Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Disclaimer
This report has been prepared without formal editing, as a service to exporters and industries in developing countries by the Market News Service (MNS), Division of Market Development, International Trade Centre; The Joint Agency of the World Trade Organization and The United Nations. No part of this report may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, without prior permission in writing from the International Trade Centre. The mention of specific companies or of certain commercial products and brand names does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by ITC in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The designations employed and the presentation of material on the map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Trade Centre concerning the legal status of any Country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
Market News Service: Floriculture Products Report prepared by Mr. Jan Plasmeijer and Mr. Chumi Yanai Issue No. M06, of 03 July 2009
The Market News Service (MNS) Cut Flowers and Ornamental Plants Monthly Report presents informative notes and statistical analysis on Cut Flowers and Plants traded in major European and international markets. First, the report is divided into a market trend section with qualitative information and market trends for both Cut Flowers and Plants traded in major international European markets. Second, the report offers information and analysis for a selected number of countries within the world floriculture market and reviews of published articles about the industry. Third, it presents major international floriculture events, exhibitions and conferences. Finally it provides, when available, selected price and quantity trend information for major auction houses and wholesalers in major European and Asian floriculture markets. The MNS objective is to provide indications on market trends to support exporters, producers, sector associations and other private or public organizations in their export marketing decisions. MNS aims to serve as a market intelligence tool to improve market transparency and facilitate trade. MNS information providers for floriculture products include major importers, wholesalers, auctions and organizations in 11 European countries and 2 Asian countries. Market information is collected throughout the year and is available for transmission to subscribers on a monthly basis. The MNS Floriculture Statistical Information section, available through the P-Map portal www.p-maps.org on a weekly basis, provides quotations that refer to major flower auctions` quantities and average weekly prices from the Netherlands and Japan, and wholesale market indicative prices from Singapore. European prices are quoted in Euro. Asian prices are quoted in local currencies and in US$. Unless otherwise mentioned, prices are quoted per stem and are related to size in cm. We welcome new sources of information, news that subscribers and readers might have on their specific products or areas, inquiries or information requests on the products and markets covered by the report as well as suggestions, remarks and indications on the report content. For these purposes or for other information about the report and the Market News Service, please contact mns@intracen.org. The authors can be contacted at jan@plasmeijer.biz or chumi_y@017.net.il To subscribe to the report or to access MNS reports directly online, please contact mns@intracen.org or visit our website at: http://www.intracen.org/mns The Market News Service is made available free of charge to all Trade Support Institutions and enterprises in Sub-Saharan African countries under a joint programme of the International Trade Centre and CBI, the Dutch Centre for the Promotion of Imports from Developing Countries (www.cbi.nl).
3
Market News Service Cut Flowers and Ornamental Plants
INDEX
MARKET TRENDS........................................................................... 5
CUT FLOWERS MARKET IN EUROPE ............................................................................... 5 PLANTS MARKET IN EUROPE ...................................................................................... 9
Market Trends
Cut Flowers Market in Europe
The Netherlands
Flower Auctions Notes
The June 2009 auction figures were published as follows. The monthly cut-flowers turnover has decreased by 15.4% as compared to the same month of last year, realised with a 4.5% lower supply, resulting in a total average price of 20 cents per stem (3 cents lower than last year during the same month). Prices were much lower for roses, peonies, tulips and single headed chrysanthemums; higher prices were only for cymbidium orchids, freesia and eustoma. After the reasonable results obtained during the month of May, the cut-flowers market during the first two weeks of June was relatively better, especially during the first week of the month, the French Mothers Day week. It was feared that prices and results would not be so positive, because the weather was very summery, with lots of sunshine and temperatures up to 27C. Therefore supplied quantities were not particularly small. In fact, they were bigger than during a normal week. However, as said, all turned out to be different. Prices were higher and therefore turnovers and interests as well. It was difficult to compare the week with the same week of last year, when the French Mothers Day took place one week earlier (which is normal in France - the last Sunday of May). Best prices were paid for roses, carnations, cymbidium orchids, lilies, helianthus, hortensia flowers, peonies, limonium and hypericum. Still disappointing prices were for anthurium, chrysanthemum, gerbera, tulips and zantedescia (calla lilies). Remarkable was the fact that prices at the beginning of the post Mothers Day week remained rather steady, and were hardly at all lower than during the previous week. However, throughout the week the general price level slowed down considerably, except for roses and helianthus. It was reported that quite some extra demand and sales were generated from the two Scandinavian countries Sweden and Finland, where the so-called students days were celebrated, marking students graduation. At the end of the first half of June it could be concluded that prices in general were relatively better than during all the previous weeks so far this year. As was reported several times, prices during week numbers 1 to 23 this year were lower than the same weeks of last year; only during week numbers 24 and 25 were they slightly higher. Week number 26 was, again, a minor week. Throughout the third week of the month, and even more so during the last week of the month, prices slowed down further every other day, with the exception of roses and carnations. Prices for these products were better than those of most other products. Lowest prices were quoted for the products: gerberas, anthurium, chrysanthemums, alstoemeria, freesia and solidago.
Unfortunately, quite some lower qualities, especially of leucospermum cordifolium, arrived at the market. Very different was the market situation for the so-called leucadendron types, with safari sunset as the biggest variety. Quantities were too big for realising reasonable prices. The import summer flowers types and quality, such as astantia and molucella, became overshadowed by the domestically produced ones, which arrived at the market in bigger quantities. Throughout the third week and even more throughout the fourth
week of the month, the markets demand, sales, prices and results slowed down quite considerably. Roses prices have decreased very strongly, when compared to the first half of the month. Ecuadorian roses, however, still fetched very reasonable prices. The ones suffering the most from the negative market situation and prices were the producers, both the domestic ones and the growers from overseas production countries, was reported. Traders and florists could still make some small margins.
Austria
The cut-flowers and cut-foliage market throughout the first half of June was really calm and quiet, which was not very special, given the time of the year. An additional negative impact was caused by the special day of Fronleichnam (Sorrow day), th on Thursday the 11 . In previous years consumers used to buy some flowers, to bring to the churches, but nowadays hardly anybody does that anymore. It is more of a negative day for cutflowers sales, because many people take Friday off, to make a long weekend of it. During those four days they did not buy flowers at all. Import quantities have decreased to an absolute lowest level. Only spray carnations were relatively well demanded. Import carnations, roses and nearly all the Italian cut-foliage types and varieties were used in very small quantities, partly due to the availability of the so-called Freeland (Freiland) flowers and roses, which could be purchased for much lower prices. The general quality level of these local flowers was very good. Throughout the second half of the month the cut-flowers and cut foliage markets did not improve at all. On the contrary, they further slowed down, almost to a summer level. Only a few mixed bouquets were demanded and could be sold. It can be expected that all will not improve at all during the weeks, maybe even two months - to come.
