HYDRODYNAMIC MODEL OF THE IMPACT O F A SOLID ON ICE V. A. K u r d y u m o v and D. E. Kheisin UDC 539.

Experiments on impact on ice have shown that the insertion of a solid in ice o c c u r s because of local shattering of the ice surface [6]. The p r o c e s s of impact of steel h e m i s p h e r i c a l 156- and 300-kg castings in a 1-6 m / s e e velocity range on the surface of ice cover was investigated. The duration of the impact was 10 -2 sec. Plastic strains did not succeed in developing. The elastic strains were also insignificant. A comparatively thin intermediate layer of finely dispersed construction was formed between the surface of the body being introduced and the mass of unruptured ice. The boundary between the shattered substance of the layer and the main mass of the coarse crystalline ice was sufficiently clear without transition regions [6]. The shattered ice from the intermediate layer is displaced to the free surface during the insertion. A certain quantity of water is apparently also present in the shattered material under pressure. Depending on the quantity of liquid phase, the intermediate layer can be represented as a pasty or powdery substance. Such a substance may possess both viscous and plastic properties, which permits using the Hencke system for a viscoplastic body [2]. In the case of the axisymmetric problem, this system has the following form in cylindrical coordinates (Fig. 1):
ap = (~ + )~) ( O~'u I c)u u a~
. .

02u ~ O~w ) .
. 1

OE ..{_ 9 a)~

--Or

~
11

-+ r Or
Ow

r2 ~- az2 ] + 2"e -~9 a~,

y-~;
. a~,

(1) (2)
(3) (4)

aza--s= ( ~ + ~ ) ~ T . _ ~ + o__~_ + . ~ - . 2~,--&-+v-~;

z

[2 (g~ + ~ + ~=,)+ v~l-~ ;

a_u-k ~ Oz -_~ Or r

where u is the radial velocity component; w is the v e r t i c a l component; p is the coefficient of internal friction in the l a y e r ; k is the plastic factor;
9 Ou . u ; Ow 9 au Ow

(5)

The contact between the solid and the ice is elastic in the initial stage of impact. Then local shattering of the ice s u r f a c e and the formation of the intermediate l a y e r occur. F u r t h e r insertion o c c u r s in the p r e s e n c e of the developed intermediate layer. This stage is dominant for sufficiently intense impacts, so that the i n i t i a l and final elastic phases can be neglected in the description of the collision p r o c e s s . The inelastic nature of the impact is verified principally by the results of experiments on the magnitude of the r e c o v e r y factor e0 which d e c r e a s e s rapidly with the i n c r e a s e in the initial impact velocity v 0 (Fig. 2). As is seen, the lower boundary of the velocity for the applicability of this model is at the 1-1.5 m / s e c level. Here the energy of the reflected motion does not exceed 2-3% of the total energy of impact, which d e c r e a s e s rapidly with the increase in velocity. At lower velocities the inelastic phase of the impact does not p r e d o m i nate because of too small a volume of shattered ice. This boundary will apparently be lowered for bodies of large m a s s . An analytic solution of the nonlinear s y s t e m (1)-(5) can be obtained by a s s u m i n g the intermediate l a y e r to be thin. To this end, let us introduce a s m a l l n e s s p a r a m e t e r ~ = h / r 0 << 1, where h is the l a y e r thickness A r c t i c and Antarctic S c i e n t i f i c - R e s e a r c h Institute, Leningrad. T r a n s l a t e d f r o m Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 12, No. 10, pp. 103-109, October, 1976. Original a r t i c l e submitted F e b r u a r y 28, 1975.
This material is protected by copyright registered in the name o f Plenum Publishing Corporation, 227 West 1 7th Street, N e w York, N . Y . 10011. N o part I [of this publication may be reproduced stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic mechanical, photocopying, [ [microfilming, recording or otherwise w i t h o u t written permission o f the publisher..4 cop), o f this article is available from the publisher for $ 7.50.

