsBRs 1600. G-1 operates on the second bench level. The new bucket wheel excavator G-11 with the capacity of 6100 m3/h, shall operate on the third bench level, with the new spreader A2R2B 8500x60 and the theoretical capacity of 8500 m3/h. Conveyor belts with the width of 2000 mm are also planned. The excavator C700s operates on the fourth bench level, it dumps high and deep blocks at the internal dump site of the "Field B" by the spreader BRs 1600. It alternately works with overburden and coal.
40

3.2.2.2.
Coal excavation and transport
There are two coal seams in the "Field B": the main seam and the roof seam. The main coal seam has the average thickness of 19-25m. On the north side it thins at the angle of 45o, and at the angle of 1-5o in the south. The expansion of the roof coal seam is smaller and limited with respect to the main coal seam. The average thickness varies between 8,5-10 m in the "Field C", about 5-14m in the "Field B". Working slopes angle for coal benches is 70 o. Coal excavation and transport is performed by one DCCL system (dragline E 6/45, cruncher, conveyor belts, inclined conveyor bridge, and loading into waggons). As of 2010, the bucket wheel excavator SchRs 350 is used exclusively for coal excavation with the selfpropelled transporter BRs 1200. As from the biginning of 2012, coal transport by conveyor belts with the width of 1600 mm, speed of 4,5 m/s is introduced. Five conveyors with the total length of 4780 m are needed. This length of conveyors enables coal transport connection between the "Field D" and the separation in Vreoci. At this time, dragline E 6/45 shall be used for excavation of coal down to the floor seam. Due to the coal excavation technology, two more shifting devices will have to be provided (there is one in the Field B"). The excavator SchRs 350 is constantly used for coal excavation, while C700s shall alternately excavate both overburden and coal.
Figure 3.2.2.b. Coal transport in the OCM "Field B"
Overburden may be dumped: on the floor of the coal seam directly at the internal dump site, at the external dump site (ie. internal dump site of the "Field B") The Situational map of the final state of the mining activities is shown in the Enclosure no. 4 The planned ending of the mining activities on this object is planned for the year 2023.
41

3.2.3. Engagement of basic mechanization in the field "C" with the excavation of "Istona kipa" dump site Basic equipment specification: Coal Bucket Wheel Excavator SchRs350 12/5 used exclusively for coal excavation as of 2010; Self-propelled Transporter type Rs 1200 x 29/32; Dragline E-6/45; - Crusher; - Conveyor system (conveyor belts with the width of 1600 mm, speed 4,5 m/s, in particular: Bench conveyor 2.1, connecting conveyor U-2, loading conveyor 2.4, locomotives and waggons K-50 until the beginning of 2012. - As from the beginning of 2012 when the coal transport by conveyor belts is introduced. = 1600mm v = 4.5 m/s). Five conveyors are needed with the total length of 4780 m up to the connection with the conveyors for taking the coal from the field D to the separation in Vreoci. - Three shifting devices (one already existing in the Field B and two new devices with telescopic discharge on pontoons). Overburden Bucket Wheel Excavator SRs 1200 24/4 (G-6) ends its operation in this mine and goes to revitalization in June 2010, and the excavator SRs 1200 22/2(G-1) is activated on the bench where the excavator SchRs -700 operated in 2008 and 2009); - Bucket Wheel Excavator type SRs 1301, is used for excavating the previous overburden at Istona Kipa in 2009, 2010 and for 10 months in 2011, and then it goes to the overburden bench in the field "C"; - new III ECS system with the new excavator G-11, Qteor=6100m3/h, new spreader of the type A2RsB 8500x60, Qteor=8500m3/h and new conveyor belts B =2000mm Bucket Wheel Excavator SchRsC-700 having also been used for overburden excavation on the I bench level until the arrival of the excavator SRs 1200 22/2 (G1), then goes down to be used for overburden and coal at the IV bench level; Hopper car; Four conveyor systems (conveyors A-12; B-8, B-6 and C-3, II ECS system; B-12; B-17; B-7 and C-5, B-22, 1.5, and 2.9b; 2.5; 1.7; B-16 and 2.9;) - Spreader ARs 1600 (37+60) x 18 (0-V); - Spreader ARs 1600 (28+50) x 15 new - Spreader type A 2Rs B.8500 x60 new Spreader ARs 1600 (28+50) x 17, 4 tripper cars; excavator M-7200 (4 pieces); self-propelled transporter BRs 1200 x 29/32; - self-propelled transporter BRs 1400.37/50.1, - self-propelled transporter BRs 1600 (17,5+32,5)15
-
Specification of auxiliary equipment and auxiliary mechanization The necessary auxiliary equipment and mechanization for excavating 5.000.000 t. of PC. For safe operation of the basic equipment engaged for overburden and coal exploitation, as well 42

as for its maintenance, engangement of auxiliary mechanization is required. The main rule for dimensioning auxiliary mechanization is that the presence of a bulldozer is necessary in the shift with the bucket wheel excavator or spreader. The specification of the necessary auxiliary mechanization is given in the table no. 3.2.3.a. Dimensioning has been performed for the case when all basic equipment is included in the work. The required equipment engagement through the shift is also given in the same table.
Table no. 3.2.3.a. Item no. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. Auxiliary mechnaization type Bulldozer with the power 230 kW Pipe-laying machines with the power 230 kW Hydraulic excavator ( V=1,2m3) Crawler loader with the power 110 kW Loader (ULT) with the power 220 kW Crawler belt scraper Skip (trencher on wheels) Grader Crane 20 t Crane 30 t Crane 80 t Roller Forklift 6 t UAZ for bottles UAZ 6 seats Vehicle for workers transportation with 20-26 seats Truck 10-20 t TAM with crane Watter supply cistern Fuel supply cistern Block truck Ambulance car Tractor Planned 10 4 4 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 3 21 10 17 6 2 2 1 5 5 Actual state I shift 24 h 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 5 2 1 1 1 2 Required 6 2 3 1 2 1 1 2 2 15 9 12 4 2 1 4 3
43

3.2.4. Plannned number of employees in the Open Cast Mine "Field C" per the organizational units The proposal of new working organization is given in the Table no. 3.2.4.a.
Table no. 3.2.4.a. Item no. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Operating unit Operative division of the plant I system II system III system IV system Dragline system ECS system Preparation works and drainage Mechanical maintenance Electrical maintenance of the supply and distribution network Means of communication and electronics maintenance Coal quality management and control Field C Required number of workers 61 162 150 150 146 99 178 101 97 23 10 10 1187
The number of workers needed for the open cast mine functioning is 1187. The overview of the total number of employees according to the qualificational structure is shown in the Table no. 3.2.4.b.
Table no. 3.2.4.b. Labour force - qualification university degree highly skilled high school education skilled semi-skilled unskilled TOTAL Number of workers 47 250 242 308 180 160 1187 % 3,96 21,07 20,38 25,95 15,16 13,48 100
The labour force needed for the functioning of ECS or ECSep. system is shown in the Table no. 3.2.4.v.
44

Item number 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.
Position name System manager Mech. engin. of the system El. engin. of the system Mech. general supervisor El. general supervisor Min. general supervisor Min. supervisor for the spreader Mech. supervisor El. supervisor Excavator operator Operator of the excavator discharge conveyor belt Locksmith for the excavator El. for the excavator Levelling operator Spreader operator Discharge conveyor belt operator Locksmith for the spreader El. for the spreader Lubricator Locksmiths Electricians Station operator Assisting worker
qualificatio n VII VII VII V V IV IV IV IV V III V V IV V III V V III III III III -
Profess ion Min. Mech. El. Mech. El. Min. Min. Min. El. Min. Min. Mech. El. Min. Min. Min. Mech. El. Mech. Mech. El. Min. -
Table no. 3.2.4.v. Number Number in the of shift workers 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 6 3
St.no. x41,3 8
3+5
3.2.5. Overview of the kind and quantity of the needed energy and energy-generating products, water, raw materials, needed construction material etc. In the open cast mine "Field C" the consumption of the standardized material shall be the same as in the Open cast mine "Fields D and B" in the previous period. The usage of material and energy during overburden excavation is shown in the table no. 3.2.5.a.
Table no. 3.2.5.a. Item number 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Name of the material Electric power Gear-box oil Other oils Grease Diesel fuel Fuel Steel ropes H.V.cables L.V.cables Rubber conveyor belt Carpeting material Spare parts Unit of measure kWh I I kg l I kg m m m m3 kg Consumption per 1000m 3 4.500 2,8 0,7 0,9 8,0 20 1,4 0,25 0,6 0,42 1,3 2,5
45

The usage of material and energy during coal production is shown in the table no. 3.2.5.b.
Item number 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Name of the material Electric power Gear-box oil Other oils Grease Diesel fuel Fuel Steel ropes H.V.cables L.V.cables Rubber conveyor belt Carpeting material Spare parts Unit of measure kWh I I kg l I kg m m m m3 kg Table no. 3.2.5.b. Consumption per 1000m 3 5.000 3,0 0,85 1,1 60 15 1,4 0,30 0,70 0,50 1,0 2,8
The usage of material and energy for E -6/45 is shown in the Table no. 3.2.5.v.
Item number 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Unit of measure I I kg kg kWh Table no. 3.2.5.v. Consumption per 1000m 3 8 0,135 2,0 14,0 2.000
Name of the material Gear-box oil Compressor oil Grease Steel ropes Electric power
3.4.
Overview of the kind and quantity of released gases, water and other fluid gassy waste matter according to the technological units
In the technological process of excavation in the OCM "Field C" certain harmfulness shall apear, which, apart from the negative impact on the workers in the working environment, also endangers the living environment. Observed according to the technological units, differences in terms of larger or smaller presence of certain harmfulness are noticed, which is a logical consequence of the difference in the technologies applied during certain phases of the production process. Air pollution During the technological process of overburden excavation, the pollution of air with dust is the primary harmfulness. The importation of the dispersed phase (suspended mineral dust) also exists in all production phases. The characteristic sources are: point (excavators, spreaders, auxiliary machines), line (roads in the open cast mines, conveyor belt routes) and area (active benches in the open cast mine, overburden dump sites). The primary sources are mining machines and technological equipment in operation, and the secondary sources are all active surfaces, from which the suspended fractions from the deposited dust are emitted into the air surroundings under the influence of wind. The intensity of the release of the suspended dust fractions into the air surroundings depends on the primary and secondary sources. The primary sources are mining machines and 46

technological equipment in operation (excavators, spreaders, auxiliary machines, conveyor belts), and the secondary sources are all active surfaces (roads, working benches, overburden dump sites) from which the suspended fractions from the deposited dust are emitted into the air surroundings under the influence of wind. Dust emission occurs during the following activities: Within the area and during the process of coal excavation and overburden dumping; Particles dispersal from the external dump site by wind; During coal and overburden transport by conveyor belts and trucks; During coal and overburden loading and unloading.
On the basis of the envisaged coal excavation and overburden dumping technology in the OCM "Field C" which is described in this chapter of the Study, basic parameters of the present dust emission sources in the OCM "Field B" are shown in the Table 3.4.a. The quantities of very fine particles emitted from the area of the observed mine are also shown in the Table, on the basis of the literature data it can be acknowledged that the participation of the particles with the diameter of 10m is 20% up to 20m is about 40% while the largest portion of the particles is over 50m large.
47

Features of the basic sources of dust emission in the OCM "Field B" Emission source Features Source type: area 1. Bucket Wheel Excavator Specific dust emission: 0,256g/t Coal excavation intensity (mean): 800 t/h Dust emission intensity: 200 g/h Source type: area 2. Dragline E 6/45 Specific dust emission: 0,004 kg/m3 Coal excavation intensity (mean): 130 m3/h Dust emission intensity: 1,5 g/s Source type: point 3. coal loading Specific dust emission: 6 g/t Coal excavation intensity (mean): 800 t/h Dust emission intensity: 1,35 g/s Source type: point 4. overburden loading Specific dust emission: 4 g/t Coal excavation intensity (mean): 1200 m3/h Dust emission intensity: 1,5 g/s Source type: line 5. coal transport Specific dust emission: 0,025 g/m/s Total length of the belt conveyor: 850- 1050 m Dust emission intensity: 21-26 g/s Source type: line Specific dust emission:IBTO 5.050-5.600 m IIBTO 1.000-2.700 m 6. overburden transport Dust emission intensity: IBTO 126-140 g/s IIBTO 25-42 g/s
Table 3.4. a.
The total fund of air pollution with dust largely depends on the meteorological conditions, which means that occasionally, in the so-called dry periods over the year, it can reperesent a potential air pollutant in the environment. When assessing the potential fire load, coal and coal dust are taken into consideration as inflammable substances, and also rubber (transport by rubber conveyors), oils, grease, electrical installations etc.
48

The hazard of self-ignition of the deposited dust is present in the particular conditions of the technology of mechanized coal excavation, transport and transfer, since the occurrence of coal dust sedimentation on certain parts of the plant and the devices is inevitable. Outstandingly rapid rise of temperature in coals prone to ignition occurs within the interval of 60-1000C, so this temperature is considered critical for coal self-ignition. The appearance of toxic gases in normal production conditions is related to the workshop complex. In particular plant conditions, during welding activities several toxic gases are released (Fe2O3, CO, SO2, O3). Their material appearance in the air is of a lower scope and it is narrowly located at the places where these activities take place. Among other kinds of pollution, the hazard of soil degradation should be mentioned, while the existing waterflows are not endangered in any part of the designed technological complex by chemical, mechanical, biological pollutants. Waters pollution Open cast exploitation of the coal deposit according to the features of the technological process may cause the changes in the hydrogeological and hydrological regimes of the narrower and broader exploitation area as well as the emission of harmful matter into surface and ground waters. Recorded endangerment sources are: - change in hydrogeological and hydrological regme of the exploitation area, a decrease in the ground waters level, - atmospheric waters reaching the mine and dump site contour. During the exploitation of the project in question the following shall be created: - technological waste waters - atmospheric precipitations from the roof surfaces of the accompanying buildings - sanitary waste waters in the mine The stated impacts of the mining operations on the ground waters regime may primarily cause a deterioration of the ground waters quality due to the intrusion of the pollutants from the area of the open cast mine, overburden dump site and workshops. The occurrence of a decrease in the ground waters inflow into the wells containing drinking water for the local settlements is possible. In certain extreme cases the wells might even dry out. Then it is necessary to build new and deeper wells or an alternative water supply system. The mining operations in the open cast mine may cause considerable terrain drainage should capillary moisture regime in the soil be significantly depleted throughout a longer time period, which shall have a significant impact on the vegetation of the observed area. Apart from the already mentioned impacts on the hydrological network, it is possible to single out the negative impact due to the contamination of the surface waste waters from the auxiliary mining activities (workshops) due to fuel and grease spillage. The stated negative impact can be placed into the category of accidental pollution. In this case the fact that these are almost momentary high concentrations which can not be temporally foreseen represents a special probliem.
49

Total quantities of waste waters from the open cast mine Field B pumped out into Petan according to the years are shown in the following table 3.4.b. as physical and chemical features and the analysis of their impact on the quality of the river Petan is given in the point 5.3.2.
Table 3.4.b.
year The quantity of pumped out water (m3) 617 785 930 000 210 000 288 090
2004 2005 2006 2007
The hazards and harmfulness which may occur when using the watter supply and sewage installations are of local character and low proportions. The negative impact may be controlled by a well-organized conduction of supervision and preventive measures: for water supply - insanitary water supply sources, - impure, defective installation, - the possibility of pollution due to passing through a sewage shaft and the like, - unexamined water supply network under the required pressure, - application of an inadequate installations material, for sewage - insufficient sewage inclinations, - wrong conduction of the sewage network, - insufficient number and disposition of ventilation channels, - wrong selection of material, - wrong dimensioning of the sewage network, - wrong selection and disposition of revisions and revision shafts. For sanitary faecal waters from the sanitary blocks of the employees at the location in question, appropriate cesspool shall be built, which shall be emptied by the competent PUC of the municipality Lazarevac when needed. Soil pollution The total issue of the relationship between the open cast mine and the environment is also defined by the relations present in the domain of soil pollution. The issue of occupying the areas necessary for building the open cast mine as well as all accompanying structures necessary for coal exploitation functioning represents one of the important parameters significant for defining the relationship between the open cast mine and the environment. In the designed technology of excavation, transport and dumping in the open cast mine "Field C" the following shall be created: 50

overburden as the consequence of lignite exploitation. Overburden dumping shall be performed in the internal dump site, inside the excavated area of the "Field B and D") (222.181.000 m 3 of overburden in total). the waste related to the maintenance of machines, equipment and installations (worn out spare parts, metal waste, oil, grease, oil containers, oiled cloths etc.)
Throughout the period of coal exploitation in the OCM "Field C", overburden dumping in the excavated area of the open cast mine i.e. in the internal dump site is not planned. The beginning of overburden dumping activities in this area is tied to the operations in the open cast mine "Field E". Noise and vibrations The noise coming from the mining activities shall mostly affect the emploees at place of the activities performance. Because of this, appropriate protective measures must be taken with the aim of preventing the unfavourable influence of noise on the workers in the mine. The following potential noise sources have been identified in the mining complex: mining machines (excavator, loader), transport machines (conveyor belts, trucks), auxiliary machines (bulldozer).
The high level of urbanisation of the surroundings of the mine itself is an additional problem when it comes to our open cast mines, especially the coal mines. The distance between the houses and the mine is only several hundreds of meters. In such conditions, appropriate protective measures are necessary as well as the compliance with the technological discipline. However, this does not garantee that the allowed noise level in the environment shall not be exceeded. High coal production also requires robust mechanization which, as a rule, creates a considerable noise in the working environment. However, when residential facilities are located only several hundreds of meters from the mine, then the working environment issue becomes a living environment issue. There is a special problem when it comes to the mechanization which is amortized to a considerable extent, which both constructively and financially aggravates the application of appropriate solutions directed at lowering the noise emission at the source itself. However, even in such conditions an effort should be made to find a certain solution, either constructive, organizational or similar, in order to reduce the environmental impact of the chosen technological solution to the lowest possible degree i.e. within the legally allowed limits. The presence of environmental jeopardy of vibrations is not expected on the terrain where the deposit of the open cast mine Field C is located, since lignite exploitation in this mine is performed by the continuous action system bucket wheel excavator conveyor belt. On the basis of the designed technology, it can be confirmed that during the exploitation of the deposit "Field C" there will not be any hazard of vibrations for the surrounding objects. The hazard of the harmful impact of vibrations objectively exists in certain phases of the mining machines operation and it is related exclusively to the working surroundings. 51

3.5.
Overview of the technology for treating all kinds of waste matter
The environment of the area of Kolubara deposit represents a subject of jeopardy as a consequence of the technological process of mineral raw material exploitation and processing. With the aim of considering the possible environmental jeopardy it is necessary to state a qualitative assessment of the ecological potential, and then the intensity of the impact of the technological process by causing and emitting the corresponding impacts and harmfulness. In this sense it is necessary to know the polluters' turnover well, and to provide their monitoring with the aim of decreasing, reducing or completely removing the harmful consequences to the biosphere. The following appears as waste matter: - the upper part of overburden, - the waste related to the maintenance of machines, equipment and installations amortized, - the municipal waste related to the number of employees, - waste water from the technological process, - sanitary faecal waste waters, - waste oil, - municipal waste, - worn out spare parts. The dumping technology was primitive in the initial phase of the open cast exploitation, and dumping was performed by truck and railway transport. In this period very uneven surfaces were formed with numerous depressions and elevated piles of the dumped supstrate (Turija). Later on, with the introduction of modern equipment into exploitation and using conveyor belts for overburden dumping, the situation improved significantly, especially because at this time the technical reclamation was also introduced into the exploitation process, so that the dumped substrate areas were gaining completely new and planned contours. In terms of its composition, the dumped substrate still represented and still represents today, a conglomerate of lithological overburden layers variously combined in terms of the composition and quantity. In many areas the substrates from the deepest overburden layers are located in the upper layer. Coal production is performed by daily exploitation of the deposit. The principle of modern technology in daily coal exploitation consists of removing the overburden matter mechanically to uncover the coal seam which is exploited. The basic principle and technology of open cast exploitation applied today shall not be significantly changed in the future, but its development shall proceed in the direction of the rationalization of production and the reduction of environmental impact. During the open cast exploitation of the Field C deposit, it is necessary to excavate the overburden in the total amount of 222 181 000 m 3 together with the masses of the "East dump site". The overburden dumping is performed at the internal dump site of the Field D and B. 52

The replaced spare parts are collected and sorted into secondary raw materials (metal waste, rubber conveyor belts) and hazardous waste (grease containers, greasy cloths, oily filters) on which special records are kept. The secondary raw materials are submitted to the companies registered for the collection of secondary raw materials, and the hazardous waste is sorted and packed in safe containers. The actions must be in conformity with the Rule Book on the Manner of Handling the Waste with Hazardous Substance Features (The Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia number: 12/95). 100% of the municipal waste comes from the containers and the quantity is related to the number of employees. It is gathered into the municipal waste containers which are regularly emptied by the competent local public utility company. The waste water from the technological process and the atmpospheric waters are collected in the water collector with sedimentation tanks. Mud-free water is pumped out into the recepient Petan by a system of pumps through a pipeline. The sedimentation tank is cleaned occasionally, and the sediment is also dumped at the dump site. Atmospheric precipitations are also sent back into the waterflows by a system of pumps. 3.6. Overview of the environmental impact of the proposed technology and the chosen technological process
The predominant part of the technology has a negative impact on the dynamic balance of nature. Whether and when the ecosystem stability shall be disturbed, whether and when the nature shall overcome these negative impacts, depends only on the intensity of the matter and energy flows. In order to prevent the manifestation of these impacts, or at least to minimize them, various technical, biological and other protective measures are used in the technological processes. Production process is the acivity of people, machines and physical processes, the result of which are certain kinds of products. Three factors are active in every production process: 1. Conscious activity, i.e. mans individual labour. 2. Objects of labour, turned into products. 3. Means of labour. The object of labour i.e. the product, semi-product, equipment and the like, has the primary staus in the production process. Throughout its lifetime, a product undergoes the following stages: Product development stage, in which research and development activities take place, - Production stage, - Application stage. According to the purpose, the production process can be divided into: - the main production processes, - the auxiliary production processes and - the accessory production processes -
53

To define the production process as a system means to limit (determine) its internal elements, the elements of the surroundings, the relations between the system elements and the realtions between the system and the surroundings, including the environment. The negative environmental impact of the project in question and the measures for reducing the negative impacts are given in the form of a tabular overview.
Overview of the main forms of pollution with the measures for possible interventions: Table no. 3.6.a. Negative impact Terrain occupation and degradation Origin EXPLOITATION Possible interventions Reclamation of degraded areas
Exploitation in the open cast mine and dumping at the external dump site
Reclamation of degraded areas
Diffused material rising from the open areas of the external dump site Air pollution Operation of the internal combustion engines of the mining equipment (exhaustion gases) Loading and transport (dust raising) Mining equipment (oil and grease leakage, accidental spillage of oil derivatives from the mining equipment tanks and hydro installations) Water pollution Clayey overburden component and the smallest oar particles (physical cloudiness of the waterflow) Change of the ground and surface waters regime Mining equipment operation (dust, oil and grease leakage, agent containers, worn out equipment parts). Employees residence (municipal waste dispersion) Operation of the internal combustion engines of the mining equipment. Excavation Loading and transport Visual pollution Mines appearance Dust on the green vegetation
Dust supression, spraying Using the equipment with eco-friendly internal combustion engines Traffic regulation Spraying the transport roads Regular control of the installations tightness. Prohibition of fuel and grease manipulation in the open cast mine. Controlled collection of surface waters from the surfaces of the working benches, collection and sedimentation in the sedimentation tank and waters drainage into the recepient after the treatment in the grease and oil separator. Procurement of the attested equipment Traffic regulation. Spraying the loading places and transport roads. Waste classification, dumping in a safe place in a safe container Procurement of the attested equipment Planting a multiple-row protective forest belt field of the
Soil pollution
Noise and vibrations
Carrying out the mining operations in accordance with the Detailed Mining Design. Greening the free surfaces.
54

The identification of pollution sources and definition of the main causes of their occurrence has been performed in the previous table 3.6.a. Due to the need for a detailed description of the possible negative environmental impacts of the technological process of coal exploitation, they shall be described in a separate chapter of the Study and on the basis of particular parameters of the impact Lignite exploitation in the "Field C" deposit.
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4. MAIN ALTERNATIVES OVERVIEW

4.1. Selection of the proposed location
A number of positive factors, both mining-technological and very favourable economic factors, have influenced the selection of the location for coal exploitation from the deposit "Field C". In the first place, the fact should be stressed that coal excavation in the area of the OCM Field C which includes the dump site "Istona kipa" enables the continuation of coal exploitation continuously from the field "B" towards the field "E". It has been prooved that by coal exploitation in the area of "Istona kipa dump site the deposit is being used to the maximum with a favourable overburden coefficient. Due to the increased coal production in the OCM Field D, the mine shall stop operating before the planned time. The favourable geological structure, physical mechanical and technological features as well as the needs for electric power and consumer use of coal are important parameters favouring raw material exploitation from this mine. The site of the Field C deposit and its immediate periphery make a good choice for coal exploatation concerning their geographical position, developed road and energy infrastructure, the presence of the main and auxiliary facilities, as well as their geological, technical and technological features. The positive results of geological researches in terms of the mining reserves, complying with the regulations and standards, favour this source. Kolubara coal bearing basin is connected to Belgrade, from which it is 45-55 km away, by the railroad Belgrade-Bar and the main road Ibarska magistrala, and it is connected to other towns, such as: Aranelovac, Mladenovac, Valjevo and Obrenovac, by asphalt roads. The good geographical position of RB Kolubara has been crucial for its development and the big tangible investments made by society towards the best way of obtaining energy. Upon planning and designing the open cast exploitation of the deposits of mineral raw materials there is not any dilemma about the selection of the right location nor any possibility of considering alternative solutions, because the open cast mine object i.e its location is aimed at the exploitation of the mineral raw material deposit in question. There are alternatives, but within the domain of the adopted exploitation technology as well as the contours (boundaries) of the location in question, and not in terms of the location itself. The booundaries of the open cast mine Field C have been set as per the following criteria: - On the north side, the boundary of the open cast mine is set by the state of the activities concerning coal in the OCM "Field D" within the area of "Istona kipa" dump site - On the south side, the mine is outlined on terrain surface by the road Baroevac Vreoci. 56

On the east side, the mine is outlined by the designed boundaries of the OCM "Field B". - On the west side, the mine is outlined by the designed boundary of the OCM "Field E". Apart from the abovesaid, important reasons for choosing the proposed location are: - Settled property-rights relations, the Project Holder is the owner of the plots in question. - The open cast mine "Field C" in the current situation should provide the continuity of coal production for the needs of consumer use, thermal power plants and to bridge the period until the opening of the field "E". - Minimum landscape disturbance after the performed reclamation activities. 4.2. Alternative technological procedure
After a decrease in production and closing of the open cast mine "Field D", development plans for Kolubara coal bearing basin are being considered as well as the possible directions for maintaining the continuity of coal production from its east part. The Conteptual Design with Feasibility Study for expanding the boundaries of the OCM "Field D" defined the planned development of this mine, as well as the conditions which must be fulfilled to enable the realization. At this moment, the conditions for expanding the open cast mine Field D as per this design have not been fulfilled yet, which has created the need and space for analyzing the possibility of opening a new mine, the OCM "Field C". The Open Cast Mine "Field C" represents a geological and technologcial unit with the active OCM "Field B". The Open Cast Mine Field C is opened for the needs of supplying the thermal power plant with coal and it is designed for the annual coal production of 5 million tons, which suits the needs of the thermal power facility. The investments in this mine in terms of mechanization are mostly completed until achieving the set production. The open cast mine Field C in the current situation should provide the continuity of coal production and bridge the period until the opening of the field E and creating the conditions for the expansion of the Field D". The subject of this Environmental Impact Assessment Study is considering the continuation of exploitation activities on this coal deposit which has been exploited in the previous period on the location "Field B", and now with the aim of coal continuity it is also expanded to this location called "Field C" with the excavation of "Istona kipa" dump site.
57

5. OVERVIEW OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL STATE AT THE LOCATION AND IN THE CLOSE VICINITY
An energy-industrial complex has an ecological dimension manifested through the pollution of air, soil, surface and ground waters, thermal load of the environment, noise emission, etc. During the assessment of the existing state of pollution at the locality of the future open cast mine "Field C", two basic elements have been taken into consideration - direct and indirect potential polluters, such as: The equipment and the applied technology of the existing coal exploitation in the field in question, with the accompanying objects direct pollution; The surroundings of the location of the future OCM Field C indirect pollution.
Direct sources of potential pollution include the overall equipment which shall be located in the OCM "Field C", and which is used in the technological process of lignite exploitation in the mine in question. This includes the excavators, the accompanying mechanization, conveyor systems, the local traffic routes (inside the mine and in direct vicinity), overburden dump site within the area of the "Field B", active working and all other open areas used for exploitation. Indirect sources of potential pollution include all that is not directly related to the technological process of exploitation itself, but which may contribute to a higher or smaller extent to the overall state of pollution (the objects and infrastructure in the close and remote vicinity of the location in question). The settlement Baroevac, without factories, is located in the close vicinity of the area in question. The settlements are mostly represented by the groups of individual residential facilities with larger or smaller homesteads. When it comes to the infrastructure, there is a local roads network, a local water supply network, and the sewage system is represented by cesspits. Kolubara coal bearing basin has introduced the standards ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 in the production process, where the long-term base of the development policy of the mining and energy industry is the stimulation of the investments in the energy-efficient, knowledge intensive and ecologicaly more reliable technologies. The environmental state assessment is based on the analysis of the cause and effect chain of environmental changes. The relevant information on the features of the technological processes applied in RB Kolubara have been used in the analysis, also including the conducted environmental protection measures; the data on the results of the measurings of certain parameters of the environmental quality, certain data on the area and other information of importance for the subject of this sproject. The OCM "Field C" is located in the vicinity of the OCMs "D" and "B". In the continuation of this chapter, the results of measuring the main environmental factors shall be presented (water, air, soil, noise). 58