France
The first week of June was the Mothers Day week, one week later than normally, but that was only because of Whitsuntide taking place on the last weekend of May. Normally Mothers Day takes place on the last Sunday of May, at the same date as the Swedish Mothers Day. Due to the fact that the French Mothers Day this year was one week later, purchase prices of most of the products were slightly lower than normally. And they were not extremely high, especially not for the flowers originating from the Netherlands. Finally, nearly everything was sold out, which had a very positive impact on the market during the post Mothers Day week, as well. As of the beginning of the month also the weddings and communions season had started. For these events, the most important demanded products are roses, orchids and lilies. The market for the exotic flowers and for the cut-foliage was continuously good, and most probably will remain positive during the weeks to come. Throughout the last two weeks of the month the cut-flowers market became much quieter and slower, mainly because the summer holiday has started.
Germany
The cut flowers market throughout the first two weeks of June still profited of the good market situation and results obtained during the month of May. Only because of two holidays (days off), one during the first week (Whit-Monday) and one during the second week (Fronleichnam=sorrow day), cut-flowers quantities were slightly adjusted. And so, in total - turnovers were slightly lower, but that was taken into account, planned and calculated in advance. All in all, importers, wholesalers and florists were satisfied with the results of the first half of June. On the supply side 6 of the market quantities were not really overdone, which fitted well with the lower demand at that time. In the meantime the so-called Freeland (Freiland) production of mainly summer flowers and roses had started, but moderately, due to the given weather circumstances. Per product not much difference in demand, sales and prices could be noticed. However, roses, carnations, helianthus and gypsophila were sold slightly better than for instance gerberas, tulips or freesias. The cut foliage market situation was more or less normalised, both supply- and price-wise.
Throughout the third week of the month demand, sales and prices were slightly slowing down, but the situation was still very reasonable. However, during the last week of the month the market really slowed down quite considerably. Ecuadorian roses, carnations and some flowers with smaller supplies still did maintain their positive positions, but for nearly all other products
demand was absolutely lowest, even though prices were not high at all. As of the very end of the month the weather became very nice and warm. At the same time the first wave of the summer holidays has started, which might have its negative impact on the sales and results during the weeks to come.
Italy
During the first two weeks of June the cut-flowers market was very slow and quiet. The weather was very bad, with lots of rain and thunderstorms. Under such conditions people come out of their houses only when necessary. During the second week the market was slightly better, but still not very special. The main cut-flowers business was done with flowers to be used for weddings and funerals. In accordance, quantities of nearly all import flowers were adjusted. Still, all types of the typical import products, such as hypericum, roses, dendrobium orchids, solidago and cut-foliage were used, but as said in adjusted quantities. Throughout the second half of the month the market did not improve at all. Things remained slow and quiet, even though offered prices were not high at all. On the contrary, purchase prices were low everywhere, especially in the Netherlands, for nearly all products. It was just a matter of low demand, traders were reporting. The summer holiday period is approaching now, which will mean even more moderate cut-flowers demand and sales during the weeks, or even months, to come.
Norway
After an excellent month of May, with great sales and good returns, June started much slower. This was normal, however, given the time of year. Some demand was generated from the fact that school-year was over. Some extra flowers were used for the graduation celebrations, but in terms of absolute quantities this was not a very big deal. The slow market situation is most probably a sign of the approaching summer holidays. Some quantities were continuously used for normal occasions, such as weddings and funerals, but much less for personal home use. During the last two weeks of the month the market slowed down to a summer level. The school holidays had started, and for many people the first wave of summer vacations had started, as well. The market will, most probably, remain much slower during the weeks, maybe even months, to come.
Spain
It has not been easy to trade with cut-flowers and cut-foliage during the first two weeks of June. However, importers and wholesalers tried to keep and maintain the level of trading as good as possible, by acting very actively and by having even more contact with the potential buyers than normally. The present demand of end-consumers was still very moderate, as it was throughout this year so far. Some extra demand was generated from the use of flowers for weddings and communions, and plenty of quantities of nearly all flowers were continuously available. Only Colombian carnations were not oversupplied, just because of the re-planting of new young plants for future productions. Roses, originating from both Colombia and Ecuador, were really plentiful, and therefore importers could successfully negotiate to get lower prices. Flowers originating from the Netherlands were not too expensive, especially the chrysanthemums, the biggest product imported from over there. During the last two weeks of the month the market remained at the same slow level as during the first half of the month. Even though most of the products could be purchased for much lower prices, the interest of wholesalers, supermarkets, florists and consumers was nothing special at all. This situation is expected to continue throughout the coming two summer months.
Sweden
Mothers Days cut-flowers demand, sales and results turned out to be very good and satisfactory. According to traders it was even slightly better than expected, and also better when compared to previous years. Still, purchase prices for nearly all products were not too high, especially not for all flowers originating from the Netherlands. For Sweden it was a great advantage that the French Mothers Day took place one week later this year, because therefore prices were still very reasonable, while it surely would have been much higher if both days would have taken place on the same date, which normally is the case (the last Sunday of May). Almost all florists and other cutflowers sales points were, eventually, sold out, which had a very positive impact on the post Mothers Day market. During that same week the so-called Students Days had started - the days when students find out whether they have graduated and will receive their diplomas, or not. When they receive the diplomas, feasts are given, and this is celebrated with giving bouquets of cutflowers, especially roses. These events take place during two weeks, and both weeks were very successful cut-flowers consumption weeks. A handicap was that Ethiopian roses were hardly available, and so quantities had to be compensated for by other suppliers. Quite some shortage was noted of Colombian carnations, while spray carnation were plentiful. Some extra demand was created for the mid-summer night feasts. However, immediately after all the special days, throughout the last week of the month, the market slowed down to a very low level, as though summertime had started already. This will, however, only happen as of the first week of July.