1063

~o 4z8 #,z# o,2o

0,/5
a,te 2 Fig. 1 and r 0 is the r a d i u s of the i m p r e s s i o n (see F i g . 1). results. Fig. 2 Such a n a s s u m p t i o n is in good a g r e e m e n t with e x p e r i m e n t a l J Vo, m/sec

L e t us c o n s i d e r the p r o b l e m in a c o o r d i n a t e s y s t e m c o u p l e d to the s o l i d b e i n g i n s e r t e d into i c e a t a v e l o c i t y v. T h e b o d y p o s s e s s e s a x i a l s y m m e t r y . F r o m the k i n e m a t i c c o n d i t i o n on the b o d y s u r f a c e , we h a v e w ~ v, w h i l e the i n c o m p r e s s i b i l i t y c o n d i t i o n (4) y i e l d s the e s t i m a t e

u ~ ~ --~.
i

(6)

U s i n g (6) a n d o m i t t i n g h i g h e r o r d e r i n f i n i t e s i m a l s , we find f r o m (3)

_

- ~ ~\ az ]
L i n e a r i z i n g (1) in the s m a l l n e s s p a r a m e t e r

{o. V,

(7)

"

~, we o b t a i n
Op _ ~ --02u Or Ozz

(8)

A s we s e e , the m e m b e r s of (2) w i t h the f a c t o r ta t u r n out to b e an o r d e r of m a g n i t u d e l e s s than the r i g h t s i d e of (8). T h e p l a s t i c c o m p o n e n t s w i l l have the s a m e o r d e r if

~, ~, ~, ---- 4--- .--kr~

(9)

V3

H o w e v e r , v ~ 10 2 c m / s e c f o r i m p a c t s a t m o d e r a t e v e l o c i t i e s . T h e r a d i u s of the i m p r e s s i o n w a s r 0 ~ 10 c m in the e x p e r i m e n t s c o n d u c t e d [3], and the t h i c k n e s s of the i n t e r m e d i a t e l a y e r w a s on the o r d e r of 1 c m , i . e . , ~ ~ 10 -1. T h e e x p e r i m e n t a l v a l u e of the i n t e r n a l f r i c t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t w a s t~ ~ 1-10-1 k g . s e c / c m 2. T h e r e f o r e , the p l a s t i c f a c t o r k s h o u l d b e on the o r d e r of 102-103 k g / c m 2. Such v a l u e s of the f a c t o r k a r e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f o r m e t a l s , b u t not f o r s h a t t e r e d i c e . A f t e r l i n e a r i z i n g the s e c o n d e q u a t i o n , we o b t a i n O__p O. __p= Oz (10)

T h e r e f o r e , the p r e s e n c e of p l a s t i c p r o p e r t i e s in the s u b s t a n c e of the thin i n t e r m e d i a t e l a y e r e x e r t s no i n f l u e n c e on the p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n in the l a y e r . T h e c o n t i n u i t y e q u a t i o n is w r i t t e n a p p r o x i m a t e l y a s

aw F 2 aOr = o . " Oz

(ll)

E q u a t i o n s (8), (10), and (11) a r e a s i m p l i f i e d R e y n o l d s s y s t e m f o r the q u a s i s t a t i c s q u e e z i n g of the body b e i n g i n s e r t e d , and the o t h e r i s the r u p t u r e s u r f a c e . I n e r t i a l f o r c e s a r e not t a k e n into a c c o u n t h e r e . T h e o b v i o u s k i n e m a t i c c o n d i t i o n of c o n t i n u i t y of the v e r t i c a l v e l o c i t y c o m p o n e n t
W Iz=0 --= U

i s s a t i s f i e d on the s u r f a c e of the body b e i n g i n s e r t e d .

1064

A l i q u i d l u b r i c a n t l a y e r is f o r m e d on the s u r f a c e of the solid b e c a u s e of the w o r k of the b o u n d a r y f r i c t i o n f o r c e going o v e r into h e a t and b e c a u s e of the t h a w i n g of the i c e . In t h i s c a s e , t h e t a n g e n t i a l s t r e s s e s 9 =~ should equal zero here.

(0o

--~ + - ~

Since ~ u / a z >> a w / a r , we s h o u l d h a v e O u / a Z l z = o = O.