Apart from the open cast mines "B" and "D" which are in direct contact (spatially), in the west there are potential polluters in somewhat remoter vicinity: "Kolubara-Prerada" (Kolubara-Processing Plant), "Ksela Srbija", "Kolubara-Metal", "Kolubara-Univerzal", Termoelektrana " Kolubara A", Veliki Crljeni (Thermal Power Plant). Among the stated plants, it is realistic to expect that only Kolubara-Prerada - Vreoci, (wet separation unit, drying unit) and the Termoelektrana "Kolubara A" could have any possible impact on the population of the village Baroevac due to certain climatic factors (west and northwest wind blowing). Wet Separation processes around 3.000.000 t of lignite per year. The technology includes the processes of coal cleaning in a heavy medium, then drying and classifying. The waste products of these processes are overburden (around 300.000 t), dumped at the dump site and the waste waters with higher concentrations of inorganic and organic matter, conducted into the purification plant. The separation of the solid phase from the fluid phase is performed by the primary treatment of waste waters from the drying unit, and the obtained coal dust mud is used in the thermal power plant and in the commercial market. The overflow from the sedimentation tank is further conducted into the waste waters purification plant. The drying unit emits around 410g/h H2S; 108g/h SO2; 23g/h NOX; 38g/h of phenol; 1,82kg/h of solid particles etc. Within "Kolubara-Prerada (Kolubara-Processing Plant), the Heating Plant produces the thermal energy (process steam) which is needed in the drying unit and Gasbeton and it is also used for heating the industrial site, the greenhouse and Lazarevac. The Heating Plant has two steam generators, with the total capacity of 140 t/h and the lignite consumption of 63,2 t/h. According to the results of the measurings, up to 42kg/h of carbon-monoxide, from 298 to 322kg/h of sulphur-dioxide, 34 to 72kg/h of nitrogen oxides and from 0,525 to 1,970t/h of soild particles are emitted from the Heating Plant into the air. Smoke gases are conveyed through the electric filters for ash separation ( = 98% ), and then through a chimney made of reinforced concrete, with the height of 80m and the diameter of 3m. The ash and cinder are mixed with water (1:8) and hydraulically transpored to the dump site in Junkovac, covering the area of 54 hectares. The waste waters from the Heating Plant are joined with other waste waters from the Processing Plant and submitted to the treatment in the purification plant. Apart from the stated, an increased noise is created in the Processing Plant. Due to the presence of radioactive lightning conductors and radioactive level gauges, an increased level of radioactivity is possible in the vicinity of their locations. "Kolubara-Metal"-Vreoci produces, overhauls and mounts the equipment and machines for coal production and processing. It is comprised of a casting plant for gray iron, silumine and 59

bronze, with the installed capacity of 250t/g. Polluting gas substances CO2, CO, SO2 and smoke are emitted from the dome furnace of the casting plant, and they are released unpurified into the atmosphere through a 6 m high chimney. A major quantity of solid waste is produced in these plants (steel, brass, aluminium and other metals waste), which is sold for recycling. The waste waters from the casting shop, polluted with clay, sand and scorched remains of the moulding mixture, are conducted together with the sanitary waters into the central purification plant. Apart form this, special separators are used for the primary separation of coal and grease. "Kolubara-Univerzal"-Veliki Crljeni, consists of three plants: crude rubber production, production of rubber-technical goods and production and regeneration of rubber conveyor belts. Annual installed capacities are 10.000t of crude rubber, 750t of rubber-technical goods and 90.000m of conveyor belts. Traditional rubber technology is used for production. This production is accompanied by the air pollution with solid particles, vapours and gases of predominantly organic solvents. The sanitary waste waters from the plants are purified in the plant Biorol" before being discharged into the river Turija. There are ionizing radiation sources at the installed fire call points. The solid waste consists of the municipal waste and the rubber waste. "Ksela Srbija"-Vreoci, produces building material. Light gasbeton blocks are produced in the plant. Quartz sand, lime, aluminium powder and cement are used as raw materials. All raw materials are mixed in a closed cycle, then cast into moulds and subjected to heat treatment. This production is accompanied by the air and soil pollution with solid particles, noise emission and solid waste generation. Important road and railway routes run through the area: the main roads M-4 (ValjevoLazarevac-Aranelovac), the transport railroad, as well as a number of regional and local roads. The harmful impacts of the road and railway traffic in the area can be numerous, but they have not be analyzed or quantified within the previous studies. Several residential houses without factories are located on the terrain planned for the OCM "Field C"opening. The households are mostly represented by individual residental facilities with smaller or larger homesteads. Since it is a rural type of settlement (Figure 5.0.a.), within the homesteads there are also the facilities used for raising bovine cattle and small animals and other domestic animals.
60

Figure 5.0.a. The type of settlement at the location in question
The village Baroevac is located south of the locality of the future OCM "Field C", and the main road Aranelovac-Vreoci is also in the direct vicinity. North and east of the future OCM, there are OCMs "D" and "B", which are primarily characterised by the emissions of gases, dust and noise in the ecological sense. The favourable climatic parameters condition the mentioned mines not to have any major impact on the existing state of pollution. The existing state of air, water, soil and noise pollution within the narrow area of the OCM "Field C" has been analysed on the basis of the following performed measurings and examinations: 1. Periodical inspections and examinations of the working environment in the OCM "Field B" (measuring the physical and chemical harmfulness and microclimatic conditions), performed by the Ventialtion and Technical Protection Department of The Faculty of Mining and Geology in Belgrade and the Mining Institute from Zemun. (Tables 5.3.3.a,b). 2. Testing physical and chemical microbiological and parasitological features of the surface and waste waters and drinking water at the determined measuring points, performed by the City Institute for Public Health, Hygiene and Human Ecology Center Human Ecology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory 11000 Belgrade, Despot Stefan Bulevard 54-a, accredited testing laboratory JUS ISO/IEC 17025 (Tables 5.3.2.1.a,b,v,g,d) 3. Testing the quality of soil from the locality of the future open cast mine has been performed by the Faculty of Agriculture from Zemun (doc. no. 22/1034-1/). The samples have been taken from six localities within the area of the future mine (Tables 5.3.1.a,b,v,g,d). 4. Testing the quality of air, the values of inorganic pollutants imission (sulphurdioxide and grime) and the pollutants within the impact zone of the Open Cast Mine "Field D" have been measured. The examination has been performed by A.D. 61

Zatita na radu i zatita ivotne sredine "Beograd" (Safety at Work and Environmental Protection Belgrade). Examination of the air quality in the environment (Tables 5.3.3.1.a,b). 5. The measurement of the noise level in the environment has been performed by the accredited environmental protection laboratory at the Mining Institute. (Table 5.3.4.1.a). The points for measuring the existing state of air, water, soil and noise pollution within the narrow area of the OCM are marked in the Enclosure 3. 5.1. Population Kolubara basin has a relatively low area population. On the basis of the data from the year 1990, the average population amounts to 1,5 inhab./ha. The economic activities within RB "Kolubara" are the cause of the increased urbanization, especially in the central part of the basin. The population is mostly concentrated in the villages Veliki Crljeni and Vreoci where the production plants for coal processing are located. Around 85% of agricultural land and 90% of forests are privately owned, and a part belongs to the state (municipal, church, cooperative, mixed, public and other) property. The main activity of the population is agricultural production within the individual rural households, as well as the economic activities within RB "Kolubara" with various production activities and infrastructure. Older population is dominant in the rural households. A planned relocation of the population is characteristic for this area, with the aim of developing the coal production area. The places in which the population has been relocated so far are: Kaleni, Cvetovac, Mali Borak, Skobalj, Paljuvi, Medoevac i Baroevac. The relocated population is concentrated in the outskirt zones of Lazarevac. Kolubara basin has a relatively small number of urban centers. The rural settlements are of relatively low population, with the houses or groups of houses scattered throughout the territory of the district. Among the town settlements within the broader location, the following can be singled out: Lazarevac, Ub, Obrenovac and Lajkovac. In terms of the population density only Lazarevac has the status of a town settlement with over 50 inhab./ha. 5.2. Flora, Fauna
In the valley of the river Kolubara the soil is mostly used for agriculture, whereat more than 70% of the territory of Kolubara basin is covered with crops. The crops in the fields are corn, wheat, rye, oat and barley. In the area in question there are also vegetable crops such as potatoes, paprika, beans, cabbage, onions, peas etc. A significant part of the agricultural land is also covered with perennial plantations, i.e. orchards and vineyards. Kolubara coal basin has the natural vegetation consisting of forests, swampy meadows and swamps. Peat bog and marsh vegetations with cane and bulrush are present in the plain of 62

Kolubara region. Bulrush (Tfacia with Tupha angustifolia) can be found in watter-filled dents throughout the year. Marshy isles (Qdeschampsion cnespitosne) can also be found in this area. Basin meadows (nespiArrenatherion elatioris) belong to secondary groups in the habitats of common oak and common hornbeam woods. Within the area of the municipality Lazarevac in the vicinity of the main road Ibarska magistrala, a protected area has been established in accordance with the Law on Environmental Protection. This area is abundant in common oak (Quercus robur) and ash (Fraxinus oxicarpa). Animal species living in Kolubara region are European rabbits (Oryctolagos cuniculus), red foxes (Vulpes, vulpes), red dear (Cervus elaplms) and European roe dear (Capreoulus capreoulus). Bird species in the analysed area are migratory birds (barn swallows (Hirundo rustica) and white storks (Coconia sp.)) as well as the species interesting for hunting, common quails (Cotumix cotumix) and common pheasants (Phasianus cilchicus). Fish species depend on the quantity and quality of water in rivers and streams. There are several fish species in the river Kolubara: chub, dace, pike, less frequently carp and very rarely pikeperch. Raising domestic animals is usual for the rural area. Raising pigs, poultry and sheep is the most frequent. Animal species inhabiting this area are protected by the Law on Hunting. By the provisions of this Law, animals species can be protected either by a permanent ban on hunting or by a closed season. In accordance with the Law on Hunting, a permanent ban on hunting has been imposed for the following species: skunk (Putonus putonu L.), weasel (Mustela nivalis L.), otter (Vudra vudra L.), peewit (Vanelius vaneius L.), common tern (Stema hirundo L.), tufted duck (Aythia Fuligula L.), purple heron (Ardea purpurea L.), little egret (Egretla garzetta L.), squacco heron (Ardeola rolloides Scop.), little bittern (Ixobrichus minutus L.), common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus L.), red-footed falcon (Falco vespertinus L.) common buzzard (Buteo bueto L.), hen harrier (Cyrcus cyaneus L.), black kite (Milvus migraus Bodd.), scops owl (Otus scops L.), little owl (Athene noctua Scop.). Apart from the stated species, horse ant (Formica rufa L.) and its anthills as well as all species of bats (Chiroptera) and their habitats are protected by the special provisions of the Law on Environmental Protection. 5.3. Soil, water, air and noise
5.3.1. Soil The soil is devastated and destroyed by coal exploitiation, and the consequence of nonselective soil excavation is the creation of a mixture of geological layers, new antropogenous soil, the so-called deposol, the soil with significantly reduced productive capacity with respect to the former. In contrast to the experts engaged in coal exploitation who believe that it is only a temporary change of the purpose of the soil use, i.e. that after exploitation the occupied soil can easily be restored to its former purpose, the experts dealing with soil, forestry and agricultural practices, believe that this is only partially true and they state that there are not even theoretical conditions for returning the soil to its previous purpose with completely unchanged solum quality. 63

The future mine "Field C" itself, as well as the soil located within the impact zone of the future mine, belong to the type of eutric cambisol (brown forest soil), constituting the profile of the type A-(B)-C, where loose material is under the horizon in Kolubara basin. Medium-heavy soil prevails, with a favourable water and air capacity (the second land capability class) and they are suitable for agricultural production. The examination of the soil quality has been performed by the Faculty of Agriculture from Zemun (doc. no. 22/1034-1/). The samples have been taken from six localities within the area of the future mine, in particular: 1. A field on the right side of the road Baroevac-Vreoci, tilled soil, under wheat at the moment of sampling; 2. A field on the right side of the road Baroevac-Vreoci, a couple of hundred meters from the crossroads leading to the old graveyard, perennial field crop alfalfa vegetation; 3. The same field as the sample 3., but remoter from the road, to eliminate the possible pollutions related to the traffic; 4. An orchard from the area of the future mine which is intensively gardened; 5. A field below the road Baroevac-Vreoci, along the road leading from the head office of EPS in Baroevac towards the main road; 6. A meadow in the vicinity of the local graveyard. Examination of the agrochemical features of the samples
Agrochemical features of the sampled soil
Samp . no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dep th cm 30 30 30 30 30 30 pH N2O 5.59 6.73 6.40 6.24 7.12 5.72 KCl 4.16 5.50 5.32 4.93 5.92 4.21 CaCO3 (%) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Humu s (%) 2.58 3.48 2.26 4.78 2.22 2.94 Total N (%) 0.145 0.177 0.131 0.233 0.132 0.169 C/N 10.3:1 11.4:1 10.0:1 11.9:1 9.7:1 10.0:1 NH4 mg/Kg 10.5 7.0 9.1 10.5 9.8 16.8
Table 5.3.1.a.
NO3 mg/Kg 23.1 6.3 13.3 13.3 7.7 9.8 NH4+ NO3 mg/Kg 33.6 13.3 22.4 23.8 17.5 26.6 Kg N/ha 151.2 59.8 100.8 107.1 78.7 119.7 R2O5 mg/10 0g 7.9 7.3 14.7 3.0 30.0 1.9 K2O mg/100g 25.5 14.7 22.2 11.7 16.7 18.4
These are the soils of acidic reaction, only the sample 5 is neutral. They have favourable mineral features. On the basis of the total and available nitrogen, it has been concluded that the soil fertility is conditioned by intenisve fertilization with mineral raw materials. Potassium and phosphorus levels are low to medium (soils with over 20mg/100g are considered rich in K and R) and their contents can be increased by soil calcification. Only in the sample 5, the level of available R is distinctly high (30.0 mg/100g), as well as the reserve of available K (16.7 mg/100g), which is the consequence of regular application of mineral fertilizers. Humus level varies from low (sample 3 and 5), through medium (sample 1) to high and distinctly high (sample 2,4 and 6). Total fertility of these soils could be improved, where needed, by applying adequate agrotechnical measures.
64

The presence of heavy metals in the soil The total content of heavy metals has been compared to the values given as MAC (Table 5.3.1.b.) of their total content in the soil and on the basis of this they are quantified as polluted or unpolluted.
Maximum allowed concentrations of heavy metals
Cu g/g <100 Zn g/g <300 Co g/g <50 Pb g/g <100 Ni g/g <50 Cr g/g <100
Table 5.3.1.b.
As g/g <25
Total contents of all tested metals does not exceed the MAC values, which means that at these localities there can not be any mention of soil pollution with heavy metals (Table 5.3.1.v.). The unchanged state of the heavy metals value in the samples 2 and 3 should be stressed, hence it is concluded that there is not any additional pollution from the traffic route. All this indicates that the existing plant production is completely safe and there is not any possibility of the intoxication of the obtained food. This is especially important since this soil belongs to acidic soils, in which the mobility and availability of heavy metals is the highest.
Total contents of heavy metals in the soil samples Table 5.3.1.v.
Sample no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Depth cm 30 30 30 30 30 30 Fe % 2.05 2.55 1.59 1.64 2.58 2.84 Mn mg/kg 608 358.11 534 226 710 968 Cu mg/kg 15.71 18.09 13.97 17.84 29.60 17.54 Zn mg/kg 28.5 31.4 25.35 27.25 36.20 29.45 Co mg/kg 7.85 7.6 7.86 4.61 10.09 12.17 Ni mg/kg 19.65 35.35 31.35 17.65 36.65 25.2 Cr mg/kg 26.39 45.11 36.71 30.96 41.87 34.24 Pb mg/kg 25.59 24.65 20.66 21.49 23.86 36.48 Cd mg/kg <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05
Their available contents has also been tested, and it has been determined that their mobile fractions do not endanger the plant production on these soils (Table 5.3.1.g.).
Available contents of heavy metals
Sample no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Depth cm 30 30 30 30 30 30 Fe mg/kg 155.9 85.93 69.01 78.04 78.29 148.24 Mn mg/kg 25.45 9.08 13.87 4.19 17.16 25.25 Cu mg/kg 2.13 2.38 1.54 2.71 4.93 1.97 Zn mg/kg 0.6 0.76 1.63 0.75 1.44 0.49 B mg/kg 0.42 0.9 0.86 1.0 1.28 0.64 Co mg/kg 0.11 0.05 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.14
Table 5.3.1.g.
Ni mg/kg 1.33 1.37 1.98 1.33 0.80 1.95 Cr mg/kg 0.016 0.011 0.059 0.016 0.014 0.011 Pb mg/kg 2.87 2.97 2.43 3.19 3.27 3.0 Cd mg/kg 0.074 0.058 0.07 0.056 0.094 0.09
The results indicating the availability contents of Mg and Ca (Table 5.3.1.d.), as well as their mutual relationship are typical for acidic soils, so that their fertility could be significantly increased by calcification and the addition of organic matter, except for the sample 5 which is of neutral reaction, so it does not require amelioration measures.
Available contents of Ca and Mg
Sample no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Depth cm 0-30 0-30 0-30 0-30 0-30 0-30 Ca
Table 5.3.1.d.
Mg mg/100g 139.23 25.83 373.12 69.61 182.77 30.03 304.71 50.92 245.31 34.86 178.75 32.76 Ca/Mg mmoleg/100g 3.28 3.25 3.69 3.63 4.26 3.31
65

The expansion of the mine to these areas shall definitely cause a disturbance of the structure of the soil encompassed by the mine, however, overburden excavation in these areas (according to the known physical and chemical features) shall not endanger the surrounding soil, nor the plant production performed at the outskirts of the future mine. This is contributed by the low migration capacity of the overburden which is obtained by excavation in Kolubara district (the sands prone to eolic erosion are not in question). The determined agrochemical contents and the determined low concentrations of certain heavy metals fractions (total and available contents) reduce the possibility of the intoxication of new areas with these harmful agents. Should even the tested surface layers be stored as external dump sites, they do not contain heavy metals above MAC and they are far below these values. This is especially important because the neighbouring alluvial soils of Kolubara region contain a high content of nickel and chrome. 5.3.2. Water The area within Kolubara coal basin is one of the most complex areas in the Republic of Serbia when it comes to the water management issues. A part of the river Kolubara basin in the analyzed area is one of the major low-flow areas of Serbia which can not meet its own needs for water but it relies on and interacts with the entire Kolubara basin. It is characteristical for the surface waters of the river Kolubara basin that water resources are deficient, and water flows are temporally distinctly uneven. Consequently, the surface waters of this area are very endangered ecologically. Ground waters resources are very modest in terms of quantity, whereat certain existing sources are temporally limited due to their dependence on the activities in the open mines. The lignite exploitation in the open cast mines conditions radical changes of the ground waters regimes, so that in the analyzed areas, a steady water supply from the ground aquifers can not be counted upon in the distant future. Due to the lowering of the ground waters level, an increasing number of local ground water sources shall not be usable. It is necessary to stress that the conditions for water quality protection are very complex due to the existance of large concetrated polluters. The criteria for assessing the impact of the miness operation on waters are defined by the following existing legislation: The Regulation on Water Flows Categorization (The Official Gazette of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, no. 5/68), by which the river Petan along its entire flow from the source to the inflow into the river Kolubara belongs to the IV category of waterflows, while the river Kolubara from the inflow of the river Petan to the inflow into the river Sava belongs into the IIb category of waterflows;Table 5.3.2.a. The Regulation on the Classification of the Waters of Interrepublic Waterflows, Interstate Waters and the Coastal Sea Waters of Yugoslavia (The Official Gazette of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, no. 6/78), which defines the parameters on the basis of which waters are divided into classes and their limiting values, Table 5.3.2.b. 66

The Rule Book on Hazardous Substances in Waters (The Official Gazette of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, no. 31/82), the extract from which, on the basis of the measured parameters, is given in the Table 5.3.2.v. The Rule Book on Hazardous Substances which Must not be Released into Waters, the extract from which is given in the Table no. 5.3.2.v. The Rule Book on the Sanitary Quality of Drinking water (The Official Gazette of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, no. 42/98), the excerpt from which is given in the Table no. 5.3.2.v.
The classes of the surface waters quality Table 5.3.2.a. Description To be used as drinking water, in food industry and pisciculture. For recreation, pisciculture and after processing it can be used as drinking water and in food industry. For irrigation and in industry, except the food industry. For other purposes after processing.
Category I II III IV
The classes are based on the values of many physical and chemical quality parameters enumerated in the Table 5.3.2.b.
Prescribed features of the classes of the surface waters quality Item number 1 Parameter Soluble oxygen, as minimum Oxygen saturation: 2 Saturation Supersaturation BPK5 at 20 C HPK Free substance Dry residue of filtered water 6 7 8 9 Surface water Ground water pH Colour Smell 1 mg/l 350 800 6,8-8,5 without without 1000 1000 6,8-8,6 without without 1500 1500 6,0-9,0 faint faint 1500 6,0-9,0 o
Table 5.3 2.b. Water class
Unit mg/l
I 8
II 6
III 4
IV 3 30-50 125130 20 40 100
90-100
75-90 105-115
50-75 115-125 7 20 80
3 4 5
mg/l mg/l mg/l
2 10 10
4 12 30
67

Maksimum allowed concentrations of hazardous substances in the waterflow and waste waters (The Official Gazette of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, no. 31/82) Table 5.3.2.v.
MAC of hazardous substances in waters of IV category, mg/l Substance (The Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia 31/78) 0,5 0,05 1,0 0,3 15,0 0,5 0,1 1,0 0,3 0.01 0,5 0,1 MAC of hazardous substances in waste waters, mg/l (The Official Gazette of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 3/66) 0,1 0,05 0,1 12,0 0,5 1,0 0,001 0,01 0,5 0,05 50,0 200,0 50,0 250,0 200,0 0,1 MAC of hazardous substances in drinking water, mg/l (The Official Gazette of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 42/98) 0,1 0,01 0,3 50 0,03 0,01 3,0 0,001 0,003 0,05(total Cl)
Ammonium Arsenic Iron Fuel Oil Nitrates (as N) Nitrites (as N) Lead Zinc Phenol Cadmium Chromium-trivalent Chromium hexavalent Magnesium Sulphates Chlorides Grease and oil
5.3.2.1. The results of measuring the waters quality (of the river Petan, waste waters and the water supply system Medoevac) It is obvious from the table 5.3.2.1.a. that, according to the most probable number of coliform bacteria (MPNC), from 2006 to 2008, the water of the river Petan had the quality of the class III only during one measuring (February 2008). In all other cases it was out of lll class, since MAC= 10000 NBK/100mI.
68

The results of microbiological and parasitological examinations of the sample of water from the river Petan
Table 5.3.2.1.a.
Measuring point Time of sampling Most probable number of coliform bacteria in 1 l of water (MPNC). Final bacteriological identification E.colli Streptococcus"D" November 2006 River Petan upstream from the field "B" 38.000 Proteus sp., Pseudomonas Aeeruginose, Enterobacter sp November 2007 12.000 E.colli Enterobacter sp Streptococcus"D" February 2008 21.000 E.colli
Streptococcus"D" November 2006 River Petan downstream from the field "B" 240.000 E.colli Enterobacter sp.
November 2007
16.000
E.colli Enterobacter sp. Streptococcus"D" E.colli
February 2008
8.800
According to the tested physical and chemical parameters for this period (table 5.3.2.1.b.), the quality of the waste water from the locality OCM Field D, was of the III class in the upstream and downstream sample with respect to the suspended substansces, and in 2008 of the II class, while in the waste water samples it was of the IV class. After the inflow, the waste waters did not affect the quality of the recipient. When it comes to phenol, the waters of the river Petan were of the class III/IV quality, with the appearance interval from <0.001 (upstream 2006) to 0.064 mg/I (upstream 2006).
69

The results of measuring the physical, physical and chemical and chemical examinations of the river Table 5.3.2.1.b. Petan within the period 2006-2008
Parameter
River Petan upstream from the mine November 2006
River Petan downstream from the mine November 2006 18.3
River Petan upstream from the mine November 2007 14.0
River Petan downstream from the mine November 2007 14.1
River Petan upstream from the mine February 2008 9.8 without
River Petan downstrea m from the mine February 2008 9.7 without Cloudy fluid Noticeabl e coulour Of river waters 7,7 11.6 99 0,6 0,015 3.2 17 187.7 19.5 4.9
MAV (Ivclass)
Temperature C Visible waste matter Appearance Noticeable colour Noticeable smell pH value Oxygen immediately mg/IO2 Saturation O2% + Ammonium ion NH4 mg/l Nitrites NO2 mg/l N Nitrates NO3 mg/l N Chlorides mg/lCI Sulphates SO4 mg/l Consumption KMnO4 mg/l Chemical oxygen consumption COC (from KMNO4)mg/l O2 Chemical oxygen consumption COC (from K 2C r 2O7)mg/l O2 Biochem. oxygen consumption BOC5 mg/I O2 Electic conductance 0 S/cm at 20 C Dry residue of filtered 0 water (105 C mg/l) Suspended mat. mg/l Sedimentary matter acc. to Imhoff after 2h ml/l Detergents (anionic) ABS mg/l Carbon hydrides originating from fuel (c6-C10) technique HEAD SPACE/GC/FID mg/l Oil remaining (carbon hydrides index C10-C40) technique GC/FID mg/l Other parameters Phenol mg/l
14.6
<33 without
Cloudy colourless
Cloudy colourless
Cloudy fluid without
Cloudy fluid without without 7,3 11.1 104 0,3 <0,002 0.9 17.0 533.4 30.9 7.7
Cloudy fluid Colourles s Of river waters 7,7 11.4 96 0,6 0,015 3.2 17 191 18.9 4.7
without without 6,0-9,0 3 30-30 10,0 0,5 15,0 40
Of river waters 7.9 7.7 73 <0,5 0,015 1.1 31.2 54.6 20.5 5.1
Of river waters 7.9 8.2 8.5 <0.5 0.015 0.5 20 60.1 31 7.7
without 7.3 11.1 104 0,3 <0,002 1,3 17.0 539.4 30.9 7.7
43
51
71
6 4.0 552 468 38 <0.5 <0.10 100 1500 -
1.9 610 378 13 0.1 <0,1
1.7 580 380 50 0.1 <0.1
2.0 1034 832 50
2.3 1029 810 69
2,4 546 454 50 <0.5
20 -
<0.10
<0,10
<0,10
<0.005
<0.005
<0.010
<0.10
<0.010
<0.010
0.050
0.182
<0.05
<0.05
<0,001
0.064
0,01
0,019
<0,012
0.003
0.3
70

The results of measuring physical and chemical parameters of the quality of waste waters from the OCM Field B for the period 2000 - 2005 at the point of discharge into the river Petan Table 5.3.2.1.v.
Parameter
2000 1 Temperature 0 C 6 22.02 . 5,5
2002
13.06 21 07.11 . 7,8
24.06.20 03. 26,6
02.03.20 04. 2,8
2005. 28. 03 15,6 Clo udy ,bl ack dep osi t bla ck Wit hou t sme ll 7,6 0,1 2 1,1 6 0,8 0,0 091 0,2 2 28, 1 62, 3 350 30 400 0,1 257 ,4 611 142 1 875 7 0,0 05 05.10 20,3
March 2008 13.0
MAV IV class <33
Appearance
Cloud y colou rless
Clody colou rless
Clody brown depos it brown
Cloud y yello wish
Cloudy yellow ish
Cloudy brown
Cloud y gray depos it gray
Cloud y colou rless
Smell
Witho ut smell 8,2 11,2 89,4
Witho ut smell 8,0 12,12 95,5 0,3
Witho ut smell 7,7 7,16 94,5 0,45 0,0 0,22 28,0 89,3 39 0,5 <0,1
Witho ut smell 7,8 12,99 106,9 0,2 0,0 0,22 28,1 1091 27,5 0,2 <0,1
Withou t smell 7,6 7,32 95,4 0,6 0,0 0,57 14,1 26,1 21,0 0,2 0,1
Without smell
Of river
Witho ut smell 7.5 11.6 106 0.2 <0,00 2 <0,05 16.9 413 28.8 0.2
Withou t smell
pH
value mg/IO2
7,6 14,24 106,8 0,2 0,0 0,45 11,3 337 30,1 0,2 <0,1
7,4 8,9 101 0,2 <0,00 2 <0,5 5,6 136,8 15,5 0,3 <0,1
Oxygen
6.58,5 >5 75-115 10.0 1,0 0,05 10,0
Saturation O2 % Ammonium ion NH4 mg/l Nitrites NO2 mg/l Nitrates NO3 mg/i Chlorides CI mg/I Sulphates SO4 mg/l Consumption KMnO4 mg/l Sedimentary matter mg/I Anionic detergents, mg/l ABS Suspended substances mg/l Dry residue of filtered water mg/l BPK 5 mg/I O2 HPK Mineral oils mg/I
0,0 0,00 47,2 83,9 21,0 0,0 <0,1
0,22 0,0 14,0 66,7 24,3 0,3 <0,1
0,4 <0,1 30-40 7 104 1000 435 1,62 5,25 <0,00 5 443 1,86 6,1 <0,00 5 1190 6,39 9,75 <0,00 5 1061 2,33 6,7 <0,00 5 613 4,45 5,25 662 5,67 7,5 387 1,5 3,9 <0,00 5 1021 0.7 7.2 <0,00 5 4-6 12 0.3 0,014 <0,005
37,4
81,0
179,0
41,4
23,2
94,4
Electric conductance S/cm Phenols mg/l
900 0,001 7
1200
1100 0,001 9
800 0,002
500 0,003
1190 <0,001
750 0,0 60
560 <0,00 1
1066 0.007 0.300
71

The assessment of the pollution degree of waste waters from the locality "Field B", as well as the assessment of their impact on the quality of the recipient, is performed in accordance with the required class of the river Petan waterflow. On the basis of the measuring results, in general, it can be assessed that the waste waters flowing into the river Petan will not affect its quality, but only the quantity, i.e. the flow rates.
a) The results of measuring physical, physical and chemical and chemical parameters of the water from the water supply system "Medoevac" New Mounting Site June 2008 Table 5.3.2.1.g.
Parameter Temperature C0 Smell Colour Co-Pt scale Cloudiness of NTU unit pH value Consumption of KMnO4 mg/l Electric conductance S/cm at 20 C
0 0
Measured value 19.5 without <5 0.5 7.2 3.7 420 280 0.20 10.5 <0.05 <0.006 <0.5 <0.05 <0.05
MAC
Method mark
HE SM 0001 without 5 1 6,8-8,5 8 1000 HE SM 0003 HE SM 0002 HE SM 0004 HE SM 0005 HE SM 0006 HE SM 0008 HE SM 0001 0,5 200 0,1 0,03 50 0,3 0,05 HE SM 0001 HE SM 0001 HE SM 0002 HE SM 0003 HE SM 0010 HE SM 0027 HE SM 0004
Evaporation residue at 1050C Free chlorine RCl mg/l Cl Chlorides CI mg/I Ammonium NH3 mg/l Nitrites mg/l NO2 Nitrates mg/l NO3 Total iron mg/IFe Manganese mg/I Mn
-
The results of the analysis show that the tested sample of water is chemically - safe.
72

b)
The results of microbiological examinations Testing method mark HE SM 0033
Parameters Total number of aerobic mesophilic bacteria in 1 ml of water Coliform bacteria of faecal origin in 100 ml Total coliform bacteria in 100 ml Streptococcus of the froup "D" in 100 ml Proteus species in 100 ml Sulfite-reducing clostridia in 100 ml Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 100 ml
Finding 0 0 0 negative negative negative negative
MAV 10 0 0 negative negative negative negative
Isolated microorganisms are identified as:
The results of the analysis show that the tested sample of water is microbiologically safe.
a) The results of measuring physical, physical and chemical and chemical parameters of the water from the water supply system "Medoevac" Raw water June 2008 Table 5.3.2.1.d.
Parameter Temperature C0 Colour Co-Pt scale Smell Cloudiness of NTU unit pH value Consumption of KMnO4 mg/l Evaporation residue at 1050C Electrical conductivity S/cm na 20 C
0
Measured value 17.5
Method mark HE SM 0001 HE SM 0002 HE SM 0003 HE SM 0004 HE SM 0005 HE SM 0006 HE SM 0001 HE SM 0008 HE SM 0001 HE SM 0001 HE SM 0002 HE SM 0003 HE SM 0011 HE SM 0014 HE SM 0017 HE SM 0009 HE SM 0009 HE SM 0019
constant apparent
HE SM 0003 HE SM 0002 without 5.9 7.0 2.8 280 420 <0.05 0.19 <0.006
Free chlorine RCl mg/l Cl Ammonium NH3 mg/l Nitrites mg/l NO2
-
Nitrates mg/l NO3 Fluorides mg/I F-
<0.5 4.2 0.14 <0.02 2.80 29 <0.001
Chlorides CI mg/I
Detergents (anionic) mg/l Oxygen mg/IO2 % of oxygen saturation Phenols mg/I
73

