Notes on Weyl and Minkowski Problem

Yang Guo 260313651 September 6, 2011

Introduction

In this note, I will mainly discuss the work of Nirenberg on Weyl and Minkowski Problem and the work of Cheng and Yau on n-dimension-al Minkowski Problem. These problems are concerned with the existence of a convex surface of prescribing rst fundamental form and Gauss curvature. The method of continuity and theories on elliptic partial dierential equation are used in both works.

On Weyl Problem

Weyl Problem: Given a positive denite quadratic form ds2 dened at every point of the unit sphere such that the Gauss curvature of the form is everywhere positive (ds2 satisfy certain conditions).Does there exist a closed convex surface which mapped one to to one onto the sphere so that its rst fundamental form (in terms of parameters on the sphere) is ds2 ? Nirenberg proved this using the method of continuity in the following steps. Theorem 2.1. The given quadratic form is connected to the rst fundamental form of unit sphere ds2 by a curve of quadratic form ds2 , 0 t 1,it t 0 equals to ds2 at t = 0 and equals to ds2 at t = 1 such that all forms on the 0 curve have positive Gauss curvature. Theorem 2.2. The set of points t in [0, 1] for which the form ds2 is realizable t as a convex surface is an open set. Theorem 2.3. The set of points t in [0, 1] for which the form ds2 is realizable t as a convex surface is a closed set. Note that since ds2 is realizable, we infer that the set of t on which the ds2 t 0 is realizable as a convex surface is therefore [0, 1].And thus ds2 is realizable as a convex surface.

2.1

Preparation and Precise statement of Weyl Problem

We shall now precisely state the problem by using the language of functional analysis. We rst introduce a parameter system on S 2 , notice that it is impossible to have a single parameter system over the whole sphere. Let us consider now two overlapping region R1 and R2 containing north and south pole respectively which are bounded by parallels of latitude. The parameter system (u, v) for R1 is constructed by stereographic projections of R1 from south pole denoted by R1 while the parameter system of R2 is constructed by stereographic projections of R2 from north pole denoted by R2 . In the common strip, the two systems can be transformed to each other by a transformation with a non-vanishing Jacobian. We also dene the following spaces of 3

functions:
m i C: f m+ C: i

m C if f i f m+ C if i f
i m+ =

i m=

m k=0

sup |Dk f | <

sup |Dk f | + sup

k=0 x,yRi

f (x) f (y) < |x y|

Ck : f Ck if f m C m C with 1 2

k=

1 k

2 k

Sk : A three vector X(u, v) Sk if each component belongs to Ck , and X is dened as sum of norms in Ck for each component of X. Mk : A quadratic form ds2 Mk if each E, F ,Gis in k C with i = 1, 2. i And the norm dened as
2

ds

=
i=1

i k

i k

i k

Mk : A positive denite quadratic form ds2 Mk if it is in Mk and its Gauss curvature is positive everywhere. Mk : ds2 Mk if it is in Mk and is realizable as a regular surface. Now, we formulate Weyls Problem as follows: Weyl Problem: Under what condition have Mk = Mk ? Note that if it holds for some positive integer k, then it holds for larger integers. Our main result is: Theorem 2.4. M4 = M4 Theorem 2.5. Let ds2 M4+ ,0, , 1. Then there exist a vector function X(u, v) having ds2 has rst fundamental form.i.e M4+ = M 4+ . To prove theorem 1 we need to show: 1.M4+ is connected 2.M 4+ is open in M4+ 4

3.M 4+ is closed in M4+ Now we denote the second fundamental form as L,M ,N and mean curva ture H,unit inward normal X3 , = EG F 2 and other standard notations that would be familiar to reader. We introduce the following function.Let 1 (u, v) = (X X). 2 Then uu = 11 u + 11 v + LX X3 + E 1 2 uv = 12 u + 12 v + M X X3 + F 1 2 vv = 22 u + 22 v + N X X3 + G 1 2 and K(X X3 )2 = LN M 2 (X X3 ) 2 1 (uu 11 u 11 v E)(vv 22 u + 22 v G) = 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 (uv 12 u 12 v F )2 1 2

Also, (X X3 )2 = X 2 (X = X2 Xu X v 2 ) )