It is m o r e c o m p l i c a t e d to d e t e r m i n e the b o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n s on the r u p t u r e s u r f a c e , w h i c h c a n be i n t e r p r e t e d a s a m o v i n g c o n t a c t d i s c o n t i n u i t y . A s is known, e l a s t i c v i b r a t i o n s e n t r a i n i n g a c e r t a i n p a r t of the i m p a c t e n e r g y a r e e x c i t e d d u r i n g the m o t i o n of s u c h a d i s c o n t i n u i t y in a s o l i d . A n a p p r o x i m a t e e s t i m a t i o n of this p a r t c a n b e c a r r i e d out b y c o n s i d e r i n g the i m p a c t of a n a b s o l u t e l y s o l i d s p h e r e on a n e l a s t i c h a l f - s p a c e . T h e f r a c t i o n of i m p a c t e n e r g y b e i n g r a d i a t e d with e l a s t i c v i b r a t i o n s i s d e t e r m i n e d in this c a s e b y the f o r m u l a [1]

w h e r e e is the s p e e d of s o u n d in the h a l f - s p a e e a M v0 is the i m p a c t v e l o c i t y . T h e s p e e d of s o u n d in l e e i s e = 3000-3500 m / s e e . In the v0 = 1 - 6 m / s e e r a n g e u n d e r e o n s i d e r a t i o n , the f r a c t i o n of e l a s t i e a l l y r a d i a t e d e n e r g y in the t o t a l e n e r g y b a l a n e e d o e s not e x c e e d 2-3%. T h e r e f o r e , the e l a s t i c s t r a i n s of the i c e c a n b e n e g l e c t e d . [f a j u m p i n d e n s i t y f r o m P0 to ol o c c u r s on the r u p t u r e s u r f a c e , t h e n we h a v e f r o m the c o n d i t i o n of c o n s e r v a t i o n of m o m e n t u m
dz,
-dT =

piwi - - Polo
Pl - - Po

H e r e d z s / d t is the r a t e of d i s p l a c e m e n t of the r u p t u r e s u r f a c e in the z d i r e c t i o n , and wt and w 0 a r e the v e l o c i t i e s of p a r t i c l e m o t i o n on the l e f t and the r i g h t of the s u r f a c e a s z ~ z sN e g l e c t i n g the e l a s t i c s t r a i n s of the i c e , l e t us s e t w 0 = 0. If the d e n s i t y of the i c e d o e s not c h a n g e d u r i n g c r u s h i n g , then f o r the v e l o c i t y Zs to r e m a i n f i n i t e , the a b s o l u t e v e l o c i t y of p a r t i c l e m o t i o n n e a r the r u p t u r e s u r f a c e m u s t be s e t e q u a l to z e r o . T h e n w Jz=h = 0 (h i s the l a y e r t h i c k n e s s ) . T h i s v e r i f i e s the a s s u m p t i o n m a d e a b o v e a b o u t c o n s i d e r i n g the r u p t u r e s u r f a c e a s a s o l i d w a l l a t e a c h i n s t a n t . T h e r e w i l l a l s o not b e a p r e s s u r e j u m p h e r e . H e r e the r u p t u r e s u r f a c e i s not a t a n g e n t i a l d i s c o n t i n u i t y . H e n c e , it is n a t u r a l to c o n s i d e r t h a t the t a n g e n t i a l c o m p o n e n t of the p a r t i c l e v e l o c i t y in the l a y e r , e q u a l to z e r o (ul z =h = 0), as the s e e o n d b o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n on t h e r u p t u r e s u r f a c e . S o l v i n g the s i m p l i f i e d s y s t e m of m o t i o n e q u a t i o n s and u s i n g the d e r i v e d b o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n s , we o b t a i n a n e q u a t i o n c o n n e c t i n g two unknown q u a n t i t i e s - the p r e s s u r e p and the l a y e r t h i c k n e s s h:
d~P h 3 -}- 3 dp dh ha

-~r - ~

----- - -~ By

(12)

Setting h = eonst, we obtain the known solution for a thin layer where the pressure is inversely proportional to the cube of the layer thickness [4]. The assumption h = eonst does not correspond to the actual picture, so that an additional condition must be involved in order to determine the unknowns p and h. To this e n d , s o m e p h e n o m e n o l o g i c a l r u p t u r e c r i t e r i o n , w h i c h is s a t i s f i e d on the r u p t u r e s u r f a c e , c o u l d be u s e d . A t t h i s t i m e , no s u c h c r i t e r i o n h a s b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d f o r i c e . H e n c e , l e t us t a k e the l i n e a r r e l a t i o n s h i p
P - - Pc = kph

(i 3)

as the additional condition. This expression is obtained if the displacement of the rupture surface is assumed proportional to the pressure at a given point. Shtaerman [7] used an analogous hypothesis to take account of local surface strains in the contact problem of elasticity theory.

