INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFCIVILANDSTRUCTURALENGINEERING Volume1,No 3,2010

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AStudyonSteelFibreReinforcedConcreteDeepBeamsWithandwithout Openings
1 2 Vengatachalapathy.V ,Ilangovan.R 1 ResearchScholar,AnnaUniversityofTechnology,Tiruchirapalli 2 AssistantProfessor,AnnaUniversity ofTechnology,Tiruchirapalli, vengat74@yahoo.co.in

ABSTRACT Thisexperimentalstudydealswiththebehaviorandultimatestrengthofsteelfiberreinforced concrete (SFRC)deep beams with and without openings in web subjected to two point loading, nine concrete deep beams of dimensions 750mm350mm75mm thickness were testedtodestructionbyapplyinggraduallyincreasedload.Simplysupportedconditionswere maintainedforalltheconcretedeepbeams.Thepercentageofsteelfiberwasvariedfrom0 to 1.0.The influence of fiber content in the concrete deep beams has been studied by measuring the deflection of the deep beams and by observing the crack patterns. The investigationalsoincludesthestudyofsteelfiberreinforcedconcretedeepbeamswithweb reinforcement with and without openings. The ultimate load obtained by applying the modified Kong and Sharps formula of deep beams are compared with the experimental values. The above study indicates that the location of openings and the amount of web reinforcement, either in the form of discrete fibers or as continuous reinforcement are the principalparametersthataffectthebehaviorandstrengthofdeepbeams. Keywords:Deepbeams,Steelfiber,BeamWebopenings,SFRCBeams,Flatsteelfiber 1. Introduction DeepbeamsareoftenusedasstructuralmembersinCivilEngineeringworks.Inmanycases, web openings are required to provide for services or for access. Because of the geometric proportionsofdeepbeams,theirstrengthisusuallycontrolledbyshearratherthanflexure,if normalamountsofreinforcementsareprovided.Aproliferationofnewdevelopmentsinsteel fiber reinforced concrete technology has greatly extended the range of applications. The applicationcurrentlydependsontheingenuityofthedesignerandbuildertakingadvantage of the improved static and dynamic tensile strength, ductility, energy absorbing characteristics,abrasionresistance,andfatiguestrengthofthisnewmaterialofconstruction. The uniform dispersion of steel fiber throughout the concrete provided isotropic strength properties which are not exhibited by conventionally reinforced concrete. Previous studies have shown that a significant increase inthe shear strength of deep beams with or without openingscanbeachievedbyprovidingeitherconventionalwebreinforcementorsteelfibers intheconcretematrix.Theinclusionoffibersinaconcretematrixhasbeenfoundtoincrease theultimatestrength,increasethefirstcrackload,arrestthecrackpropagation,andenhance thefracturetoughness,postcrackingductility,andfatigueresistance. Forthelasttwodecades,anumberofinvestigationsarebeingcarriedoutonthebehaviorof fiber reinforced composites. Since 1972, a number of experimental and analytical investigationshavebeencarriedouttostudythebehaviorandcollapseloadsofdeepbeams withandwithoutwebopening.Theopeningsareusuallyprovidedinsuchbeamstohavean accessforutilityductswithoutfurtherincreasesinceilingheadroom.Astheusageofthose 509