1 [(X Xu )Xv (X Xv )Xu ]2 2 1 = 22 2 (E2 2F u v + G2 )). v u Finally,we set

F (u, v, , vv ) =

1 (uu 11 u 11 2 1 2 22 v E)(vv 1 u + 22 v G) 2 1 2 (uv 12 u 12 v F )2 1 2 1 K [22 2 (E2 2F u v + G2 ))] u v

and we get 4 K(X X3 ) > 0 2 Since X,Xu and Xv are linearly independent, we may express m-th order derivative of X with respect to u, v as a linear combination of X,Xu and Xv involving derivative of ,E,F ,and G of order at most m. We cite a result by Hopf:
2 4Fuu Fvv Fuv =

Lemma 2.6. If a solution (u, v) of F (u, v , vv ) = 0 in domain D has continuous rst and second derivatives satisfy Holder condition with exponent ,then has partial derivatives up to order m+2 and m+2nd derivatives satisfy Holder condition with exponent in ay closed subdomain. In particular ,if F is analytic then is analytic. From this we derive the following lemma: Lemma 2.7. For any closed convex surface X(u, v) S2+ ,0 < < 1 has ds2 Mm+ for m 2,0 < < 1,then X Sm+ . Proof. Apply Hopfs lemma to F (u, v, , vv ) = 0, since has continuous rst and second derivative which satisfy Holder condition with exponent which implies Cm+ since the m-th derivative of X can be expressed as linear combination of X,Xu and Xv with derivatives of E,F ,G,. Then X Sm+ as claimed. We have a stronger form due to Nirenberg Lemma 2.8. If X(u, v) S2 and ds2 Mm+ then X Sm+ . Here we dont need Holder condition. In particular if X S2 with ds2 analytic, then X(u, v) is analytic. 6

2.2

Connectedness

We now prove the assertion that M4+ is connected. Proof. By uniformization theorem for Riemann surface ,there exist a local conformal mapping of manifold in large. For ds2 denes a Riemannian manifold homeomorphic onto the sphere dened by the conformal mapping. Let (u, v) and (u, v) be the parameter image of (u, v) and let ds2 denote the rst fundamental form of the manifold in parameter system (, ). By const formality, d2 = gds2 , we construct d2 = g t ds2 for 0 t 1. Then the s 0 0 Gauss curvature is given as Kt = 1 (1 t + tgK1 ) gt

where K1 is the Gauss curvature of d2 . We now go back to ds2 in terms s t of parameter (u, v). We have ds2 have positive curvature and connect ds2 t to ds2 . We can also show that ds2 M4+ . We know and satisfy the t 0 Beltrami equation: E F F G v u )v ( v u )u = 0 since E,F ,G have fourth derivative satisfy Holder condition . Apply Hopfs lemma ,we have and have fth order derivative satisfying Holder conditions. Now d2 as a function of and have derivative to fourth order, st 2 so dst as a function of u and v has derivative up to fourth order satisfying Holder condition. (

2.3

Openness

We shall prove the following which implies openness: Theorem 2.9. If ds2 M4+ , there exist a regular closed convex surface X(u, v) having ds2 as its line element. Then there exist a such that for any ds2 in M2+ satisfy ds2 ds 2 2+ < 1 is realizable as a closed convex regular surface X (u, v) in S2+ . And if ds 2 M4+ then X S4+ . To prove the theorem, we try to describe the condition as a PDE, the solvability of the PDE in a neighborhood indicates the openness, For such X (u, v) in the theorem, we set X = X + Y and ds 2 = ds2 + ds2 . Now (dX + dY ) (dX + dY ) = ds2 + ds2 7

we have, 2dX dY = ds2 (dY )2 . Notice that this equation id nonlinear elliptic. Nirenberg solved this problem by an iteration scheme and reduced the nonlinear problem to a linear problem described as follows; Take Y0 = 0 and dene Yn recursively as : 2dX dYn = ds2 (dYn )2 and we cans how Yn converge to a solution Y if and all all Yn lie in S2+ . ds2
2+

is small enough

Theorem 2.10. For equation of the form 2dX dY = d 2 (dZ)2 where X S4+ , ds2 M2+ and Z(u, v) S2+ , there exist a solution Y (u, v) S . The solution may not be unique, but we can choose a particular solution Y = (Z)such that: 1. 2. (Z) K( d 2
2+