Switzerland
During the first two weeks of June the cut-flowers market was rather calm and quiet, much slower than during the past months and also slower when compared to the same period of previous years. According to traders and florists, the economical and financial world crisis is now hitting Switzerland, too, especially in the industrial sectors, but also in the flowers business. It was reported that florist had a turnover loss of some 10% so far this year. Also the supermarkets noticed a turnover loss, smaller than 10%, but still a loss. Consumers bought much smaller quantities, much less frequently. It seems that the economical problems arrived in Switzerland later than to nearly all other European countries. Of course, some other reasons for the slow market could be the beginning of the summer holiday season, and the arrival of many domestically cultivated Freeland (Freiland) flowers, particularly summer flowers and roses. Normally, Switzerland imports relatively big quantities of roses (more than many other countries, due to very low domestic greenhouse cultivation), but now there are plenty of local flowers and roses available of good quality and for very competitive prices. Throughout the third week of the month the market gradually and slightly improved, mainly due to the fact that the weather was rather poor, with quite some rainfall and relatively lower temperatures, which had its strong effect on the productions of the so-called Freeland flowers. Throughout the last week of the month the market slightly improved again. Traders reported of strong pressure only on the prices of roses and leather leaves.
United Kingdom
The cut-flowers market during the first two weeks of June was very subdued, according to traders. One day demand and sales were reasonable, while on the other day the market was nearly dead. Demand in general was low, which is normally the case during the summertime, with only some extra demand and sales for weddings and funerals. The weddings season normally is in the summer, during June, July and August. On the supply side of the market there was quite some shortage of Colombian carnations, especially of certain colours, and particularly of the white varieties. It was reported that the Colombian farmers were in the re-planting period. Moreover, several farmers have decided to plant other products instead, especially roses. It could mean that some of the countries that traditionally use carnations, such as England, will face a more frequent shortage in quantities. Throughout the second half of the month the market slowed down, but still demand and sales turned out reasonably. The same could be said when taking into account the entire month, which normally is not one of the years best months.
Market Trends
Plants Market in Europe
The Netherlands
FloraHolland Aalsmeer Auctions Notes
The June 2009 auction figures were published as follows. The monthly turnover of house-plants has decreased by 0.9% when compared to the same month of last year, realised with a lower supply of 0.6%, resulting in an average price per plant of 1.68 (Last year 1.71). Much lower prices were quoted for phalaenopsis orchids, pot roses, hydrangea, anthurium, ficus, and dracaena, while prices were higher for kalanchoe, zantedeschia on pot, campanula on pot and hibiscus. The garden plants turnover has decreased by 10.9%, realised with a lower supply of 6.1%, resulting in a total average price per plant of 35 Eurocents (last year 37 cents). At the very beginning of June the house and garden plants market could be called rather good and satisfactory. Good demand and sales were noted especially for flowering plants, and for green plants all turned out reasonably well, particularly for the medium and smaller sized plants. The situation of the bigger sized plants remained very difficult, with absolutely lowest demand, even though prices were not high at all. However, throughout the second half of the first week - and even more so during the second week of the month, the market slowed down to an absolute low level. For flowering plants the market situation was still reasonable, but for all green plants prices were very low; in many cases far too low to cover the cost price. Only the niche products and the specials, supplied in small quantities, have obtained good prices. The total average price for all flowering plants still seemed normal, but when analyzing the situation per plant-type, one could see enormous differences. For instance, the phalaenopsis orchid plants, receiving a total average price of some 3.50 (last year during the comparable time 4.50), still had a positive impact on the total average price of 1.50 (last year 1.55), and shows a distorted picture of the final results. Heavy pressure on the prices was noticed also for plants like pot roses and hortensias, while better prices were quoted for pot anthurium and double flowering kalanchoes. Throughout the last two weeks of the month the market further deteriorated for nearly all plants, flowering and green house-plants, as well as for the garden and bedding-plants, of which the season was nearly terminated. It could be concluded that the season of the garden and bedding-plants has been very successful. This is in strong contradiction with what happened in the house-plants sector. It can be expected that the market will remain the same during the weeks to come, when the summer holidays will start, as of the beginning of July.
the same square meter, and the consumers new trend is to purchase more of these sized plants. In the tropical ornamental young plants sector the situation was very much adjusted to the market situation of the fully-grown plants. Importers became more cautious in importing quantities,
and were definitely not prepared to take any quantities overhand, as was very common in the past. The same can be said for producers and growers. Everyone is trying to save costs wherever possible.
Denmark
During the first two weeks of June the fully-grown plants market was reasonably satisfactory, both for the flowering houseplants as for the garden and bedding plants. The season of the latter mentioned plants was excellent this year, because the weather circumstances during April and May were nearly ideal. People could plant in the garden easily, and there were no night-frost damages this year. Towards the end of June the season was terminating, and so it can be concluded that this sector was very successful this year. As mentioned, there was also reasonable demand for the flowering houseplants, except for the products pot roses and kalanchoe. Phalaenopsis orchid plants were demanded and sold very well, though prices and results were much lower this year, when compared to the previous years. In the green houseplants sector things were much more subdued. Rather good was the situation for the smaller and medium sized plants in pot sizes 6cm to 11cm. The major given reason was that more profitable results could be obtained with smaller and medium sized plants, due to more economical packing and transport. Bigger sized plants were facing selling problems due to very low demand in the internal landscaping sector. Towards the end of the month the market for nearly all houseplants, for flowering as well as for green houseplants, became very slow and calm. This situation will, most probably, remain like that during the weeks to come. In the tropical ornamental young-plants sector things were moving on normally, given the time of year. It is very much related to what happens in the fully-grown plants sector. With the summer coming up, growers will be careful not to buy oversized quantities. The general quality level of the imported material could be called very good, for the moment.