Mineral oils mg/I METALS spectrofotometric
<0.005
HE SM 0029
Iron total mg/Fe Manganese mg/Mn BY-PRODUCTS OF DESINFECTION ( g/I) technique GC/ECD
0.64 <0.05
HE SM 0013 HE SM 0013
Dibromoacetonitrile Dichloroacetonitrile Trichloroacetonitrile Bromochloroacetonitrile
<0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
HE SM 0006 HE SM 0006 HE SM 0016 HE SM 0026
Chloropicrin 1,1-dichloro-2-propanone 1,1,1-trichloro-2-propanone
<0.01 <0.01 <0.01
HE SM 0006 HE SM 0006 HE SM 0006
TRIHALOMETHANES ( g/I) technique GC/ECD
Total THM Bromoform Dichlorobromoethane Dibromochloromethane Chloroform CHLORINATED ALKANES ( g/I) technique GC/ECD
<0.50 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.50
HE SM 0006 HE SM 0006 HE SM 0006 HE SM 0006 HE SM 0006
1,1 dichloroethane 1,2 dichloroethane Dichloromethane 1,1,1 trichloroethane Carbon tetrachloride 1,2-dibromoethane 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane 1.1.2.2-tetrachloroethane
<0.01 <0.01 <1.0 <0.01 <0.50 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
HE SM 0006 HE SM 0006 HE SM 0006 HE SM 0006 HE SM 0006 HE SM 0006 HE SM 0006 HE SM 0006
74

b) The results of biological examinations Testing method mark HE SM 0034
FINDING: In the tested water sample, a mass presence of the bacterial flora, iron and manganese, Gallionella sp. and Leptotrih type has been determined, as well as the non-filamentous Siderocapsaceae with ocherized sediment Fe (OH)3. Biological indicators have not been found in the given sample. c) The results of biological examinations Testing method mark Parametres Total number of aerobic mesophilic bacteria in 1 ml of water Coliform bacteria of faecal origin in 100 ml Total coliform bacteria in 100 ml Streptococcus of the group "D" in 100 ml Proteus species in 100 ml Sulfite-reducing clostridia in 100 ml Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 100 ml Isolated microorganisms are identified as: Aeromonas sp. HE SM 0033 Finding 0 0 0 negative negative negative negative
The results of measuring the quality of the water supply system Medoevac presented in the Table 5.3.2.1.g.i -5.3.2.1.d. show that there is not an excessive concentration of phenol in this water, which certainly could happen if it was present in the coal.
(The source: the examination results are taken from the Testing Report, issued by the City Institute for Public Health, Hygiene and Human Ecology Center Human Ecology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory 11000 Belgrade, Despot Stefan Bulevard 54-a, accredited testing laboratory JUS ISO/IEC 17025)
5.3.3. Air The existing state of air quality in relation to the project in question can be observed from two viewpoints: The quality of air in the environment within the broad area of the project in question The quality of air in the mine itself and in the environment immediately next to the very boundary of the mine
Air quality measurings have been performed within the area of the broad region of the OCM "Field B" i.e. the area of the present "Field C" area. The Rule Book on Emission Limiting Values, Measuring Method and Terms and Data Recording (The Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia", number: 30/97, 35/97)
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The Rule Book on the Limiting Values, Measuring Methods and Emission, the Criteria for Setting up Measuring Points and Data Recording (The Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia", number: 54/92, 30/99) The Rule Book on the Manner and Terms of Submitting the Reports on Performed Air Purity Measurings (The Official Gazette of the Socialist Republic of Serbia", number: 27/73 )
The criterion for air quality assessment is given in the table 5.3.3.a.
The criteria for air quality assessment Parameter
1 2
Table 5.3.3.a. Criterion
MAC =
1. Suspended dust
10 , mg/m 3 MAC % SiO2 +
maximum
allowed
concentration 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Gases Carbon - monoxide (CO) Carbon - dioxide (CO2) Sulphur- dioxide (SO2) trichloroethylene Noise Vibrations Illuminance Microclimate
MAC = 50 ppm
MAC = NOx 5 ppm
MAC = 5000 ppm MAC = 4 ppm (10 mg/m3) MAC = 250 mg/m3
MAC = Fe2O3 5,0 mg/m3 MAC MnO2 = 5,0 mg/m3
Leg(A) = 80 dB (mean value of the equivalent noise level) a= 0,32-3,15 (allowed effective acceleration) Td= 480 min./shift (allowed working time for the measured level of vibrations)
Day illuminance min.30 lux Effective temperature tef=10-25 (determined from the diagram on the basis of the measured air parameters temperature, humidity and air movement speed)
Since these measurings of the working environment parameters have been conducted in the Open Cast Mine "Field B", and it should be noted that the "Field C" is the continuation of the mining operations in the "Field B", so that it is estimated that the measuring parameters (dustiness, gases and vapours, noise, vibrations, microclimate and illuminance) will be almost completely the same. The table 5.3.3.b. shows the total number of examined working surroundings, as well as the percentage of the working surroundings with one, two, three and more dissatisfactory parameters, according to the examinations performed in the summer of 2004 in the Open Cast Mine "Field B".
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Summary of the determined states per the working environments for the summer period 2004 Table5.3.3.b.
Parameter Value Percentage
Total number of examined working environments Number of working environments in which the state is satisfactory for all measuring parameters Number of working environments in which the state does not satisfy one of the measuring parameters Number of working environments in which the state is not satisfactory for two examined parameters Number of working environments with unsatisfactory conditions
10 1 4 5 9
100 10 40 50 90
Since on the basis of the presented table it is not obvious which parameters, under certain conditions, could also affect the surrounding environment, the Table 5.3.3.a. is also presented and 5.3.3.v. shows the participation of the satisfactory and unsatisfactory parameters individually according to the harmfulness. The reason for this is the fact that the stated four parameters not only endanger the working surroundings, in certain conditions (favourable climatic parameters, primarily wind direction, as well as the considerable excess factors) to a certain extent (contribute to the total amount of pollution at the observed locality) but they can also exhibit their harmful effect on the surrounding environment. Unlike them, microclimate and illuminance are of the local character above all primarily related to the particular working surroundings and as such they do not have any major impact on the surrounding environment.
Summary results of measuring the harmfulness in the working environments in the OCM "Field B" Table 5.3.3.v. Harmfulness name Dustiness Gases vapour Noise Vibrations Microclimate Illuminance and Summer 2001.
+(%) -(%)
Summer 2004.
+(%) -(%)
Summer 2005
+(%) -(%)
Winter 2005.
+(%) -(%)
20 100 30 100 100 100
80 0 70 0 0 0
61 100 100 -
39 0 0 -
24 100 64 97 66 -
76 0 36 3 34 -
28 100 66 96 57 -
72 0 34 4 43 -
The summary of results is given in the Table no. 5.3.3 v. On the basis of presented results it can be concluded that the biggest deviations from the prescribed working environment conditions are recorded for the dustiness parameter, both in winter and in the summer period. Apart from this, the negative results of the noise level measuring have also been recorded, but a decrease in the number of negative results has been noticeable in the recent years with respect to the measurings of 2001, when there were 70 % of the cases with excessive noise levels. 77

The locations in which noise levels are above the allowed are dominantly platforms by the plants and machine shops. The perceived causes, which have led to the appearance of increased impacts of some of the stated harmfulness, have repeated during the mines operation and they come down to the following: - Bad sealing of the equipment, - Not applying the aspiration systems at all points of dust sources, - Low application of the procedure for removing the deposited dust, - Not applying the system for suspended dust suppression, - Poor airtightness of cabins and keeping the doors open, which aggravates the conditions in the workspace As it can be seen from the Table 5.3.3.v, dust and noise are dominant pollutants of the working environment in the OCM Field B. In the case of dust, this means that, at the measuring point, the recorded concentrations of suspended dust are higher than the maximum allowed, i.e. that in certain conditions, above all the suitable climatic parameters, the emitted dust can also be brought out into the surrounding environment. In the case of noise, the probability of endangering the surrounding environment is also present, but it should be noted that the intensity of the emitted noise considerably and relatively rapidly decreases with the increase of the distance from the noise source (from 80 dB at the noise source open cast mine to even 5 dB at 500 m from the mine). The suggested measures for improving the working conditions is given in the Chapter 8 and 9 of this Study. 5.3.3.1. The results of air quality measurings
With the aim of determining the air quality, the values of inorganic pollutants imission (sulphur-dioxide and grime) and the pollutants within the impact zone of the Open Cast Mine "Field D" were measured. The research was performed by A.D. Zatita na radu i zatita ivotne sredine "Beograd" (Safety at Work and Environmental Protection Belgrade). The measurings were performed on the basis of the Law on Environmental Protection ("The Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia" no. 66/91, 83/92, 53/93-dr, 53/95 and 135/04) and the Rule Book on Imissions Limiting Values, Imissions Measuring Methods, the Criteria for Setting Measuring Points and Data Recording ("The Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia " no. 54/92, 19/06 and 30/99). The imission was monitored from 28.11.2008 to 28.12.2008 at three measuring points. o o o o Measuring point number 1 : Substation Zeoke lll. Measuring point number 2 : Old Mounting Site. Measuring point number 3 : New Mounting Site. Measuring point number 4: Substation Rudovci.
Summary results of determining the sulphur-dioxide and grime are given in the Table 5.3.3.1.a., and the results of determining the sedimentary matter at the measuring points are given in the Table 5.3.3.1.b.
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Summary results of determining the sulphur-dioxide and grime Mean monthly concentration g/m SO2 sample 1 sample 2 sample 3 sample 4 sample 1 sample 2 sample 3 sample 4 150 150 150 150 50 50 50 50 <5 <5 5.4 6.3 11.7 15.8 3.9 1.9 9.2 8.4 15.5 23.5 44.6 78.7 22.4 14.6 Maximum daily measured concentration
Table 5.3.3.1.a. Number of days >ILV 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
ILV
Grime
The results of determining the sedimentary matter EXAMINED PARAMETERS pH value Insoluble sedimentary matter in mg/m/dan Soluble sedimentary matter in mg/m/ dan Total sedimentary matter in mg/m/dan ILV (total. sed. mat.) 1 5.92 68.9 23.4 92.3
Table 5.3.3.1.b. 4 6.10 24.2 23.9 48.1
MEASURING POINT 2 3 6.55 7.51 96.7 84.4 68.9 2.4 165.6 86.8 450
On the basis of the listed measurings, it can be concluded that:
The measured concentrations of SO2 were below the limiting value of imission prescribed by the Rule Book on Imissions Limiting Values, Imissions Measuring Methods, the Criteria for Setting Measuring Points and Data Recording ("The Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia " no. 54/92, 19/06 and 30/99). The measured concentrations of grime at three measuring points were below, and for one day at the measuring point 2 above the allowed limiting values of grime imission prescribed by the Rule Book on Imissions Limiting Values, Imissions Measuring Methods, the Criteria for Setting Measuring Points and Data Recording ("The Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia " no. 54/92, 19/06 and 30/99). The measured values of the sedimentary matter concentrations within 28 days do not exceed the limiting values of imission prescribed by the mentioned Rule Book.
5.3.4. Noise 5.3.4.1.The results of measuring the noise level The measuring of the noise level in the environment was performed by the accredited environmental protection laboratory at the Mining Institute. The measurings were performed on 12. and 26.12.2008 within the interval 8-15h, at four measuring points, in particular: 1. Substation Zeoke; 2. Old Mounting Site; 3. New Mounting Site; 4. Substation-Rudovci. The results of measuring the level of total noise are given in the Table 5.3.4.1.a. 79

Sample number 1. 2. 3. 4.
Measuring the level of total noise Measuring Refer. Measuring interval time date (min) (min) 12.12.08. 26.12.08. 12.12.08. 26.12.08. 15 15 12.12.08. 26.12.08. 12.12.08. 26.12.08.
Leq dB(A) 60 52 66 54 56 53 58 50
Table .5.3.4.1.a. Additional Rating level level dB(A) dB(A) / 60 / 52 / 66 / 54 / 56 / 53 / 58 / 50
Allowed level 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65
As the result, the data is obtained that the measured noise level at the measuring points does not exceed the allowed level of outside noise for daily regime, except at the locality Old Mounting Site, on 12.12.2008 (according to SRPS U.J6.205:1992.- Acoustic Zoning of Area). 5.4. Climatic factors
The analysis of the climatic features of the area has been performed on the basis of the data of the Hydrometereological Service Belgrade measured for the city of Belgrade area and the data from the meteorological station "Zeoke", located at the north wing of the open cast mine Field D at the elevation of 157 m. On the basis of the area latitude, relief and the data measured at these meteorological stations it can be concluded that moderately continental climate is present in this area. The main features of this climate are: a regular annual flow of temperature, a sufficient and even quantity of precipitations and the absence of stronger air circulation. The data on the air temperature are the following: - Mean daily temperature of air for spring 11,80C, summer 20,20C, autumn 11,60C and winter 1,80C, - Absolute minimum temperature of air was registered in January 1980 and it amounts to -20,00C, - Absolute maximum temperature of air was registered in July 1985 and it amounted to 380C, - Maximum difference between the minimum and maximum monthly air temperature occurred in January 1980 and it amounted to 35,80C, - Absolute annual fluctuation of air temperature is 56,80C. - There are only 29,7 icy days in a year with the mean daily temperature below 00C, - Average number of days with frost, registered minimum temperature below 00C, is 73,8, - Average number of cold days with registered minimum temperature below -100C is 15 days within a year. Precipitations The lowest values of precipitations occur in winter period or in the month of September. There are most precipitations at the beginning of summer, in the month of June. Maximum precipitations important for the calculation and dimensioning of hydrotechnical facilities occur at the beginning of summer. In the very genesis of high waters drainage, heavy rains of shorter one-day duration are authoritative. 80

- Maximum daily quantity of precipitations was in August 1985 and it amounted to 126 mm, - Maximum annual quantity of precipitations of 695,2 mm was in 1985, - Maximum monthly quantity of precipitations is 245,2 mm, - Average number of days with precipitations higher than 0,1 mm is 96,2 mm annually, - Average number of days with precipitations higher than 10 mm is 23,5, - Maximum quantity of snow cover was registered in January 1980 amounting to 50 cm, - Average number of days with fog is 23,5. Wind East, southeast, west and northwest winds are predominant within the broader area. These are simultaneously the winds that bring precipitations. Mean wind velocities are quite equable according to certain directions, although the strongest winds are those which are most often as per the direction. The percentage of calmness occurance in this area is significant, over 50% on the basis of which it can be said that winds are not common phenomena in this area. - Maximum wind velocity was registered in 1979 from the southeast direction and it amounted to 29,6 m/s, - The winds from the east and southeast direction have the maximum mean intensity of wind amounting to 5,2 m/s and 6,2 m/s On the basis of the blowing directions and intensities of the winds present in this area of the open cast mine, and with respect to the village Baroevac which is located south of the mine, i.e. not under the direct impact of the dominant wind as one of the main factors of pollutants dispersion in the air, minimum pollution can be expected. 5.5. Immovable cultural property
The whole area of Kolubara basin is rich in the elements of cultural importance. During intensive coal exploitation, a large number of various remains has been discovered, dating from the earliest Neolithic period to the Meadiaeval sites. The area of Kolubara basin also has a historical value since it was the location in which a very important battle took place during the First World War. The protection of cultural monuments within the area of Kolubara basin began in 1991 and for this reason coal exploitation is legally regulated in terms of the procedures applied in the case of archeological sites. When it comes to the cultural heritage, the archeological sites from the prehistoric age in the villages Rudovci, Veliki Crljeni are important. The site Karaevac is located in Rudovci, and Boljetin-Kolarovac is lcoated in Veliki Crljeni. In the middle part of the river Kolubara valley, three settlements originating from the early Neolithic have been discovered. The first has been found in the cave Salitra, with the deposits dating from the Lower Paleolithic to the end of the Iron Age, and the other two in the monasteries near Skobalj and imii near uuga. Archeological sites from the Roman period have been found in Veliki Crljeni-Rakovac, Rudovci- Karaula, Stepojevac-Batina and near Skobalj-Kamalj. Apart from the already mentioned cultural heritage, folk architecture should also be mentioned, churches, monasteries, graveyards and roadside tombstones. The churches and monasteries of spiritual, architectural and cultural importance are located in the villages Baroevac, Vreoci, Junkovac, Petka and opi. In the villages Baroevac, Veliki Crljeni, Vreoci, Zeoke, Junkovac 81

i Rudovci, old houses have been preserved, important as folk architectural heritage with many elements of traditional architecture. 5.6. Landscape features
The landscape features of the spatial units in the analyzed region represent an important element for considering the overall interactions within the relation the planned open cast mine the environment. It is necessary to bear in mind that this kind of analyses are about a specific psychologically-affective category expressed through the overall synergetic effect of the whole surroundings on the observer with the inevitably present culturological, sociological and subjective implications. With the aim of quantifying certain occurrences concerning the phenomenon of landscape features evaluation, the landscape is stratified in two basic categories comprised of the physical i.e. material features and the affective i.e. psychological features. The physical features, which can be natural or created, belong to the category of the material landscape features. The natural physical features of the landscape are the terrain morphology, vegetation, water areas and the sky and the created features are the development level and the cultivation level. Psychologically-affective features are picturesqueness, unity, coherence, harmony, intactness etc. Terrain morphology represents one of the primary elements of landscape so that the impacts in the domain of the change of the terrain morphology due to the construction of the open cast mine are considered the most important. The main feature of the relief of the analyzed area is the existance of a plain terrain, with the altitude not exceeding 100 m (figure 5.6.a.). The existance of a river flow is an important feature of this area, which is represented in the analyzed area by a part of the flow of the river Petan.
Figure 5.6.a. The appearance of the landscape in the direct vicinity of the future Open Cast Mine
Psychologically-affective landscape features are expressed through the tameness and harmony in the parts of cultivated and tilled areas, and the picturesqueness in the river valleys. It is necessary to stress that the largest part of the analyzed area is degraded in the landscape sense by the construction of mining industrial objects. 82

5.7.
Mutual relationship of the stated factors
The method of making the model of the environmental impact of the open cast exploitation belongs to the analytical quantitative approach, which is based on the selection of a number of criteria, relevant for impact assessment, and on ascribing various importance to these criteria. This model is also applicable to the environmental impact assessment of the observed object, i.e. open cast mine.
1 INVENTORY AND EVALUATION OF THE AREAS POTENTIAL Assessment: - current suitability, - impact sensitivity 2 DETERMINING THE TYPE AND INTENSITY OF THE OPEN MINES IMPACT 3 4 impact as the consequence of building the accessory facilities, impact during exploitation, impacts after the end of exploitation.
IMPACT ASSESSMENT DAMAGE REDUCTION
As shown in the algorithm, the first step is to determine the current suitability of the areas potential, on the basis of the natural and antropogenously changed conditions of the endangered area. The antropogenous change of a naturally conditioned suitability is all the more important for the endangered area, if an increased environmental impact is caused through the cumulative impacts of the existing damage and the new one, caused by the open cast mine. The sensitivity of the areas potential to impacts, which are the consequence of the open cast exploitation, shall depend on the determined features of the natural and the antropogenously changed base. High sensitivity exists when a big change of the natural base is expected due to the impact of the open cast exploitation. In the second step, it is necessary to establish a prognosis of possible impacts, which presupposes the accurate information on the particular features of the applied technology of open cast exploitation, raw materials transport, etc. The type and intensity of the impact are thereat included. The matrix serves as the auxiliary means: Cause-ecological change of state-impact An important procedure in the operationalization is determining the weight of the chosen various criteria. Since the qualitative method has been applied, a descriptive scale has been accepted for determining the importance of the criteria: high, medium and low. The system of values has been formed on the basis of the previous practical experiences, expert knowledge and the like.
83

The rule of summing up the importance of the evaluated criteria Sensitivity assessment High Medium Low High High High Medium Impact intensity assessment Medium Low High Medium Medium Low Low Low
The assessment of the expected ecological impacts is obtained by linking the predicted impacts of the open cast exploitation to the determined specific sensibility and suitability of the potentials in the endangered area. The model includes the overview of the particular possibilities and damage avoidance, whereat technical and biological engineering measures of environmental protection must be considered.
Possible impacts caused by the opening of the open cast mine are:
Cause Open cast exploitation 1 CLIMATE - AIR Air pollution Dust NOISE SOIL Water erosion SOIL DEGRADATION WATERS Impact on the waters outflow LANDSCAPE Limiting the visual complexity Agriculture 2 Habitation 3 Forestry 4 Raw material exploitation 5 Nature protection 6 Impact duration 7 During the preparation for the exploitation During the exploitation During the exploitation Overburden dumping During and after the exploitation During and after the exploitation During and after the exploitation
PURPOSE AND USAGE OF AREAS Occupation of areas a) Agriculture b) Deposit of mineral raw materials
During and after the exploitation
It can be assessed that the area has medium potentials for agriculture. The remains of the degraded forests have a low potential for forestry as the branch of the economy. However, if the nature protection is embraced as an integral part of all uses of the area, than we can conclude that this area has a low potential for the nature protection. The potential of this area for recreation has also been assessed as low. It can be concluded that this area has high potentials for the exploitation of mineral raw materials.
84

6. DESCRIPTION OF THE POSSIBLE SIGNIFICANT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT
Possible environmental changes and impacts of the project during the works performance Every human activity in the environment leads to certain changes and negative impacts in the sense of disturbing the natural balance. Open cast mines are specific industrial objects which can not be located according to the legal and technical requirements and parameters (the spatial distance with respect to the human anglomerations, traffic flows, the soil quality according to the land capability classes and the like). Open cast mines are opened at the places of the deposits of mineral raw materials and they can not be relocated, spatially shaped or organized. They can be located on high quality soils, near or next to the very settlements, in the zones interesting for turism, in natural protected areas, and even in national parks. Environmental protection within the areas with the objects of large and complex thermoenergy systems represents one of the principal social problems. In such cases, the negative environmental consequences of open cast lignite exploitation are mostly the result of wrongly planned construction of the facilities of the industrial complex, uncontrolled and inadequate construction of residential settlements and infrastructural systems as well as the insufficient knowledge of the main principles within the field of environmental protection. The consequences of adapting the natural environment of the necessary social community are most often unexpected due to the existance of a very sensitive balance of all ecological elements. By its reverse effect on the former initiators, the technogenous impact in the ecosystem can lead to the new states and unfavourable effects on the environment and man himself. The technology of open cast lignite exploitation, with all its features, represents a source of environmental pollution. In this sense, the activities such as research, planning, designing and exploitation in the open cast mines occur as very important problems within the field of environmental preservation and protection. The possible changes and impacts are considered through the impacts on: air pollution, degradation of soil and vegetation, waters pollution, noise and vibrations, and possible accidental situations. These impacts are the consequence of the presence of people and machines and the technology and organization of the performance of the preparatory works with the aim of regulating the location and they are generally of a temporary character.
85

The preparatory works in the future mine include cutting the vegetation and making access roads from the nearest traffic route to the highest bench of the open cast mine. The consequence of this activity is reflected in:
Destroying the flora, Forming new relief, Emission of noise, vibrations, dust, burnt gases and heat.
The aim of this chapter is to define the possible impacts of a particular human activity, as well as to consider the manners and methods to alleviate these impacts, i.e. to reduce them to the acceptable levels. The successfulness of every solution in the domain of environmental protection includes many-sided consideration and definition of all possible impacts. Accordingly, the obligation of defining the possible impacts with respect to the main ecological categories, such as air, water, soil, climate, flora, fauna, landscape etc. is always set as the priority. The causes of harmfulness occurring whereat, are: - The opening of the open cast mine with the preparatory works, - The operation of the equipment and of the means of transport during the deposit exploitation, - The contact with the pollutants emitted during the operation of the equipment and the means of transport According to their duration, the environmental harmfulness of coal exploitation, can be divided into:
short-term harmfulness, long-term harmfulness and permanent harmfulness.
Short-term harmfulness is such harmfulness which can be removed in a relatively short timeup to two years. Such harmfulness are: destroying low vegetation and grass, building temporary roads, waste dumps, overburden dump sites, erecting temporary (prefabricated facilities) etc. Long-term harmfulness most often include such environmental impacts, which last as long as the coal exploitation activities and in the period after the cessation of the project operation. As a rule, the relief of such harmful consequences must be combined, with a dominant impact of the human factor. Generally, the following belong to this group: o microclimate change, o withdrawal of plant and animal species from the endangered area, o tree-cutting and the like. Permanent harmfulness is characteristical for ore excavation, and to a smaller degree for its processing as one of the phases of the mineral raw materials exploitation. Lignite exploitation in the deposit "Field C" represents a change of relief, degradation and depletion of an unrenewable natural resource -coal, thus causing permanent changes. The boundaries between the short-term, long-term and permanent changes are not clearly marked and they depend on the mens engagement on ther remediation. Otherwise, it can happen that short-term consequences become long-term, and even permanent harmfulness. 86

When it comes to the object in question, concerning the before stated, it is necessary to perform the environmental impact assessment for the project and define the goals of environmental quality management from which the Project Holder and the local community and the society as a whole shall all benefit. Environmental impacts occurring as the consequence of the coal exploitation at the planned location are of the permanent character and they represent the impacts especially interesting from the viewpoint of the relationship "Coal exploitation in the deposit "Field C" the environment. All processes within the elements of this complex system take place on the basis of the dependence of one on the other, either in terms of organic or inorganic elements. The technological process and the plant with its specific characteristics can lead to a disturbance of mutual relations in certain circumstances. The changes vary from completely minor to so drastical that certain elements can completely lose their main features. A systematic approach to all stated relations through an analysis of the relations criteria in most cases renders satisfactory results, but only in their objective quantification and consistent obeyance of the mutual relations.
Kval i t et v a z d uha P e jz a ` ne k a r a k t er i st i k e
Vo d a
Z e mq i { t e
P r i r o d na i k ul t u r na d obr a
Ni v o b uk e i i nt e z i t e t v i b r a c i je t o pl o t e i z r a ~e w a P .K . "P O Q E C"
Ra z d v a ja w e pr o st o r a
Z d r a s t v e ni ut c a ji
I nf r a s t r uk t ur a
S oc i ol o{ k i i e k o no ms k i u t i c a ji
Na me na i k or i { } ew e po v r { i na
Me t r o l o { k i pa r a me t r i i k l i ma t sk e k a r a k t e r i st i k e
Na s e q e no s t k o nc e nt r a c i je i mi gr a c i je s t a no v ni { t v a Ek o s i s t e m
Fig.6.a. A matrix of the criteria of the relation the open cast mine "Field C"- the environment
Within this study research, respecting all the specificities characterizing the analyzed project, all particularities of the location and the features of the existing potentials, the main criteria has been considered, which have been brought to certain parameters through the 87

quantification procedures with the main intention to quantify the existing relations and to define their true nature. The previous experiences in the domain of the treatment of this issue define an impact matrix, whereat it is necessary to bear in mind that such a matrix represents a spatially and temporally variable category. The relative importance of certain impacts and their absolute limits must be observed within the limits of real spatial relations. This primarily means that every impact shall be quantified with the help of verified data and that its real importance shall be determined depending on the particular local relations. With the aim of quantifying each impact in accordance with its importance, for particular circumstances it is necessary to assign a series of parameters to each impact, these parameters representing the exact values further used in the evaluation process. It is necessary to stress that, for certain environmental impacts of the open cast exploitation of lignite, the exact parameters can not be determined, whereat a part of the relation or the whole impact takes place within the sphere of subjective relations. The matrix of the criteria and their parameters shown in the figure 6.a. defines the relations between the open cast mine and the environment. All the criteria shown in the figure 6.a. do not weight the same, which becomes obvious upon respecting the particular spatial relations of the analysed technology of lignite exploiatation. Defining the relation and the environmental impact evaluation of the open cast lignite exploitation is possible only if each of the stated criteria (figure 6.a.) is analyzed in the particular spatial relations and evaluated by the procedures for parameters quantification. In this manner, the conditions are created for choosing the optimum technological solution. The level of the information referring both to the existing relations and the elements of the technological process of exploitation conditions the possibility for the analysis only within the characteristical spatial units. The assessment of the possible causes of environmental pollution and degradation within the concerned impact assessment study of the open cast exploiatation of lignite in the open cast mine "Field C", encompasses the following objects:
the open cast mine, the mines internal dump site in the "Field D" and the internal dump site of the "Field B".
All potential causes of environmental pollution in the mining complex are analyzed through the categories defined by the polluters integral cadastre. On the basis of the features of the technological process itself, the open cast exploitation of the coal deposit represents a direct impact.
6.1. Air, water, soil, noise, vibration intensity, heat and radiation 6.1.1. Air quality Potential causes of air pollution in the OCM "Field C" can be: Dry areas on active benches and surfaces, 88

Local roads for vehicle movement, Mining machines and technological equipment All stated potential causes of air pollution emit dust and gases. Dust emission can be caused by wind activity, and dust sources are the technological process itself, overburden removal and coal excavation, overburden dumping, coal and overburden transport by trucks or conveyor belts, erosion of active areas. The impact of dust is especially prominent in the dry period. Particles disperison can cause problems for the employees of the mine, as well as for the inhabitants of the settlements located in the vicinity of the open cast mine. The mineral dust present in the air contains the free crystal of silicondioxide and it represents a potential disease hazard for the exposed workers and inhabitants. Gases emission is related to using the internal combustion engines (bulldozers, trucks, and other auxiliary devices), whereat NOx, CO, SO2 i VOCs are created as the main pollutants. Suspended particles (mineral dust) represent an important potential hazard for the air in the environment, and their imission values, in certain natural circumstances, can be above the limiting values prescribed for the inhabited areas. The creation of the dispersed phase (suspended dust) in the air of the working surroundings is related to a higher or lower extent to all designed phases of the technological process of open cast lignite exploitation. Air pollution with exhaust gases from the engines of the mining loading, transport and auxiliary machines is related to the emission of the following gases: carbon-monoxide CO, carbon-dioxide CO2, nitrogen oxydes NOx, sulphur-dioxide SO2, acrolein etc. Generally, the pollutants in the form of dust and gases are realeased into the air of the environment from the open cast mines. The impact of dust on the materials is most often the result of the mutual effect of the dust, as a transport medium, and the agressive waste gases created as the products of combustion. The especially unfavourable effect of the dust on the objects is prominent due to the defilement effect, particularily when it comes to the products of incomplete combustion (grime). The particles in the air have an important impact on the metereological characteristics close to the ground. One of the imacts is related to the intensity of solar radiation which reaches the ground. The partcles dissipate the sunbeams to a lower or higher degree into various wavelengths depending on the particles size, their concentrations, the nature of the particles etc. A part of the Suns radiation is absorbed by the particles. Stabile non-hygrospcopic particles with low sedimentation speed can most often be found in the air. The optical effects of these particles, creating haze, turbidity and reduced visibility are very often and known. In the previous chapter, an overview of the impact of the open cast mines on the surroundings has been given. On the basis of the envisaged technological process of coal exploitation in the defined area OCM "Field C" in the future period, the expected impacts of these processes on the quality of the environment shall be assessed, on the basis of which the necessary environmental protection measures shall be defined (Chapter 8 ). 6.1.1.1. Impact on the quality of air 89

6.1.1.1.1. Identification of the pollution sources The sources of air pollution in the open cast mine primarily come from the existing coal exploitation mechanization. The present pollutants are primarily dust and, to a lower extent, gaseous polutants (NOx, CO, SO2) contained in the exhaust gases, created upon the combustion of a liquid fuel in the internal combustion engines, mostly present in the auxiliary equipment. The main mining equipment is electrically driven. The considered technological complex does not create any specific air pollutants in any part of the technological process (chemical, mechanical or biological). On the basis of the previous experiences and the measuring of the air quality in the working environment of the active areas, it can be considered that the emissions of gaseous pollutants are low, that the impact zones are located inside the mine, hence, in the working environment. The impact on the area beyond the mines boundaries is negligible. 6.1.1.1.2. Assessment of the environmental impact of dust emission The characteristics of dust particles appearing during the mentioned activities can be defined by the existing measurings in certain working places in the mines of Kolubara basin during exploitation. The measurings conducted within the period 2001 to 2005 encompassed over 80 locations at the following places: bucket wheel excavator (cabin), conveyor belts and spreaders. Measuring results are shown in the Table 6.1.1.1.2.a.
The main results of measuring the level of dust pollution
Emission source Measuring point Bucket wheel excavator, cabin Spreader Conveyor belt, outside Spreader, outside Coal Bucket wheel excavator, cabin Conveyor belt, outside Content of SiO2(%) 10-18 10-18 10-18 3-7 3-7
Table 6.1.1.1.2..a.
Suspended particles 3 concentration, mg/m 1,8-2,8 2-4 0,9-3,4 1,6-2 2-3
Quantitative assessment of the dust source impact, the features of which are given in the Table 6.1.1.1.2.a., on air pollution, has been performed on the basis of the relations for calculating the concentration of particles in the environment. The dependence of the concentration on the distance for the stated types of dust sources are shown in the Chart no. 1.
Dependence of the particles concentration on the distance for various equipment components Chart 1.
90