2 2+ ) 2+

(Z) (Z1 ) K

Z + Z1

Z Z1

2+

where Z, Z1 S2+ , K is a positive constant depending only on X(u, v). This theorem establish openness since, from Y0 = 0, we dene Yn = (Yn1 ) for integers n 1 which are in S2+ by the theorem. We can choose a ball Z 2+ < R such that (Z) 2+ < R and (Z1 ) (Z2 )
2+ <

Z1 Z2

2+

here constant M < 1. In this way, we can apply contraction mapping principle and get a solution Y such that Y 2+ R.(the ball is complete) TO achieve this we require: 1. ds2
1R 2+ 2 K

2. 2KR < 1 If this is satised , (Z) (Z1 ) K Z + Z1 2+ Z Z1 = 2KR 2+ Z Z1 2+ 8

2+

is a contraction mapping. and (Z) K( d 2 + Z 2 ) 2+ 1R < K( + R2 ) = R 2K

Then X = X + Y S2+ has rst fundamental form ds 2 ,and completes the proof of the theorem. Remark : We modify the statement of the theorem a bit by requiring that Z S3+ instead of Z S2+ since we can approximate some Z S2+ by a sequence of Zm S3+ and let Ym be the solution of the equation. Note that Ym is cauchy in the ball and thus converge to Y for Z S2+ . Proof. First we show the existence of solutions. Write d 2 (dZ)2 = d 2 = Edu2 + 2F dudv + Gdv 2 ,we know d 2 M2+ since Z S3+ . For d = 0, the homogeneous equation 2dX dY = 0 has solution of the form Y (u, v) = A X(u, v) where A is a constant vector. To solve the general equation we introduce new variables. Our goal here is to reduce the PDE con-cerning with the 3-vector X(u, v) to a PDE concerning with only one variable. Let p1 = X 3 Yu p2 = X 3 Yv 1 (u, v) = (Xv Yu Xu Yv ) From this, we infer:
1 F F )Xu + 1 (F E EF )Xv + (EXv F Xu ) + X3 p1 1 1 Yv = 2 (F G GF )Xu + 1 (GE F F )Xv + (F Xv GXu ) + X3 p2 1 Since Xu Yv = 2 (F ), we have

Yu =

1 (EG 2

1 Xuv Yu Xuu Yv = (Ev Fv + u + u ). 2 9

Express everything explicitly in Christoel symbol, we get M 1 L X3 Yv X3 Yu = (c1 u ) 2 Here 1 [Fu Ev + 12 E + (12 11 )F 11 G] 1 2 1 2 Similarly, for Xv Yu = 1 (F + ) , we get 2 c1 = M N 1 X3 Yv X3 Yu = (c2 v ) 2 Here c2 = with
L u = 2( M p1 p2 ) + c1 v = 2( N p1 M p2 ) + c2 Dierentiate these two equation w.r.t v and u respectively and subtract, we get 1 1 (p2u p1v ) = H + T 2 and 1 T = [L1 E + (L2 L1 )F L2 G] 2 1 1 2 We observe that once we solve the equation for then since LN M 2 > 0,we can solve for p1 and p2 , we can obtain a equation for along.

1 [Gu Fv + 22 E + (22 21 )F 21 G] 1 2 1 2

M 1 M L 1 N ( u v )u ( u v )v + 2H = 1 N M 1 M L ( c1 c2 )u ( c1 c2 )v T Here = K. We dene L(p1 , p2 ) = 2H = L(c1 , c2 ) T

1 N ( p 1

M p) 2 u

1 M ( p 1

L p2 )v Then L(u , v ) +

10

Note that also 1 N M 1 M L 1 ( q1 q2 )u ( q1 q2 )v = (c1v c2u ) 2

1 1 We dene L (q1 , q2 ) = ( N q1 M q2 )u ( M q1 L q2 )v Then L (p1 , p2 ) = 1 (c1v c2u ) These equations are linear elliptic equations of second order.Let 2 d0 = 0 dudv be the element of surface area on the sphere, consider the equation

O(Z) =

1 1 (aZu + bZv )u + (bZu + cZv )v + eZ = f 0 0

where a, b, c posses continuous rst and second order derivative satisfy Holder condition with exponent .e and f also satisfy Holder condition with exponent . Then Hilbert proved that for f = 0, the equation has nite number of linearly independent solutions, say Z1 , , Zn , without loss of generality, we assume theyre mutually orthogonal. A necessary and sucient condition that the equation is solvable for f is that f is orthogonal to Z1 , , Zn . Hilbert showed that there exist a Green function of second kind G(P, P ) having logarithmic singularity at P = P such that
n