1065

The quantity P0 = coast corresponds to static pressure in the absence of an intermediate layer in the initial stage of impact, which can be identified with the yield point of ice at a local crumpling. For a developed intermediate layer P0 = 0 should be assumed, since there is no direct contact between the solid and the unshattered ice. The empirical factor kp depends on the physicomechanical properties of the ice and can be considered constant in a sufficiently narrow range of velocities. Substituting (13) into (12), we obtain a differential equation in h whose solution is
l I

when a x i a l s y m m e t r y is t a k e n into a c c o u n t .

Hence
1 !
-

p = ~(3~k~)~ (c,

r~.
Let us d e t e r m i n e the t a n -

We have p = 0 for r = r 0 on the edges of the c o n t a c t z o n e , so that Ct = r 2. g e n t i a l s t r e s s on the r u p t u r e s u r f a c e :

21__~(~k,)~
"c --=

r
(ro2 - F")"

T h e t a n g e n t i a l s t r e s s e s grow w i t h o u t l i m i t a s r ~ r 0. off, so that this d e p e n d e n c e will b e v a l i d only i n the r e g i o n

]'~ --, CL
t"0

In f a c t , the e d g e s of the c o n t a c t zone a r e s p l i t

w h e r e the c o e f f i c i e n t a > 1 t a k e s a c c o u n t of chips on the edge of the c r u m p l e z o n e . U s i n g the n o t a t i o n r = : a ( r / r 0 ) , we o b t a i n

1
-

I
~/ro \~

[
-

1
-

(15)
A c c o r d i n g to p r e l i m i n a r y e s t i -

T h e chips a r e u s u a l l y s m a l l . mates a = 1.05-1.08.

H e n c e , it c a n be a s s u m e d that a = c o n s t .

As a n i l l u s t r a t i o n , l e t us c o m p a r e the t h e o r e t i c a l d e p e n d e n c e s o b t a i n e d with the r e s u l t s of f u l l - s c a l e e x p e r i m e n t s on the i m p a c t of a s o l i d on ice [3]. In t h e s e e x p e r i m e n t s , s t e e l h e m i s p h e r i c a l c a s t i n g s w e r e e l e c t e d on ice f r o m d i f f e r e n t a l t i t u d e s . T h e m a x i m u m depth of p e n e t r a t i o n ~max was h e n c e c o n s i d e r a b l y l e s s than the r a d i u s of the c a s t i n g R, w h i c h p e r m i t s n e g l e c t i n g the c u r v a t u r e of the i n t e r m e d i a t e l a y e r a n d s o l v i n g the p r o b l e m i n c y l i n d r i c a l c o o r d i n a t e s . L e t us e x a m i n e the i n s e r t i o n of a s o l i d h e m i s p h e r e of m a s s M i n ice at a n i n i t i a l v e l o c i t y v0. of m o t i o n d u r i n g i m p a c t w i l l be
I 1 5 1 1

Its e q u a t i o n

dv Mv--~=:-- ,i~pdF=--,i 713_k3J{ro~S ((z,._x)~dx , , o' ~-~)

F Q

(16)

(F is the a r e a of the c o n t a c t zone). F r o m the c o n d i t i o n ~max << R t h e r e follows r 0 ~ 2~-2-g~-. T h e n , s o l v i n g (16) with the i n i t i a l c o n d i t i o n s t a k e n into a c c o u n t a n d s e t t i n g c~ = 1.06, we o b t a i n f o r the m a x i m u m depth of i n s e r t i o n at the end of the i m p a c t
7 4

v M9 ~ ~max = 0.71 5 , (2R)'~(3pk~)~

a n d f o r the t i m e of i m p a c t
1

(17)

T = ~max f
UO

d~

(18)
0 4

(1 - ~ ) ~

T h e c o n t a c t p r e s s u r e at the m i d d l e of the c o n t a c t zone r e a c h e s the g r e a t e s t v a l u e at t = t 1 < T a n d is d e t e r m i n e d b y the f o r m u l a

1066

5
9~ .,.
I
9

gA

I. "]/
9

o,8

"\

0.5
~

~6

a,2

0,~ Fig. 3

g,8 [

#z

##

~#

(8

Fig. 4
4 1 2 I

Pma~ = 0.79p v~A/~(31~k~) (2R)~ . ~ T h e total c o n t a c t f o r c e P r e a c h e s the m a x i m u m at t = t 2 (t1 < t 2 < T):
I1 5 1 5

(1 9 )

Pm~x = 1.18 v~M6(3~k~)~ (2R) 6 .