2500
2000
Koncent r aci ja, g/m
U tovar ug qa U tovar otkri vke E 6/46 S Tran.trake-ug aq Tran.trake-otkri vka
1 500
1 000
500
0 1 00 200 500 700 1 000 1 500
R astojawe, m
Since the concentration decreases with the square of distance, the obtained levels and imissions of dust particles are below MAC for the environment already at the distances bigger than 500 m (MAC amounts to 120m/m3 for the inhabited places and industrial areas), excepth during overburden transport when higher levels of concentration can be expected up to the distance of 1,5 km. It should be stressed here that overburden transport is peformed within the mine itself, so that the position of the conveyor belts is remote form the mines edge, and the distance between them and the nearest houses varies within the interval 1-2 km, depending on the phase of the mines progression. Othewise, the nearest inhabited houses, which shall remain in the vicinity of the OCM "Field C" after the expropriation, are located on the left side of the road Vreoci-Baroevac-Rudovci, within the territory of the settlements Baroevac, Spasovine and Luke. The nearest households in the settlement Spasovina are around 300 away from the nearest mine boundary, in the settlement Luke around 500 m, and in the settlement Baroevac around 350 m. On other sides, the exploitation area is surrounded by the parts of the neighbouring mines or the already formed dump sites, where there no permanently inhabited places. The overview of the close vicinity of the final state of the mining operations in the open cast mine with the position of the nearest settlements is shown in the Enclosure no. 5. However, if we consider the fact that the main coal exploitation activities take place in the mines interior, the actual distance between these households and the potential dust sources is always bigger. Furthermore, the direction of the mines progression is such that the progression front moves away from these inhabited places and towards the OCM "Field D", which is located in the continuation of the "Field B" area. If the meteorological parameteres of the location are also taken into consideration, primarily the frequency of winds from the direction of the mines towards the settlements, it can be concluded that the mines position with respect to these settlements is favourable, because the winds from the north and north-
91

northeast direction have a low frequency (3,6% for the north wind and 1,9 % for northnortheast). Having in mind the area occupied by the mine itself, as well as the previous analysis, generally it can be concluded that the impact of the mining activities is dominant in the mine itself, and that their contribution to the pollution of the surrounding area is within the allowed limits. The aforesaid is especially true having in mind that the mine itself represents a depression with respect to the surrounding area, which also aggravates and reduces the reach of the particles expansion. According to the Rule Book (The Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia no. 54/92) the following Table gives an overview of the imission limiting values for inorganic matter:
Limiting values of imission for inorganic substances Uninhabited and recreational areas Sampling time 24 hours Sulphurdioxside Grime Suspended particles Nitrogendioxide Ground-level ozone Carbonmonoxide g/m3 g/m3 g/m3 g/m3 g/m3 g/m3 100 40 70 70 65 3 1 hour 150 85 120 5 X C98 Table 6.1.1.1.2.b.
Inhabited areas Sampling time 24 hours 150 5 120 85 85 5 1hour 350 150 150 150 10 X 50 50 70 60 80 3 C98 350 150 200 150 150 10
Pollutant
Unit of measure
30 30 40 50 60 3
150 50 100 85 120 5
The majority of the world standards in this field also define the limiting values of air pollutants with respect to the plants and materials. From the viewpoint of agricultural crops, where the air pollution issue with respect to the plants is dominantely pronounced, it is considered that all plant species are protected for the concentrations of the nitrogen-dioxide of 0.02 mg/m3 (long-term value) and 0.10 mg/m3 (short-term value). The negative impacts in the case of sulphur-dioxide can be expected for the concentrations of 0.60 mg/m3, but it must be stressed that especially sensitive plants require the limiting value of 0.25 mg/m3. The stated values refer to short-term concentrations.
6.1.2. The OCM impact on the quality of surface and ground waters 92

6.1.2.1.
Surface waters
During the drainage, the waters which should be drained from the open cast mine can be polluted with solid particles, mud and chemical substances, which can affect the water quality in the water recepient. The OCM "Field C" is located within the basin of the river Petan, running on the southern side of the mine. During the progression of the open cast mine, the relocation of a part of the river Petan flow is envisaged (Figure no. 6.1.2.1.a). The main influence of the open cast exploitation is the change of the quality and quantity of water in the river Petan, due to the drainage of waters from the mine into the waterflow. Draining surface waters from the "Field B". Accumulation (A1) accumulates the waters from the watershed area of orevi stream. The water is pumped out from this accumulation through the piping 400 mm with the pump VPN 200-3 into the existing channel and the end recipient river Petan. The waters gravitating towards the mine partly from the north side and the waters from the northeast part of the dump site are accepted by the existing channels Ko-2 and Ko-2'. The water is collected by the channel Ko-2 into the existing water-collector accumulation (A2) from which it is pumped out with the pump NK 50-20 through the piping 200 mm into the stream Ceroviti potok and into the river Petan as the final recepient. The waters are drained into Ceroviti potok and then into the river Petan via the channel Ko-2'. The waters gravitating on the northwest and west side of the mine are accepted by the existing channel draining the water into the river Petan. The waters gravitating towards the working area are accepted by the water-collectors GVS and VS-S1. The waters are pumped out from the GVS by the pump NK 50-20 through the pipings 300 mm and 400 mm into the channel and the river Petan as the end recepient. The water is pumped out from the VS-S1 by the pump NK 50-20 through the pipings 300 mm 400 mm into the existing channel. Water-collectors VS-J1 and VS-J2 accept a part of the atmpospheric waters gravitating from the dump site towards the working area. The water is pumped out from the water-collector VS-J1 by the pumps VPN 200-3 and NK 50-20 through the pipings 250 mm and 400 mm into the channel and the river Petan as the end recepient. The water is pumped out from the water-collector VS-J2 by the pump VP 100-3 through a rubber hose into the water-collector VS-J1. Water is drained from the boggy places (coal and overburden benches, dump sites) to the nearest water-collector by sludge pumps. With its flow, the river Petan does not endanger the exploitation of the "Field C"- East Dump Site, but its relocation is necessary due to the relocation of the mounting place with the accompanying facilities. The relocation of the phase I of the river Petan was elaborated in the "Conceptual Design with the Feasibility Study of Opening and Building the Open Cast Mine "Field E" Kolubara Projekt 2007 and the Feasibility Study of Dislocation of the Capital 93

Infrastructural Facilities and Water Flows with the Aim of Developing the Open Cast Exploitation of Coal in Kolubara Basin (J. erni 2006). Due to the relocation of the mounting site with the accompanying facilities, it is necessary to make the river bed of the new river Petan longer by 970 more meters. The relocated river bed of the river Petan must be water-retaining, and with the following elements on the basis of the previously stated designs:
bottom width of the regulated bed.......b = 6m slopes inclination of the beds banks1 :2 the depth of the bed ...h = 3.5m
VS G
L az
ar e v
ac -A
RANDJE LOVAC
r an | el ov a c
Pl at o za m i ne a{
cevast i pr opust
pr uga
vod cevo
m m 300
Vr eo ci -Rud
hi dr o gr a| evi na
ovci
I zm t en e{ a r ek a
Kam oni i
Benzi nska pum pa
Figure 6.1.2. a. Overview of the relocation of the river Petan and other accompanying facilities
The ground waters collected via the drainge channels in the slopes of the benches and the bench channels shall also be conducted into the water-collector. The expected quantity of water which is drained into the water-collector GVS and then into the river Petan via circumferential channels during the year has been calculated (DENWOP2 program of the Faculty of Mining and Geology) on the basis of the inflow of surface and ground waters for the year 2012.
Inflow of the ground and surface waters into the water-collector Water-collector mark Water-collector level GVS-2012 year 50 0.26 55
outflow coefficient value precipitation amount value (mm)
kanal
Ko 3
Pe{ t an-f aza 1
Mont a` ni pl ac sa pr at e} i mobjekt i m a
Bul dozer ska r adi oni ca
118
Di r ekci ja pom ne o} m ehani zaci je
94

duration time of precipitations (min) catchment area size of (km ) expected inflow from the catchment area (m3/s) 20
3 2
60 2.079 8.25
Ground waters Ground waters inflow (l/s) Total water inflow into the water-collector (m /s) Daily and mothly precipitations Maximum daily precipitations (mm) Maximum monthly precipitations The exponent of the precipitations duration time 126.6 245 0.19 8.27
Delay of the beginning of pumping after the beginning of precipitations (h) 1 Surface waters inflow is 55094.00 m3, simultaneously, ground waters inflow is 133.00m3 i.e. the total inflow is 55227.00m3 with the maximum water-collector volume 32009.00 m3, pumping station capacity 667.00(l/s) and the water-collector emptying time of 24h.
On the basis of the opinion of the hydrometeorological service for drawing up the design in question, the composition of the technical documentation should meet the following requirements: The characteristic flows of the river Petan on the concerned stretch:
computed high water:
centennial high water quinquennial high water
Q= 166 m3/s Q= 153 m3/s Q=0.681 m3/s Q= 0.042 m3/s
medium waters low waters
The quantities of water which shall be discharged into the river Petan amount to 20-100% of its medium flow. This means that waste waters can be expected to affect the water quality of the river Petan depending on their physical and chemical composition. The intensity of these impacts, of course, depends on the quality and quantity of the waste waters. On the basis of the shown physical and chemical features of waters, stated in the Tables 5.3.2.1.a,b,v. and the quantity of waste waters in the Table 3.4.b. it can be concluded that there is not any important impact on the quality of the river Petan. 6.1.2.2. Ground waters quality
The planned mining activities in the open cast mine "Field C" shall affect the hydrogeological regime of the exploitation field and the surroundings. Taking into account that there are already mining activities in this area, ground waters regime is already changed with respect to the state before the beginning of exploitation. Hydrogeological features of the OCM "Field C" are defined by the existing aquifers described in the Chapter 2.3.4. As already stated, the aquifers which are of direct importance for 95

defending the mine from waters are the roof, the floor and the interseam aquifer. The waters from the roof aquifers within the working zone of the mine which are evacuated outside the working area of the open cast mine via the drainage channels from the water-collectors, and for them separate facilities for protecting the mine from waters are not envisaged. In the long run, new hydrogeological conditions shall be established in the areas of direct coal exploitation, as well as in those where overburden is dumped. The impact of a decrease in the ground waters level within the surrounding area shall be felt at a certain distance from the mine, which shall indirectly affect the soil moisture, the productivity of the existing wells and the change of the quality of drinking water obtained from them. From the aspect of the environmental impact, these influences are not important, since in the surrounding, permanently inhabited houses, water supply is provided from the regional water supply system, and not from individual wells. Indirectly, these phenomena lead to the change of the purpose of soil and the aggravated water supply which often leads to the necessity of building a new regional water supply system. At the location in question, there are wells which have retained a certain quantity. However, since none of the wells are used for water supply, they are not being maintained. By deepening and cleaning a certain number of them, a larger quantity of water would be obtained for use. The wells are not maintained mainly because all the households are incorporated into the water supply system. Withn the area of the open cast mine "Field C", the ground waters level is monitored by piesometers. The disposition of the piesometers is shown in the figure 6.1.2.2.a.
96

Figure 6.1.2.2.a.
Overview of the disposition of piesometers and wells, at the location in question
Registered ground waters levels at the piesometers are given in the following table 6.1.2.2.a.
97

Measuring ground water level Y BC4/05 BC5/06 Cv3/07 Ch21/05 K-14 P-19 M-37 M-36 M-35 M-33 M-32 M-30 M-29 Eb1/07 Eb2/08 7448783,6 7450061 7450068,7 7450125,3 7447881,94 7447835,58 7448970,27 7448631,00 7448696,10 7448373,22 7447854,82 7447579,66 7447608,41 7448331,79 7447655,34 X 4918266,51 4918270,28 4918278,66 4918124,72 4918659,53 4918637,56 4918194,52 4917917,20 4918553,01 4918622,59 4918104,40 4918347,23 4918866,82 4918758,80 4918743,04 Zt 136,18 145,77 146,06 145,83 131,14 127,52 132,58 118,43 139,6 135,28 124,97 119,27 130,60 148,79 131,05 Zp 137,01 146,9 146,62 146,25 131,64 128,02 132,87 118,72 139,9 135,66 125,33 119,77 131,10 149,87 132,05 43,8 41,9 39,2 17,65 34,72 45,02 31,07 56,89 51,98 40,67 37,00 48,70 42,61 41,3 40,3 18,00 34,66 45,1 31,2 57,2 52,12 40,52 37,40 49,40 42,45 41,22 41,3 17,02 37 47,8 29,4 59 52,9 40,6 37,3 49,6 42,25 41,18 41,27 17,22 37,2 45,2 31,4 57,6 52,22 40,62 37,6 49,2 41,35 40,8 40,39 16,82 37,02 45,8 27,8 58,6 51,8 39,2 37,57 49,4 41,3 40,75 40,2 17,05 36,1 45,7 27,9 58,5 51,7 39 37,7 49,75 18.3.2009 1.4.2009 16.4.2009 29.4.2009 27.5.2009 17.6.2009
6.1.3.
Soil
The technological process of lignite exploitation in the open cast mine "Field C" to a certain level causes a change i.e. degradation of the original morphological and pedological structure of the terrain and soil and the release of a harmful matter - mineral dust into the air surroundings, in a certain concentration. On the basis of the consideration and analysis of the planned and designed mining activities, envisaged by this project, it is possible to perform the assessment of the impact of lignite exploitation in the open cast mine "Field C" on soil. The main impact is reflected in the following:
Loss of arable land in the areas where exploitation is performed, minimum for the exploitation period, including the reclamation period, too. Loss of arable land in the areas planned for building the accompanying infrastructure, Loss of arable land in the areas where overburden dumping is performed, Contamination of the upper layer of soil due to the deposition of dust from the mines area, Changes of the purpose of soil in the vicinity of the mine.
With the aim of minimizing the stated impacts on soil, parallel to the mine development, measures for reusing this area are also envisaged, which is described to a greater detail in the Chapter 8.
98

Within the observed area there is not any danger of soil pollution with oil derivatives because a limited quantity is prescribed for the working process for the drive of the mining, loading and auxiliary machines and with the treatment completely in conformity with the legal regulations. 6.1.4. Noise and vibrations
Noise is any sound affecting man in a disagreeable, disturbing and harmful manner. The effects of vibrations and noise on man are numerous, but not even until today have they been completely researched, they mostly affect the nervous system and through it the whole organism. The possibility of the negative impact of excessive noise occurring in the working environments exists in all phases of the open cast mine exploitation. The sources of noise are the mining machines for excavation, transport and auxiliary operations: excavators, loaders, bulldozers, conveyor belts, trucks, auto cisterns. Noise expansion from the point of its creation depends on a series of factors, in particular:
Type of the noise source: o stationary o movable equipment
duration of the noise-producing activity, the position of the receptor with respect to the noise source, the presence of the barriers for the sound expansion or the sound reflector and other factors such as the meterelogical conditions (mostly wind direction and velocity, air humidity), soil absorption etc.
Sound waves expand from the sorce to man either directly via the air, or via mechanical or building structures and further again via the air. A vibration is the expansion of sound through solid materials. Vibration sources are the same as noise sources. To study a complex sound created in the nature, it is necessary to know the spectral density of the effective values of sound pressure at certain frequencies. On the basis of the shape of the sound specter, sounds are divided into three types, in particular: 1. Pure tone is a simple sine vibration shown in the form of one line at a certain frequency. It does not exist independently in the nature. 2. Music tone is a combination consisting of one main and a larger or smaller number of harmonious tones. 3. Noise is an irregular vibration in which there are no constant amplitudes and frequences. A bang is a characteristical type of noise, a very short-lasting phenomenon with a great strength and abrupt ascent. Splitting the noise into its separate frequential elements is called the spectral analysis of noise in a narrow continuously continued frequency zone. The frequential area is limited by 99

the duration of the frequencies and it consists of whole octaves or third octaves which are used in practice. To complete and further simplify the acoustic measurings, frequential filters are installed into the noise-measuring instruments so as to approximate the frequential characteristics of sensibility as found in mans ear under various sound pressures. The filters are marked: A, B, C and D. The measuring with the use of the filter A renders the data globally corresponding to the subjective level or the noise heard by mans ear. The filter A reduces the signal in the first octave by around 40 dB, in the second by around 30 dB, in the third by 20 dB, in the fourth by 10 dB and in the fifth by 3 dB. The filter B performs the reduction in the low-frequency area, and the filter C lets by the audible part of the specter and the features of the filter D emphasize the high-frequency areas between 1,5 10 kHz, less disturbing for man. Noise is the invisible pollution of atmosphere. The allowed level of noise which does not interfere with mans health is 45 dB. Loud conversations, music, clamour and similar can be up to 90 dB, which is registered even in some business premises. The treshold of pain amounts to 120 dB. According to its harmfulness, noise is divided into three levels:
The first level noise is of the intensity 30-60 dB, it interferes with intellectual work and concentration, The noise of the second level of harmfulness is of the intensity 60-85 dB, it occurs in the working and living environment of industrial facilities. It has a harmful effect on the central nervous system, Third level noise exceeds the limit of 85 dB, and when it occurs suddenly, an abrupt contraction of blood vessels and an increase in blood pressure occurs. The noise of this level damages the central nervous system, the cardiovascular system and the sense of hearing.
Most peope of are used to the noise of the motor vehicles, childrens voices, the music from the stereo devices, industrial plants etc., because they are exposed to it day in day out. Industrial facilities and plants in which all protective measures for preventing the emission of noise and vibrations have not been taken represent polluters, and the noise and vibrations which are above the allowed levels themselves represent a form of environmental pollution. Generally observed, the noise generated by the equipment and devices of industrial facilities and plants has incerased to a considerable extent. The allowed noise levels in the working environments of industrial facilities are considerably above the allowed noise levels in the environment. Namely, the workers employed in such facilities are exposed to industrial noise for a certain time from 5 to 8 hours. The norms of industrial noise presuppose that the damage to the workers hearing and health during the working time is not inflected permanently, i.e. that during the 16-hour rest, the workers organism is brought to a state of a
100

complete psycho-physical restitution. Unlike the working environment, the norms of noise levels for the living environment are much more severe. The expansion of noise from the noisy industrial area into the neighbouring protected or free spaces represents a serious problem. For this reason, on the basis of the noise level in the industrial facility in question, it is necessary to envisage the measures for reducing the noise below the highest allowed noise levels in the environment, considering the distance from the vulnerable residential facilities located in close surroundings. On the terrain in which the deposit of the open cast mine "Field C" is located, the presence of the environmental endangerment with vibrations from blasting is not expected, since lignite exploitation in this open cast mine is performed by a continuous activity systembucket wheel excavator-conveyor belts. On the basis of the designed technology, it can be confirmed that during the exploitation of the deposit "Field C" there will not be any hazard from vibrations on the surrounding objects. The hazard from the harmful impacts of vibrations objectively exists in certain phases of the operation of mining machines and it is related exclusively to the working surroundings. 6.1.4.1. Assessment of the potential hazard and the expected envrionmental impact of noise Apart from the already stated standards, the assessment of the level of noise coming from the mining activities in the open cast mine has also been carried out according to the British standard 5228, Part 1, 1984 "Noise control on construction and open sites", which introduces the principles for noise assessment and offers the recommended levels Leq(A), in relation to the stationary and mobile equipment. The noise levels during the operatioin of certain types of equipment in the open cast mines are given in the Table 6.1.4.1.a, according to the longtime measurings of the Ventilation and Technical Protection Department of the Faculty of Mining and Geology of the Univeristy of Belgrade.
Noise levels during the operation of the equipment in the open cast mines Table 6.1.4.1.a Type of equipme nt 1 Noise level (dB) Bucket wheel excavat or 2 92-94 Bucket wheel excavat or cabin 3 78 Electrically driven dragline 4 82 Diesel engine vehicles 8 110
Spreader 5 85-89
Conveyor belt 6 96-102
Bulldozer 7 115
16 noise sources have been analysed in simultaneous operation: excavators, transfer points, spreader, bulldozers. The noise coming from the mining activities shall mostly affect the employees at the place of the works performance. For this reason, appropriate protective measures must be taken with the aim of preventing the unfavourable impact of noise on the mines employees. It is necessary to mention that recording the meteorological data (the velocity and frequency of wind blowing and the atmospheric conditions) which affect the noise expansion can serve 101

to perform a free assessment of the increased noise level for certain places. It is necessary to stress that the inhabited place Baroevac is located on the south side of the OCM "Field C" and that south and south-east wind is characteristical for this area. The level of noise along the conveyor system for the transport of coal (2.1, U-2, 2.4), overburden (A-12; B-8, B-6 and C-3, B-12; B-17; B-7 C-5, B-22, 1.5, 2.9 b; 2.5; 1.7; B-16 and 2.9) from the open cast mine "Field C" including the place of loading into waggons, exceeding the allowed noise level is possible, especially in certain meteorological circumstances in the inhabited place Baroevac. It has not been recorded by the noise level measuring in the settlement Baroevac shown in the Chapter 5.3.4. In the case of exceeding the noise level, appropriate protective measures must be taken with the aim of preventing the unfavourable impact of noise on the surrounding population. Within the study analysis in question, all researches of certain spatial units within the zone of the analysed open cast mine, determining the negative impacts and the need for taking certain prevention measures, are based on the defined limiting levels. The criteria for the noise impact assessment are defined by the regulations on the allowed noise levels by which the limiting values of exposure to noise at the workplace are determined ("The Official Gazette of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia no." 21/92) and in the environment ("The Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia no.", 54/92), Tables 6.1.4 1.b. and 6.1.4.1.v. and 6.1.4.1.g.
Noise limit at the workplace, (dV) Activity a Manual routine labour Manual labour with concentration and listening; driving a transport vehicle Labour with constant listening Routine labour 85 80 Table 6.1.4.1.b.
Type of work b 85 75 c 80 70
75 70
70 65
60 55
(a) noise from the equipment on which the employee works (b) noise from the equipment on which the employee does not work (c) noise from the surrounding equipment
Noise limit at the workplace, (dV) Noise level Duration dB h 85 8 87 6 90 4 92 3 95 2 97 1,5 100 1
Table 6.1.4.1.v. 105 0,5 110 0,25 115 0,125 125 0
102

time
Allowed noise levels in the environment, (The Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia no. 54/92) (dV) Table 6.1.4.1.g.
Environment description Appartments with closed windows In closed space Hospitals Schools libraries Green areas School neighbourhood Residential neighbourhood In the settlements Administrative zone and along the road Service zone and infrastructural systems Industrial zone without houses Recreational zone, outside the houses
Day 40 40 40 50 50 55 65 70 70 45
Night 35 40 40 40 45 45 55 60 70 35
As the noise intensity decreases with the distance, the noise level in the surrounding settlements shall be considerably lower than the values stated in the Table 6.1.4.1.g. The dependence of the noise intensity on the distance is shown in the following chart 6.1.4.1.
103

1 30
55
dB
1 25
50 dB
45 d
BUKA NEPOSREDNO KOD I ZVORA BUKE(dB)
1 20
15 1
10 1
1 05
1 00 1 000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
RASTOJAWE OD I ZVORA BUKE(m )
Zavi snost ni voa buke od r ast ojawa
Chart 6.1.41. Dependence of the noise level on the distance
On the basis of the stated values, the noise levels of certain mining machines used in the mine and the distance from the already mentioned nearest settlements, it can be noted that at the distances of 300-500m from the mine, the noise level can be even higher than 55 dB (A), depending on the current disposition of the equipment in the mine. By the measurings carried out in the mine itself, it has been found that the noise levels in the working conditions are within the allowed limits for around 2/3 of the observed measuring points. Excesses were measured mostly in the open measuring points around the excavators and the platforms of drive stations, but the measured noise levels have been beyond 100dB(A). On the basis of this, it can be concluded that, at the distances of the existing houses locations, the noise levels will be within the allowed limits. 6.1.5. Light, heat There are no sources of radiation or major sources of combustion in the regular operation of the project in question, so that there is no emission of light or significant emission of heat which could endanger the environment.
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Radiations The World Health Organization warns about the number and diversilty of radiations in the environment. Radiation sources may be:
Natural cosmic radiation; electromagnetic radiation; natural radionucleids; geomagnetic radiation etc. Antropological - radionucleids created during the test nuclear explosions, operation of nuclear facilities; radioactive lightning rods; ionizing smoke call points; machines, devices and technologies used in medicine; machines, devices and technologies used in mechanical engineering, household etc. All radiations, natural and antropological, may be divided into: Ionizing and Non-ionizing
Ionizing radiation is usually defined as the radiation which can cause the ionization of the matter through which it passes, either by the primary effect on the matter itself or by the effect of the created secondary radiation. Ionization process occurs when the sufficient energy is transmitted to the matter by radiation whereat one or more electorns are excluded from the atom. The excluded electron possesses certain kinetic energy and it can continue ionizing the medium through which it passes. According to the Rule Book on the Limitations of Exposure to Ionizing Radiations (The Official Gazette of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, no. 32/98), ionizing radiations are electromagnetic or particle radiations which can ionize matter and the energy of which is higher than 12,4 eV, i.e. the wavelength lower than 100 mm or the frequency higher than 3h1015Hz. Ionizing radiation is most commonly divided into: Corpuscular (particle) - beta radiations - , - monochromatic electronic radiation, - alpha radiation - , - ion radiation, - neutron radiation. Electromagnetic (photon)
gama radiation - Y, roentgen (X radiation).
Radioactive radiation ( , , ) is created in the radioactivity process. Radioactivity is the feature of the atoms of certain elements whose nuclei are spontaneously converted into the nuclei of other atoms with the emission of radioactive radiation.
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Ionizing radiations in the environment affect the animate matter by causing the changes in cells, which may be transient, constant or such that they cause the death of the cell. The main principles of protection are (radiological protection):
Physical protection systems (using screens, reducing the time spent within the radiation zone), Technological protective measures.
The main measures for limiting the exposure to ionizing radiations are:
No practice can be approved if the benefit for the exposed individuals or society as a whole i.e. the positive net benefit taking into account the social, economic and other relevant factors, is not higher than the radiation harmfulness which it may cause. Every application of ionizing radiations within the practice, the dose of individual exposure, the number of exposed individuals and the probability of the occurrence of a potential exposure must be planned and maintained at the level as low as it is possible to achieve, taking into consideration the economic and social factors. Every practice must enable the individual exposure to be the subject of the limitation of dose and the limitation of the risk of a potential exposure in the normal working conditions. Every intervention must be reasonable so that the benefit obtained by lowering the level of radiation harmfulness and/or doze, is higher than the cost price of the intervention and the damage which the intervention may cause, including the social effects. With the aim of determining the exposure of the persons who are exposed to the ionizing radiation sources of natural origin during their work, the measurings are performed to asses the level of exposure in the working environments where there is a possibility of an increased exposure to the ionizing radiation sources of natural origin (mines, spas, factories for processing phosphates, producing building materials, colours, plane engines and the like). Assessment of the level of the (groups of) population exposure to radioactive lightning rods and ionizing smoke detectors is perfomed on the basis of measuring the intensity of exposure in the vicinity of these devices, in the places where individuals and the population may abide, the data on the average time the individuals from the population spend in these places and the calculations by applying the appropriate model.
Non-ionizing radiations are electromagnetic fields possessing the energy of photon lower than 12,4 eV. They include:
Ultraviolet radiation of the wavelength 100-400 nm, Visible radiation of the wavelength 400-780 nm, Infrared of the wavelength 780 nm 1 mm, Radio-frequency radiation of the frequency 10 kHz-300 GHz, Electromagnetic fields of low frequences frequencies 0-10 kHz, Laser radition, Ultrasound with the frequency higher than 20 kHz.
At realtively low frequencies, it is common to mark electromagnetic waves according to the frequencies, and at high frequencies, according to the wavelengths. 106

The effect of electromagnetic fields from the aspect of environmental protection can be observed from two aspects:
The effect of electromagnetic sources on electric devices or electromagnetic perturbations generated by certain sources-devices, The effect of the electromagnetic field on living organisms biological effects.
Bilogical effects caused by certain kinds of non-ionizing radiation are very diverse and they depend on many factors, primarily the factors related to the features of the radiation source and the factors related to the bilogical features (physiological features of tissues, electrical features of tissues etc.). Under the design in question, the substation Zeoke 4 shall be moved to a new location (Enclosure no 6) TS 2x8 MVA installed. Because of the nature of the technological process in the substation, during regular operaton, there are electric and magnetic fields as types of non-ionizing radiation, created by the overhead conductors, and depending on the voltage height, current intensity and distance. Domestic regulations defining the allowed intensities of electic and magnetic field to which people may be exposed for a long time, do not exist. Therefore, the criteria of the World Heath Organization (WHO) are accepted as authoritative, prescribing the following:
Allowed effective value of the electric field outside the electric power facilities to which the inhabitants living in the vicinity of the electric power facilities can be permanenty exposed amounts to Kmax=5 kVeff/m, Allowed effective value of the magnetic induction outside the electric power facilities to which the inhabitants living in the vicinity of the electric power facilities can be permanenty exposed amounts to Beff=10 T, Allowed effective value of the electric field inside the electric power facilities or in the vicinity of overhead lines to which the staff performing the maintenance of the facilities can be temporarily exposed amounts to Keff=10 kV/m, Allowed effective value of the magnetic induction inside the electric power facilities or in the vicinity of the overhead lines to which the staff performing the maintenance of the facilities can be temporarily exposed amounts to Beff=500 T,
On the basis of the empiric data obtained in TS 110 kV, the electric field intensity is Keff=2 kV/m, and the maximum value of the magnetic field is Beff= 50 T which is much lower than the allowed value, so in TS 2X8 MVA within the zone of the open cast mine Field C a negligible radiation is expected, far below the allowed. 6.2. Health impacts
The Ministry of Environmental Protection has defined the scope and the contents of the study for composing the Environmental Impact Assessment Study for the project in question. The Decision defines the obligation of the author of the Study to perform the assessment of the direct impact of the project on peoples health, via the following:
the quality of air, water and noise, other products for human consumption, disease rates as the consequence of a possible exposure to pollution, 107

the appearance of disease transmitters, including insects, other social conditions personal capacities of the individuals, minorities rights habitation conditions, employment, economic conditions etc.
Impact assessment, i.e. risk assessment of the identified risk factors (direct and indirect) to peoples health has been performed by applying the methodologies given in the recommendations of the recognized world (WHO, EU) and national (EPA) institutions who have been engaged in this field. The data obtained by examining the physical and chemical features of lignite have been analysed for identifying hazardous substances, and the data about the measurings of sedimentary and suspended substances in the surroundings have been used for assessing the scope of exposition. This Study contains the protective measures aimed at reducing every risk to peoples health to the acceptable limits. Within the area where exploitation is performed and the direction of obtaining energy from coal, harmful substances appear in the urban and the rural part of the population (water, air, soil, flora and fauna). The main hazards for the health of the population as the consequence of the mining activities in the OCM "Field C" are:
coal dust, noise, gases from the internal combustion engines and the surrounding thermal power facilities CO, CO2 SO2 itd.
The causes of the possible negative impacts and the appearance of heath problems are notupdated and the inadequate monitoring and control of air pollution and noise level. Chronical bronchitis is among the chronical professional diseases. For this reason, a periodical microclimate examination, a control examination of the operative unit and the application of all means of protection are necessary, as well as the further conductance of the positive preventive measures with the aim of reducing the number of diseased workers. The occurrence of endemic nephritis is characteristical and very pronounced within the broad area.
Coal Dust
Coal dust is a type of mineral or organic dust created during coal exploitation. The effect of coal dust on the workers respiratory system is conditioned by: the content of free SiO2 in the coal dust, the size of the coal dust particles, the duration of the exposure to coal dust, coal dust concentration. Working conditions (unfavorable microclimatic conditions, noise, vibrations, the presence of gases, hard manual labour, etc.) and individual characteristics of the workers may potentiate the effect of coal dust on the respiratory system.
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Depending on the geomorphological characteristics of overburden and the technological process, the content of SiO2 in the coal dust ranges from 2% to 25%, and sometimes even beyond this. Under the influence of such coal dust, occupational lung diseases, such as anthracosis and silicoanthracosis and chronical bronchitis and emphysema, occur to coal exploitation workers. The degree of penetration into the lungs and the degree of retention in the respiratory tract will depend on the size of coal dust particles. Such coal dust the particles of which are smaller than 5 micrometers is of particular interest to the professional pathology because it reaches the alveoli - respirable coal dust and leads to the occurrence of anthracosis and silicoanthracosis. Coal dust particles as from 5 micrometers already shall be retained in the higher parts of the respiratory system (eg. in large and medium bronchi causing chronical bronchitis). The longer the exposure to coal dust, the higher the frequency of occupational respiratory diseases. Measuring the coal dust concentration is of special importance in assessing the level of risk of damaging the workers respiratory system. The results of the measurings using the gravimetric method (dust concentration in mg/m3 of air) and coniometric method (number of respirable particles in 1 cm3 of air) are compared to the maximum allowed concentration of coal dust (MAC of harmful gases, vapours and aerosols in the atmosphere of the working premises and work sites - Yugoslav standard published in the Official Gazette of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia No. 35/1971). If the workers exposure to higher concentrations of coal dust is protracted, the occurrence of occupational diseases of respiratory system is more frequent. Due to the stated reasons, continuous inspections of the concentration of coal dust in the working environment of the technological process are necessary. The area of the coal deposit OCM Field C territorially belongs to the municipality of Lazarevac i.e. to the cadastral municipality Baroevac. The nearest places of the open cast mine in question are Baroevac to the south, Mali Crljeni to the east from the location in question. It is necessary to stress that on the basis of the position of the open cast mine and the settlement Baroevac, the impact of mining activities will be most pronounced with respect to the settlement Baroevac. This is very important primarily from the viewpoint of the direct impact of the object in question on the health of the people in its environment, and subsequently even further. According to the Collective Agreement on Safety at Work of RB Kolubara d.o.o., the workplaces in the OCM are workplaces with special working conditions (workplaces with increased risk - according to the Law on Safety and Health at Work). In accordance with the legal provisions, all employees in these workplaces are regularly sent to periodical medical examinations of workers, conducted by the competent Occupational Medicine Department of the Health Center. Within the study, upon assessing the risk of the project in question to the health of the surrounding population, the possible impacts of dust and noise will be singled out and analyzed. Risk identification and impact intensity assessment are shown within the points 6.1.1.2. 6.1.4. 6.1.4.1. of this study. It should be stressed here that the inhabitants living in the settlement Baroevac south of the open cast mine, 1293 inhabitants in total, may be exposed to the negative influences during the execution of the mining activities in the mine, in the case of the west and northwest wind blowing. Risk assessment of dust and noise impacts on the health of the surrounding population has been made on the basis of the methodological concept developed within "Pollution 109