O(G(P, P )) =
i=1

ai Zi (P )Zi (P )

here dierentiation is w.r.t P . Then Z(P ) = G(P, P )f (P )d0 (P )

is the solution of the equation which is orthogonal to Z1 , , Zn . Consider rst the homogeneous equation, L(u , v ) + 2H = 0 It correspond to the case of innitesimal isometric deformation Y = A X(u, v) then = 2A X3 (u, v) we have also that A X3 (L(c1 , c2 ) T )dudv = 0

11

which is equivalent to (f=after integration by parts) [c1 X3 Xv c2 X3 Xu + T X3 ]dudv = 0 Indeed, this is the case. If we consider the terms in E and its derivatives, they are 1 1 1 1 [E( 12 X3 Xv 22 X3 Xu + L1 X3 ) Ev X3 Xv ]dudv 2 1 note that 1 Ev X3 Xv ]dudv = ( )v dudv. and 1 1 1 ( X3 Xv )v = ( 21 X3 Xv 22 X3 Xu + L1 X3 ) 1 2 1 We have the integration equal zero. Similar argument are repeated for F and G and this proves the equation has a solution. It remains to show that we can choose a particular solution Y (u, v) to satisfy the two conditions of the theorem. Now we solve for (P ) = G(P, P )[L(c1 (P ), c2 (P )) T (P )]d(P )

we claim that such Y is chosen as follows: Use solution of given to get p1 and p2 , then integrate to get Y (u, v) requiring that Y (u, v) vanish at a xed point (u0 , v0 ) on the sphere. Thus this Y is uniquely dened for every d 2 M2+ . We want an estimate of second derivative of Y does not involve third derivative of Z, we should consider the following, notice that the expression 1 (c1v c2u ) does not involve third derivative of Z. This is because the only second derivative of E,F and G occurs in the expression as 2 2 (Zuu Zvv Zuv ). Now for 1 L (p1 , p2 ) = 2 (c1v c2u ) 1 1 (p p1v ) = H + 2 T 2u To estimate the solution of elliptic rst order systems,we consider the system. 12

a L (p1 , p2 ) = b

1 1 (c1v c2u ) (p2u p1v ) = 0 2 1 1 (p2u p1v ) = H + T 2

L (p1 , p2 ) = 0

1 For the equation L (u , v ) = 2 (c1v c2u ), = const is a homogeneous solution, then the equation is solvable i

1 (c1v c2u )dudv = 0. 2 Integration by parts veries this. The if (P, P ) is the Green function of this , 1 (c1v (P ) c2u (P ))d(P ) (P ) = (P, P ) 2 Let q1 = p1 u and q2 = p2 v Then L (q1 , q2 ) = 0 There exist uniquely determined within an additive constant such that
M L q q2 1 N q M q2 1

= u = v

and

q1 = M u L v q2 = N u M v L(u , v ) = H + 1 T 2 1 (P ) = (P, P )(H(P )(P ) + 2 T (P ))d(P ) + c WLOG,we can take c = 0. Now we can express p1 and p2 in terms of derivatives of and .

p1 = u + q1 , p2 = v + q2 and q1 and q2 are expressed in terms of . 13

Rewrite (P ) = [ 1 N M 1 M L ( c1 c2 )Gu ( c1 c2 )Gv + GT ]d

Lemma 2.11. For Y to satisfy the two conditions, it is sucient that the following holds. Y
2+

h[ d 2

1+

1 (c1v c2u )

].

where h is a constant. Proof. Since d 2 ,

1 (c 1v

c2u ) involves at most second derivative of coecient of

1 (c1v c2u ) insert this back, then Y

K( d 2

2 2+ )

2+

d 2

2 2+

since Y is chosen to depend linearly on d 2 .For Y ,the solution of 2dX dY = d 2 (dZ)2 and Y1 , the solution of 2dX dY = d 2 (dZ1 )2 we have Y Y1 satisfy the condition of previous lemma with d 2 = (dZ)2 (dZ1 )2 = (dZ + dZ1 ) (dZ dZ1 ).That is, Y Y1 also (c1v c2u )
2+ 2 h[ (dZ)2 (dZ1 ) 1+