(2 0)

T h e f a c t o r 3gk~ in all the c o m p u t a t i o n a l f o r m u l a s depends on the p h y s i c o m e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t i e s of the ice and can be d e t e r m i n e d f r o m e x p e r i m e n t . T h i s cannot be done f o r the c o m p a r i s o n of the e x p e r i m e n t a l and t h e o r e t i c a l r e s u l t s , s i n c e it is s i m p l e r to r e d u e e all the e x p r e s s i o n s to d i m e n s i o n l e s s f o r m 9 T o this end, let us i n t r o d u c e the d i m e n s i o n l e s s v e l o c i t y of i n s e r t i o n , the p r e s s u r e , and the total f o r c e :
94 91 1

v = v_ = (1--~4)7; ? = p__ = 1.19(1--~4)7~4; v0 pmax

915

P = ~max = 1,42 (1 - - ~ ) ~ , w h e r e ~ = ~/~max" T a k i n g into a c c o u n t that

we c a n obtain the dependence of the d i m e n s i o n l e s s depth of i n s e r t i o n ~ on the d i m e n s i o n l e s s time ~ = t / T . T h e n v a l u e s of ~r ~, and P c a n be c o n s t r u c t e d as a function of the d i m e n s i o n l e s s p a r a m e t e r s ~ o r ~. T h e solid lines in F i g s . 3 and 4 r e p r e s e n t the t h e o r e t i c a l d e p e n d e n c e s v(t) and P(t), while the points r e p r e s e n t the e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a . , T h e g o o d a g r e e m e n t b e t w e e n the e x p e r i m e n t a [ and t h e o r e t i c a l r e s u l t s should be noted. T h e c u r v e of the v e l o c i t y v(t) has an inflection at the end of the i m p a c t , which is d e s c r i b e d by the t h e o r y and is a l s o noted e x p e r i m e n t a l l y . P h y s i c a l l y , this c o r r e s p o n d s to " p r e s s i n g " of the s h a t t e r e d s u b s t a n c e when r u p t u r e of the ice does not o c c u r in p r a c t i c e 9 An i m p o r t a n t f e a t u r e of the i m p a c t is the m a g n i t u d e of the s p e c i f i c r u p t u r e e n e r g y :

Mv~
ev(V is the v o l u m e of the c r a t e r s being f o r m e d ) . C o n s i d e r i n g the c r a t e r as a s e g m e n t of a p a r a b o l o i d of revolution, we have
2

2V

(21)

Using (17) and (21), we obtain a l i n e a r r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n the s p e c i f i c r u p t u r e e n e r g y and the m a x i m u m c o n t a c t p r e s s u r e a v e r a g e d o v e r the whole c o n t a c t a r e a : e V = 0.926Dmax.

1067

The magnitude of the p r o p o r t i o n a l i t y f a c t o r between ev and Pmax is in good a g r e e m e n t with e x p e r i m e n t a l v a l u e s of the r e g r e s s i o n coefficient of p for e v . In conclusion, let us note that the model developed for the i m p a c t on ice with i n s e r t i o n d e s c r i b e s the e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s s u c c e s s f u l l y . It is hardly of u n i v e r s a l nature; however, such a phenomenotogical r e p r e sentation f o r i m p a c t s with the f o r m a t i o n of a thin i n t e r m e d i a t e s h a t t e r e d l a y e r will lead to r e s u l t s which can be used for solutions of different technical p r o b l e m s . Among these a r e the i m p a c t s of ice floes on h y d r o t e c h nical s t r u c t u r e s , the i m p a c t s of ship hulls on ice, the ejection of loads on ice, etc. LITERATURE
1.

CITED

2. 3. 4.
5. 6. 7.

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