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beams with or withoutopenings increases, it becomes imperative that the design criteria of suchbeamsiswidelytestedandestablished. Inthepresentinvestigation,flatsteelfiberswereused.Thisinvestigationisabidtostudythe behaviorofdeepbeamsreinforcedwithflatsteelfibersinsteadofdramixfibers. 2.MaterialsandMixused Ordinary Portland cement of 53 grade with a specific gravity of 3.15 was used for all the specimens cast. The Fine Aggregate used for casting was clean river sand. The specific gravityoffineaggregatewas2.71.Thefinenessmodulusofthefineaggregatewas2.4.The coarseaggregateusedwasbrokengranitestoneofsize10mm.Thespecificgravityofcoarse aggregatewas2.84.Thebulkdensityofcoarseaggregatewasfoundtobe1640kg/m3.Bore well water available in the Structural Engineering laboratory was used for casting all specimensofthisinvestigation.Thequalityofwaterwasfoundtosatisfytherequirementsof IS456 2000. Twosteelrodsof16mmdiameterof415N/mm2yieldstrengthwereusedasthemaintension reinforcement. The bars were anchoredby welding to6mm thick steel plates at both ends. Each beam contained web reinforcement consisting of two layers of welded wire fabric of 3.3mmdiameterand50mmoncentershavingyieldstrengthof300N/mm2. Bearing plates and reinforcement cages were provided at supports and loading points to dispersetheconcentratedforces,therebyavoidinglocalizeddistressofconcrete. 2.2Materialsproperties Controlbrickcompressivestrengthwasdeterminedinthelaboratoryforallcompanies.The 2 valuerangesbetween15and18N/mm withaccordancebythecodeASTMC6799a(2001). The raw clay material used in this research was collected from southern region ofSarawak different brick field Companies, which is generally used in manufacturing stages of brick production. Distilled water was prepared in the laboratory on the large capacity containing reservoirtankandutilizedforconductingwholeofthetestscheme.Theaveragevaluesofthe controlbrick, raw clay brick andafter extraction salinity with burning claybrick properties arementionedinTable2. 3.CastingofDeepbeamsanditsCompanions M20concretemixof1(cement):1.5(F.A):3(C.A.)withwatercementratioby weightof 0.50wasusedformakingthestandardconcretespecimensandfordeepbeams.Cementand sand were first mixed then coarse aggregate was added and the materials were mixed thoroughly until uniformity was achieved. To this concrete mixture, the fiber of predeterminedquantitywereaddedandmixed,takingcaretoavoidbundlingorballing.Then therequiredquantityofwaterwasaddedslowlyandwetmixingwasdone.Atallstages,hand mixing was adapted and care was taken to ensure random distribution of fibers in the composites.Acontrolledinternalvibrationwasusedforthecompactionofthecylindersand prismatic specimens. Nine deep beams of size 750mm x 325mm x 72mm specimens with andwithoutholesasshowninbelowfig.1werecastflatwiseandcompactedonavibration

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table in three layers. The specimens were kept under room temperature of 24 hours before demoulding.Allthespecimenswerecurriedunderwetgunnybags.

750

75

325

WWBO (Withoutwebopening)

(Alldimensionsareinmm)

115 65 182 80 182 115 WBOA (WebopeningatpositionA) WBOB (WebopeningatpositionB) 65 80

Figure1: Locationofthewebopening 4.ExperimentalProgramme The deep beams were tested in a 60T capacity Universal Testing Machine. All the beams were tested to failure under Three point loading system. The test set up for the beam is shownin belowfig.2. Each of the beam specimens were mounted on roller supports on the Universal Testing Machine.Threedeflectometerswereplacedatthebottomfaceofthebeamatmidspanand undertheloadingpoints.Twopointloadswereobtainedbyplacingtheloadingheadonthe top surface at the centre of the beam and distributing the load through a spreader beam. A small pre load was applied slowly to ensure that the beam was properly seated and the deflectometers were functioning properly. The load was then removed, reapplied and again removed slowly. Successive loads were applied in increments of 10kN. Deflections at the midspanandundertheloadingpointswererecordedateachloadincrement.Duringthetest, the first crackload wasobserved and the crack propagation was carefully marked. All the beamswereloadedtillfailure.Basedonthetestsresults,standardspecimensforthevarious