1 (c1v c2u )
2+

Z + Z1

2+

Z Z1

combined with above equation , the second condition holds. Now we want to estimate ,p1 and p2 , that will lead to the proof of the lemma and the two conditions of previous lemma will follow. First we nd a bound for and its rst derivative. Then we obtain the estimate of and and their derivative of 2nd order. Well also show they satisfy Holder condition. the estimates of , u , and v are obtained by analyzing integrals with singular kernels. the integrand for involves the coecient of d 2 and its rst derivative, G and its rst derivative, which are easily seen to satisfy || h d 2 1 where h is a constant depend on X(u, v). For the estimate of rst derivative of , we use a lemma by Hopf: 14

Lemma 2.12. The integral f (P ) = H(P, P )(P )dudv where H(P, P ) is a kernel having rst order innity at P P and its rst derivative has has second order innity. If g(P ) = H(P, P )dudv has continuous rst derivative and (P ) satisfy a Holder condition, then f (P ) has continuous rst derivative as f g = (P ) + u u ((P ) (P ))Hu (P, P )dudv.

Now let Gu = H and g = Gu dudv = Gdv, if P lies in a closed subdomain of Ri , g has bounded rst derivative, apply Hopfs lemma ,we have a bound for u and v |u | , |u | h d 2
1+

To obtain estimate for derivative and ,we use the following theorem in functional analysis. Theorem 2.13. If A is a bounded ,one-to one linear operator A : B1 B2 where B1 and B2 are Banach spaces, then the inverse of A exists and is a bounded linear operator in B2 . For L (u , v ) = f solvable if f is orthogonal to = const, the solution in general is not unique but can be made unique if we require it to be orthogonal to the solution of homogeneous equation. Note that Banach spaces Cm+ and Cm+ orthogonal to = const. the transformation L maps C2+ to C and is bounded and one to one. Then it is onto and the inverse is bounded. 2+ h 2+ h Finally since,
1+ ,

f = h H + 1 T 2 p2

1 c 1v

c2u

p1

1+ ,

1+

h [ d 2

1+

1 (c1v c2u )

].

This completes the proof of 2.

2.4

Closeness

Let X(u, v) S2 be a closed convex surface with ds2 M 4+ , and choose the origin to be the center of the largest sphere inscribed in X. We want to 1 1 show X K where K depends on ds2 4 ,max K and max . Further,if this is true, a previous lemma implies X S4+ . 15

i From Bonnet theorem, there is a bound on the diameter of closed sur1 face depends on max K , so X(u, v) is bounded,
2 2 ii Since Xu = E,Xv = G, so 1 and max K .

1<

K where K1 depends on

ds2

iii The second derivative of X is also bounded if H is bounded (see below) Notice that H= So HE = by positive deniteness. L 2HE. Similarly, we can show, N < 2HG, |M | < 2H EG. Once H is bounded , L,M and N is bounded Xuu 11 E + 11 G + L 2 1 is bounded, the same holds for other second derivatives. Now we want to nd a bound for H, Weyl proved that H 2 max{K f rac14K[ 1 G F 1 F E ( Ku Kv )u ( Ku Kv )u ].} EN 2F M + GL 22

E 2 N 2EF M + LF 2 L L + > 22 2 2

Let P be the point where |H| assumes its max. We use geodesic parallel coordinate near P .i.e ds2 = du2 + g 2 (u, v)dv 2 and g(u, v) satisfy g(0, v) = 1 gu (0, v) = 1 gv (0, v) = 0 guv (0, v) = 0 16

in a neighborhood of P . Now H is given by 2H = and N +L g2

guu g We also write out Codazzi-Mainardi equation in this neighborhood of P . Mu = Lv ( ggu M ) Mv = Nu + ( ggv )M 2gu H From this, after simple calculation in the neighborhood near P , we have K(u, v) = 2HK = Lvv Nuu and F 1 F E 1 1 G [ ( Ku Kv )u ( Ku Kv )u ] 4K can now be expressed as K 1 Kv 1 K + 2 ( 2 )v 2 uu g g g Note that after simple computation and use previous relation, 1 Kv 1 2 2 K + 2 ( 2 )v = 2(L2 L2 Mu Mv ) + u v 2 uu g g g [LNuu + N Luu + 2M Luv 2M Nuv + LNvv + N Lvv ] +2K 2 2M 2 K Since |H| is max at P , we have Hu = Hv = 0 and N Huu 2M Huv + LHvv 0,also Lu + Nu = 0,Lv = Nv = 0. We have 0 2(N Huu 2M Huv + LHvv ) = [N Luu + LNvv 2M Nuv 2M Luv +N Lvv + LNuu ] + (L N )(Lvv Nuu ) + 2N 2 K From this we see the bracket term is equal to A + (N L)(Lvv Nuu ) 2N 2 K 17