Germany
Throughout the first half of June the fully-grown plants market became really slow and quiet, in strong contrast with the market situation of May, which turned out to be a very reasonable and positive month. Mays market demand, sales and results were the best in this year, so far. As traders reported, it has become a fighting market, which means that many traders have been offering products for bargaining prices, while supermarkets, multiples and florists were also trying to purchase their plant material for the lowest prices possible. Objectively no one makes any margins or profits under certain circumstances. Slightly more positive were the sales of some flowering plant types and of some smaller and medium sized green houseplants. The only one product with positive demand and results is phoenix roebelinii, which has been scarcely available for quite a long time. The garden and bedding plants season has been very good until the end of May. However, the last part, which was only a small part of the season, was not good at all, except for the product geranium. Throughout the second half of the month the market did not improve at all. On the contrary, it further deteriorated to a summer level situation. At the same time the actual summer holidays were starting. It can be expected that the market will not really recover until mid August, the end of the holiday time. In the tropical ornamental young-plants sector the situation did not improve. Plenty of new material and quantities were continuously offered for bargaining prices, though most of the growers did not buy at all, because their greenhouses were full all the time. Anyway, plant material was offered for such low prices that nobody could earn any money on them, not the original producer overseas, not the importer and neither the grower in the importing country. Some prices for the respective products were: dracaena compacta 6 rooted tips for 0.10; dr. deremensis 12 rooted tips for 0.25; phoenix roebelinii 6 cane size, 1.10m high, for 8.50, 10-14 cane size, 1.40m high for 12.50; raphis palms 1 meter high in a pot size 17 for 3.80; A container with sanseveria plant material arrived in a very poor quality condition. Part of the material was very minimally rooted, another part not rooted at all. The question is whether these plants will ever be saleable.
10
Sweden
Due to the rather cold weather, with quite a lot of rainfall, the fully grown plants market during the first half of June was called very moderate, even slightly disappointing. By the end of the month, the season of the garden and bedding plants was about to terminate. However, growers and traders could be reasonably satisfied, so far. Mothers Days (last Sunday of May) plants sales turned out to be reasonably good, though it always has been more of a cut-flowers consumption event. The most popular plant item used for Mothers Day is the so-called hanging basket, mostly filled with annual garden and bedding- plants. In the houseplants sector the market was extremely slow and quiet. There was some demand for the flowering houseplant types like kalanchoe, kalandiva and begonia. Green houseplants were not traded at all. This will start again at the end of the summer holidays, around mid- or end- August. Also the third week of the month was a good plants selling month, especially for flowering houseplants and for garden and bedding plants (the end of the season). During the last week of the month the market slowed down quite considerably, mainly because of the nice and warm weather, and due to the fact that the summer holidays have started, at the very end of the month.
11
in the complex area of carbon footprint, the EC said in its communication. Though the debate over carbon footprint/food miles concept has gradually fizzled out, the subject in 2007 rattled players in the Kenyan horticulture industry amid concerns that it threatened to lock out local producers from key
markets especially in Europe. Proponents of this concept argued that to discourage such threats of environmental degradation, all produce brought in through long haulage should be accorded special cautionary labels such that buyers skipped them for locally produced ones. Kenyan horticulture exporters however responded to the claims and pointed out that their produce was prudently grown under the natural sun unlike those from Europe that were natured under green houses whose emissions are more destructive to the environment. They went on to launch counteractive campaign dubbed Grown Under the Sun that put off helped to silence their carbon foot print critics. Two years on the debate has once again reemerged even as the EU worked towards
reinforcing its agricultural production and marketing systems to ensure high quality standards. The strategic orientations set out in this Communication offer a logical framework for the future policy on agricultural product quality, the EC said, signalling its resolve to among other things entrench the carbon miles concept into its agricultural management policy. Kenyan producers, however, vowed to challenge such plans to re-introduce the carbon mile concept saying it lacked a basis for justification. We are trying to make a case that the air miles issue should revolve around the complete life cycle of the product and not just the air freight.
"I find I'm trying to work with more economical flowers and just use filler-ins on the higher-end ones so I can achieve a nice look but not spend that much," said Rogoff. Some floral designers who are used to pulling out all the stops say they're seeing clients tailor their expectations to meet the economic climate. "They don't want to hear about lilies and orchids and beautiful centerpieces. People are retreating,
they've got to do good at their daughter's wedding but not as luxuriously as it would have been," said John Grafenecker, a floral designer. As desperate as things may seem now, flower merchants are hoping it won't be this way forever. While not optimistic about recouping their losses, many say they're committed to weathering the economic storm. Source: NY1.com 15/06/09
growing as fast. As we look to branding Kenya, we would like to see flowers brought in as one of
the major faces identifying aspects of Kenya, he emphasized. Source: Capital Business 11/05/09