Prevention by Design" in the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (2003, by U.S. Department of Energy - DOE). According to the stated methodological concept, the risk (R) of a particular criterion is determined as the product of the extent of the impact of the applied technology (I) and the category of impact occurrence probability (P) ie. R=IxP Within the stated methodological concept, the categories of the probability of impact occurrence (P) are evaluated through three categories: no possibility (0), possible (1) probable (2). The extent of the impact of the applied technology (I) is also evaluated through three categories: no impact (0), small (1), big (2). The risk level of the individual impact of certain activity of the analyzed technological process is determined through the following differentiated categories: 0 negligible risk, low risk, 2 medium risk, 4 high risk. In the case of dust emission in the open cast mine Field C, the level of risk to the population in the vicinity amounts to R=2x2=4. The assessment indicates the existance of a high risk which can be documented by the fact that these are the most frequent wind directions (Point 2.5. of this study). In the case of the level of noise during work, the planned engaged equipment in the open cast mine Field C, the level of risk to the population in the vicinity amounts to R=2x2=4. The assessment indicates the existance of a high risk to the health of the surrounding population due to the increased level of noise in the vicinity of the mine (Point 6.1.4. of this study). In other words, the population in the close vicinity of the mine and the pollutants emission, both in the working and in the living environment, represent the preconditions for the direct impact of the project in question on peoples health from the viewpoint of the quaity of air, water and the potential imission of exessive noise. BRONHITIS CHRONICA. Chronic bronchitis is defined by a chronic productive cough which lasts at least for three months within a year, at least for two consecutive years, whereat other samples must be excluded. The changes occurring during this disease are manifested by the hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the mucous glands and the goblet cells. The relation between the serous and the mucous glands is disturbed in favor of the latter (Reid index which normally amounts to 0.3 increases to 0.6). Due to the excessive production and secretion of mucus, there is an expansion of the drainage channels of the bronchial glands, which are often filled with mucosa plugs. The number of goblet cells on the covering epithelium increases, while the cylindrical are reduced. Congestion, edema and lymphocytic infiltration occur in the lamina propria. Inflammatory reactions, intense hyperemia with exudation and neutrophil infiltration occur during the acute exacerbation of the illness. During the long-term chronic bronchitis, the following may occur: disapperance of bronchial glands, metaplasia of the covering epithelium, fibrosis, peribronchitis and expansion of the chronic inflammation on the lamina adventitia and the surrounding tissue. The so-called industrial bronchitis occupies a special place in the workers pathology. Its appearance is significantly influenced by professional noxae, although this disease has not been included in the list of occupational diseases so far. 110

NOISE According to the accepted international definition, noise is any unwanted sound which causes unpleasant hearing sensations. Industrial noise is the noise of the working environment. It includes the sound created by the operation of a machine, appliance or device in the production and immediate or broad surroundings. For these reasons, there are three types of industrial noise: the noise created by a working tool or device directly operated or served by the worker, the noise created by a working tool or device not operated by the worker, the noise in the workplace created by direct sources (ventilation device or air conditioning, etc.). Yugoslav standards on the allowed noise levels are regulated by the Rule Book on General Measures and Standards of Protection at Work from the Noise at the Working Premises ("The Official Gazette of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia No. 29/1971), which specifies the allowed noise levels, allowed time of exposure to noise, and requires the octave analysis of noise to be performed where the noise exceeds the level. The characteristics of occupational hardness of hearing are: the chronic course with a latency period. It is usually symmetrical, of the perceptive type: it encompasses mainly the part of the hearing apparatus for high tones, it progresses under the influence of noise, the changes are irreversible, treatment and hearing aids do not help.
OTHER KINDS OF HAZARD AND THEIR SOURCES
Working at the stated workplaces, the workers are exposed to the following hazards: injury hazard, fire hazard, electricity hazard, hazard of physical and chemical harmfulness. Within the territory of the municipality Lazarevac, apart from the dispensaries in certain places, there are: - The Institute of Endemic Nephropathy - Lazarevac - Health Center "Dr ore Kovaevi" Lazarevac When considering the direct impact of the project in question on human health through other products for human consumption, which under certain circumstances could come into contact with the potential pollutants, originating from the mine, leads to an indirect impact on the health of the people in its vicinity. 6.3. Climatic features Kolubara basin belongs to the climatic subregion III. This is an area with pronounced continual climatic features. The overview of climatic features with the corresponding meteorological parameters, which shall be given in the continuation of the text, relies on the many-year observations at two characteristical meteorological stations:
The main meteorological station (MMS) in Valjevo, which is highly ranked in the system of climatological and meteorological observations in Serbia from the aspect of duration, continuity and quality of observation as from 1950 111

Special meteorological station (SMS) "Zeoke", located in the close vicinity of the area in question (north wing of the Field D), but with a significantly shorter period of observing climatological and meteorological parameters - from 1972-1986
The average annual temperature of air amounts to 20.9 0C in both observation centers. On the basis of the displayed results about the average temperatures, it can be concluded that in the area in question the character is moderately continental. These data are of great importance when chosing the plant species for biological reclamation. When it comes to the relative humidity, another climatic factor important for the development of both flora and fauna. Similarly to the data on the characteristic temperatures, the data on the relative humidity are also as expected for this climate. The driest months are July and August, and the wettest are December and January. Precipitations have the decisive role in the development of flora, both in the absoulte amount and in the particular period of vegetative development. The overview of climatic features with the corresponding meteorological parameters it is estimated that the project in question will not have major negative impacts on the climate during exploitation. 6.4. Ecosystems
Biosphere is not only the sphere in which life activities take place, but it is also the result of these life activities. The specificity of the biosphere lies in the fact that chemical elements constantly circulate within it, conditioned by the activities of various organisms and that there are energy flows related to this circulation. The areas in which this circulation of elements is accomplished as the result of the life activities are called ecosystems. The flora, using the substances, solar energy, carbon dioxide, produces organic matter and oxygen, necessary for the life of animals and man. The organic matter is ultimately decomposed into water, carbon dioxide, ammonium and inorganic compounds. These compounds are simultaneously the starting points for the synthesis of complex organic substances in plants, which are further used by the animals and man for their living and development, creating the eternal circle of life and balance.
Microorganisms have an enormous role in creating and maintaining the balance in nature. With the help of oxygen, they are able to decompose complex organic compounds into simple compounds: water, carbon dioxide and ammonium. Water, air and soil are saturated with microorganisms who exist and reproduce using organic matter and oxygen. In this way, the microorganisms enable restoration and maintenance of life since their activity is present in all their phases. 112

The position of man in the biosphere is contradictory. Human organism is not able to produce organic substances from the inorganic, it obtains them through the food of plant and animal origin. For this reason the ecological systems to which man is related through nutrition must be productive. Mans economic activity disturbs the natural biogenic circulation of elements, thus disturbing the external environment which becomes hazardous even for the man himself. Within the research of the complex relation existing between the exposure to environmental pollution and the consequences to the living organism, it is necessary to gather adequate biological data for every individual agent-pollutant, then the data on the dose - response relationship, as well as on the exposure itself. In these researches, tests on experimental animals are irreplaceable, because they enable determination of the relation between the observed xenobiotic - pollutant and the unwanted effect and they can significantly help during the interpretation of the data on the biological monitoring. On the basis of the previous analysis of the defined impacts, it is possible to assuredly consider the relevant parameters for assessing the impact of the underlying project on the flora and fauna of the area in question. The influence of exploitation within the domain of ecosystems represents an inevitable fact which by its nature leads to various negative consequences. This can be realized through the preservation of the upper layer, planting the autochthonous plant species and creating the kinds of forest habitats which would renew the existing diversity of species. The time period for restoring the soil to the previous state shall depend on the project realisation and the exploitation schedule with an additional period for technical and biological reclamation. When it comes to fauna, the impact is reflected in the loss of mating places, disturbance of the birds lying on eggs, particularly in the forest belt around the open cast mine and the open cast mine itself represents the place of the loss of animals due to accidents and a barrier for animals migration. During the performance of the mining activities, most animals shall abandon the area of exploitation fields with the possible exception of bird species, small rodents and reptiles who can adapt to the changed habitat. The noise coming from the mining activities shall mostly affect the fauna in the direct vicinity of the mine. By the contruction of the mines, traffic routes and waterflows are cut, micro-watersheds are destroyed, movement routes of wild animal species are cut, new areas are constantly damaged, dust and noise are created, the regime of surface and ground waters is changed, pedological and geological contents of soil are changed. At the locality of the exploitation field "Field C", rare plant communities or animal species have not been registered, nor have any sensitive exosystems been identified either. In this sense, there are no major impacts on the flora and fauna. 113

6.5.
Population, concentration and migration of the population
The area of the coal deposit Field C cadastrally belongs to the municipality Lazarevac. The village Baroevac is among the inhabited places closest to the location of the open cast mine in question. The village Baroevac is located south from the location in question at a certain distance. When it comes to the structure of the settlements, rural settlements of compact or scattered type are dominant. The rural settlements consist of small groups of houses surrounded by large plots of arable land. Within the plot with the house, there are stables, barn, and other auxiliary buildings. Small villages prevail in the analysed area, since more than 50% of the settlements has less than 2000 inhabitants. Town settlements are not located at the sites of exploitation fields but they are mostly located at the outskirts of the basin (e.g. Lazarevac). The whole area of Kolubara basin is characterised by a low population density, a low level of urbanisation and small villages. The settlements in Lazarevac municipality have specific features of population movement. Apart from the city and the outskirts, the increase in the population has also been registered in some rural settlements. From the data on the natural increase at the level of settlements, negative changes have been evident in the recent years. In comparison to the period 1981 1991, in most settlements (34 of 51 settlements) a decrease in the general birth rate and an increase in the general mortality rate is evident (29 settlements). The settlements within the area of Kolubatra lignite basin are characterised by a constant decrease in the number of born and the increase in the number of dead which leads to the state in which the population gains the worrying scope of biological depopulation. It affects the total populational potential, and especially the potential in the younger reproductive age, which is a limiting factor for birth rehabilitation. This primarily refers to the rural settlements, since in 39 of 52 rural settlements within the area in question, the number of dead was higher than the number of born within the period 1991-1998. In rural settlements, the proportion of old households increases, partly due to ageing and partly due to the increase in the number of the so-called incomplete families with one parent. Among the primary centers within the area in question i.e. those that are populationally largest and functionally most developed, Lazarevac has the ranking of a subregional importance (i.e. industrial, cultural, health, educational, transportational and accomodational center) while Lajkovac and Ub have the ranking of municipal centers with dominant managerial and administrative function as well as the inudstrial-vocational and accomodational function. The table 6.5.a. shows the overview of the employment rates in certain economic activities in the municipality of Lazarevac.
Employment rate in the municipality Lazarevac Table 6.5.a. Employment Activity rate % 1 2 Mining and industry 78.0 Agriculture and pisciculture 0.2
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Forestry Water management Civil engineering Traffic and transport Trade Catering industry and tourism Crafts Housing and public services Financial and other services
0.0 0.1 8.0 4.5 0.4 4.4 0.1 2.7 1.5
Industrial workers are predominant in the municipality Lazarevac, among whom more than a half (78%) are employed in the mining industry.
Figure 6.5.a.
The appearance of a part of the village Baroevac
Organised relocation here includes the following:
6.6.
Providing the land for homesteads, plots and for agricultural production; Infrastructural and public organization of the zones and plots; Support in erecting the house and auxiliary buildings Financial support in organizing the public services in the private sector.
Purpose and use of degraded areas
Reclamation can be aimed at the following forms of using the soil in the future:
Agricultural production and forestry (agricultural crops, fruit-growing, grape-growing and the like), sport and recreation,
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possible construction of traffic routes, other facilities (if permitted by the geomechanical and other conditions of soil subsidence) and other purposes etc.
The depressions left behind from the open cast mines after regulation may be used for various purposes:
for water management purposes (as basins for purification and sedimentation of waters from the neighbouring mines, then, for the protection from high waters and the preservatioin of the reserves for agriculture, energy-industrial complex, as well as for other purposes (for fish ponds and water bird farms, for sport, recreation, tourism, then for the scientific researches of ecosystems.
The method of technical and biological reclamation which shall be applied depends to a large extent on the state of the mining activities. The areas in which the mining activities were earlier finished without planned overburden dumping, represent amorphous environments, where it is first necessary to perform morphological cultivation of the terrain in accordance with the needs of the future purpose. After this, appropriate biological and agrotechnical measures are applied. The area where active exploitation of the deposit is performed in accordance with the previously determined mining designs, requires the reclamation to be adapted to the existing exploitation conditions. Having in mind the closeness of Belgrade and the higher education institutions, a unique complex intended for scientific and research activities can be planned on the reclaimed and revitalized land, with special purpose facilities: experimental laboratories, measuring stations for various purposes, as well as the space for holding scientific meetings on various topics. Concerning the large areas under reclaimed forests and the conditions for hunting tourism, which is very common here, it is possible to raise a pheasantry and a small zoo at the outskirts of the hunting reserve. Taking into account the dimensions of the reclaimed and revitalized area, horse farms are envisaged towards the north, in the close vicinity of a possible hipodrome, and on the slopes, it is possible to raise a mushroom farm, worm compost and other types of bio-agriculture. Sports and recreation zone should be located in the central part. Upon determining the recreational facilities, the tourism and the needs of both the surrounding population and Belgrade and the surrounding towns should be taken into account. It is necessary to form the environment which is different from the conventional recreational and tourist objects of similar purposes. Raising private mini farms, on bilogically reviatlized surfaces, with the offer of catering services and agricultural products is one of the possibilities for the development of this area, after the cessation of coal exploitation. After wood exploitation, the afforested surfaces (with biologically active soil) can be easily partially transformed into agricultural land. This also indicates that reclamation by afforestation is biologically the most acceptable, because the forest itself leads to microbiological activation of soil and creation of organic matter. Apart form the aforesaid, 116

biological reclamation by afforestation is significantly cheaper with respect to other reclamation categories. When it comes to agricultural surfaces, they can be located in several marginal surfaces. Arable land is located in the furthest south and southeast part: husbandry, gardening in greenhouses, orchards, vineyards and mini farms. Thick zones of protective vegetation would be located between these various structures. The function of such used surfaces is to produce the sufficient quantity of food here, in the age of an increasing demand for food. Since it adjoins the already existing rural settlements, sufficient labour force could be realistically expected, who will have to reorient into other professions after the mines dissapearance. Apart from meat production, mini farms are also important for obtaining manure, by which the quality of the antropogeous soil would be improved. On the planned surfaces under orchards, it is possible to raise a beegarden which would bring multiple benefits. As usual, special attention shall be paid to nursery production. The production of forest seedlings shall be still organized in the nursery on the part of the open cast mine Field D. It is necessary to use the rigorously selected seed of the appropriate nourishment for the production of forest seedlings. Water surfaces are represented by the lakes of various dimensions. However, despite the outstanding potentials of this area to be used for water recreation. It is necessary to intervene by awaking and cleaning the existing lakes. Their shores should be covered with sand and gravel, the materials found in the close vicinity, in order to form beaches, and in the close vicinity meadows should be formed and glades opened within the forest massif. With relatively modest investments, the convenience of the researched area for water recreation would be sinificantly improved in this manner. It will be possible to use the existing water surfaces for bathing, fishing, driving smaller boats, and the organized beaches for sunbathing, rest and other kinds of recreation. This must be based on a drawn up Land Use Plan, which is obligatory under the law. After the cessation of the exploitation of mineral raw materials in the open cast mines, from which the corresponding designing documentation would result, clearly defining the relationship between the agricultural and forest reclamation. The following is obligatory: selective overburden dumping, providing optimal substrates for the agricultural and forest reclamation, disposition of new settlements, relocation of the population, building infrastructure and traffic routes. For the recreation in this area, the unfavourable moments are represented by the excessive proportion of forests and the lack of care measures in them, principally:
thinning and cleaning, then their insufficient openness and passability, 117

lack of walking paths and other communication, and the insufficient proportion of glades and meadows.
It is a favourable factor that all detected disadvantages may be disposed of with relatively modest investments and in this manner the terrain may be used for the recreation in this area. Considering the fact that the reclamation of significant surfaces disturbed by the open cast exploitation of coal is underway or impending, all detected disadvantages may be disposed of in time, thus avoiding additional interventions. Comparative researches assessing the potential convenience of the researched area for recreation after the performed reclamation with respect to the state before the beginning of the coal exploitation activities in the open cast mines, have shown that the changes are highly positive if using the newly created area for recreation is set as the goal. 6.7. Municipal Infrastructure
The aspects of the impact of the mining activities on the area infrastructure, related to the proposed project of lignite exploitation in the open cast mine "Field C", refer to the following:
Solid waste management. The existing practice of unregulated and uncontrolled waste dumping in the area in question shall be replaced. Waste waters collection. Municipal and sanitary waste water produced in the surrounding settlements is drained through cesspits. Telecommunications and electricity distributing network. All existing networks passing through or by the mines area, shall be relocated with the aim of enabling the development of the mining activities. Impact on the road network in the surroundings. In Baroevac, the road used for transport through the work shop complex in the old mounting site towards Junkovac and Strmovo shall be cut. Two new temporary roads shall be opened instead of it. A part of the road from Junkovac, connecting the old mounting place and the petrol station in Zeoke, is already functioning. The existing route should be repaired for bus transportation; from Strmovo i.e. a new temporary route should be made which would connect Strmovo to the road Beograd Aranelovac, i.e. which would enable the access to the plots north of the mine which are not encompassed by the activities.
6.8.
Cultural Heritage
In this area, special attention should be paid to the relocation of Baroevac graveyard, both for customary, traditional and religious elements, and the social and personal reasons of the people living in this area. The households planned for relocation are of the common structure and they do not represent significant buildings.
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According to the data of the Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments, in the observed location there are no registered archeological sites, as well as cultural and historical monuments which could possibly be endangered as protected objects. Furthermore, on the project in question there are no protected natural areas of special value. 6.9. Impact on the Landscape
With respect to other active mines within Kolubara basin (Field D located directly next to the field B in the northwest direction). The total area planned for exloitation amounts to around 4,27 ha. The exploitation area expands in the southeast northwest direction and encompasses the area of the "Field C". The average depth of the mine shall amount to around 50-70m, and the exploitation front shall move from the east to the west, with the rate of around 100m annually. Within the exploitation, overburden dumping in the free area of the mine is planned after the period in which the sufficient space has been created for safe overburden dumping in the excavated part. In this manner, the topography of the surroundings shall be restored, since a depression shall nevertheless be formed in the furthest west part of the mine then, due to the deficite of material occurring at the end of exploitation. It can be used as the external dump site "Field E" which shall be opened in the continuation of the exploitation basin. Generally observed, coal exploitation in this area shall affect the total appearance of this area, concerning the total modification of the vegetation and the purpose of soil after the performed exploitation.
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7. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT IN CASE OF AN ACCIDENT

Knowing the technological process of open cast coal exploitation, and in accordance with the Rule Book on the Methodology for Assessing the Hazard of Chemical Accident and Environmental Pollution, Preparative Measures and Consequence Relieving Measures (The Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia no. 60/94) in the open cast mine, only coal can be identified as a hazardous matter in quantities. When it somes to its features, coal is a self-igniting matter and it shall be found in the open cast mine "Field C" in the quantities far exceeding the requirements of the Rule Book (50 t). Since it is a flammable matter, the only possible real accidental situation is the occurrence of self-ignition. The consequence of coal inflammation is the development of wildfire and the emission of fire gasses. The possibility of accident occurrence includes the following possibilities: The occurrence wildfire and explosion, The release of hazardous matter into waters and soil, Uncontrolled emissions into the atmosphere, The hazard of the hazardous touch voltage of electrical installations and devices as well as of the lightning strike, The hazard of a possible disaster - an earthquake - large amounts of water - a defect on the means of transport - a landslide The risk of an accident is assessed on the basis of: the probability of the accident occurrence and the assessment of possible consequences The probability of accident occurrence is assessed on the basis of the data on the events and accidents on the same or similar installations in our country and in the world and the data obtained by hazard identification. The probability of accident occurrence is low if during the regular conduction of the technological process and maintenance of the hazardous installations it has been assessed that an accident will not occur. The probability of accident occurrence is medium if during the regular conduction of the process and maintenance of the hazardous installations it has been assessed that an accident may occur. The probability of accident occurrence is high if during the regular conduction of the technological process and maintenance of the hazardous installations it has been assessed that an accident will occur. The possible consequence is assessed as: negligible significant big very big
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The assessment of possible consequences is performed on the basis of the parameters given in the following table Table:no.7.a.
Possible Parameters Number of casualties Number of the injured intoxicated Dead wild animals (of the resource) Dead domestic animals (of the resource) Dead fish (of the resource) Contaminated area Damage from the accident (mil. dinars) < 0,02 Negligible Significant 1 10 < 0,1 < 0,5 < 0,5 0,1 1 0,5 10 0,5 5 1 10 ha 0,02 0,2
consequences Serious 1 5 11 50 12 10 50 5 20 10 100 ha 0,2 2 Big 6 20 51 200 2 10 50 500 20 100 1 5 km 2 10

2
Very big > 20 > 200 > 10 > 500 > 100 > 5 km2 > 10
As per the Rule Book on the Methodology for Assessing the Hazard of Chemical Accident and Environment Pollution, Preparative Measures and Consequence Relieving Measures (The Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia no. 60/94) the risk is quantified in the following manner: negligible (I) low (II) medium (III) high (IV) very high (V) The risk is quantified on the basis of the probability of accident occurrence and the possible consequences according to the following Table .7.0.b.:
Table .7.0.b:
Possible
The Probability of accident occurrence Low Medium High Negligible I negligible risk II negligible risk III negligible risk Significant II low risk III low risk V low risk
Consequences
Serious III medium risk IV medium risk V medium risk Big IV high risk V high risk V high risk Very big V very high V very high risk V very high risk
The risk is acceptable if it can be managed under certain circumstances prescribed by the regulations. If the risk can not be managed under certain circumstances prescribed by the regulations, the risk can not be accepted. Hazard assessment, i.e. the assessment of the risk of an accident and the hazard of environment pollution, planning the preparative measures for possible accident and the consequence relieving measures is performed when the hazardous substance is present in 121

the quantities equal to or higher than the values given in the following list of hazardous substances:
LIST OF HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES Substance or the group of substances I. NAMED SUBSTANCE 1. Acrylonitrile 2. Ammonium 3. Ammonium nitrate or its mixtures with the contents of nitrogen higher than 28% weight percentage and an aqueous solution with the concentration of ammonium nitrite higher than 90% weight percentage 4. Ammonium nitrate in the form of a fertilizer or complex fertilizers containing ammonium nitrate, with the contents of nitrogen from the ammonium nitrate higher than 28% weight percentage 5. Acetylene 6. Bromine 7. Bromo-metal (Methyl bromide) 8. Hydrogen 9. Hydrogen sulphide 10. 1,2 Dibromoethane (Ethylene dibromide) 11. Diphenyl-methane-di-isocyan (MD) 12. Ethylene oxide 13. Carbonyl chloride (fozgen) 14. Oxygen 15. Methyl isocyanate 16. Natrium chlorate 17. 2-Propylene (Acrolein) 18. Propylene oxide 19. Sulphure dioxide 20. Sulphur trioxide 21. Tetraethyl lead 22. Tetramethyl lead 23. Toluene-di- isocyanate (TDI) 24. Carbon disulphide 25. Hydrogen fluoride 26. Formaldehyde (concentration 90% 27. Chlorine 28. Hydrogen chloride (Liquefied gas) 29. Hydrogen Cyanide II. UNNAMED SUBSTANCES 30. Very toxic 1) 31. Toxic 2) 32. Oxidizing 3) 33. Explosive 4) 34. Ecotoxic 5) 35. Flammable gases 6) 36. Self-igniting 7) 37. Flammable solid substances 8) 38. Substances producing flammable gases in contact with air and water 39. Highly flammable liquids 9) 40. Flammable liquids 10) Quant.(t) 20 50 350 1.250 5 50 20 5 5 5 20 5 0.750 200 0.150 25 20 5 25 15 5 5 10 20 5 5 10 25 5 5 10 10 10 10 50 50 50 50 1.000 5.000
The substances from the same group are listed cumulatively. When several groups of substances are present simultaneously in one place, their quantities shall be added as per the percentage with reference to their group. If any of the named substances simultaneously 122

also belongs to the category of unnamed substances, the values determined for the named substances shall be applied. If a substance simultaneously possesses the features of two or more groups of hazardous substances, the quantities stated in the List are authoritative in terms of the hazard assessment obligation, for the group of substances the features of which represent the highest risk for the lives and health of people and the environment. According to the Article 38 of the Law on Environmental Protection (The Official Gazette no. 135/04), if a legal or physical entity performs the activities which involve or might involve one or more hazardous substances in the quantities equal to or higher than the prescribed, and which might cause an accident, this entity is obliged to make an Accident Hazard Assessment within the procedure of the Environmental Impact Assessment for the project, i.e. obtaining an integrated permit. The Accident Hazard Assessment is made on the basis of the special methodology prescribed by the minister, after obtaining the opinions of other agencies and organizations and it contains the conditions for risk management referring to: 1) conducting the measures for prevention, readiness and response to the accident; 2) taking consequence relieving i.e. remediation measures; 7.1. Fire and explosion occurrence
During the exploitation of the project in question the probability of fire and explosion occurrence is assessed as low. Fire gases might temporarily pollute the atmosphere. In practice, we differentiate two types of fire:
exogenous and endogenous fires.
Exogenous fires are primarily caused by external factors: open flame, sparks, electric arch etc. Endogenous fires are caused by the natural tendency of a number of combustible substances to oxidize under certain conditions and in the presence of the oxygen so that at a certain moment they self-ignite spontaneously. Coal occupies the primary place in this group of substances. A potential hazard conditions the application of appropriate technical and organizational measures preventing the possibility of fire occurrence as well as providing the protection of facilities primarily by determining the distribution and number of fire extinguishers. In the coal excavation technology there is also the hazard of fire gases released into the air surroundings. Fire, as a potential hazard, exists in the coal excavation process, because the machines of high installed capacities are used, and the overburden transport is performed by rubber conveyor belts of big lengths. In the phase of coal excavation and transport, apart from the coal dust which is present as a harmfulness in the air, the potential hazard of releasing harmful gases into the atmosphere during fire, coal self-ignition is also very present. Although the risk of accident due to a possible fire occurrence in the mine is low, within Privredno drutvo Rudarski basen Kolubara DOO, to which the Open Cast Mine "Field C" shall also belong, certain preventive measures shall be organized, in the form of:
the maintenance of working and technological discipline, especially in the domain of coal transport; 123

proper maintenance of the passability of all roads and passages inside the potentially dangerous zones; timely repair of all detected technical and technological defects; the application of technical devices and equipment for detection and protection; permanent control and monitoring of the potentially dangerous locations; constant education of the employees on this and other issues.
The consequences to the peoples health and lives might be negligible. Since the probability of the occurrence of an accident due to fire and explosion is low, the possible consequences negligible, the risk is quantified as a negligible risk (I) which brings us to the conclusion that: The risk of fire and explosion is acceptable. 7.2. Realeasing hazardous substances into waters and soil
The probability of releasing hazardous substances into waters and soil is low, concerning the technological process and raw materials, except from the incidental fuel leakage from transport vehicles. The possible consequences to peoples lives and health and the environment are negligible, the risk is quantified as a negligible risk (I) the conclusion is made that: The probability of the occurrence of releasing hazardous substances into soil and water is low. The risk of releasing hazardous substances into soil and waters is acceptable. 7.3. Uncontrolled emissions into the atmosphere
The probability of uncontrolled gas emission into the air is low, concerning the technological process and raw materials, therefore the probability of accident occurrence is also low. The possible consequences to peoples lives and health and the environment are negligible and temporary. Since the probability of accident occurrence is low, the possible consequences are negligible, the risk is quantified as a negligible risk (I). 7.4. Hazard of dangerous touch voltage of electrical installations and devices as well as of lightning strike
The object in question, concerning its location, dimensions and technological features, is potentially jeopardized by the lightning strike. As per the definition given in the technical regulations about the lightning conductors, the lightning strike is direct electric discharge or a series of such discharges caused by the difference between the electric potential of the atmospheric electricity and the ground, i.e. the ground object, which are sufficient to damage the objects and endanger people. However, the probability of the lightning strike and dangerous touch voltage is low. Since the Project Holder is obliged to perform the activities according to the verified el. design which prescribes the protective measures for: short circuit current, overload, excessive touch voltage, contact of the parts under voltage, static electricity, atmospheric discharge. If the stated protective measures are not observed, the consequences to peoples health and lives may be serious. 124