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ofadditionofsteelfibers.Theoptimumfibercontentas0.75%to1.0%.Themainspecimens (deepbeams)werecastedwith0%,0.75%and1.0%andweretestedtofailure. Cubesofsize150mmwhichhadbeencastalongwiththeslabsweretestedonthesameday on which the respective slabs were tested to ascertain the compressive strength of the concreteusedintheslabs.ThecubetestswerecarriedoutinaCompressionTestingmachine of 200 T capacity and these tests were carried out as per the recommendations of Indian StandardCodesofPractice. Prisms of size 100mm x 100mm x 500mm were used for the determination of the flexural tensile strength of reinforced concrete. The tests were conducted in the Universal Testing Machine.Eachprismwassupportedoveraspanof400mm.Thetwopoint loadsappliedat eachofthethirdspanpoints,i.e.,133.33mmfromeachofthetwosupports,weregradually increaseduntilthespecimenfailed.Thefailureloadwasnoteddown. The modulus of elasticity of steel fiber reinforced concrete deep beam was determined by conductingcompressiontestsonSFRCylindersthathadbeencastalongwiththedeepbeams. The test was conducted in a UTM and thedeformations correspondingto the variousloads weremeasuredbyadialgauge.ThesetestswerecarriedoutasperIScoderecommendation.

Figure2: Testsetupfordeepbeams 4.1Behaviorofdeepbeamsduringtesting 4.1.1 Formationofcracks All nine deepbeamswere tested and all of themfailed inshear. All beamswere loaded to failure.Thebeamscollapsedduetoexcessivedestructionofconcreteintheshearspan.The crackpatternsandfailureoftestspecimensareshowninfig.3.Thenumberswrittenalongthe cracks indicate the termination of cracks observed at a particular stage. No cracking was observed in any beam up to about 40% of ultimate load. The first vertical flexural cracks were formed in the region of maximum bending moment between 50 % to 60% of the ultimate load a sudden major inclined crack was formed almost in the middle of the shear span. The first crack was usually a sudden inclined shear crack originating from the outer bottomcornerof theopening. With further increase of load,cracks propagatedtowards the support while crack originating at the top inner corner of the opening propagated upward towards the load bearing plate. Other flexural and flexural shear cracks were subsequently formed and propagated upwards. At higher loads, diagonal cracks were developed and propagateduntilthebeamfailedindiagonalshearmode.Thisisverifiedbythetestresults.

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Allexistingcrackswereobservedbetween70to80%ofultimateload.Atabout80to90% ofultimateload,newinclinedcrackswere formedparalleltothe line joiningthe loadedge andsupportblocks.Alsoataboutthesameloadlevelatensionverticalcracksappearedover the supports. This is the results of the thrusts eccentricity which essentially acts along the inclined crack. Finally, beam failure occurred by concrete destroyed in either the reduced compression zone at the head of the inclined crack and the region adjacent to the loading blockorbyfractureoftheconcretealongtheinclinedcracks.

Figure 3: Deepbeamsa)WBOA 4.2InclinedCrackingandUltimateLoads

b)WBOB

Inclinedcrackingloadisdefinedastheloadatwhichthefirstmajorinclinedcrackappearsin theshearspan.Thiswassuddencracksthatusuallyoriginatedinthemiddleoftheshearspan andpropagatedtowardsthesupportandloading jointfromasubsequentincreaseinapplied load. 4.3LoadDeflections Loaddeflectioncurvesforallthebeamstestedareshowninfig.4.Thevariationattheearlier stage is linearuntilthe firstcrackisreached.Asmorecrackswere formedandpropagated, therewasareductioninthestiffnessofthebeamsresultinginhigherrateofdeflection.Itis also observed that the stiffness of the beam depend largely on the extent to which the openingsinterrupttheverticalloadpath.