where A is some nonnegative expression. Now 1 1 Kv K + 2 ( 2 )v = A + 2K 2 2M 2 K + 2HK(N L) 2N 2 K 2 uu g g g and K M2 H N2 A + (N L) + H2 4K 2 2 2 2 gives us the claimed result. K

Theorem 2.14. For ds2 M4 and suppose there exist a sequence ds2 i M 4+i ,0 < i < 1, such that ds2 ds2 4 goes to zero as i goes to innity. i Then ds2 M 4 . If ds2 Mm+ where m 4, < 1 then X Sm+ The second part follows from a previous lemma. We shall prove the theorem with the aid of a know result concerning nonlinear elliptic equations. Lemma 2.15. For solutions (u, v) of equation F (u, v, , vv ) = 0 in some domain P . If has continuous second derivatives, then satisfy a Holder condition in any closed subdomain D exponent depend only on K,K1 and the distance from subdomain to D. Here K is the bound for the rst and second derivative of P ,K1 is the bound for the rst derivative of F w.r.t 8 arguments. m is a positive integer such that Fuu 2 + Fuv + Fvv 2 m(2 + 2 ) for all and in D. We rst show our F and satisfy the condition in the lemma. By previous result 2 < K. Also, we get the rst derivative of F 4 2 w.r.t arguments bounded by K1 . Finally, since 4Fuu Fvv Fuv = 2 K(X X3 )2 c > 0 and (X X3 ) is the distance from origin to a plane tangent to X(u, v) and thus greater that the largest sphere inscribed in X which is bounded below.Therefore we can apply the lemma, and conclude in any closed subdomain of R1 and R2 satisfy a Holder condition. We can choose a cover of R1 and R2 by subdomains such that we can have the whole sphere satisfy a Holder condition. Therefore,combined with X 2 < K ,we have X 2+ < K for some . Now we nish the proof of closeness. Since we can choose ds2 < K i 1 1 for all i, and since ds2 ds2 4 goes to zero and i , Ki uniformly bounded. i 18

 For ds2 M 4+ , Xi (u, v) S4+i ,we have Xi 2+ < K. By Arzelai Ascoli theorem, we select a subsequence Xi that will converges to X with X 2+ < K has ds2 as rst fundamental form and ds2 as rst fundamental form and ds2 M 4 completes the pro of closeness and main result.

On n-dimensional Minkowski Problem

If were given a closed convex hypersurface M in Rn+1 , the Gauss map denes a homeomorphism between M and S n , the unit sphere. The Gauss curvature K of M can be identied with a function dened on S n via the Gauss map. It follows that K satisfy: xi K 1 = 0.
Sn

Minkowski consider the converse problem : given such function K dened onS n , can we nd a closed convex hypersurface in Rn+1 whose Gauss curvature is given by K.In fact, we are going to prove the following. Theorem 3.1. Let K be a positive function in C k (S n ) with k 3. Spose K also satisfy the above condition. Then we can nd a compact strictly convex surface in Rn+1 whose Gauss curvature is K.

3.1

Introducing support function

Given a strict convex hypersurface M , we dene its support function H on S n as follows. Let x = (x1 , , xn+1 ) S n be any unit vector, and y = (y1 , , yn+1 ) M be the inverse Gauss map of x, i.e y = N 1 (x). Then dene
n+1

H(x) =
i=1

xi y i .

We can extend H to be a function dened on Rn+1 {0} by setting H(x) = x |x|H( |x| ) which is a homogenous function of degree 1. Note that we can recover y M from H by H yi = . xi

19

for i = 1, , n + 1, and since they are function of homogeneity of degree o. They are completely determined by their value on hypersurface xi = 1 for i = 1, , n + 1. Restricting H to xn+1 = 1 and extending K to be a function of homogeneity of degree 0 ,we have
n

(1 +
i=1

n x2 ) 2 +1 i

2H )(x1 , , xn , 1) = (K(x1 , , xn , 1))1 . det( xi xj

We obtain 1 K where the derivative is in the covariant sense with respect to orthonormal frame of S n . To solve Minkowski Problem, we wish to solve the equation for H given t 1 K. We use the continuity method, set Kt = K + (1 t) for 0 t 1 to be a curve of postivie function satisfy (.).And consider the solution Ht of det(Hij + Hij ) = det(Hij + Hij ) = 1 Kt

Let S be the set of t for which (.) has a C 5, solution H. Well show that S is both open and closed in [0, 1]. And since 0 S ,we have indeed S = [0, 1]. and the equation is solvable.