Since the probability of accident occurrence is low, the possible consequences to peoples lives and health serious, the risk is quantified as a medium risk (III) and the conclusion is made that: The risk of dangerous touch voltage and lightning strike is acceptable. 7.5. Hazard of possible disasters
In accordance with the Rule Book on the Measures of Protection from Natural Disasters and other Major Disasters and Hazards, the hazards may be caused to the designed facilities by the natural disasters including: - the earthquake - large amounts of water - the landslide 7.5.1. Earthquake The project in question is located in the area of the seismic intensity of the VIII degree according to the MCS scale, which corresponds to the intensity of medium destructive power. The measures of protection from the earthquake consequences are stated in the standards of the Rule Book on Temporary Technical Regulations for Building in Seismic Areas. Concerning all designed geometric parameters of the open cast mine, a possible earthquake of the stated intensity can not cause landslide and a higher scale destruction, hence, it can not cause any harmful consequences within the mines area and beyond it. 7.5.2. Large quantities of water Concerning the configuration of the terrain on which the object in question is located, the hydrogeological features of the surrounding area, there is not any real danger of the penetration of a major quantity of water, therefore the possibility of endangering people, technological equipment and mining objects is excluded within the excavating area itself and in the surrounding environment. Protection from floods has been carried out by dimensioning the drainage channels for atmospheric waters according to the maximum daily quantities of precipitations for the fiftyyear return period and the drainage canals with respect to the maximum inflow of ground waters. 7.5.3. Landslides The technology and schedule of the deposit exploitation is defined by the design. The application of the prescribed procedures for coal excavation and the forming of benches is one of the conditions for preventing the occurrence of a landslide and instability within the mine. When it comes to the control of slopes, special attention is paid to the occurrence of a movement of slopes, the stability of slopes, water accumulation on the slopes and the keeping of safe distances. If a slope inclination which would provide the stability coefficient obtained by calculation - can not be achieved by the mechanization, the bench height is reduced until achieving the designed inclination.
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In order to avoid the deposit flooding and to provide the required terrain stability, protection of the open cast mine from the surface and ground waters is applied, thereby also disturbing and changing the waterflows regime. With the activities progression, the excavated area is refilled, reclaimed or adjusted for other purposes. Due to a decrease in the ground waters level and the terrain subsidence, the following is necessary: Before building the infrastructural facilities primarily within the zone of Zeoke and Burovo, a study with a detailed analysis of the conditions for landslide occurrence should be drawn up and the solutions for landslide remediation should be given. A system for monitoring the stability of land and objects should be established within the zone of the mines progression front. A system for monitoring the ground subsidence and movement should be established, trigonometric network points and the landmarks for monitoring the broader area should be set, and the reaction in case of a defect on certain objects should be adequate.
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8. DESCRIPTION OF THE MEASURES PLANNED WITH THE AIM OF PREVENTING AND REMOVING ANY MAJOR HARMFUL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
The measures for alleviating the negative environmental impacts resulting from the mining activities in the OCM "Field C" should be in conformity with the measures planned in other mines of Kolubara basin. The negative impact of this mine is low, proportionaly to the area and the position it occuppies. On the basis of the performed analyses of the expected impacts, it can be determined that the biggest impact is related to the usage of the area itself planned for the mining activities concerning coal production and overburden dumping. Upon defining the measures for alleviating the negative impacts, the measures referring to the protection of the employees working in the mine should be differentiated from those referring to the protection of the surrounding population and the existing property. At this, it should be noted that the majority of the measures from the first of the mentioned groups indirectly also contributes to the protection of the surrounding area. The conditions defined in the Spatial Plan with respect to the environmental protection in the observed area are the following: area reclamation should be performed parallel to coal exploitation: in the first phase this includes a selective excavation of the terrain in order to preserve the existing humus material from the area to be excavated in separate dump sites, to be used later on for the fertilization and enrichment with humus of the reclaimed areas; reclamation of areas, i.e. taking protective measures on the soil where the activities have been finished, which started within one year after the end of the activities performance at the latest; raising a green belt around the mine with the aim of protecting the air from pollution with particles; it is necessary to take the following measures with the aim of protecting waters (I) the waste waters containing harmful and hazardous matter should be purified before being released into the sewage system or a natural recipient;(II) in the case of the liquid fuel storage, the measures for preventing a possible spillage of oil derivatives into the surroundings should be planned; (III) if necessary, the protection of drinking water sources should be planned; since there are no protected natural areas in the analyzed region, in this sense there are no conditions and protective measures; having in mind that within the broad area of the mine significant archeological sites have been found, should new sites be found during exploitation, an immediate action must be taken in accordance with the existing requirements of the Institute for the Preservation of Cultural Monuments with the aim of their protection; it is also necessary to carry out the measures for preserving the cultural property located within the mines area, in accordance with the requirements of the Institute for the Preservation of Cultural Monuments
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On the basis of the assessed possible major impacts, elaborated in the chapter 6.0 of the Study in question, appropriate measures for environmental protection have been defined, systematically presented through: 1. The measures prescribed by the Law and other regulations, norms, standards and terms for their conduction; 2. The measures during the object construction; 3. The measures during the regular operation of the Project; 4. The measures in case of an accident; 5. Waste management; 6. The measures for environmental protection after the cessation of the Project operation. 8.1. Measures prescribed by the Law and other regulations, norms, standards and terms for their conduction The measures from this point encompass the conditions and approvals determined by the competent authorities and organisations upon issuing the permit for drawing up technical documentation and the approval of the technical documentation, before giving the construction permit for the object. It is the obligation of the Project Holder to draw up the Impact Assessment Study according to the Art. 18 of the Law on Environmental Impact Assessment (The Official Gazette 135/2004), to draw up the Environmental Impact Assessment Study for the Project so as to provide the approval of the Study by the competent authority, since it is an integral part of the documentation for obtaining the certificate to commence business.
According to the Art. 31 of the Law on Environmental Impact Assessment (The Official Gazette 135/2004), the Occupancy Certificate can not be issued if the conditions from the Decision on Giving the Approval on the Environmental Impact Assessment Study for the Project have not been fulfilled. According to the Mining Law ("The Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia", no. 44/95, 101/2005 oth. Law, 85/2005 and oth. Law 34/2006, Article 17, Article 35 and Article 39): - The exploitation of mineral raw materials and the performance of mining activities according to the Detailed and Additional Mining Design, i.e. the beginning of construction of the open cast mine with the accompanying facilities located wihin the boundaries of the exploitation field, is performed upon the request of the holder of the research of the mineral raw material within the area in which the exploitation of this mineral raw material shall be performed and on the basis of the decision on permitting the exploitation issued by the competent Ministry, within the term defined by the permit and according to the schedule and in the quantities envisaged by the mining design and other technical documentation drawn up in accordance with the law. 128

The performance of the mining activities in totality in accordance with the Detailed and Additional Mining Design may be started after obtaining the decision on permitting the mining activities issued by the competent Ministry. The mining object constructed according to the Detailed and Additional Mining Design may be used after obtaining the Occupancy Certificate. The application of valid Rule Books also belongs to the measures prescribed by the Laws and other regulations, these Rule Books prescribing the following:
The performance of periodical inspections and examinations, as well as the examinations of the microclimate, emission and imission of physical and chemical harmfulness, possible harmful radiation, noise and vibration, as well as keeping the prescribed records on this. The performance of periodical inspections and examinations of the prescribed tools and devices for work, as well as keeping records on this. The application of norms and standards when choosing and purchasing the devices and equipment for the suggested discontinuous system of open cast exploitation is also included in the measures prescribed by the Laws and other regulations. The terms for their conduction are in conformity with the beginning of exploitation. The measures from this point also encompass the conditions determined by the competent state authorities and organisations upon issuing the permits and approvals on the objects contruction, the works performance and the objects occupation and starting the production process.
In accordance with the aforementioned, the following is checked: If previous protection has been provided during the designing, construction and reconstruction of the investment objects, as well as upon obtaining the Occupancy Certificate for the constructed objects. If previous protection has been provided in the production, purchase and import of the working tools with mechanised drive, If previous protection has been provided in the production, purchase and import of the instruments for personal protection. 8.1.1. Measures during the object construction
The object construction may not be started without the approval and decision of the competent authority. The activities should be perfomed completely in accordance with the approved designing documentation. Before the beginning of activities in the OCM, it is necessary to enclose and ensure against uncontrolled and unauthorised entry. Manipulation with motor fuel in the mine itself is prohibited.
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Should there be a spillage of oil derivatives and the soil contamination during the works performance, the works should be stopped immediately and remediation should be perfomed and the contaminated soil should be moved to the location defined by a supervising or municipal agency. Should an archeological site or archeological objects be found during the activities, the performer of works is obliged to stop the activities without delay and to inform the competent Institute for the Preservation of Cultural Monuments, and to take all measures to prevent the destruction and damage of the finding and to preserve it in the place and the position in which it has been found. Should geological-paleonthological and mineralogical-petrographical sites be found during the activities, which are presumed to possess the quality of a natural area, in accordance with the Law on Environmental Protection, the performer of works is obliged to inform the Institute for Nature Conservation of Serbia, i.e. to take all measures to prevent the damage on the natural area before the arrival of the competent person.
8.1.2. Measures during the regular operation of the project After obtaining the certificate to commence business according to the Detailed Mining Design and the immediately started activities for opening the open cast mine, the following is necessary: To perform the measurings of air pollution with gases and dust. To measure the level of noise. To take off the humus material, dump it at the temporary dump site inside the exploitation field and later use it in the reclamation process. To dump overburden material at the dump site, to provide a geomechanical stability of the dumped material upon dumping. Servicing, providing the machines and equipment with fuel and lubricants is permitted in the open cast mine only to a smaller extent, the stated activities are in principle performed in the part Auxiliary Mechanization in the close vicinity of the open cast mine. The waste coming from the maintenance of equipment and installations, should necessarily be collected, assorted and dumped at the prescribed plateau for generated waste and it should be handled in accordance with the Rule Book on the Conditions and Manner of Sorting, Packing and Storing Secondary Raw Materials ("The Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia", number 55/01) and the Rule Book on the Manner of Handling the Waste with Hazardous Substance Features ("he Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia", number 12/95). The collected sanitary-faecal waste waters should be organisedly emptied from the waterproof cesspit by the local public utility company. The waste coming form the employees residence should be dumped into a container for collecting the municipal waste, which shall be emptied organizedly by the local public utility company. 130

To prevent the accidentally spilled oil derivatives from endangering the environment, it is necessary to provide the sufficient quantity of sorbent. The dumping and storing of the used sorbent must be in accordance with the Rule Book on the Manner of Handling the Waste with Hazardous Substance Features ("he Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia", number 12/95). The traffic within the complex should be carried out under a controlled regime with put up signs for limited low speed. 8.1.3. Measures after the cessation of the project operation Exploitation having been finished, it is the obligation of the Project Holder to draw up a Detailed Mining Design for the permanent cessation of operation containing the description of the designing soultions for the mines final contour, the Design for Dismantling Buildings, Electrical and Mechanical Plants and Installations, as well as the Reclamation Design with the explanation of the reasons for the permanent cessation of operation. It is the obligation of the Project Holder to perform a permanent remediation of the degraded soil with the aim of returning it to its previous use through soil reclamation by applying the technical and biological measures. On the basis of the aforesaid, basic measures for alleviating the anticipated impacts on the surroundings have been defined. 8.2. Protective measures envisaged by the Study (air, water, soil, noise, fire, flora and fauna) 8.2.1. Air protection In the technological process of coal exploitation in the open cast mine, coal dust shall appear as a potentially harmful matter endangering the air in the environment. Dust sources are: Working benches with the technological equipment, Conveyor belt routes, Roads in the open cast mine and Active surfaces at the dump site. The protective measures for controlling and managing the emissions and imissions of suspended particles shall primarily refer to organising the monitoring of dust parallel to the meteorological monitoring. The system for controlling dust concentrations should be installed both in the working surroundings of the open cast mine and in the residential areas in the mines vicinity. Within the area of the open cast mine where the exploitation and potential overburden dumping have been finished, a post haste rehabilitation of the open space is recommended. The finishing surfaces (benches and slope planes) in the open cast mine and dump sites shall be subjected to the agrotechnical and biological reclamation according to the defined shedule, after their formation, which shall significantly affect the decrease in the transfer of dust from these areas by wind activity. 131

In the active part of the mine, where the activities in the process of excavation, transport and dumping shall take place, the procedure of spraying with water shall be applied for preventing dust emission as well as the procedure of capturing dust at transfer points. For preventing the emission of dust from the active working surfaces, as indicated above, the technical solution of spraying with water shall be applied with the help of dedicated vehicles (auto cisterns) with the spraying equipment. The needed number of auto cisterns for sprinkling the roads in active exploitation in the open cast mine is obtained on the basis of the following expression:
1,25 La b q n where: Qc La = 3000 m maximum length of roads in the open cast mine, b = 10 m average road width, q = 0,5 l / m 2 - specific consumption, n = 1 number of sprayings within one hour, Qc = 13,8 m3/h cistern capacity
N= The cistern capacity is determined on the basis of the following equation:
Qe , (m 3 / h ) Qe Qe lc 1,2 gh + gp + Vr where: Qc =
Qe = 8 m3 - auto cistern capacity, qh = 48 m3/h pump capacity, qh = 48 m3/h - pump capacity at the filling station, lc = 1 km - average distance between the filling station and the road to be wettened, V k i Vr = 15-10 km/h average speed of movement of an empty and a full cistern.
On the basis of the presented calculation, the needed number of cysterns for the given conditions is 2. Upon using the exact parameters in the stated spraying equations, the auto cistern with the capacity of 8 m3 was taken into consideration. For this purpose the autocystern manufactured by "Vatrsprem" from Belgrade, type FAP 1314, or similar can be used (if needed, adjustment by repeated calculation may be performed). The stated cystern is manufactured on the chassis 6 GGF-1, and it contains the following elemnts:
water cistern, pump with the accompanying installation, spraying device.
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The cystern is of the eliptical cross-section, made of boiler plate with the thickness of 3 mm. Plate wave absorbers are installed inside of it. The pump is centrifugal with the following features: capacity 800 l / min , number of revolutions 3000 o/min, and pressure 6 bars. For preventing dust release at transfer points, wet or dry procedure should be applied in the conveyor belt system. Wet spraying procedure should be installed at loading and transfer points. In this case, the spraying device should be made in such manner so as to prevent water from falling on the conveyor belt. This includes using sprayers which should enable the creation of a water cloud made of the tiniest water drops. Apart from the sprayers, a working pressure of minimum 35 bars is also necessary in the water separation system (or at the very point of water dispersion). In order to prevent excessive water consumption in the cases of conveyor belts delay, it is desirable to automatise the spraying system. According to practical experiences (domestic and foreign) water consumption varies from 20-25 l /t.
Scheme of the dust supression system at a transfer point (1. sprayer, 2. inclined transition, 3. automatic valve, 4. piping ) The application of spraying also includes the application of the measures against coal and dust adherence to the conveyor belt. Belt cleaners are used for this purpose. Regular and timely application of these procedures with seasonal and weather planning of spraying, with the application of available technical capacities, provides satisafctory effects for preventing dust emission and protecting the air in the working and living environment. Measures of protection from dust related to coal and overburden transport by conveyor belts consist of a number of measures:
minimising the speed of the conveyor belt, (especially within the period of unfavourable meteorological circumstances), covering the conveyor belts (under the conditions where this is possible), using a dust collecting system. reducing the height difference between the conveyors to the minimum 133

cleaning the belt in the direction opposite to the direction of transport. Upon coal and overburden loading and discharge, discharge height should be reduced to the minimum and water sprayers should be used.
With the aim of protection from dust during the coal transport via transport roads, the following should be done:
Covering truck boxes during transport Lowering the speed of vehicle movement. One of the basic measures of protection from dust during coal transport via transport roads is wetting the roads with water and asphalting the main roads in the mine and access roads to the settlements.
Protection of air in the working environment (cabins of the excavator operators, electrical unit on the excavator, locksmiths workshop on the ecavator, cabins of drive station operators on conveyor systems) is provided by the application of air conditioning devices, which includes purification of the dusted air and warm air conditioning. For working conditions improvement, it is also necessary to provide the following: adequate encapsulation at transfer points, installing aspiration systems for suspended dust collection, regular removal of deposited dust around the sources (transfer points), improving the insulation of working cabins and their ventilation. Valid norms and standards for every analysed parameter are used for evaluating working conditions and planning the application of protective measures. The contents of chemical substances in the air of the working atmosphere in the open cast mine can be accepted in the concentrations not impairing the workers health, under normal working conditions during the eight-hour operation. The limiting concentration above which there is a real danger of health imparment is the maximum allowed concentration (MAC). MAC for mineral dust and harmful gases are prescribed by the standard JUS 2.BO.001. If the allowed criteria are exceeded, it is necessary to apply complex measures of protection from mineral dust. As additional protection, personal protective instruments should be used during a shorter time of exposure to harmful influence (dust respirators, protective masks). The concentration of the gases released into the air during the operation of machines in this open cast mine is not expected to be higher than MAC, so therefore special protection is not envisaged. Finishing surfaces (benches and slope planes) in the open cast mine and dump sites shall be subjected to agrotechnical and biological reclamation according to the defined shedule, after their formation, which shall significantly affect the decrease in the transfer of dust from these areas by wind activity. As an additional protective measure for the surrounding area, it is necessary to grow a green belt in the area towards the settlements, predominantly on the south side. With the aim of better protection from dust, an impenetrable belt is suggested, compact from the base 134

to the top, accomplished by a combination of broadleaf and coniferous species. Since the intesity of the emitted noise significantly and relatively rapidly decreases with the increase of the distance from the noise source (from 100dB at the noise source in the open cast mine even up to 5dB at 500m from the mine), the belt width of around 10m is envisaged. If we take into account that, according to Krell (1980), a belt with the width of 50-100m reduces the noise by 5 to 10 dB, i.e. 1 dB at 10m of the belt width, the projected belt width is reasonable. At least twice a year, it is necessary to perform perdiodical testing of the working environment at the endangered working places, with the aim of controlling the accomplished effects of the applied protection. Apart from the aforesaid, it is also necessary to start a health protection program with the aim of controlling the employees health. 8.2.2. Protection of the mine from surface waters The basic concept of the protection of the mine from surface (atmospheric) waters consist of the following: Collecting atmospheric waters gravitating towards the working area of the mine before they endanger it and conducting them into the nearest existing permanent or occasional waterflows beyond the mines boundary; Collecting atmospheric waters from the exploitation area of the open cast mine and the working area of the open cast mine and directing these waters towards a watercollector. Removing the collected waters from the water collector beyond the working area of the open cast mine. The protection of the mine from atmospheric waters gravitating towards the exploitation boundaries of the mine does not represent a problem concerning the configuration and general incline of the terrain. Owing to the position of plains and ditches and the directions of their incline, practically, building protective marginal channels for their collection is not necessary. Protection of the open cast mine from atmospheric waters gravitating towards the working area Waters gravitating on the north side of the mine towards the working area shall be accepted by marginal channels (Ko-1) which lead the water to the accumulation A1 and from here by a pipeline to the existing channel. Channel (Ko-3) accepts the waters gravitating from the dump site and conducts them into the existing channel, and the river Petan as the end recipient. Waters gravitating from the overburden benches of the east dump site are accepted by the bench channel (Ke) into the collecting channel (Ks) and into the existing channel, and the river Petan as the end recipient. Waters gravitating from the dump site on the east side are accepted by the channel K odlg -1 into the existing channel.
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A part of the waters gravitating from the channel K dump site -1 are accepted by the channel K dump site -2 to the water-collector and from here by gravitational pipeline 1000 mm into the existing channel. The channels at the dump site are coated with rubber or impermeable foil so that the channels could have their function. These channels are made at an already consolidated dump site. The channel (K-1) accepts the waters from the consolidated dump site to the water-collector VS-J2. The channel (K-2) accepts the waters from the consolidated dump site to the watercollector VS-J1. The channel (Ko-4) accepts the waters from the GVS (Main Water-Collector). Waters directly falling into the open part of the open cast mine and the waters running out of the bench slopes are directed towards the lowest point water-collector and pumped out into the channel by centrifugal pumps and the river Petan as the end recipient. With the opening of coal seam in the excavated area the main water-collector GVS is formed, from which the water is pumped out by centrifugal pumps to the channel and the river Petan as the end recipient. For removing smaller quantities of water (boggy places) appearing at the benches and the dump site, it is necessary to provide portable sludge pumps. Situational map of the flows of atmospheric waters from the open cast mine is given in the Figure 8.2.2.
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Figure 8.2.2.
Flows of atmospheric waters
8.2.3. Protection of the Mine from Ground Waters The protection of the open cast mine "Field C from ground waters solves the issue of draining interseam and floor aquifer. The implemented solutions are based on the hydrogeological interpretation of the open cast mine area, technological solutions of excavation, overburden transport and dumping as well as coal excavation and transport. In addition, the previous experience in open cast mine exploitation related to the issue of the protection of the mine from ground waters is also one of the important factors which have influenced the choice of the given solutions. Based on the geological and hydrogeological prospects, and according to the overview given in the Chapter 2, it is said that roof layers are made of sands (most often dustlike), then gravels, slightly clayey and clayey sands, sandy clay and clay. Water-bearing horizon in the roof series is made predominantly of dustlike fine-grained sands slightly clayey in part, releasing water very difficultly. Given the hydrogeological characteristics of the roof sediments, special drainage facilities are not made for draining the roof aquifer (economically unreasonable and uneconomical with respect to the achieved 137

effects), i.e. drainage issue is not solved separately, but the water, possibly flowing out of the slopes of the benches, is collected in local depressions, and from there transferred to the water-collector by sludge pumps. Direct floor of the coal seem is made of floor sands, slightly clayey with the filtration coefficient of the order of magnitude of 105cm/s, thickness 7-10 m and even higher. These sands expand throughout the whole exploitation area and even further. The protection of the mine "Field C" from ground waters is performed by reducing the level of ground waters in the interlayer aquifer, so that the mining operations could be performed freely, in accordance to the planned schedule. The position of drainage wells within the interlayer aquifer is shown in the Figure 8.2.3.a. The position of wells is linearly perpendicular to the direction of the mines progression. Drainage system within the interlayer aquifer consists of 15 wells including the well BC. 4/05 which is functioning even today. The distance between the wells is 125-250m within one line of wells, and the distance between the lines varies 350-500 m. The function of a line of wells is to reduce the level of ground waters in the interlayer aquifer in the coupled pumping phase, being in the close vicinity of the works front. The inspection of the balanse of individual wells reveals that there are two groups of wells. The first group of drainage wells is located closer to the countour of the mines progression and the water level decreases more rapidly and more significantly in them. The second group of wells consist of the wells further from the contour of the mines progression, where ground waters level is reduced more slowly (wells BPC-9 BPC-14).
Figure 8.2:3.a. The position of drainage wells within the interseam aquifer in the OCM "Field C" 8.2.4. Protection of Soil and Alleviation of the Impact on the Landscape 138

With the aim of preserving the quality and reducing the losses of fat soil, removal and dumping of the upper layer of soil are planned before the beginning of overburden excavation, with the aim of using it later to form the upper layer in the areas to be reclaimed or possibly using it immediately in the parts where the beginning of reclamation has already been planned. From the aspect of the impact on soil utilization and the appearance of landscape, reclamation is the basic measure for alleviating the impact, i.e. for returning the damaged soil to its previous or some other crop. While defining the technological process for performing mining activities, adequate reclamation is timely planned and organized, especially since it also represents a legal obligation of the companies engaged in open cast exploitation. Technical reclamation includes a number of technical measures by which overburden dump sites and excavated surfaces are given such a shape which shall provide ecologically favourable fitting of these surfaces into the existing environment and create the conditions for biological reclamation. In the case of the open cast mine "Field C", lignite exploitation shall be perfomed by continuous systems (Ic and V), whereat dumping of the excavated overburden is performed by spreaders. The stated manner of exploitation shall condition certain geometrical features of the dump site. Technical reclamation upon forming the finishing slopes of the dump site consists of overburden levelling and shoving on horizontal surfaces with a slight decline 1-2% and building a network of channels for controlled drainage of surface water. Levelling is performed by bulldozers and the channels are made by bulldozers or trenchers. In order to achieve a better quality of the upper layer of soil at the dump site and thus provide better preconditions for biological reclamation, there is a worldwide practice of dumping the removed upper fattest layer of soil last, at the height of up to 0,5m. For this purpose in developed western countries, there are whole mini systems excavating, transporting and dumping loam. The processing of deposol obtained by the excavation, indicates to certain measures which must be applied at the dump sites: Increasing the organogenic features of the created deposol. The quantities of organic matter recommended in this case are 100t/ha. Increasing the total fertility of deposol by applying mineral fertilizers in limited quantities and with a prolonged effect. Proper choice of particular crops to be raised in the first phases of reclamation. This includes the plant species providing a large biomass and sideration, and they also protect the surface from the erosion process. Proper choice of crops as permanent solutions. This means that it is possible to organize agricultural production on deposols with the application of appropriate agrotechnical measures. Or proper choice of forest species if the terrain requires forest reclamation. Our open cast mines do not have such systems, so this procedure is performed by the technology of excavation by ECS system, because the only alternative truck transport of 139

loam, is simply not cost-effective. This kind of excavation does not render too good results, because the capacity of the excavator excavating overburden is significantly reduced by such operation, and it is difficult to fit such a system itself into the dumping function, primarily due to the low probability of matching the high block operation of the excavator and the spreader. The first phase of reclamation is technical reclamation which includes the activities on shaping the finishing contours of the open cast mine or dump site, so as to enable ambient integration of the terrain into the surroundings. After the finished terrain shaping activities, biological reclamation begins, which consists of the following phases: Forming the foundation for vegetation process, planting plant crops and applying agrotechnical measures. Apart from the terrain appearance, the main task of reclamation is to prevent spreading of the dumped material under the influence of precipitatons and wind, concerning the morphology of the dump site, as well as to enable bringing of these surfaces to a useful purpose. Temporary reclamation is envisaged at the internal dump site, by planting low crops intended for cattle grazing and mowing. Although the reclamation measure primarily refers to the protection of soil, it indirectly contributes to the protection of air and waters, because it prevents spreading of the dumped material beyond the dump site. In addition, this measure also has a socio-economic importance, becasue it can be a source of additional income for the local population from using the produced crops. Biological reclamation includes the activities by which the terrain is returned to its pevious purpose and its main task is to form fertile soil and vegetation which shall not lag behind the autochthonous soil and plant species according to its reproductive features. Biological reclamation includes agrotechnical, amelioration and biological measures for renewing the fertility of the damaged soil in which formation of artificail communities is planned. Since this is an open cast mine, where both technical and biological reclamation has already been conducted for the last more or less thirty years at its dumps sites, some of the ecxperiences gained during the previous biological reclamation shall be presented here, as well as the directions of further development. The natural soil, made of fluvisol, brown forest soil and pseudogley, has been completely perturbed by overburden excavation, and the newly formed substrate has been created by turning over, scarifying, mixing and dumping again the overburden substrate (quatenary yellow-brown clays, less frequently sand and gravel, variegated fine-grained powdery and boggy sands, clay of gray and gray-green sands of the upper pontian and the floor variegated and heterogenous composition of the upper pontian sand). Such composition of soil has conditioned afforestation to be one of the main aspects of biological recultivation on these terrains. Through reclamation by afforestation, by creating forest plant communities, two main goals are achieved in area restoration: quicker restoration and activation of pedological processes, more favourable water features of the area and the influx of oxygen. In fact, during reclamation by afforestation, two reclamation processes take place: planting forest woody species and revitalization by spontaneous population of the autochthonous ground and forest vegetation. 140

Previous activities on reclamation by afforestation of the dump sites of open cast mines, which have rendered extraordinary results in revitalization of the ecosystem (disturbed by mining activities), not only encourage, but also indicate that it is possible to obtain a more diverse, richer and more stable ecosystem than before. As usual, greatest attention shall be paid to nursery production. The production of forest seedlings shall still be organised in the nursery on the part of the open cast mine "Field D". In 1977, a nursery at the dump site of an open cast mine was formed for the first time in our country, but also in the world. Today 5-6 million seedlings are produced on the area of around 20 hectares with an extraordinary result, by applying modern technology based on scientific research activities, in the traditional and industrial manner in containers, partly for the needs of reclamation by afforestation in Kolubara basin, but also in broader Serbia. Stress shall be laid on the production of broad-leaf seedlings, which has rendered notable results. One-year-old seedlings of maple, oak, linden, alder, black locust and elm reach the height of 60-100 cm, and two-year old seedlings even up to 2 m. It should be noticed here that the seedlings have a perfect correlation between the height and width of the root neck. In the first years of reclamation by afforestation of the dump sites of the open cast mines, pure crops of certain broad-leaf and coniferous species were raised. Later on, on the basis of the researches, transition to mixed crops was made, depending on the ecological and microclimatic conditions. The afforested surfaces of dump sites deposol, surrounded by agricultural land and the active part of the mine, have become a wildlife refuge: deer, roe bucks and rabbits, and pheasants, wild ducks and other birds can also be found. After wood exploitation, the afforested aeras (with biologically active soil), are easily partially transformed into agricultural land. This also indicates that reclamation by afforestation is biologically most acceptable, because the forest itself leads to microbiological activation of soil and to creation of organic matter. In addition, biological reclamation by afforestation is much cheeper with respect to other categories of reclamation. The total area to which life has been successfully brought back is now larger than 15 km2. This area shall increase every year, because a continuity of relcamation activities has been established. Forest resources of around 10 km2 have been formed. Experimental orchard and gardening experiments, as well as the yield of wheat, corn, soya, oilseed rape, sunflower and alfalfa are also encouraging. They indicate that both forest and agricultural production can be developed very successfully at reclaimed dump sites of open cast mines. The success of the previous activities on reclamation by afforestation in Kolubara coal basin, the positive effect of forests on settling of the dumped substrates, on the regulation of infiltration and surface runoff of water, on the activation of pedological processes, indicate the need for enlarging the surfaces under forests. Kolubara basin, as the area of large environmental load, should have established an optimal degree of forest cover of around 37% in this area by the year 2000, which was in conformity with the Spatial Plan of the Republic of Serbia. Therefore reclamation by afforestation, as the main aspect of biological reclamation in Kolubara basin, has an important perspective. 8.2.5. Protection from noise 141