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Figure4: Loadvs.DeflectionCurve 4.4Effectsoffiberonthefirstcrackloadandultimateload The first cracks for the beams without fiber reinforcement were observed at 40% of the ultimateloadwhere,forfiberreinforcedbeamthefirstcrackloadwasfoundtobebetween 50% to 55% the ultimate load. There is a 10% to 20% increase in ultimate load for fiber reinforcedconcretebeamswhencomparedwithbeamswithoutfiberreinforcement.Thusthe experimentalresults showthatthereisincrease intheultimateloadandthefirstcrack load forthefiberreinforcedconcretedeepbeams. 4.5Analysisofthetestresults The proposed Kong and Sharps formula for reinforced concrete deep beams required modificationtoaddressthepresenceofsteelfibersthatprovidesextrashearcapacity,fracture toughnessandcrackarrest. Shanmugam and Swaddiwudhipang suggested the following modified form for ultimate capacity(Pu)offiberreinforcedconcretedeepbeamscontainingopenings. 2 Pu/2 =C1f1f2 (10.36X/ d)ftn bD+ C2A(y/D)sin C1 =1.0 2 C2 =300N/mm fordeformedbars f1 =(1 a1)(11.667a2),thereductionfactorforthesizeoftheopening r 2 2 2 1/2 f2 =h+2(k2) X(((k1k2) /((a1x) +(a2D) )) 1.0,thereductionfactorforinterruption oftheopeningontheradialloadparts N =1.1forsteelfiber =1.5forwebbarand1.0formainbar h =0.62k 0.2 r =1.0forcentreopeningisintheunloadedquadrantand2.0forloadedquadrant bthewidthofthebeam,Xtheclearspan,Doveralldepthofthebeam,ythedepthatwhich asteelbarintersectsapotentialcriticaldiagonalcrack,istheangleofintersection,Aisthe area of the steel provided, ft is the split tensile strengthand a1, a2, k, & k1 the coefficients definingthesizeandpositionoftheopenings. Thecalculatedtheoreticalultimatecapacityasgiveninthetable.3byusingaboveformula. Testshavebeenconductedonstandardspecimenswithdifferentpercentageoffiberaddition, i.e.0%,0.5%,0.75%and1.0%(byvolume).Theresultshadbeencomparedandoptimumfiber centrewhichcanbeaddedtomainspecimenwasfoundtobebetweentherange0.75%and

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1.0%fortheavailableshellfibers.Themainspecimenswerecastwith0%,0.75%and1.0% andweretestedtofailure. Thecomparisonoftheexperimentalfailureloadwiththeoreticalresultsintable.2showsthat the modified Kong and Sharps formula,provides theoretical predicationand it is matching withexperimentalvalues.Theobservationofthefailureloadlistedintable.1inconjunction with the beam geometry confirms that the effect of web opening on the loadcarrying capacityofdeepbeamsdependslargelyonthepercentageoffiberinterrupttheloadpat.The greaterdegreeofinterruption,thegreateristhereductioninultimatestrength. Theobservationshowsthatthefirstcrackloadwasfoundtoincrease5%to10%forthefiber reinforcedbeamsandthebeamsdidnotcrumbleandfelldown.Theobservationalsoshows that for anoptimumpercentage of0.75%by volume, gives maximumultimate load for the deepbeams. Hence the results presented here in support the postulates that ultimate strength of deep beamsdependsgreatlyonthedegreeofinterruptionoftheopeningonthenaturalloadpath andalsothepercentageoffibercontentpresentinthebeamandopeningsinthetensionzone weakenthebeam.ThemodifiedKongandSharpsformulaprovidestheaccurateprediction of the ultimate strength of fiber reinforced concrete deep beams with and without web openings. Table1:Deflectionatbottomofbeam Loads (Tons) Deflectionatmid point(fiber0%) WWBO WBOA WBOB Deflectionatmid point(fiber0.75%) WWBO WBOA WBOB Deflectionatmid point(fiber1.0%) WWBO WBOA 0.0 0.19 0.26 0.65 1.2 1.6 1.72 1.95 2.1 2.61 10.54 WBOB 0.0 0.48 0.52 0.64 0.72 0.96 1.28 1.86 1.92 9.98 515

S.No 1

0.0 1.31 1.96 2.16 2.22 2.26 2.31 2.38 2.43 2.60 8.45

0.0 0.43 0.61 0.98 1.62 2.02 2.36 2.96 3.12 8.14

0.0 0.18 0.79 0.91 1.18 1.38 1.98 2.18 2.69 7.45

0.0 0.58 0.96 1.0 1.28 1.44 1.78 1.89 2.0 2.98 11.5

0.0 0.44 0.98 1.62 1.96 2.34 2.82 2.98 3.01 3.32 10.94

0.0 0.5 0.69 0.83 1.12 1.92 2.32 2.62 2.98 8.84

0.0 1.18 1.26 1.46 1.76 2.08 2.38 2.58 2.72 3.26 11.12

2 2 3 4 4 6 5 8 6 10 7 12 8 14 9 15 10 20 First crack Load(t) Ultimate Load(t)

