Al-Ghazali - The Marvels of the Heart Al-Ghazalis Unspeakable Doctrine of the soul.

By Timothy gianotti [Leiden:Brill, 2001] Madraza - escuela Tanzh (exceptuacin, incomparabilidad) Tashbh (identidad esencial) ibara - outward words Ishara - mystical alussions Ilham - general inspiration Wahy - prophetic inspiration Al-malakut world of spirits Tawfiq divine given success Al-tawhid divine unity Firasa true inside Karama miraculous gift Aql intellect Yaqin certainty Awsaf chacacteristics Ahwal states Haqiqa real nature

Nature of the soul Qalb heart (of flesh wheter living or dead Ruh spirit Nafs soul Aql intelligencesubtle

(spiritual substance wich is the real essence of man) The excellence or virtue of the rational soul is wisdom, that of anger is courage, and that of appetence is temperance. Pag xix There are in him the desires of the beast united with a reason that is godlike. By neglecting the rational soul he can sink toward the level of the animal, and by cultivating it he can strive toward the level of the angels. Pag xx The Souls Knowledge and its Acquisition the physical members are used by the heart to attain the end of knowledge. Pag xxi Mens heart, as a mirror, is potentially capable of having reflected in it the real essence of all things, and thus of coming to know them. In this knowledge there are three factors:

1. The intellect, or heart, in which exists the image of the specific natures of things, is like the mirror; 2. The intelligible, or specific nature of the known thing, is like the object reflected in the mirror; 3. The intelligence, or the representation of the known thing in the heart, is like the representation of the image in the mirror. (continua en xxii)

2 kind of knowledge pag. xxiii intellectual religious

2 Doors by wich knowledge comes into outer door (sence perception) inner door (divine inspiration and mystical revelation)

(pag xxiii , xxiv and xxv IMPORTANTE copia) Souls activities Tadhakkur recollection Tahaffuz memorizing Tafakkur reflection Tamyiz discrimination Rawiyya deliberation

Inner Senses (pag xxvi Copia) Al-mudrik that wich perceives Al-hafiz that wich conserves Al-mustasarrif fi that wich deals with

(important Dhikr pag xxviii) The Relation of Soul to Body and of Thought to Act Connecting the psychic and the physical Khatir involuntary suggestion (comes to the heart) - Al-Khatir al-rabbani; al-haqqani (suggestion of the Lord) - Al-Khatir al-malaki (suggestion of the angel) - Al-Khatir al-nafsi (suggestion of the self) - Al-Khatir al-shaytani (suggestion of the demon)

Sorts of Khawatir

ilham general inspiration Wiswas evil prompting ijas Dreads Niyya intention Amal; umniya hope and desire Tadhakkur; tafakkur recollection and reflection Mushahadan mystic vision Hamm anxious desire Lamam seizure of madness

(Pag xxxii Importante)

The Souls Experience of Good and Evil Pag xxxiii God is the first cause of all good and evil, but there are also secondary causes angels and demons. And although good and evil are both inevitably present in mans experience, every individual is responsible for the development of his character. Man Must discipline his soul. Satans food is mans appetence or desire. It therefore becomes mans duty to empty his heart of all desire for worldly things, and thus remove that upon which Satan feeds. Man is held accountable for his own voluntary choices. He will be judge in accordance with the purpose (qasd) on which he has fixed his heart, his determination (azm), his intention (niyya), and his decision (hamm). Some hearts are built up by means of piety and purified through discipline. Others are burdened by passion and utterly corrupted by foul actions, so that they have no place for good. The hearts od most men sway between the good and the evil, the angel and the demon, until de dominat factor obtains the victory. But this factor has been caused to predominate by the predestination of God. Because of the divine decree, obedience has been made easy for some, and disobedience for others, God guides aright and leads astray.

The Marvels of the Heart Authors Foreword By its darkness and its light (the heart) there appear the good and evil qualities of its external appearance, since Every vessel drips that which contains. Chapter 1 An Exposition of the Meaning of Soul, Spirit, Heart, and Intelligence, and of the Purport of these Names Qalb heart (of flesh located at the left side of the chest, whether living or dead). Subtle tenous substance of an ethereal spiritual sort, wich is connected with the physical heart. This is the real essence of man. Is the part that perceives and knows and experiences; it is addressed, punished, rebuked, and held responsible, and it has some connection with the physical heart. (pag 6 chek el 6y Ruh spirit (pag 6, 7 Nafs soul (8 Aql intelligencesubtle

An Exposition of the Armies of the Heart The heart is as king, and the armies are asservants and helpers. The heart has two armies (Jund): An army seen with the eyes. (Hand, foot, eye, ear, tongue and the rest of the members both inner an outer.) An army seen only by insight (the perception [sight, taste, smelling, hearing and touch] appetite, anger)

The vehicle of the heart is the body alone; its provision is knowledge alone; and the means of attaining the provision for the journey and supplying ones self therewith lie only in righteous acts.