The appearance of the negative impact of excessive noise in working envrionments exists in all phases of exploitation in the open cast mine. With the aim of providing protection of workers and the local population from the negative impact of excessive noise coming from the technological process of open cast exploitation, it is necessary to carry out the planned protective measures systematically. The stated measures include controlling the noise level inside the mining complex and the surrounding inhabited areas, reducing the noise in individual plants and machines, applying acoustic protection by setting physical barriers or enclosures and applying personal protection instruments of the employess in the mine. Protective panels, as physical barriers should be used as an additional measure for protecting the settlement from noise along with the envisaged green belt. The effect of the panel is momentary reduction of noise emitted towards the settlement until the designed green belt has reached functional age. In terms of protection from emitted noise, the panels as movable structures follow the progression of mining activities. Protective measures for reducing the negative impacts of noise on the workng and living environment include the following: - The engines of the mining mechanisation should be equipped with silencers, maintained in proper condition and used in accoradnce with the manufacturers recommendations in order to prevent the creation of excessive noise; - if the noise level in the surrounding settlements exceeds legally allowed values, barriers should be set sound protection panels for the reduction of noise between the open cast mine and the settlement; - if it is practically possible and feasible, noise sources should be enclosed, which directly depends on the source nature; - it is necessary to provide the equipment for protecting the hearing of the machines operators from the harmful consequences of excessive noise. - Planting a green belt around the open cast mine, especially in the part where the level of noise in the vicinity of an inhabited place is the highest (already defined in the Point 8.1.3.). Mining equipment used during open cast exploitation represents an important source of noise which can be reduced by the application of certain measures upon consulting the manufacturer. The stated measures refer to adapting and modifying the exhaust manifolds and exhausts of the machines engines with the aim of reducing the noise level, acoustic insulation of metal parts of the equipment, enclosing the machines and devices etc. Education of the employees is very important within the context of the workers awareness of the need for reducing the level of noise to the value defined by the regulations and the insalubrity of the exposure to excessive noise. Training the workers within the field of maintaining the equipment in working condition and regular operation is also important, as well as the need for and the manner of using personal instruments for protection from noise. 8.2.6. Protection from fire Protection from fire in the OCM "Field C" is designed in accordance with the Fire Protection Act, the Mining Law and the Rule Book on Technical Standards for Open Cast Exploitation of Mineral Raw Material Deposits. Assessment of fire vulnerability from has been made according to the characteristics of the objects by which they are protected. All present objects are made of steel structures, welded 142

or joined by screws and rivets, In certain places the steelk structure is coated with plate or hardboard. All structures are covered with a layer of protective base colour paint, and than by the paint for metal. The cables for supplying the electromotor and other electrical devices with power are reeved along the structure or attached to it. Substations conatining transformer oil are located at certain levels of excavators and spreaders as well as drive stations. Certain quantities of machine oil, grease and petrol are also present in other mining machines and equipment. During the excavation, coal does not represent a significant fire hazard, concerning its humidity. The risk of inflammation is increased in the dry period, especially for coal dust which can ignite on conveyor belts due to friction. Coal self-ignition is possible if there are coal dumps where it stays for a longer time period (1,5 to 3 months). Rubber belts are hardly inflammable and the fire does not develop further from the location of the ignition source. Substations represent a potential fire hazard due to the direct contact of the heat source (short circuit electric arc) and the flammable matter (transformer oil and switches)
Specification of protective equipment on the mining equipment Equipment Fire load Number and type of fire extinguishers S9 Excavators SRs 1200 24/4 SchRs350 12/5 SRs 1301 E- 6/45 2 pieces SRs 1200 22/2 SchRsC-700 M-7200 pcs Self-propelled transporters BRs 1200 x 29/32; BRs 1600 (17,5+32,5)15 NPO NPO 5 5 5 5 VPO VPO VPO SPO VPO VPO SPO 20 5 4 2 20 10 4 30 5 4 2 30 20 4 CO2-5
8.2.6.a.
Total
8 10 8 4 50 40 8
10 10
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BRs1400.37/50.1 Spreaders Ars 1600 (37+60)x18 (O-V) ARs 1600 (28+50) x 17 ARs 1600 (28+50) x 15 new A 2Rs B.8500 x60 new Inclined conveyor bridge Drive station Tensioning station
NPO
10
SPO SPO SPO SPO NPO NPO NPO
7 7 7 7 2 2 1
6 6 6 6 2 2 1
13 13 13 13 4 4 2
8.2.7. Flora and Fauna Protection The measures for alleviating the effects on flora and fauna are in close connection with the reclamation program which should be planned so as to correspond to a natural state as much as possible (forests, meadows, moors, lakes). One of the negative impacts of the emission of gases and dust is causing a degradation of the quality of flora and fauna within the mines zone. Applying protective measures and growing a protective green belt (in this case on the south side of the mine) favourably affect the protection of the living organisms, both people and animals and plants, from the harmful impact of the emissions of gases, dust and noise. After the end of exploitation, reclamation of the mine shall be performed in the excavated area of the open cast mine, with the aim of renewing the overall ecological balance of the area. Within the analysed area, the measures for reducing the negative environmental impacts shall be conducted, with the aim of enabling renewal of the biological and landscape character of the area. The development of the open cast mines causes the destruction and degradation of significant areas of agricultural forest land, area degradation and endangerment of the wild flora and fauna. To reduce these impacts or to compensate for them, the following is necessary: Before overburden excavation, selective overburden dumping should be provided. Successive land reclamation after the cessation of mining operations, in conformity with the schedule of the mining operations. Reclamation should be planned so as to correspond to the natural state as much as possible and creating the conditions for fauna restoration. A Registry of the Diversity of Biological Species of the Area should be drawn up, as the basis for the projects of biological reclamation of degraded areas and waterflows. Establishing soil quality monitoring. 144

8.2.8. Measures for alleviating socio-economic impacts Measures for alleviating negative socio-economic impacts refer to providing adequate living and working conditions for the displaced population, as well as the control of living conditions of those who have stayed in the surroundings. This includes monitoring the quality of air and waters as envisaged in the Chapter 9, as well as permanent control of health condition of the employees and the nearby population (with the aim of monitoring the frequency of occurrence of certain diseases expected in mining areas). Apart from this, the conditions for developing new employment possibilities in the given area for the population who have continued living at the location should be considered . 8.3. Measures to be taken in case of accident
Basic measures for preventing accident occurrence are obeying the technical regulations within the field of designing, works performance as well as the workers discipline upon carrying out technological processes, and this is manifested through: Performing technological operations according to the determined order. Complying with the prescribed measures of hygienic-technical protection. Complying with the prescribed fire protection measures. In case of an accident due to a brakedown of installations and equipment it is necessary to take the measures of shutting down the broken equipment, installations and their repair by competent persons. For protecting the object from atmospheric discharge, classic lightning protection is envisaged. Protection from floods. Protection of the population and the open cast mines from flood in the valley of the river Petan shall be conducted by a combination of linear protective measures (relocating the flow to the southern periphery of the discussed area) and active measures, by realizing the retentions in the frontal part of Petan watershed. Four retentions are planned (Figure 8.3.): o Kruevica o Rudovci o Trbunica o Bistrica river The positions of the four retentions with the main features are given in the Figure 8.3.
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Figure 8.3. Position of retentions with respect to OCM E 8.4. Plans and Technical Solutions for Environmental Protection (recycling, treatment and disposition of waste matter, reclamation, remediation etc.)
So far, more than 400 million tons of coal have been excavated in the mining basin in all open cast mines. One million cubic meters of overburden has been excavated, transported and dumped simultaneously. So far, around 55 km2 or 5.500 ha have been encompassed by the coal exploitation activities. In this basin, additional 90km2 shall be encompassed by the activities in the open cast mine. The living space of the area of Kolubara coal deposit represents an endangered object as a consequence of the technological process of exploitation and processing of mineral raw materials. The consequences of the technological process of coal exploitation and processing are measured in millions of cubic meters of overburden and millions of tons of coal, i.e. in thousands of hectares disappearing from the face of the earth, are very numerous. If nothing was done to remove them, the consequences would be so severe that they would certainly call into question the justifiability of such coal exploitation. As indicated in the previous chapters, during the performance of the mining operations of open cast exploitation, the soil in the area of the open cast mine shall inevitably be degraded. The technology of open cast exploitation involves the excavation of useful mineral raw material, its transport outside the soil location. Due to the disposition of the excavated rock 146

mass, a depression shall be created in the excavated area, which shall cause a change and disruption of morphological and aesthetic characteristics of the existing natural environment. One of the measures for remediating thus created state is the application of reclamation (technical and biological), which is aimed at bringing the degraded terrain to its previous purpose completely or as closely as possible. Soil reclamation within the area of Kolubara lignite basin is based on the development of special investment programs, by which all harmful effects of the mining and energy industry on the area biocapacity are removed, and it includes the following activities: Overburden dump sites are revitalised, primarily by afforestation, and then by agrobiological reclamation in accordance with the final vision of spatial organisation after lignite exploitation. On the terrains which are chemically and biologically degraded, the application of the measures of agrotechnical meliorations and/or preventive repressive measures for forest protection is necessary. The basic preconditions for the successful implementation of the biological reclamation program, which should be provided in the phase of designing the technology for open cast exploitation of lignite, include the following: Selective excavation and dumping of the humus layer of soil, for the needs of agrobiological reclamation of the areas intended for return to agricultural production and raising lawns, Technical reclamation by which systematic disposition of land masses and regulation of hydrologic conditions as well as levelling and stability of the terrain for biological reclamation is provided. The overburden from the "Field C" shall be dumped in the internal dump site of the "Field D and B", so that the already existing area for reclamation of the Field D " and "Field B" is used during the stated activities. In the initial stage of open cast exploitation, dumping technology was primitive, and dumping was performed by truck and railway transport. In this period, very uneven surfaces with many depressions and elevated piles of dumped substrate were formed (Turija). Later, with the introduction of modern equipment into exploitation and using conveyor belts for overburden dumping, the situation improved significantly, especially becuase in these times technical reclamation was also introduced into the exploitation process, and the areas of the dumped substrate were gaining completely new but planned contours. When it comes to the composition, the dumped substrate still represented, and even today represents, a conglomeration of lithological overburden layers variously combined in terms of composition and quantity. In many areas, the substrates from the deepest overburden layers are located in the upper layer. Coal production is performed by daily exploitation of the deposit. The modern technology principle in daily coal exploitation consists of mechanically removing barren overburden material in order to uncover the coal seam which shall be exploited.
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The main principle and technology of open cast exploitation applied today, shall not be significantly changed in the future, but its development shall continue towards production rationalization and reduction of the impact on mans environment. Waste Management Waste generator is obliged to: Draw up a waste management plan if he produces more than 100 tons of nonhazardous waste or more than 200 kg of hazardous waste annually. Obtain a report on waste testing and renew it in case of changing the technology, changing the origin of the raw material etc. Obtain a certificate of waste classification with the validity period for the period of one year. Obtain the appropriate decision on exemption from the obligation of obtaining a permit in accordance with the law. Provide application of the principle of waste management hierarchy in accordance with the law. Collect waste separately in accordance with the requirement of the future treatment. Store the waste in the manner which least affects peoples health and the environment. Hand over the waste to the entity authorised for waste management. Keep records on the waste which is produced, handed over or dumped. Appoint a person responsible for waste management. Enable the control over the location, facilities, plants and documentation to the competent inspector.
The person responsible for waste management is obliged to: Draw up a draft of the waste management plan, organize its implementation and updating. Suggest the measures for preventing, reducing, reusing and recycling waste. Monitor the enforcement of the law and other regulations about waste management and inform the management bodies.
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8.5.
Other measures which could affect prevention or reduction of harmful environmental impacts
One of the additional measures whcih would significantly contribute to the prevention and reduction of the harmful impacts of potential pollution sources, and thereat have a preventive character, which is highly important when it comes to any protection process, is conceiving and designing the environmental monitoring system within the area of the open cast mine "Field C". At that, key moments of such a system are consideration of the nature of potential impacts on the analysed receptors with the definition of appropriate measurings and technical assessments. The environmental monitoring system shall monitor important pollution sources and emitted pollutants created as the result of mining activities of the planned lignite exploitation in the open cast mine "Field C". In this manner, unfavourable environmental impacts can be revealed at an early stage, thus creating the conditions for successful elimination of the negative impacts. The stated measures would enable the development of a strategy and a plan of activities for sustainable environmental protection management for the area in question. A reliable environmental monitoring system within the area of the open cast lignite mine "Field C", i.e. an environmental monitoring system in general, consists of several key elements: Choosing the environmental parameters for which measurings are performed (in space and time), Identifying the pollution source and parameters (type ad dimensions), Determining critical areas, Collecting data, analyses and assessments. By the designed monitoring, the emission of polluting matter shall be monitored within the area of the mining activities performance and energy production with covering the following environmental entities: Ground waters and potential toxic matter, Surface and ground waters drained from the mine, Soil quality, soil usage and rehabilitation, Soild waste (with surface dumping and the created drainage and biogas), Quality of the emission air, Noise levels.
8.6.
Summary of the measures suggested by the study for prevention and reduction of negative environmental impacts
Within this point of the Environmental Impact Assessment Study for Coal Exploitation in the Open Cast Mine "Field C", the suggested measures for preventing and reducing negative environmental impacts shall be systemized and summarized: a) Air protection With the aim of monitoring the quality of air in the area in question, monitoring of the suspended dust particles should be developed, as well as the monitoring of the 149

emission of the gases sulphur-dioxide (SO2 - irritating the respiratory system), nitrogene oxides (mostly NO2- gas representing a potential threat for health toxic, sample of creation of photochemical oxidizers - ozone) and carbon-monoxide (CO, a gas with the glasshouse effect). The points for measuring the imission of air pollution should be chosen in the locations where the risk of excessing the limiting values is high. The points suggested for taking monitoring measures are the open cast mine Field C and the settlement Baroevac, i.e. the places under direct influence of mining activities in the open cast lignite mine in question. In the active part of the mine, where the activities in the process of excavation, transport and dumping take place, the procedure of spraying with water should be applied for preventing dust emission. In the case of transfer points, the procedure of dust capturing at transfer points should also be applied. Minimizing the speed of conveyor belts, especially during the period of unfavourable meteorological circumstances. In the conditions where this is possible, conveyor belts should be covered and dust collecting system should be used. Height difference between the conveyors should be reduced to the minimum and the belt should be cleaned in the direction opposite to the transport direction. During coal transport along the transport routes, truck boxes should be covered and the speed of the vehicle movement should be reduced where possible. Health protection program should also be started, with the aim of controlling the health of the local population. A protective green belt should be raised in the parts oriented towards the settlements before the beginning of exploitation. b) Protection from noise Organizing the control of the noise level in the vicinity of the inhabited areas. Measurings should be performed at every measuring point at least once in a month with increased frequency for the ponints of special interest. It is also necessary to perform the measuring of the level of noise at every measuring point within the whole 24 hours once in a month throughout the whole day. If the level of noise in the surrounding settlements exceeds legally allowed values, barriers sound panels for noise reduction should be set between the open cast mine and the settlements.
v) Waters protection An automatized system for montioring the level of ground and surface waters should be established within the mines zone and within the area of negative effects of the reduction of the ground waters level within the mines impact zone. In case of using water supply and sewage installations, the following measures should be carried out: for the water supply o supply sources must be hygienic, 150

o water supply installation should be cleaned, rinsed and chlorinated, o water supply network should be tested under certain pressure, o the material for water supply installation should be of the standardized quality with proper installation. for sewage o sewage slopes must be sufficient, o dimensioning and distribution of sewage network must be proper, o the material for sewage network must be of the standardized quality with prescribed installation measures, o the choice and disposition of revisions and revision shafts must be properly performed, o A system for purifying waste waters should be built. g) Reclamation
Soil monitoring system should be organized through land purchase and occupation monitoring and soil usage and reclamation monitoring.
Measures prescribed by technical and designing documentation Air protection Within the area of the open cast mine where exploitation and possible overburden dumping have been finished, rehabilitation of the open space shall be performed. Air conditioning should be applied (dust separation) in the cabins of the mining machines for excavation, transport and auxiliary works. As additional protection, personal protective instruments should be used (dust respirators, protective masks) within a shorter period of exposure to harmful influence. At least twice a year, periodical testing of the working environment should be performed at the endangered working places, with the aim of controlling the achieved effects of the applied protection. Health protection program should be started, with the aim of controlling the health of the employees. A protective green belt should be raised in the parts oriented towards the settlements before the beginning of exploitation.
Noise protection
Control of the level of noise within the mining complex should be organized. The engines of the mining mechanisation should be equipped with silencers, maintained in proper condition and used in accoradnce with the manufacturers recommendations; If it is practically possible and feasible, noise sources should be enclosed, which directly depends on the source nature;
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Equipment for protecting the hearing of the machines operators from harmful consequences of excessive noise should be provided; Training in the field of maintaining the equipment in working condition and regular operation, as well as about the need for and the manner of using personal instruments for protection from noise should be organized for the workers.
Waters protection The protection of the mine from surface (atmospheric) waters should be organized in the following manner:
Atmospheric waters gravitating towards the working area of the mine should be accepted before they endanger it, and conducted into the nearest existing permanent or occasional waterflows beyond the mines boundaries; Atmospheric waters falling directly into the working area of the mine should be directed to a place intended for their collection (water-collectors); The collected waters from the water-collector beyond the working area of the open cast mine should be removed. An immediate protective zone should be defined around the water supply wells in the width of 10 m, in which any activites not serving for water supply are not allowed, as well as a narrow protection zone provisionally at the distance of possible hydraulic impact on the quality of the ground waters within the source zone. Sewage system should be realized, according to the separational system for the settlement Baroevac. For the households at the outskirts of the settlement Baroevac which can not be incorporated into the sewage system in an economical manner, the problem of waste waters drainage should be solved by the prescribed water-proof cesspits cleaned in accordance with the obligation principle. Waste waters puification design shall be elaborated through an independent waste waters purification plant (WWPP) on the left side of the Petan bank within the zone Likanjska bara.
Remediation
According to the corresponding designing documentation, technical reclamation should be performed, including a number of technical measures by which overburden dump sites and excavated areas are given such a form which shall provide ecologically favourable fitting of these areas into the existing environment and create the conditions for biological reclamation. According to the corresponding documentation, biological reclamation should be organized, which includes the activities by which the terrain is returned to its pevious purpose and the main task of which is to form fertile soil and vegetation which shall not lag behind the autochthonous soil and plant species in terms of its reproductive features.
Fire protection
With the aim of protection from exogeneous fires of a smaller extent in the open cast mine Field C, it is necessary to install fire extinguishers of the type S-6, S-9 152

and CO2 on the mining machines (excavators, spreader, loaders, bulldozers, trucks, auto-cisterns), distributed depending on the fire load and the kind of fire. To draw up a plan of fire prevention of the open cast mine. With the aim of providing the timely possibility of remediation of possible fire occurrences of a higher extent in PRIVREDNO DRUTVO RUDARSKI BASEN KOLUBARA D.O.O., fire brigades should be organized.
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9. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT MONITORING SYSTEM
With the aim of timely detection of the unfavourable environmental imact of lignite exploitation, a monitoring system should be developed for the area of the open cast mine Field C. This system shall enable a reliable assessment of the extent and intensity of pollution, the possible damage, timely conduction of the measures for preventing wider pollution, i.e. for successful remediation of the detected and recorded pollution. The environmental monitoring system shall monitor all significant pollution sources and emitters resulting from the existing mining activities and the planned continuation of lignite exploitation in the open cast mine "Field C". The measuring and assessment of the achieved effects within the field of environmental protection, primarily, the subject of the mines engagement. The competent state, regional and local authorities shall monitor these effects, assess them and confirm their acceptability or demand the improvement of the established system. The block diagram of the monitoring system accepted in the world ("Best practice environmental management in mining- Environmental monitoring and performance, EPA Australia, 1995") is given in the table 9.a.
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Block diagram of the monitoring system Goal
Table 9.a.
Showing the competent authorities and agencies that the development of the mine and the accompanying coal production activities are in conformity with the environmental protection goals defined by the Environmental Impact Assessment Study and that good results are achieved in this field The Standards of the Republic of Serbia, the Standards of the European Union based on the International Standards ISO 14 000 Defining the short-term and long-term trends Recognizing the environmental changes and analyzing the causes
Standards
Specific goals
Measuring the influence and comparing the results with the expectations Improving the monitoring system Improving the environmental protection practice and procedures monitoring
Monitoring requirements Specific monitoring requirements developed within the monitoring program what is measured where it is measured when it is measured how it is measured evaluation of the used method required additional information Value Assessment From the monitoring program defining the trends, causes and impacts assessing the obtained values and bringing them in conformity
Monitoring problems The Environmental Impact Assessment Study should define: environmental values which should be protected potential hazards potential impacts the level of acceptable changes the level of acceptable risk paths and points of impact
From the monitoring and assessment service changing the environmental practice and procedures changing the Monitoring Program protection
Within RB "Kolubara", a general program by which the monitoring would be thoroughly plannned and elaborated has not been made. In the recent years The Mining Institute Belgrade and several other institutions have performed casual and periodical measurings (3 to 4 times a year) of certain air parameters (SO2, NO2, grime, suspended particles, sedimentary matter and phenols), water and noise. The obtained data are submitted to the Project Holder in the form of written project analysis. The monitoring system shall monitor the pollutants emission within the mining activities area: the quality of ground waters and the appearance of potential toxic substances, the quality of surface waters and the appearance of potential toxic substances, soil quality, soil utilization and rehabilitation, solid waste (with surface dumping and thus created washing out and biogas), the quality of the emission air, the noise level.
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The environmental monitoring system envisaged by this Study shall be able to perform the analysis of pollution sources in accordance with their contribution to the overall environmental pollution with the consideration of the efficiency of the applied environmental protection measures. The monitoring procedure shall take the existing legal and institutional framework in Serbia into consideration, and in the cases where the legislation does not exist in Serbia, international regulations and recommendations shall be observed (EU, The World Bank, EPA,WHO). The monitoring service of the open cast mine "Field C" shall be founded as a separate service integrated into the existing organization of the open cast mines, i.e. which shall later be integrated into the monitoring service at the level of RB Kolubara. The responsibility of the stated service shall be to conduct and organize the required measurings and analyses, to further elaborate the results, to form and develop a data base, to report on the monitoring of the area etc. 9.1. Overview of the environmental state before the beginning of the project functioning at the locations where environmental impact is expected
Coal exploitation in the open cast mine "Field C" shall have all the implications of the technological system in the open cast mine "Field B". Certain activities important for impact consideration and the remediation of the environmental state shall be conducted simultaneously. This analysis follows the drawing up of the Conceptual Design with the Feasibility Study of Coal Mining in the Open Cast Mine Field C, for the Capacity of 5 Million Tons Annually, with the Excavation of "Istona Kipa" Dump Site as the monitoring foundation. The Study accepts the existing real state in accordance with the documents owned by the Project Holder and placed at the disposal of the Study creators. The environmental state within the surroundings of the open cast mine "Field C and B" is presented in detail in the Chapter 5 of this Study. On the basis of the stated, the following can be singled out: Population The open cast mine "Field C" is in the close vicinity of several villages. Due to the position of the open cast mine and the progression of the activities in the open cast mine "Field C", the inhabitants of the village Baroevac shall be directly endangered. The existing measurings show that the surrounding villages are in the zone of direct jeopardy, especially the air, but the mine "Field C" can be observed only as a possible, and not proved pollution source. Fauna and flora The area is characterized by several vegetation types among which swampy meadows, swamps and agricultural areas stand out. Forrest communities are thin. The flora in the vicinity of the mine, since it is a predominantely upland area, is in the highest degree represented by agricultural crops. Wihin the zones around the settlements, agricultural areas have replaced the autochtonous natural vegetation to a considerable extent. The activities in the mine affect the development level of fauna and flora, which are as endangered as the population.
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Soil, water and air Within the area to be encompassed by the open cast mine, a complete degradation of soil shall occur due to the technological process of excavation. In the broader sense, it is evident that this state shall not change as long as the open cast mine is active. In the narrower sense, the degraded area shall be filled in with the excavated overburden material at the moment when the mine starts forming the internal dump site. The results of air quality recording show that there is a periodical pollution with gases, suspeded particles and grime in the working environment. The results of recording the quality of surface and ground waters in the broader surroundings of the mine show that the mine does not have a negative impact on the quality of waters in the area, i.e. the water quality of the river Petan. When it comes to the ground waters levels, there is the usual problem of a decrease in the level due to the mines drainage, which disturbs the recharge system of wells and the water supply of soil, and consequently, the problem of the disturbed stability of objects and landslide occurs. Climate A moderately continual climate is characteristic for the area of the open cast mine "Field C". Annual precipitations are somewhat lower than 700 mm, and the dominant wind blowing direction is estern and southeastern. The impact of the open cast mine on the climate conditions is not big. Within the broader surroundings of the Open Cast Mine "Field C", there is not any cultural property and archeological site. Landscape The main characteristic of the analyzed area is the dominance of the plain terrain with a low indented promontory of the terraced character, the altitude is between 69 and 220 MASL. The important feature of this plain is the existance of the river flows of Petan, Turija and Kolubara. The greatest part of the analyzed area is degraded in the landscape sense by the construction of mining and industrial objects. Interrelationship of the stated units. The open cast mine "Field C" directly affects the change of the surrounding area landscape, affects the occasionally increased concentrations of grime and suspended substances dispersed throughout the surroundings under the influence of winds and in accordance with the climate conditions and jeopardizes the population, flora and fauna. Thereby the open cast mine indirectly endangers the soil and waters, primarily the surface waters. Harmful environmental impact is determined on the basis of measuring the quality of air, waters, soil and noise level and monitoring the parameters shown in the Table 9.2.a. 9.2. The parameters on the basis of which harmful environmental impact can be determined With the aim of improving the quality of the environment and creating healthier living conditions in the area encompassed by the project in question, as well as acknowledging the plant as a stable industrial facility not jeopardizing the environment beyond its borders, environmental monitoring is prescribed in accordance with the valid regulations.
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The goals of the monitoring are the following: Monitoring the level of environmental pollution through the analysis of the pollutants concentration in certain elements of the environment, in accordance with the standardized values and standards, Identifying the sources of pollution or risk, Taking preventive measures in the segments important for protecting the environment from pollution, Monitoring the trends of pollutants concentrations, Evaluating long-term trends, Providing the data for making the decisions on reducing the emission and imission, Assessing the population exposure, Informing the public and Considering the impact of the conducted measures on the level of environmental pollution. Accordingly, a reliable environmental monitoring system at the location in question consists of the following steps: Choosing the environmental monitoring parameters for which measurings are performed (in space and time), Identifying the pollution sources and parameters, Securing the critical areas, Collecting data, analysis and evaluations. By the suggested monitoring, the pollutants emission shall be monitored within the area of performing the activities from the project with covering the following environmental factors: Air quality- of emission and imission,
Surface waters drained from the industrial complex in question, Ground waters- the protection of the mine from ground waters Solid waste (with surface dumping), Noise levels, Soil quality, Flora and fauna quality Monitoring the health condition of the population.
In our case, the choice of the monitoring parameters is related only to particular pollution sources and every economic subject has the legal obligations to monitor the extent of emission. Pressure indicators must include the following parameters: Emission of harmful and hazardous substances: From the open cast coal mine Polluting substances imission: Inorganic substances Sedimentary substances from the air Drained waste waters: General quality parameters Specific parameters (grease and oil) 158

Noise: Rating level Waste: Characterization Categorization The designed environmental monitoring system shall contribute to establishing the procedure for assessing the environmental impact caused by production activities, as well as the environmental status. It is estimated that the establishment of such a system is realistic and that the system development shall enable the efficient monitoring at the location in question and in its surroundings. The parameters for determining harmful environmental impacts in the open cast mine "Field C" are shown in the Table 9.2.a.
Parameters for determining harmful environmental impacts Suspended dust particles Sedimentary dust particles Air quality Grime Gases emission Sulphur-dioxside Nitrogen oxides Carbon-monoxide Water colour, smell and temparature, suspended solid particles dissolvent substances visible waste matter, Ph value, electrical conductivity, ammonium ion, nitrates, mitrites, calcium, magnesium, chlorides, sulphates, iron, manganese, zinc, copper, chrome, total, lead, cadmium, mercury, dissolved oxygen, percentage, oxygen saturation, BPK5, HPK5, phenols, specific parameters (grease and oil) In accordance with the Rule Book on the Quality of Drinking Water level Phosphorus, Nitrogen, BPK5, RK, Heavy metals The quality and level of the waters from the mines accumulations (zinc, copper, chrome total, lead, cadmium, mercury,) and sulphides pH, CaCO3, humus content, micro elements, heavy metals (iron, manganese, zinc, copper, chrome total, lead, cadmium, mercury) Intensity daily measurings Intensity, nightly measurings Level (quantity) acidification and eutrofication Table 9.2.a.
Surface waters quality
Ground waters quality and level
Soil quality Noise
9.3.
Places, manner and frequency of measuring the determined parameters
The results of measuring the pollutants concentrations are compared to the limiting values of immisions (ILV), and the state and trends are determined on the basis of the conducted analyses, on which basis the appropriate protective measures are taken. 159

For measuring the level of aeropollution, in the initial phase of its determination, continual or discontinual measurings of the imission of sedimentary and suspended matter should be performed once a year, in accordance with the Law on Environmental Protection and the Rule Book on Imission Limiting Values and Measuring Method, the Criteria for Setting up Measuring Points and Data Recording ("The Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia", no. 54/92). Upon setting up the measuring stations network, the following must be taken into account: the types of emitting matter, the height of the emitter or another observed object which is the pollution source, meteoroloical parameters (movement direction of the prevailing winds and the like), area openness etc. The measuring points are chosen so as to avoid the impact of other potential polluters as much as possible in the conditions of the location in question, with the aim of obtaining meritory results. In case that the measured imission values are not in accordance with the stated rule book, the mining activities must be stopped until the elimination of the causes of the unallowed pollutants immision. The measuring and the sampling method is determined by an expert organization registered for measuring pollutants imission. The obligations of the Project Holder are: It is the obligation of the Project Holder to perform warranty measuring of the imission of total sedimentary matter and the imission of the suspended particles in the environment, in order to obtain the certificate to commence business. The warranty measuring is performed after completing the construction and achieving a stable operation of the plant and devices. If it is impossible to prove the allowed imission norms in accordance with the Rule Book on Imission Limiting Values and Measuring Method, the Criteria for Setting up Measuring Points and Data Recording ("The Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia", no. 54/92) by the measurings, the mining activities must be stopped immediately until the repair of the detected defects. It is the obligation of the Project Holder to perform measuring of the imission of the total sedimentary matter and imission of the suspended particles in the environment in accordance with the Rule Book on Imission Limiting Values, Measuring Methods, the Criteria for Setting up Measuring Points and Data Recording ("The Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia", no. 54/92) once a year during regular operation. If it is impossible to prove the allowed imission norms by the measurings, the mining activities must be stopped immediately until the repair of the detected defects. The Enclosure no. 6 shows the disposition of the measuring points determined on the basis of the environmental impact assessment of the designed coal excavating technology. 9.3.1 Air quality monitoring The proposed air monitoring system should enable air quality recording in the open cast mine "Field C" and the dump sites in the "Field D and B", as well as in the surroundings, with the aim of the assessing the risk to the health of the people exposed to air pollution. 160

Three kinds of measuring shall be conducted: 1) Continual (at the stations) 2) Discontinual (with interruptions) 3) Measuring in mobile laboratories (at chosen locations) Together with these measurings, a parallel monitoring of the meterological parameters in the observed area should also be provided. The points for measuring the air pollution imission are chosen at the locations where the risk of exceeding the limiting values is high. In general, the number and disposition of the measuring points depends on the disposition of important receptor points in the surrounding area. Hence, with the aim of determining the impact of certain pollution sources, the measuring points are set up in their direct vicinity (i.e. near excavators, spreaders, conveyor belts, and the like). These measurings are performed by mobile measuring stations as per the defined program. The impact of the mentioned sources should be monitored at the workplaces within the very area of mining activities. The frequency of measuring shall be twice a month in the initial period, and even less frequently later on, after determining the dependences of the emission and imission values. Having in mind that the results of the calculations of particles propagation in the surroundings of the emissions sources within the mine have shown that it is not expected for the area outside the mine to be endangered by the particles from the mine, as well as that the permanently inhabited places in the mines vicinity are located only on its south side. Separate stationary measuring stations for measuring the air quality shall be set up within the area in the mines vicinity. (Table 9.3.1.a. Enclosure 6).
Air quality measuring Point mark Vz1 Vz2 Vz3 Vz4 Vz5 Vz6 Measuring point name "Field D" dump site Working benches in the "Field C" "Field B" dump site Coal loading into waggons Village Baroevac (several points) Left side of the road AranelovacVreoci Table 9.3.1.a. Monitored Param. Suspended dust particles Sedimentary dust particles Grime Gases emission (SO2, NOx, CO2) Measuring freuency Twice a month Twice a month Twice a month Twice a month Twice a month Twice a month
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Air pollution monitoring shall also be performed by a mobile laboratory, which may be sent to targeted points to perform measurings during episodic air pollutions. The data gathered by the mobile laboratory shall be entered into the central data base. The measuring of sedimented particles is performed by special devices known as Bergerhoff measuring devices for sedimented dust. One such device shall be installed in the open cast mine "Field C", and three devices shall be installed at every chosen location in the neighbouring villages (Baroevac Luke ..) and industrial objects (the area planned for the relocation of the New Mounting Site, petrol station and substation). Taking dust samples, SO2 i NO2 shall be performed occasionally, twice a month. Every measuring shall last for three days, and the mobile laboratory shall control the inhabited place Baroevac (four sites in total). Depending on the particular measuring results, sampling frequency may be increased or reduced, thereby limiting or expanding the controlled area. It is important to mention that the OCM "Field C" is in direct vicinity of much bigger mines (primarily the "Field D"), air monitoring should be organized as a uniform system for the whole area. 9.3.2 Waters quality monitoring Water monitoring includes the quality monitoring of
- surface waters, - ground waters and - formed accumulations.