3.2

Openness of S

Let LH be the linearized operator of the operator H det(Hij +Hij ). That is, for u C(S n ),we have LH (u) =
i,j

c(Hij + Hij )(uij + uij )

where c(Hij + Hij ) denote the cofactor of matrix (Hij + Hij ). Then it follows that uLH (v) =
Sn Sn

vLH (u)

This is equivalent to 20

c(Hij + Hij )j = 0
j

To prove this ,we note that

det(Hpq + Hpq )c(Hij + Hij )l = [det(Hpq + Hpq )]l c(Hij+Hij ) c(Hip + Hip ) (Hpk + Hpk )l c(Hkj + Hkj ) Then we have

det(Hpq + Hpq )
j

c(Hij + Hij )j =
j,k,p

c(Hip + Hip )c(Hkj + H kj )[Hjkp + Hp jk Hpkj Hj pk ]

We can show that the term in the bracket is zero,thus we get the result. We also have for any u C 5, (S n ), Li (u) =
Sn

xi det(upq + upq ) = 0

This is because the Frechet derivative of Li at v is xi Lu (v) =

Sn Sn

vLu (xi )

since Lu (xi ) = 0 ,this implies that Li is identically 0 ,so : Range(LH ) Span{x1 , , xn+1 } Here orthogonality is with respect to integration over S n . We can also have Lemma 3.2. Ker(L ) = Ker(LH ) = Spanx1 , , xn+1 . H

21

Proof. Consider Z = n ui ei +uen+1 and dZ = n ( n (uij +uij )ei )j i=1 j=1 i=1 n n n .We let X = i=1 Hi ei + Hen+1 and similarly dX = j=1 ( i=1 (Hij + Hij )ei )j .Set = X Z dZ dX dX, where dX appears n 2 times. Then d = dX Z dZ dX dX + X dZ dZ dX dX = c(Hij + Hij )](e1 en ) 1
ij

n + X dZ dZ dX dX = X dZ dZ dX dX Then 0=
Sn

X dZ dZ dX dX = 0

Denote vkj = i (uki + yki )c(Hij + Hij ), after diagonalizing (Hij + Hij ),we can assume that vjk and vkj either have same sign or both equal to zero. Plug this back in () and (), we get

< X, en+1 > (

Sn (

i = j)(vii vjj vij vji ))det(Hij + Hij )1 = 0 vii = 0 vii )2

i i 2 vii ] i=j

since LH (u) = 0, we have Then

1 i = j)(vii vjj vij vji ) = [( 2

vij vji 0

Put this back in the integration,since det(Hij + Hij ) and H =< X, en+1 > are both positive we must require that vij = 0 for all i and j. Thus uij + uij = 0 for all i and j. Then we have dZ = 0 so Z = const and u = n+1 ai xi . i=1 Therefore we showed LH is surjective and by Implicit function theorem the operator dened as H det(Hij + Hij ) is invertible near det(Hij + Hij which gives the openness.

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3.3

Closeness of S

We rst introduce two lemmas which are useful in deriving second ,third derivative estimate of H Lemma 3.3. Let Omega be an n dimensional convex domain and F C 2 () 4 0,1 with F > 0 Let u C ()C () be a strictly convex solution of det(uij ) = F (x) on and assume u| = a. Then there is constant depending on n, max |Du|,max |u a| and C 1,1 norm of F on such that maxi |uii | |u a|1 . Proof. For each i , consider w = (a u)e 2 uii , so it attains maximum at some point in . Pogorelov derived the following: u2 nuii i + u2 + ui uii F 1 Fi + F 1 Fii F 2 Fi2 0 ii a u (a u)2
2 u2 i