their farming practices. Henry said Uganda had already started subsidizing 30 000 farmers who headed up identified agricultural nodes in Uganda's parishes. He said a further 30 000 farmers would receive subsidies this year and the numbers would increase until there would soon be "a million farmers" receiving state subsidies. He said Uganda was spending $70 million annually through the National Agriculture Advisory Services in order organize smallholder farmers and provide extension services. The African statesmen may be emboldened by Malawi's success over the last four years in substantially increasing their maize yields through government subsidies to reduce farmers' costs for fertilizers and high-yielding seed. President of the Kenyan-based Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA) Namanga Ngoni, said: "Only in Africa is the word subsidy a sin." Ngoni said targeted subsidies could be used to reduce the costs of production for farmers having to compete in world markets skewed by their European and US counterparts. However, Director of the Rainman Landcare Foundation Raymond Auerbach said wholesale subsidies were not the answer. Auerbach said
subsidies were needed but should perhaps rather be targeted at farmers who engaged in best practice models. Another way to do it, he said, would be to penalize farmers who were using inefficient or polluting agricultural practices, rather than handing out subsidies, which would distort the market. He said one way to get around the demands of donors and the World Bank would be to simply find another word for subsidies. "If we can find another word for it perhaps the WTO would not have such a problem with it." Source: West Cape News 19/06/09
Tanzanias horticultural industry is wilting under the pressure from the global economic downturn, rising production costs, instable currencies and unpredictable weather conditions. According to Jacqueline Mkindi (photo), managing director of the Tanzania Association for Horticultural Agriculture (TAHA) both flower and vegetable growers are experiencing the toughest moment in the past 20 years. "There is a great threat that some of the horticultural producers will close
16
5.2% with resultant growth in the flower industry, but this increased supply now exceeds demand with a resultant downward pressure on prices. The priority normally given at the Dutch flower auctions for European flowers to the detriment of African flowers is making the situation even worse. If the financial crunch continues to cause a lower demand in the flower market, the flowers from Africa (Tanzania included) might find themselves completely pushed out of the market. This is a very serious threat to the Tanzania flower growers who are already facing increasing production costs with oil peaking at $146/barrel in July 2008, putting upward pressure on fertilizer and airfreight. The weakening Euro (vs the US Dollar), has also resulted in higher input prices as the majority of operating costs are dollar based, said Mkindi. Speaking about world currencies TAHAs managing director refers to the two major importers of East African flowers, which have seen their currencies weaken dramatically. The UK Pound has weakened by 28% over the last year, resulting in a 20% reduction of imports and the Russian Rouble by 35%, which has had the equivalent downward impact on Russian prices. Also, unpredictable and extreme weather conditions have badly influenced the sales of Tanzania fresh produce. The very hot weather of late is having some impact on the operational costs of horticultural producers. When it is dusty, the farmers use more chemicals to control pests like aphids and red spider mites. The farmers can also not
produce the quality of products they expect, i.e. the color intensity. The yield per hectare has also gone down due to high temperatures. Calls for a stimulus plan, including a more structured financing of the sector, small grower aids, credit guarantees and completion of the Mwanza Airport allowing horticulture and fish exports to share chartered flights. The horticultural industry has registered tremendous growth in the past three years and has recently been recognized and prioritized by key stakeholders including the government of Tanzania as a significant contributor in the national economic growth and poverty alleviation strategy. The industry earns the country more than $130 million and employs more than 30,000 Tanzanians per annum. The biggest market for cut flowers has always been the auctions in Holland. Norway and others follow this like Australia, UK and France, which account for a large part of the direct markets. The main production areas for cut flowers are in the northern part of the country, more specifically the Arusha and Kilimanjaro regions. Mkindi concludes, We are now having two farms established in Southern Tanzania (in Iringa) which has a more conducive climate for this kind of farming. However, Arusha and Kilimanjaro have an advantage of proximity to support services like airports and agro input which are mostly bought from Kenya. Source: FloraCulture International 16/06/09
17
Events Calendar
Flowers Day Calendar
18
STATISTICAL INFORMATION
Period Price Information First Half Year 2009
Floriculture Products - European Markets Statistics from the Flower Auctions of the Netherlands
A. Comparative Analysis of Main Products
Weekly data is provided in kindness of the Dutch Flower Auctions Association (VBN) The accumulated data below is the sum of the weekly sales results of all the Dutch flower auctions over weeks 01 through 26 of 2009 2008 2007 Index: All Countries Import Qnt_ P_ Qnt / Qnt P/P
Total auctioned products, originating from The Netherlands and all other supplying countries. Products supplied from exporting countries, excluding The Netherlands.
Quantities sold, in Stems (for cut flowers) or in Units (for plants) Average price per Stem (for cut flowers) or per Unit (for plants) in Euro Change in % Supplied quantity in 2009, compared to 2008 and to 2007 Change in % average price in 2009, compared to 2008 and to 2007
All Countries = Mostly Dutch supply All Countries = Mostly imported supply
Qnt_2007 6,404,971,889 2,024,572,434 4,380,399,455 120,334,325 5,287,740 115,046,585 54,024,276 46,663,611 7,360,665 27,606,918 22,661,361 4,945,557 79,644,900 33,317,616 46,327,284 635,998,603 55,490,518 13,923,678 41,566,840 100,883,181 8,485,982 92,397,199 329,882,315 226,455 329,655,860
Product Origin / Qnt_2009 Gypsophila All Countries 79,394,820 Import 78,825,740 Holland 569,080 Helianthus All Countries 16,554,445 Import 11,378,241 Holland 5,176,204 Hypericum All Countries 78,477,625 Import 77,704,500 Holland 773,125 Leucadendron All Countries 10,533,006 Lilium Longifl . All Countries 26,582,766 Import 5,775,876 Holland 20,806,890 Lilium Oriental All Countries 68,973,013 Import 7,769,406 Holland 61,203,607 Limonium All Countries 27,747,426 Import 21,362,081 Holland 6,385,345 Ornithogalum All Countries 35,900,735 Ranunculus All Countries 64,447,576 Import 53,264,525 Holland 11,183,051 Rose Large All Countries 1,295,328,632 Import 768,227,977 Holland 527,100,655 Rose Small All Countries 430,944,394 Import 419,355,371 Holland 11,589,023 Rose Spray All Countries 31,025,683 Import 14,368,740 Holland 16,656,943 Ruscus All Countries 35,627,107 Solidago All Countries 34,756,537 Import 33,815,622 Holland 940,915 Trache lium All Countries 17,425,001 Import 12,314,540 Holland 5,110,461 Tulip All Countries 1,378,606,568 Veronica All Countries 30,948,600 Import 27,817,770 Holland 3,130,830 Wax Flower All Countries 32,654,990