20.85 17.64 16.85 24.3

23.89 19.4 2

22.45 21.35 18.45

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Table2: ExperimentalAnalytical resultsfordeepbeams Fiber0% Experimental load(Kg) Theoretical load(Kg) Opening Position Fiber0.75% Experimental load(Kg) Theoretical load(Kg) Fiber1.0% Experimental load(Kg) Theoretical load(Kg) 23016 18890 17970 Avg.density ofconcrete (N/MM2) 24.52 25.31 25.45 25.60 25.62

Without web opening (WWBO) Web opening atA (WBOA) Web opening position atB (WBOB)

20850

21169

24300

23332

22450

17640

17635

23890

19104

21350

16850

16848

19420

18162

18450

Table3:Physicalpropertiesofconcrete Avg.cube compressive Fiber Sl.No strength content (N/mm2) 1 2 3 4 5 5.Conclusion Thefollowingconclusionscanbedrawnfromtheexperimentalresults: Webopeningsmaybeprovidedinthecompressionzoneofthebeamsandfiber content of 0.75%by volume may be added to improve the strength of the structure. Theopeninginthetensionzoneweakenthebeam. 0.0% 0.25% 0.5% 0.75% 1.0% 27.1 28.86 29.12 30.14 30.42 Avg.Split tensile strength (N/mm2) 2.57 2.60 2.7 3.0 2.96

Modulusof elasticity 29715 30034 30346 31178 31113

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Fiber content of 0.75%by volume of thebeam improves the ultimate load and the firstcrackloadofthebeam. Additional of steel fibers increase the tensile strength of concrete matrix and alsoincreaseintheflexuralrigidityofthebeam.

5.1Suggestionforfurtherwork Theexperimental investigationmaybecarriedoutforfiberwithdifferentaspect ratio. Different locationofopeningsinthewebmaybetriedwiththe samefiberfora biggersizespecimen. Experimentalinvestigationmaybecarriedouttostudythelongtermbehaviorof thestructurebyconductingacceleratedtest. The openings may be stiffened with stirrups and behavior of beams may be studied. Acknowledgement MysincerethankstoMr.S.Balakrishnan,Mr.R.SureshbabuandMr.Sathyanarayanan Asst.,Professors,SaranathanCollegeofEngineering,Trichy.Theauthorexpresshisgratitude totheprincipalandmanagementofIndiraGanesancollegeofEngineering,Trichyfortheir encouragement. 6.References 1. Leonharadt,F. H.A.R.de Paiva and C.P.Siess 1972,Discussion of :Strength and behavior of deep beams in shear by. Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers.Vol.92,No.2,pp6869. 2. Kong,F.K.,Robins,P.J.,Singh & Sharp,G.R., 1972, Shear analysis and design of reinforcedconcretedeepbeams,Thestructuralengineer,Vol.50,No.10,pp2345. 3. Mansur,M.A, and Alwis,W.A.M., 1982,Reinforced fiber concrete deep beams with web openings, The international journal of cement composites and lightweight concrete,Vol.6.,No.4,pp3444. 4. Prabhat,K.,1976,Collapse load of deep reinforced concrete beams, Magazine of concreteResearch,Vol.28,No.94,pp3234. 5. Roberts,T.M.and H.O,N.L., 1982,Shear failure of deep fiber reinforced concrete beams, The international journal of cement composites and lightweight concrete,Vol,4,No.3,pp6367. 6. Shanmugam,N.EandSwaddiwudhipong,S.,1984,Theultimateloadbehavioroffiber reinforcedconcretedeepbeams,theIndianconcreteJournalVol.58,No.8,pp1214.

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