Multiply (a u)2 eui on both sides, we get w2 + Aw + B 0 here A , B depend on the quantity in the lemma. Thus we get the required estimate of uii . and we also have Lemma 3.4. Let be an n dimensional convex domain and F C 3 () with F > 0. Let u C 5 () C 1,1 () be a strictly convex solution to the equation det(uij ) = F (x) and assume u| = a. Then the third derivative of u depends 1 on C 1,1 norm of u, C 2,1 norm of F , maxx F (x) and the distance from . Now we start to prove closeness. Let {tl } be a sequence in S which l converges to t0 , H l be a sequence of C k+2, support functions with (Hij + l H l ij ) > 0 and is the solution of det(Hij + H l ij ) = 1/Ktl , we want to show l for Kt0 there exists Ht0 satisfy det(Hij + H l ij ) = 1/Ktl . Lemma 3.5. Let M be a compact convex C 4 hypersurface in Rn+1 and K its Gauss curvature identied as a function on S n , then the extrinsic diameter L of M is bounded by cn (
Sn
n 1 n1 ) [infuS n K

max(0, < u, w >)K(w)1 ]1

Sn

where cn is a constant depends only on n. 23

Proof. let p and q be two points on M on which the line segment joining them is of length L.Without loss of generality, We set the midpoint of the line segment to be our origin. And let u be the unit vector along this line segement.For any w S n , we have H(w) = supyM < y, w > 1 L max(0, < 2 u, w >). Rearrange and integrating we have: L 2(
Sn

H(w) )( K

max(0, < u, w >)K(w)1 )1

Sn

since also S n H(w) = M H , and from divergence formula V ol(M ) = K H where M is the volume enclosed by M . Note that S n 1/K gives M the surface area. Then the result follows from isoperimetric inequality.
1 n+1

Lemma 3.6. We can a positive constant r depends only on upper estimate of 1/K and lower estimate of inf uS n S n max(0, < u, w >)K(w)1 so that Sn w a ball of radius r can be inserted inside M . Proof. We rst nd a lower bound of areas of projections of the surface on all hyperplanes.If we project the surface onto the hyperplane perpendicular to u.So the volume of M is less or equal than L times the area of projection. We get the area of projection is at least: 1 inf ( 2(n + 1) uS n max(0, < u, w >)K(w)1 ).
Sn

And since the volume of M is bounded above by Ln , we get a lower estimate of L.Hence we can nd two points p1 and p2 whose distance can be estimated from below. Then we project M onto any hyperplane containing p1 and p2 .Since outer diameter is bounded and the projected area is bounded below, we can nd a point p3 on this hyperplane such that all angles of triangle p1 p2 p3 lies between and . Lifting p3 to p3 in M , we get triangle p1 p2 p3 with the same property. For n > 2, we project M into the hyperplane containing p1 p2 p3 , using the same argument , we can nd n points in M the angles between all line segments from pi to pj with j i 1 in the plane simplex p1 , , pi1 lie between and .Finally, we project the hypersurface M along the direction which is perpendicular to the hyperplane of simplex p1 , , pn , we can obtain a simplex with same property p1 pn+1 lie in M , and we can insert a ball inside the simplex. This proves the Lemma .

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Now, with the aid of previous lemma. We can translate M l so that the origin lies in the interior of all M l and inf l inf xM l |x| and supl supxM l |x| are positive numbers. Now according to |Du| (sup u u(x))d(x, )1 .

We can therefore have a uniform gradient estimate of H l on each compact subset of xi = 1 based on the facts inf l inf xM l |x| and supl supxM l |x| are nite. Set l (c) = {x = (x1 , , xn , 1)|H l (x) < c}, we see that all l (c) lies in in a xed compact set. And for any point , we can nd c depend c on supl supxM l |x| and a2 such that it lies in l ( 2 ) for all l. Now since i all l (c) lies in in a xed compact set,the gradient of all H l bounded, we can apply lemma 1 and 2 to get uniform second and third derivative of H l . Thus we can choose a subsequence of {H l } converges to a C 2,1 function H 0 satisfying the equation
n

(1 +
i=1

) 2 +1 det(

2H 0 ) = (Kt0 (x1 , , xn , 1))1 . xi xj

Using Schauder estimate, one can show that H 0 is C k+2, function and t0 S thus complete the proof of closeness. Now since S are both open and closed in [0, 1] and 0 S , we have S = [0, 1]. This establish the existence of surface. We omitted the proof of uniqueness.

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