The Study envisages that in the "Field C" there will be six measuring points for monitoring the quality of waters at various locations. The points, parameters and frequency are shown and marked (V1-6) in the Table 9.3.2.a and in the Enclosure no. 6.
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Water quality measuring Point mark V1 Measuring point Water supply New Mounting Site Parametres
Table 9.3.2.a. Measuring frequency every day
In accordance with the Rule Book on the Quality of Drinking Water level Quantity P, N, BPK5, RK, Heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Cr , Pb total, Cd, Hg,) sulphides Level (quantity) acidication and eutrofication
V2
The existing water accumulation (A)
Once year
V3
Water collector (Sedimentation tank)
V4 V5
Inflow into the river Petan River Petan upstream from the mine
Water colour, smell and temparature, suspended solid particles dissolvent substances visible waste matter, Ph- value, electrical conductivity, ammonium ion, nitrates, nitrites,Ca,Mg, chlorides, sulphates, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cr-total, Pb, Cd, Hg, dissolv. O2, oxygen saturation percentage, BP5, HPK5, phenols, Specific parameters (grease and oil)
quarterly
V6
River Petan downstream from the mine
The main tasks of this monitoring are the following: Monitoring the quality and quantity of surface flows; Monitoring the emission of liquid effluents (qualitytive and quantitative) into surface flows; Monitoring the ground waters level; Monitoring the ground waters quality; Monitoring the quality of drinking water; Monitoring the quality of the water from accumulations. Surface and waste waters parameters should be measures by the existing standardized regulations (The Official Gazetter of the Republic of Serbia no. 31/82) defining:
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Surface waters classification according to the maximum allowed inorganic and organic impurities, Requests for waste waters purification, The conditions for draining waste waters into surface waters, The methodology and periodicity of systematic analysis etc.
The measuring point for water sampling (V6 ) enables the monitoring of the impact of the open cast mine, i.e. it enables the monitoring of the change of waters quality after the inflow of the waste waters from the mine (Enclosure no.6). The "Field C" potentially endangers the river Petan, so that measuring points are set up at the following locations: o upstream from the mine (V5), o at the points of waste waters inflow into the outflow channel (V4) o downstream from the mine at the waterflow (V6). Measuring frequency shall be quarterly. It should be pointed out that this measuring program has already been conducted in the existing OCM "Field B", so that in the following period it should be agreed with the development of the mine "Field C". The monitoring of the ground waters level is performed within the measures for protecting the mine from ground waters. As described in the Chapter 2, the aquifers of direct importance for protecting the mine from the ground waters are roof seam and interseam aquifer. The quality of these ground waters has already been monitored in the areas where they are organizedly used for drinking water supply (water supply systems Medoevac, Junkovac and Zeoke), and the results of physical and chemical analyses are shown within the Chapter 5. The monitoring of the ground waters level shall be performed by measuring the water level in the existing and designed piezometers shown in the figure 6.1.2.2.a., and designed wells for monitoring the ground waters level are shown in the figure 8.2.3.a. (Enclosure no. 6). The sampling for the montoring of drinking waters quality shall be performed from the measuring point marked V1- New Mounting Site. (Enclosure no 6). The parameters on the basis of which the ground waters quality is monitored are defined by the regulations (The Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia no. 6/78, as well as the Rule Book on the quality of drinking water The Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia no. 42/98). The assessment of the decrease in the ground waters level shall be performed once a year, by measuring the depth in various bore holes. The monitoring of the existing drinking water, supplied to the villages, shall be performed every day in accordance with the usual practice. The monitoring of waters in the created accumulations (measuring point V2 i V3) is performed with the goal of preventing the possible hygienic and ecological irregularities, as well as with the goal of defining the possibilities for using these waters in the future. The main parameters to be monitored in this sense are related to the following phenomena: 164

Eutrofication (monitor the phosphorus, nitrogen. BPK5 and HPK) Acidification (monitor the pH-value, heavy metals, phenol and sulphides) The balance of these waters should also be monitored. The points for sampling are defined at the bottom of the open cast mine. The existing monitoring in the open cast mine "Field B" satisfies the set requirements in terms of the characteristics of waste waters, surface and ground waters. The monitoring of the quantity of waters drained into the river Petan should also be integrated into the monitoring program. 9.3.3. Noise level monitoring The noise monitoring should be conducted at certain intervals both at the workplaces, in order to assess the employees' exposure to the noise of certain intensity, and at the characteristic points in the vicinity of the mine especially by the inhabited areas located near the coal transportation railway and the truck transport routes. The open cast mine itself and the machines located inside the open cast mine "Field C" shall not significantly endanger the closest settlements in the surroundings by noise. The main problem when it comes to noise lies in the transport system by which the coal is transported from the mine. For this purpose, a continual noise level monitoring should be introduced especially by the inhabited place Baroevac. 5-7 measuring devices are required in front of and inside the houses nearest to the conveyor belts, as well as to measure the noise level in day and night conditions. The measuring should be performed 12 times a year, and the measures for protection from noise should be designed and conducted in accordance with the results. The points for monitoring the noise level marked with B1-6 . are shown in the Table 9.3.3.a. and in the Enclosure 6.
Measuring the noise level Point mark B1 B2 Table 9.3.3.a.
Measuring point "Field D" dump site Working benches "Field C" "Field B" dump site Coal loading into waggons Village Baroevac (several points) Left side of the Aranelovac-Vreoci road in the
Parametres Level Level
Measuring frequency Monthly -II-II-
B3 B4 B5 B6
Level -IILevel -IILevel (every day if needed) -IILevel
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Furthermore, the noise level should be measured for entire 24 hours at every mesuring point, once a month, which enables the measuring of the variations within 24 hours. The goal of noise monitoring is the prediction and prevention of the risk to the employees health and also the prevention of the impact of noise on the local community, by taking appropriate measures for their relief. The mesuring of the noise level should be performed on the bais of the Rule Book on the Allowed Noise Level in the Environment ("The Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia" no. 54/92). Should the allowed noise level limits be exceeded during the monitoring, the activities in the production complex must be stopped and the measures for reducing the noise level within the allowed limits must be taken. 9.3.4. Soil monitoring Soil monitoring is performed with the aim of improving the conditions for soil usage and it includes sampling, measuring and processing the data on soil fertility and toxicity factors, especially the content of heavy metals. The measuring of the soil fertility factors and the toxicity factors should be performed at least once a year. The points for monitoring the soil quality marked (Z1-4) are shown in the Table 9.3.4a. and in the Enclosure 6.
Soil quality determination Monitored parameters "Field D" dump site "Field B" dump site Z3 Village Baroevac pH, CaCO3, humus content, micro elements, heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Cr total, Pb , Cd, Hg, Fe, Mn) Once a year Table 9.3.4.a.
Point mark Z1
Measuring point name
Measuring frequency
Z2
Z4
Right side of the river Petan
Sampling is performed by the monitoring service staff. The collected information enable the drawing up of a report on spatial and temporal trends of the monitored parameters. The basic components of the soil monitoring system are the monitoring of soil purchase and occupation and the monitoring of the soil usage and reclamation. The monitoring of the soil purchase and occupation includes the collection of the data on excavation and dumping of soil and lignite. The results of processing and assessing the obtained data are the data on the progress of coal exploitation activities, i.e. the quantity of 166

the excavated lignite and overburden as well as the manner in which the soil is used for various purposes. The monitoring program includes monthly data collection with the aim of soil management, i.e. optimization of the upper and lower layer, erosion control (earth works, revegetation), the protection of characteristic aesthetic features of the landscape etc. With reference to the monitoring of soil remediation, the mines assessment from the external dump sites is performed nine months after remclamation, by measuring the density of domestic plant species having developed on the reclaimed soil. Moreover, 15 months after the reclamation, the diversity of plant species is also assessed. 9.3.5. Monitoring the health condition of the population The helath of the population should be monitored by regular examinations in the competent medical institutions, where specialised doctors should determine the scope and content of the required analyses and examinations, and also draw up a detailed report on the analyses results and trends.
8.2.1. Location Working environm ent Employees of the OCM "Field C" Monitoring the health condition of the population Type and number of monitored diseases Village Vreoci Population of Baroevac Respiratory diseases Hearing Malignant diseases Kidney diseases Monitoring and keeping the record of all kinds of diseases Once a year Frequency of examinations medical
9.3.6. Flora and fauna monitoring During the operation of the open cast mine, it is necessary to conduct biological monitoring, which includes the monitoring of the accumulation of pollutants or their harmful components in tissues and organs, as well as the appropriate biochemical, morphological, physiological and pathological changes in individuals, i.e. the population ecology changes in plants and animals. The exact number of measuring points shall depend on the particular and dominant working conditions in the area in question and on the schedule of the mining activities. The position of the planned measuring points shall be ultimately defined by the mines management in cooperation with the service which will monitor the results and detected trends. 9.4. Discussion, control and acknowledgement of the obtained results
Discussion, control and acknowledgement of the obtained results are important parts of the monitoring process, because in this manner the recorded data and detected phenomena are 167

practically verified, the trends are defined and a constant correlation between the monitored parameters is performed. To achieve this, discussion, control and acknowledgement of the obtained results should be conducted at least once a year. The materials should be prepared by the Monitoring Service in cooperation with the companies who have performed the monitoring activities. The same service should suggest the adjustments of the monitoring plan on the basis of the achieved results and detected trends.
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10. SUMMARY OF NON-TECHNCIAL INFORMATION

The Environmental Impact Assessment Study for the project: Coal Exploitation in the Open Cast Mine "Field C" for the Capacity of 5 Million Tons Annually with the Excavation of "Istona kipa" Dump Site has been drawn up in accordance with the Law on Environmental Protection "The Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia", number: 135/04, The Law on Environmental Impact Assessment "The Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia", number: 135/04 and the Rule Book on the Contents of the Environmental Impact Assessment Study "The Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia", number: 69/05 and a series of other laws and rule books. The Field "C" is located in the southeast part of Kolubara coal bearing basin and it represents its integral part. It covers around 2 km2. It is situated around 20 km from Lazarevac and 60 km from Belgrade. The basin itself is connected from Rudovci through Vreoci and Veliki Crljeni to Obrenovac by an electrified industrial railroad. The river Petan runs directly within the zone of the road and the railroad. The relief of the region is slightly undulate with a lower area in the southern marginal part (terrain elevations around 120 m) and a slightly elevated part towards the north where the elevations of the natural terrain are 160 meters. The built up material of Istona Kipa dump site is of special importance for this location. It is an antropogenous type of soil created by unplanned building up of various layers of soil. There are around 87.620.000 tons of the total remaining, left behind and unexcavated geological reserves of coal within the observed area, i.e. roundly: Field "B+C" 43.220.000 t; Field "E" 26.900.000 t; Field "D" about 17.500.000 t; Field ''+B+C+D'' 87.620.000 t of coal. The designed boundaries of the open cast mine "Field C" with the excavation of "Istona kipa" dump site, encompass the area of around 4,5 km 2. It completely encopasses the area of the deposit "Field C", while in the east, north and west part the mining activities enter the field D and E. In order to begin coal exploitation in the open cast mine "Field C" and within the area of Istona Kipa dump site, it is above all necessary to perform the preliminary activities including the following: Relocation of the mounting site in Zeoke and the substation Zeoke 4, Relocation of the village graveyard in Baroevac Relocation of the existing regional road, industrial railroad and the river Petan. Relocation of 45 households. 169

By contouring the open cast mine, 62.690.000 tons of pit coal and 222.181.000 m3 of overburden shall be excavated together with the masses from "Istono odlagalite" with the overburden ratio of 3,36 m3/t. The excavation, transport and dumping of overburden and coal are performed continually by applying the ECS system. Overburden and coal excavation are performed by bucket wheel excavators. The transport of the excavated masses is performed by conveyor belts. Overburden is dumped at the internal dump site by spreaders with conveyer belts (ECS). Coal excavation is also performed by bucket wheel excavators, and transport is performed by conveyor belts. The excavated coal shall be transported to the Drying Unit of the Processing Plant by the industrial railroad. Overburden is dumped at the external dump site (ie. internal dump site of the "Field B and D"). The planned completion of mining activities in this object is encisaged for the year 2023. In the designed technology of excavation, transport and dumping in the open cast mine of "Field C", overburden (222.181.000 m 3 of overburden in total) and waste related to the maintenance of the machines, equipment and installations shall be created. During the assessment of the existing state of pollution at the site of the future open cast mine "Field C", two basic elements have been taken into consideration direct and indirect potential polluters, such as:
Equipment and applied technology of the existing coal exploitation in the field in question, with the accompanying facilities direct pollution; the surroundings of the location of the future OCM Field C indirect pollution.
Direct sources of potential pollution include the complete equipment which shall be located in the OCM Field C, used in the technological process of lignite explotiation in the mine in question. The group of indirect sources of potential pollution includes everything which is not directly linked to the technological process of exploitation itself, but which can contribute to the overall state of pollution to a higher or lower extent (facilities and infrastructure in closer and remoter surroundings of the location in question). Apart from the open cast mines B and D which are in direct contact (spatially), in the west there are potential polluters in somewhat remoter surroundings: "Kolubara-Prerada" (Kolubara - Processing Plant) "Ksela Srbija", "Kolubara-Metal", "Kolubara-Univerzal" Termoelektrana Kolubara A-Veliki Crljeni (Thermal Power Plant). The existing state of air, waters and soil pollution within the narrow area of the OCM "Field C" has been analysed on the basis of the following performed measurings and tests: 6. Periodical inspections and examinations of the working environment in the OCM "Field B" (measuring the physical and chemical harmfulness and microclimatic conditions), performed by the Ventialtion and Technical Protection Department, The Faculty of Mining and Geology in Belgrade and the Mining Institute from Zemun.
170

7. Examining the physical and chemical microbiological and parasitological features of surface and ground waters and drinking water at the determined measuring points, performed by the City Institute for Public Health, Hygiene and Human Ecology Center Human Ecology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory 11000 Belgrade, Despot Stefan Bulevard 54-a, accredited testing laboratory JUS ISO/IEC 17025 8. The examination of the quality of soil from the locality of the future open cast mine has been performed by the Faculty of Agriculture from Zemun (doc. no. 22/10341/). 9. Examining the air quality, the values of imission of inorganic pollutants (sulphurdioxsyde and grime) and pollutants within the impact zone of the Open Cast Mine "Field D" have been measured. The examination has been performed by A.D. Zatita na radu i zatita ivotne sredine "Beograd" (Safety at Work and Environmental Protection Belgrade). Examination of air quality in the environment 10. Measuring of the noise level in the environment has been performed by the accredited environmental protection laboratory at the Mining Institute Planned relocation of the population is characteristical for this region with the aim of developing the coal exploitation area. Within the area in question there are also vegetable crops such as potato, paprika, beans, cabbage, onion, peas etc. Raising domestic animals is usual for the rural area. The consequence of digging large areas of land is not only the degradation of humus and the disruption of the geological structure of soil, but also the damage of the "biogenic-cenological cover", i.e degradation of fauna and vegetation, created both by the nature and man. In one word, the ecosystem within a relatively large area is disturbed. Generally speaking, there are two basic types of earth cover within the area occupied by the "Kolubara" basin: with the natural structure and with the structure changed under the influence of antropogenous factors, which is called deposol and which is created by a nonselective excavation and dumping of overburden from the coal mine, and which is present to a lage extent within the area of the "Kolubara" basin. The characteristic type of such soil can be found in the east dump site, the so-called "Istona Kipa". On the basis of the area latitude, relief and measuring data at these meteorological stations, it can be acknowledged that moderately continental climate is present in this area. The possible changes and influences are considered through the influences on: aeropollution, degradation of soil and vegetation, waters pollution, noise and vibrations, and possible accidental situations. According to its duration, environmental harmfulness of coal exploitation can be divided into:
Short-term harmfulness (destroying low vegetation and grass, building temporary roads, dumps, dump sites, erecting temporary prefabricated facilities) etc. Long-term effect harmfulness (microclimatic change, withdrawal of plant and animal species from the endangered area, tree cutting etc). Permanent harmfulness (relief modification, degradation and depletion of the nonrenewable natural resource coal, thus causing permanent changes) 171

Dust emission can be caused by the wind activity, and dust sources are the very technological process of overburden removal and coal excavation, overburden dumping, coal and overburden transport by trucks or conveyor belts, erosion of active areas. Dust influence is especially pronounced in the dry period. Suspended particles (mineral dust) represent a significant potential hazard to the air in the environment. Gases emission is related to the use of internal combustion engines (bulldozers, trucks, and other auxiliary devices), whereupon NOx, CO, SO2 i VOCs are created as the basic polutants. It should be stressed here that overburden transport is performed within the mine itself, so that the position of conveyor belts is away from the edge of the mine, and the distance between them and the nearest houses varies within the interval 1-2 km, depending on the phase of the mines progression. In addidition, the direction of the mines progression is such that the progression front moves away from these settlements and moves towards the OCM "Field D", located in the continuation of the "Field B" area. Considering also the meteorological parameters of the location, primarily the frequency of the winds from the direction of the mines towards the settlements, it can be concluded that the position of the mine with reference to these settlements is favourable, because the winds from the north and north-northeast direction are of low frequency, (3,6% for the north wind and 1,9 % for the north north-east). The mine itself represents a depression with respect to the surroundings, which also aggravates and decreases the range of the particles distribution. In order to safely perform the open cast exploitation, it is first necessary to perform the preliminary activities in the exploitation field with the aim of protecting the mine from waters. This includes:
explotation field drainage, relocation and deviation of active flows outside the field, building protective sreens and wells, as well as the channels along the outskirts of the explotation field for draining atmospheric waters.
The OCM "Field C" is located within the basin of the river Petan, which runs on the south side of the mine. The relocation of a part of the river Petan flow is planned. Protection of the open cast mines from floods in the river Petan valley is performed through a combination of linear protective measures (relocation of the flow to the southern outskirts of the observed area) and active measures, by the realisation of retentions in the frontal part of the Petan basin. Four retentions are planned. The main impact of the open cast exploitation is a change of the quality and quantity of water in the river Petan, due to the drainage of waters from the mine into the waterflow. The quantity of water to be let out into the river Petan amounts to 20-100% of its mean flow. This means that it can be expected that waste waters might affect the water quality of the river Petan, depending on their physical and chemical composition. The intensity of these impacts, of course, depends on the quality of waste waters. 172

On the basis of the presented values of the waste waters quality it can be noted that, with respect to the allowed values of the concentration of noxious substances which can be let out into waters, the content of the noxious substances is not increased. Thereby it must be stressed that the water quality of the river Petan downstream from the OCM "Field C" is within the allowed limits for the water of the IV category. In general, it can be estimated that waste waters flowing into the river Petan will not affect its quality, but only the quantity of water, i.e. flows. The waters used for the water supply of Lazarevac and the surrounding settlements at the outskirts of the open cast mines are recharged from the interseam aquifer (aquifer located between two coal seams). The reults of the analysis of the raw water from the source Medoevac show that this water does not contain an excessive concentration of phenol, which certainly must happen if it were present in the coal. Apart from the already mentioned impacts on the hydrological network, it is possible to single out out the negative impact due to the contamination of surface waste waters from the auxiliary mining activities (work shops) due to the fuel and lubricants spillage. The stated negative impact can be put into the category of accidental pollutions. On the basis of the consideration and analysis of the planned and designed mining activities, envisaged by this project, it is possible to assess the impact of lignite exploitation in the open cast mine "Field C" on the soil. The main impact is reflected through the loss of arable land in the exploitation areas (minimum for the exploitation period, also including the reclamation period), the loss of arable land in the areas planned for building the accompanying infrastructure, the loss of arable land in the areas used for overburden dumping, contamination of the upper soil layer due to the deposition of dust from the mining area and the change in the purpose of soil in the mines surroundings. In the observed area there is not any hazard of soil pollution with oil derivatives because a limited quantity is planned for the working process used for the drive of mining, loading and auxiliary machines and with the treatment completely in accordance with the legislation. The municipal waste of the employees in the open cast mine shall be collected in containers which will be emptied by the competent public utility service of the municipality Lazarevac. The possibility of appearance of the negative impact of excessive noise in working environments exists in all phases of exploitation in the open cast mine. The sources of noise are mining machines for excavation, transport and auxiliary activities (excavators, loaders, bulldozers, conveyor belts, trucks, auto cisterns). The noise coming from mining activities shall mostly affect the employees at the place of the activities performance. Because of this, appropriate protective measures must be taken with the aim of preventing the unfavourable impact of noise on the employees in the mine. The noise spreading through solid materials is called vibration. The sources of vibration are the same as the sources of noise. Coal dust is a kind of mineral or organic dust, created during coal exploitation. The effect of coal dust on the employees respiratory system is conditioned by: the cotent of free SiO2 in the coal dust, the size of the coal dust particles, the duration of the exposition to coal dust, the coal dust concentartion. The working conditions (unfavourable microclimatic conditions, noise, vibrations, the presence of gases, hard manual labour etc.) and the individual features of the employees may potentiate the effect of coal dust on the respiratory system.
173

Relative humidity is one of the climatic parameters important for the development of both flora and fauna and of big importance upon chosing the plant species for biological reclamation. After the end of exploitation, the mine reclamation shall be performed in the excavated area of the open cast mine with the aim of renewing the overall ecologic balance of the area. The remediation may be directed at the following forms of using soil in the future: agricultural production and forestry (agricultural crops, fruit growing, grape growing and the like), sport and recreation, possible construction of traffic routes, other objects (shoul the geomechanical and other conditions of soil subsidence permit) and other purposes. The depressions left behind the open cast mines after the restructuring may be used for various purposes:
for water management purposes (as basins for clarification and sedimentation of the waters from the neighbouring mines, then, for protection from high waters and preservation of the reserves for agriculture, energy-industrial complex, and also for other purposes (for fish ponds and wading bird farms, for sport, recreation, tourism, then for the scientific research of the ecosystem.
In this area, special attention should be paid to the relocation of Baroevac graveyard, both due to the customary, traditional and religious elements and to the social and personal reasons of the people living in this area. As per the data of the Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments, at the observed location, there are not any registered archeological sites as well as cultural-historic monuments which could possibly be endangered as protected objects. Upon defining the measures for relieving the negative impacts, the measures referring to the protection of the employees in the mine should be differentiated from those referring to the protection of the surrounding population and the existing property. The measures prescribed by the law and other regulations, standards and terms for their implementation include the conditions and approvals defined by the competent authorities and organizations upon issuing the permit for drawing up technical documentation and the approval of the technical documentation, before giving the permit for the object construction. Measures during the object construction The object construction must not be started without the approval and decision of the competent authortity and the approval of the approved designing documentation. Measures during regular operation of the project After obtaining the certificate to commence business according to the Detailed Mining Design and after the immediately started activities of opening the open cast mine it is necessary to: measure the air pollution with gases, dust and noise, remove humus material and put it away properly. Protective measures after the cessation of the project operation 174

After the cessation of exploitation, the Project Holder is obliged to draw up a Detailed Mining Design for permanent cessation of operation and to perform permanent remediation of the degraded soil. On the basis of the previously said, basic measures for relieving the anticipated environment impacts have been defined. Measures for relieving the impact on flora and fauna are closely related to the reclamation program which should be planned so that it corresponds to a kind of natural state as much as possible (woods, meadows, swamps, lakes), which would create the conditions for renewing the fauna. Measures for relieving the negative socioeconomic impacts refer to providing adequate living and working conditions for the displaced population, as well as the control of the living conditions of those who have stayed in the surroundings. Measures for preventing accident occurence are observance of technical regulations in the field of designing, works performance as well as the discipline of the employees while carrying out the technological processes. To prevent the accidentally spilled oil derivatives from polluting the environment, it is necessary to provide enough sorbent. Disposal and storage of the used sorbent must be in accordance with the Rule Book on the Manner of Handling the Waste with Hazardous Substance Features ("The Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia", number 12/95). With the aim of monitoring the air quality in the area in question, it is necessary to perform the monitoring of suspended dust particles, deposited dust particles as well as the emission of gases sulphur-dioxide (SO2- irritating the respiratory system), nitrogen oxides (mostly NO2- a toxic gas representing a potential theat to peoples health) and carbon-monoxide (CO, a gas with the glass-house effect). The points for measuring the imission of air pollution should be at the locations where the risk of exceeding the limiting values is high. The places suggested for conducting the monitoring are the open cast mine Field C and the settlement Baroevac, i.e. the places under the direct impact of the mining activities in the lignite open cast mine in question (workspace, dump site, the routes of overburden and coal transporters). The measures for protection from the emission of dust from the open areas in the mine refer to spraying and wetting these areas when it comes both to coal and overburden. By applying the protective measures and by planting a protective green belt (on the south side of the mine), the harmful effect of the emission of gases, dust and noise shall be reduced. Due to the appearance of excessive noise, it is necessary to organize the control of the noise level within the mining complex and the surrounding inhabited areas. The measuring should be performed monthly at every measuring point with the increased frequency for the points of special interest. The engines of the mining mechanization should be equipped with silencers, kept in good condition and used according to the manufacturers recommendations. If the noise level in the surrounding setlements exceedes the legally allowed values, it is necessary to set noise-reducing barriers between the open cast mine and the 175

settlement. If it is practically possible and feasible, noise sources should be enclosed, which directly depends on the source nature. It is necessary to provide the equipment for protecting the hearing of the machines operators from the harmful consequences of excessive noise. A training should be organized for the employees in the field of maintaining the equipment in working condition and regular operation, as well as about the need and the manner of using the personal instruments for protection from noise. An automated system for monitoring the level of ground and surface waters should be established in the mining zone and in the area negatively affected by the decrease in the ground waters level within the impact zone of the mine. The protection of mine from surface (atmospheric) waters should be organized, and it shall be performed by collecting the atmospheric waters gravitating towards the working area of the mine, and by conducting them into the nearest existing permanent or casual waterflows outside the boundaries of the mine. A direct protective zone should be defined around the water supplying wells in the width of 10m, where any activities not aimed at water supply are prohibited, and a narrower protective zone should also be defined at the approximate distance of the possible hydraulic impact on the quality of ground waters within the source zone. A sewage system, according to the separational system, should be realized for the settlement Baroevac. For the households at the outskirts of the settlement Baroevac which can not be incorporated into the sewage system in an economical way, the problem of waste waters drainage shall be solved by the prescribed water-retaining cesspits cleaned according to the obligation principle. According to the corresponding designing documentation, technical reclamation should be performed including a number of technical measures, by which the overburden dump sites and excavated areas shall be given such a form which provides an ecologically favourable fitting of these areas into the existing environment and creates the conditions for biological reclamation. With the aim of protection from fires of smaller proportions in the open cast mine "Field C", it is necessary to mount fire extinguishers of the type S-6, S-9 i CO2 on the mining machines (excavators, spreader, loaders, bulldozers, trucks, auto cisterns), distributed depending on the fire load and the type of fire, and fire brigades should also be organized. One of the additional measures which would significantly contribute to the prevention and reduction of the harmful impacts of potential pollution sources, and would thereat have a preventive character, which is of big importance when it comes to any kind of protection process, is conceiving and designing the environmental monitoring system within the area of the open cast mine "Field C". The stated measures would enable the development of a strategy and a plan of activities for a sustainable environmental protection management for the area in question.
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11. DATA ON TECHNICAL DRAWBACKS

Technical drawbacks have not been indentified in the technological process of coal exploitation in the design in question, having visited the future open cast mine and also having considered the available technical documentation. On the basis of the previous consideration of the qualificational structure of the employees in the company "KOLUBARA-POVRINSKI KOPOVI" d.o.o. -Baroevac, the quality of professional cooperation on the Environmental Impact Assessment Study in question, the existance of the appropriate level of professional knowledge and skills may be acknowledged both when it comes to the management and to other employees in the open cast mine. Moreover, it can be acknowledged that the monitoring system and the environmental quality management system are undeveloped, concerning the intensity of the impact caused by the mining and other activities. The study in question envisages the adequate monitoring which must be consistently and principledly insisted upon in accordance with the legislation and the QMS integrated quality system of PD. R.B. "KOLUBARA" d.o.o. -Lazarevac.
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INVESTOR: Public Enterprise ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY OF SERBIA BELGRADE

RB KOLUBARA d.o.o. OGRANAK PROJEKT L A Z A R E V A C

RB KOLUBARA d.o.o. OGRANAK PROJEKT L A Z A R E V A C

RB KOLUBARA d.o.o. OGRANAK PROJEKT L A Z A R E V A C

RB KOLUBARA d.o.o. OGRANAK PROJEKT L A Z A R E V A C

RB KOLUBARA d.o.o. OGRANAK PROJEKT L A Z A R E V A C

1. DATA ON THE PROJECT HOLDER

Data on the Project Holder

Radosav Mili min.eng.grad.

10202 lignite excavation and briquetting

RB KOLUBARA d.o.o. OGRANAK PROJEKT L A Z A R E V A C

2. DESCRIPTION OF THE LOCATION PLANNED FOR PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION

FIELD TRLI FIELD ZVIZDAR FIELD RUKLADE FIELD RADLJEVO

FIELD OPI FIELD F FIELD TAMNAVA

FIELD CI FIELD B FIELD A FIELD D

FIELD TURIJA FIELD G FIELD E

Figure 2.0.a.(Source: The mines documentation)

RB KOLUBARA d.o.o. OGRANAK PROJEKT L A Z A R E V A C

RB KOLUBARA d.o.o. OGRANAK PROJEKT L A Z A R E V A C

RB KOLUBARA d.o.o. OGRANAK PROJEKT L A Z A R E V A C

RB KOLUBARA d.o.o. OGRANAK PROJEKT L A Z A R E V A C

RB KOLUBARA d.o.o. OGRANAK PROJEKT L A Z A R E V A C

Figure 2.3.1.a. East dump site "Istona Kipa"

RB KOLUBARA d.o.o. OGRANAK PROJEKT L A Z A R E V A C

RB KOLUBARA d.o.o. OGRANAK PROJEKT L A Z A R E V A C

RB KOLUBARA d.o.o. OGRANAK PROJEKT L A Z A R E V A C

Geological profile C-D

Field opi-Lazarevac south

Field opi-Lazarevac north

RB KOLUBARA d.o.o. OGRANAK PROJEKT L A Z A R E V A C

37.200.000 t of coal; 24.000.000 t of coal; 17.500.000 78.700.000 t of coal.

RB KOLUBARA d.o.o. OGRANAK PROJEKT L A Z A R E V A C

Pov. sloj Glav. sloj

Carbon Gray - roof seam White - main seam

RB KOLUBARA d.o.o. OGRANAK PROJEKT L A Z A R E V A C

RB KOLUBARA d.o.o. OGRANAK PROJEKT L A Z A R E V A C

RB KOLUBARA d.o.o. OGRANAK PROJEKT L A Z A R E V A C

RB KOLUBARA d.o.o. OGRANAK PROJEKT L A Z A R E V A C

RB KOLUBARA d.o.o. OGRANAK PROJEKT L A Z A R E V A C

RB KOLUBARA d.o.o. OGRANAK PROJEKT L A Z A R E V A C

Note (period /curve type) 1951-1997log Pirson III

RB KOLUBARA d.o.o. OGRANAK PROJEKT L A Z A R E V A C

1896 125 1997 2167 170,1 27,5 1963

15,72 0,64 16,05 16,89 0,84 0,07 15,96

0,37 0,65 0,37 0,37 0,60 0,587 0,37

1,27 1,50 1,29 1,30 1,73 1,639 1,29

3,61 0,12 3,79 4,23 0,16 0,014 3,77

38,96 2,28 39,99 42,20 2,99 0,237 39,77

10,79 19,24 10,56 9,98 18,16 17,47 10,54

RB KOLUBARA d.o.o. OGRANAK PROJEKT L A Z A R E V A C

Kriva trajanja proticaja

Flow duration curve at the profile HS Zeoke (River Petan)

Draevac Kolubara Beli brod Slovac Valjevo

3588 1869 995 340

20,8 16,06 9,47 3,66

Kladnica Tamnava Petan Ub

Paljuvi Vi Koceljevo Zeoke Ub

74 208 125 214

0,26 1,22 0,78 0,97

RB KOLUBARA d.o.o. OGRANAK PROJEKT L A Z A R E V A C

RB KOLUBARA d.o.o. OGRANAK PROJEKT L A Z A R E V A C

157 185 240 188 427 769