Qnt_2008 87,655,621 86,705,485 950,136 16,729,850 13,455,161 3,274,689 85,595,460 84,828,274 767,186 15,581,576 31,490,880 7,491,931 23,998,949 75,356,716 5,055,370 70,301,346 25,711,248 18,264,386 7,446,862 36,868,850 63,262,785 51,910,955 11,351,830 1,287,680,353 690,152,336 597,528,017 466,866,828 455,650,320 11,216,508 35,760,590 17,514,081 18,246,509 33,794,055 36,361,381 35,623,646 737,735 13,896,135 10,759,405 3,136,730 1,361,324,958 31,319,433 28,092,970 3,226,463 25,566,257
Qnt_2007 93,153,231 91,987,181 1,166,050 21,960,740 14,988,530 6,972,210 98,757,610 97,269,895 1,487,715 16,835,622 36,495,170 9,814,595 26,680,575 75,995,519 926,300 75,069,219 29,038,067 20,649,025 8,389,042 40,378,705 63,206,369 50,492,310 12,714,059 1,236,875,462 593,052,611 643,822,851 441,994,763 424,122,268 17,872,495 34,816,244 16,300,120 18,516,124 32,246,577 50,992,005 49,313,280 1,678,725 14,699,207 10,209,661 4,489,546 1,313,726,901 31,356,076 27,331,341 4,024,735 36,224,278
Qnt P_09 P_08 P_07 09/08 0.19 0.19 0.18 0.19 0.19 0.18 0.25 0.23 0.27 0.33 0.35 0.33 0.31 0.33 0.33 0.36 0.45 0.34 0.15 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.16 0.15 0.12 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.12 0.14 0.36 0.40 0.40 0.26 0.30 0.30 0.39 0.43 0.44 0.61 0.67 0.67 0.41 0.40 0.46 0.64 0.69 0.68 0.19 0.20 0.22 0.17 0.19 0.20 0.26 0.23 0.27 0.17 0.17 0.15 0.13 0.15 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.17 0.21 0.20 0.24 0.29 0.29 0.17 0.20 0.18 0.34 0.40 0.39 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.14 0.13 0.14 0.46 0.50 0.50 0.07 0.09 0.09 0.12 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.14 0.13 0.11 0.14 0.13 0.18 0.24 0.25 0.16 0.22 0.21 0.23 0.32 0.32 0.13 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.16 0.17 0.14 0.17 0.17 0.12 0.11 0.13 0.15 0.19 0.16 -9% -9% -40%
Qnt 09/07 -15% -14% -51% -25% -24% -26% -21% -20% -48% -37% -27% -41% -22% -9% 739% -18% -4% 3% -24% -11% 2% 5% -12% 5% 30% -18% -3% -1% -35%
P 09/07 3.2% 4% -6.6% -2% -5% 4.6% 1.5% 1% -2.7% -21% -11% -14% -12% -8.8% -11% -5.3% -13% -14% -4.7% 7.7% 0.4% 7% -13% -16% -3.6% -11% -16% -16% -26% -6.6% -2.0% -8.3% -21% -6.8% -7% -12% -26% -25% -26% 0.8% -15% -17% -9% -7%
-7.9% -7.9% -9.8% -7.5% -10% -13% -11% -8.2% 2.0% -7.0% -6.1% -11% 11% 0.1% -8.1% -3.4% -21% -16% -11% -13% -14% -14% -19%
-13% 8% 17% -14% -3% 2% 3% -1% 1% 11% -12% -8% -8% 3% -13% -18% -9% 5%
-4%
-5% 28%
25%
-14% -32% -14% -31.4% -24% -44.0% -25% -27% -28% -0.8% -14% -15% 8% -22% 19% 20.6% 13.8% 4.3% -1.3% 1.8% -22% -10%
20
Market News Service Cut Flowers and Ornamental Plants
Houseplants- Total
502,865,808 Chrysalidocarpus Areca 2,509,117 Cycas Revoluta 796,306 Dracaena MargSingle Cane . 2,079,128 Ficus Benjamina Natasja 775,793 Sansevieria cylindri . Skyline 213,564 Schefflera Arbor . Nora 386,758 Yucca Single Cane 953,679
Notes
Cut flowers all countries Total supplied cut flower quantities during the first half year 2009 decreased with 210 million stems, compared to the same period of last year, which is 3.3%. The Dutch supply decreased more than the import supply. Some products total supplied quantities were yet slightly bigger, such as of : anemones, limonium, nerine, tea roses, ruscus leaves, trachelium, tulips and wax flowers. All other products were supplied in smaller quantities. Significant decrease in quantities was in: alstromeria, ammi majus, aster, delphinium, eustoma, gypsophila, hypericum, lilies asiatic and oriental types, leucadendron, small and sweetheart roses, spray roses and solidago. The total average price for all flowers together ended up at 19 cents per stem, which was 3 cents (= -12%) lower than during the same period of 2008 as well as 2007. Only for a few products prices in 2009 were higher than in 2008; these are: delphinium, liatris and rudbeckia. For some other products like: ammi majus, aster, single headed carnations, eustoma, gypsophila and ornithogalum, prices were quite the same as last year. Remarkable was the fact that the total tea rose average price was 5 cents lower, but for the two biggest red coloured varieties Grand Prix and Passion they were more than 10 cents lower. Percentage wise - roses average price was lower by some -14%, which is significant indeed. Cut flowers Import Import 2009 supplied quantities deceased with some 36 million stems when compared to last year, which is 1.7%. Products that were supplied in bigger quantities were: anemones, oriental lilies, limonium, ranunculus, ruscus leaves, trachelium and wax flowers. Most remarkable is the continuously increase of oriental lily quantities. Much smaller quantities this year of: alstromeria, ammi majus, asters, single headed carnations, carthamus, eustoma, all gerberas, gypsophila, helianthus, hypericum, leucadendron, small and sweetheart roses, spray roses and solidago. The stabilisation of the decrease of small and sweetheart roses, which was noticed last year, did not continue this year. The major reason might be the continuous increase of the cultivation and supply of tea roses from the producing countries that were used to grow mainly the small and sweethearts before. The total average price per stem was 15 cents, two cents (-7.8%) lower than during the same period of last year and one cent (-4.2%) lower than in 2007. Higher prices in 2009, compared to 2008, for products like: standard carnations, carthamus, delphinium, eustoma, liatris, asiatic and oriental lilies, spray roses and rudbeckia. Much lower prices for: spray carnations, hypericum, longiflorum lilies, limonium, tea and small and sweetheart roses, ruscus, solidago, trachelium, veronica and wax flowers. Houseplants Total 2009 houseplants supplied quantities increased with +3.3%, compared to 2008. However, much more flowering plants (+ 5%) and less green plants (- 5%) were supplied. Smaller quantities for nearly all types of green houseplants this year, but strongest decreases for: asparagus, calathea, areca palms, codiaeum, dieffenbachia, dracaena, epipremnum, euphorbia and ficus. Still a slight increase of quantities of: cactus, chlorophytum, sanseveria and yucca.
Market News Service Cut Flowers and Ornamental Plants
21
The total average price per plants for all plants together during the first half year 2009 was Euro 1.56; exactly the same as last year. For green plants the total average price for all plants together in 2009 was 1.48 (last year 1.55). Higher prices for products like: aglaonema, calathea, chrysalidocarpus, cocos nucifera, cordyline red edge, nearly all ficus benjamina types, phoenix roebelinii and sanseveria laurentii. Lower prices for: cordyline compacta purple stripes, cycas revolute, dracaena types sanderiana, bicolor and branched, ficus benjamina braid, all schefflera types and yucca tips.
22
Group Name Rose Large Rose large Rose large Rose large Rose large Rose large Rose large Rose large Rose large Rose large Rose large Rose large Rose Small Rose Small Rose Small Rose Small Rose Small Rose Small Rose Small Rose Small Rose Small Rose Small Rose small Rose Small Rose Spray Rudbeckia Ruscus Solidago Trachelium Tulip Veronica Wax Flower Cut Flowe rs Import Group Name Cut Flowe rs Alstroemeria Ammi majus Anemone Aster Carnations Spray Carnations Stan . Carthamus Chrysant Spray . Delphinium Eustoma Gerbera Large Gerbera Mini Gladiolus Big Gypsophila Helianthus Hypericum Leucadendron Liatris
Product Name Total Akito Aqua ! Avalanche + El Toro Grand Prix Happy Hour Ilios! Marie -Claire ! Passion Sphinx Vendela Total Bibi! Candid Proph Chelsea Escimo Kerio + Mixed Colors Pistache ! Poeme ! Red Calypso Sunnysher Viva! Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total
Qnt_2009 1,295,328,632 50,085,696 34,306,446 69,248,232 21,771,892 63,391,284 14,890,310 12,055,735 38,421,822 76,875,501 12,645,880 14,418,980 430,944,394 6,410,700 9,684,650 26,601,609 3,500,474 3,429,590 43,219,910 15,678,638 7,596,070 46,568,750 21,746,571 41,343,841 31,025,683 235,720 35,627,107 34,756,537 17,425,001 1,378,606,568 30,948,600 32,654,990
Qnt_2008 Qnt_2007 P_09 P_08 P_07 1,287,680,353 1,236,875,462 0.24 0.29 0.29 49,690,162 55,338,806 0.18 0.21 0.22 31,825,125 34,374,555 0.27 0.31 0.30 68,647,557 54,182,859 0.33 0.37 0.41 24,547,890 27,439,380 0.20 0.25 0.26 69,562,749 67,710,188 0.42 0.52 0.53 25,497,270 31,239,982 0.26 0.32 0.33 20,750,496 23,406,086 0.31 0.35 0.37 32,422,803 28,263,521 0.21 0.23 0.22 89,097,240 102,390,587 0.34 0.45 0.44 19,047,800 33,143,507 0.23 0.25 0.24 19,346,285 21,934,775 0.29 0.33 0.34 466,866,828 441,994,763 0.10 0.12 0.12 11,518,052 10,787,300 0.11 0.14 0.14 12,848,670 13,475,080 0.14 0.16 0.17 32,702,493 29,697,580 0.10 0.11 0.12 5,634,600 12,069,582 0.11 0.14 0.12 7,031,450 8,000,581 0.18 0.21 0.20 106,374,828 86,131,831 0.10 0.11 0.10 21,706,097 14,290,565 0.07 0.10 0.11 12,002,277 15,261,560 0.10 0.12 0.11 49,009,080 40,512,102 0.10 0.13 0.15 21,900,684 16,794,875 0.09 0.11 0.12 36,413,504 25,214,020 0.12 0.15 0.15 35,760,590 34,816,244 0.31 0.32 0.33 256,015 820,575 0.19 0.16 0.12 33,794,055 32,246,577 0.07 0.09 0.09 36,361,381 50,992,005 0.12 0.14 0.13 13,896,135 14,699,207 0.18 0.24 0.25 1,361,324,958 1,313,726,901 0.13 0.15 0.14 31,319,433 31,356,076 0.14 0.16 0.17 25,566,257 36,224,278 0.15 0.19 0.16 Qnt_2008 Qnt_2007 P_09 P_08 P_07 2,097,096,138 2,024,572,434 0.15 0.17 0.16 6,414,546 5,287,740 0.10 0.10 0.11 7,872,765 7,698,855 0.14 0.14 0.13 47,505,113 46,663,611 0.08 0.10 0.10 8,227,455 10,317,075 0.18 0.19 0.20 32,322,611 22,661,361 0.09 0.10 0.10 45,701,429 59,544,152 0.14 0.13 0.14 3,836,795 3,890,460 0.25 0.19 0.17 682,451 939,013 0.14 0.15 0.14 8,855,610 7,260,545 0.21 0.17 0.23 11,520,086 13,923,678 0.23 0.22 0.26 6,438,100 8,485,982 0.21 0.21 0.23 7,979,025 226,455 0.08 0.09 0.12 1,766,100 2,111,766 0.34 0.36 0.32 86,705,485 91,987,181 0.19 0.19 0.18 13,455,161 14,988,530 0.31 0.33 0.33 84,828,274 97,269,895 0.15 0.16 0.15 15,304,146 16,610,082 0.11 0.12 0.14 2,497,250 1,841,805 0.22 0.18 0.23
Product Name Qnt_2009 Total 2,061,928,004 Total 3,273,040 Total 4,618,045 Total 51,848,206 Total 5,841,329 Total 29,918,257 Total 37,781,831 Total 1,317,655 Total 1,615,863 Total 5,550,945 Total 9,230,251 Total 1,679,752 Total 3,415,961 Total 1,731,470 Total 78,825,740 Total 11,378,241 Total 77,704,500 Total 10,496,596 Total 1,372,590
23
Group Name Lilium Asiatic Lilium LA Lilium Longiflor . Lilium Oriental Limonium Nerine Ornithogalum Protea Ranunculus Rose Large Rose large Rose large Rose large Rose large Rose large Rose large Rose large Rose large Rose large Rose large Rose large Rose Small Rose Small Rose Small Rose Small Rose Small Rose Small Rose Small Rose Small Rose Small Rose Small Rose small Rose Small Rose Spray Rudbeckia Ruscus Solidago Trachelium Tulip Veronica Wax Flower
Product Name Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Akito Duett High Society Inka Kiwi La Belle Marie -Claire ! Mariyo ! Mixed Colors Tucan Valentino Total Bibi! Candid Proph Chelsea Jambo Kerio + Mixed Colors Pistache ! Poeme ! Red Calypso Sunnysher Viva! Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total
Qnt_2009 30,270 380,471 5,775,876 7,769,406 21,362,081 230,180 34,611,505 1,247,922 53,264,525 768,227,977 24,614,526 25,113,585 19,473,527 16,698,676 14,552,013 25,778,009 38,404,992 28,223,140 14,115,764 14,211,010 31,062,554 419,355,371 6,380,800 9,530,410 25,760,609 16,511,984 3,429,030 41,272,238 15,611,338 7,542,390 45,888,890 21,101,381 40,881,521 14,368,740 195,995 35,482,782 33,815,622 12,314,540 3,685,525 27,817,770 31,664,270
Qnt_2008 264,965 185,425 7,491,931 5,055,370 18,264,386 169,950 35,729,190 1,344,895 51,910,955 690,152,336 30,435,912 26,516,450 12,838,041 19,918,764 15,595,740 18,020,239 32,380,640 19,783,760 23,053,328 16,968,065 26,084,995 455,650,320 11,474,252 12,586,070 32,548,053 13,441,837 7,027,550 105,019,265 21,632,597 11,960,637 48,744,730 21,803,064 36,168,954 17,514,081 220,455 33,581,538 35,623,646 10,759,405 4,917,685 28,092,970 25,054,417
Qnt_2007 P_09 P_08 P_07 151,480 0.28 0.15 0.16 288,980 0.20 0.19 0.28 9,814,595 0.26 0.30 0.30 926,300 0.41 0.40 0.46 20,649,025 0.17 0.19 0.20 176,250 0.24 0.30 0.31 37,988,538 0.17 0.16 0.15 1,895,437 0.62 0.74 0.77 50,492,310 0.13 0.13 0.12 593,052,611 0.17 0.20 0.18 29,664,136 0.10 0.12 0.12 24,371,850 0.16 0.18 0.16 14,702,470 0.15 0.23 0.21 16,768,340 0.12 0.13 0.12 16,065,441 0.14 0.17 0.16 10,154,280 0.18 0.28 0.26 28,222,090 0.21 0.23 0.22 18,674,281 0.23 0.28 0.28 21,397,338 0.17 0.18 0.19 18,717,125 0.14 0.18 0.16 22,654,781 0.11 0.14 0.15 424,122,268 0.10 0.12 0.12 10,770,880 0.11 0.14 0.14 13,196,960 0.14 0.16 0.17 29,427,700 0.10 0.11 0.12 8,498,295 0.08 0.10 0.11 7,996,251 0.18 0.21 0.20 85,123,661 0.10 0.11 0.10 13,633,065 0.07 0.10 0.11 15,220,240 0.10 0.12 0.11 40,361,722 0.10 0.13 0.15 16,733,295 0.09 0.11 0.12 25,110,620 0.12 0.15 0.15 16,300,120 0.14 0.13 0.14 728,965 0.17 0.14 0.12 31,986,957 0.07 0.09 0.09 49,313,280 0.12 0.14 0.13 10,209,661 0.16 0.22 0.21 4,931,525 0.17 0.23 0.16 27,331,341 0.14 0.17 0.17 35,219,335 0.15 0.19 0.16
24
Plants- All Countries Group Name Product Name Qnt_2009 House plants Total 502,865,808 Aglaonema Maria Christina 37,069 Aglaonema Silver Queen Com . 25,585 Chamaedorea Eleg . Narrow Leaf 44,289 Chamaedorea Eleg . Wide Leaf 3,745,977 Chrysalidocarpus Areca 2,509,117 Cocos Nucifera 14,329 Cordyline Red Edge 21,439 Cordyline Compac . Purple Strips 323,143 Croton Aucubaefolia 9,831 Croton Gold Star 28,791 Croton Gold Sun 29,704 Croton Pictum 3,188 Cycas Revoluta 796,306 Dracaena Sanderiana 253,447 Dracaena Deremen Warneckei . 4,932 Dracaena Fragrans Compacta 161,190 Dracaena Fragrans Massangeana 137,531 Dracaena Margina . Bicolor 104,763 Dracaena Margina . Branched 38,378 Dracaena Margina . Single Canes 2,079,128 Dracaena Margina . Tips 151,134 Ficus Benjamina Braid 66,458 Ficus Benjamina Esther 8,284 Ficus Benjamina Exotica 135,908 Ficus Benjamina Golden King 79,016 Ficus Benjamina Monique 14,104 Ficus Benjamina Natasja 775,793 Ficus Benjamina Starlight 44,849 Ficus Binnendijk . Alii 68,028 Philodendron Red Emerald 27,207 Phoenix Canariensis 432,259 Phoenix Roebelenii 222,650 Polyscias Balfouriana 4,560 Sansevieria Futura Superba 206,645 Sansevieria Laurentii 412,472 Sansevieria cylindri . Skyline 213,564 Schefflera Arbor . Compacta 110,688 Schefflera Arbor . Gold Capella 286,357 Schefflera Arbor . Nora 386,758 Yucca Branched 21,786 Yucca Single cane 953,679 Yucca Tips 135,080
Qnt_2008 486,841,696 48,160 45,604 53,305 3,997,378 2,836,171 42,894 22,256 330,373 12,921 59,152 31,345 0 878,628 420,445 16,003 260,237 110,063 143,321 22,780 2,776,252 192,536 22,931 2,568 168,215 127,424 26,083 861,396 91,168 51,722 28,020 424,333 409,239 1,501 495,752 396,323 86,247 65,524 278,534 413,916 23,396 871,945 76,969
Qnt_2007 P_09 P_08 P_07 463,452,602 1.53 1.55 1.52 56,607 2.01 1.51 1.74 36,708 2.47 2.12 2.65 5,382 1.09 1.11 1.75 3,944,611 0.52 0.52 0.55 2,911,621 3.47 3.01 2.96 49,825 3.15 2.72 2.74 85,821 0.71 0.58 0.53 373,604 0.42 0.46 0.42 35,106 2.30 2.43 0.83 66,663 0.96 0.67 0.60 31,642 0.83 0.89 0.83 20,522 0.43 0.00 0.10 993,159 4.20 4.62 4.73 359,566 0.41 0.47 0.56 16,949 3.72 1.59 4.54 280,343 0.91 0.80 0.74 99,796 1.26 1.36 1.42 255,889 0.52 0.62 0.52 28,951 6.47 8.48 6.92 2,708,469 0.73 0.69 0.71 209,989 0.39 0.40 0.41 44,915 4.61 13.72 12.31 68,683 0.92 1.45 0.52 275,377 6.37 5.63 3.67 170,659 3.53 2.97 2.15 23,588 5.23 6.21 5.03 1,196,444 0.99 1.10 1.04 121,673 3.51 2.27 2.32 62,770 5.56 8.75 6.05 27,578 6.01 6.54 6.39 447,987 3.26 3.58 3.83 339,477 10.59 8.56 9.40 4,177 2.38 4.12 1.31 507,049 0.91 0.88 0.92 474,662 2.23 2.09 1.72 59,066 2.90 4.67 6.60 116,813 3.17 4.70 3.19 320,070 2.13 2.94 2.47 462,015 1.07 1.25 1.09 36,931 17.36 15.97 15.54 915,620 1.42 1.61 1.61 111,370 2.08 2.79 3.27
25