What is Modulation?

Modulation: The process of changing some characteristics (amplitude, frequency or phase) of a carrier wave in accordance with the intensity of the signal is known a modulation. Show the Classification of Modulation. Modulation classification into two parts: 1. Analog Modulation a. Amplitude Modulation (AM) o Double Sideband (DSB) o Double Sideband Suppressed (DSB/SC) o Single Sideband Suppressed (SSB/SC) o Independent Single Sideband Suppressed (ISB/SC) o Vestigial Sideband (VSB) b. Angle Modulation o Frequency Modulation o Phase Modulation 2. Digital Modulation What is Amplitude Modulation (AM)? Amplitude modulation (AM) is a modulation technique in which the amplitude of a high frequency sine wave (usually at a radio frequency) is varied in direct proportion to that of a modulating signal. The modulating signal carries the required information and often consists of audio data, as in the case of AM radio broadcasts or two-way radio communications. The high frequency sine wave (the carrier) is modulated by adding the modulating signal to it in a mixer. Why is modulation necessary? Some of the important reasons for modulation are given below: (i) To separate signal from different transmitter: Audio frequencies are within the range of 20 Hz to 20 kHz. Without modulation all signals at same frequencies from different transmitters would be mixed up. In order to separate the various signals, radio stations must broadcast at different frequencies. Each radio station must be given its own frequency band. This is achieved by frequency translation as a result of modulation process. (ii) Size of the antenna: For efficient transmission the transmitting antennas should have length at least equal to a quarter of the wavelength of the signal to be transmitted. (iii) Effect in the Exchange of SNR with Bandwidth: It is possible to exchange SNR with the baseband of transmission. PM can affect such as exchange. The amount of modulation used controls the exchange of SNR and the transmission bandwidth.

Expression for Amplitude modulation: Modulation signal voltage: Where, = os

t = time Un- modulation signal voltage: Where, = os

Modulated Carrier Signal Voltage: V= Where,

Cos

)t

Wave form of Amplitude modulation:

Show the Side Band Produce in Amplitude Modulation (AM)

What is Baseband and Carrier signal? Baseband Signal: Baseband is a signal that we want to communicate whose range of frequencies is measured from close to 0 and voltage is low, transmitted by medium. Its Signals with only low frequencies or at least frequencies all the way down to Dc (frequency 0) are called baseband signals. Carrier signal: A frequency in a communications channel modulated to carry analog or digital signal information. For example, an FM radio transmitter modulates the frequency of a carrier signal and the receiver processes the carrier signal to extract the analog information. An AM radio transmitter modulates the amplitude of a carrier signal. Carrier signal have high frequency and voltage. Amplitude Modulation Double Sideband (AM: DSB): Here Amplitude A of the carrier signal A Cos ( m (t) ) is varied in proportion to the baseband signal

Time Respect: m (t) ( ) ( Then m (t) Cos Suppressed Carrier- Double Sideband (DSB: SC):

( ) )

What is Modulator and show its classification? Modulator: A device used to modulate an electromagnetic wave. Any device or circuit by means of which a desired signal is impressed upon a higher-frequency periodic wave known as a carrier. The process is called modulation. The modulator may vary the amplitude, frequency, or phase of the carrier. There are some important categories of modulators those are: 1. Multiplier Modulator 2. Nonlinear Modulator 3. Switching Modulator a. Diode Bridge Modulator i. Series-bridge Modulator ii. Shunt-bridge modulator b. Ring Modulator Nonlinear Modulator (Single Band): Modulation can be achieved by using nonlinear devices, such as a semiconductor diode or a transistor. Show on the figure below.

Let the input-output characteristics of either of the nonlinear elements be approximated by a power series: y (t) = ax (t) + bx2 (t).. ( i ) Where x (t) and y (t) are the input and the output, respectively, of the linear element. The summer output z (t) in figure is given by z (t) = y1 y2(t) = [ ax1(t) + bx1 (t) ] [ ax2 (t) + bx2 (t)] Substituting the two inputs x1 (t) = os + m (t) and x2 (t) = os -m (t) in this equation yields Z (t) = 2am (t) + 4bm (t) os Finally we get the 4bm (t) since band pass filter design for this angular frequency and the rest frequency will be obsolete. Nonlinear modulator another name is Single balanced modulator.

Sideband and carrier power (Efficiency)

Amplitude Modulation: Single Sideband (SSB) Spectra:

Generation of Single Sideband (SSB) Signal Method: a. Selective Filtering Method b. Phase Shift Method c. Weavers Method Carrier Frequency requirements of a Radio Transmitter: o Generated carrier frequency must be exactly at the specie value o Carrier frequency should be readily adjustable o Frequency drift and frequency scintillation should be extremely small Necessary precaution of Master Oscillation: o Oscillator should be enclosed in a constant temperature chamber o Stabilized power supply should be used o Effect quality factor (Q) of the tank circuit should be kept as high as possible o Such amplifying device should be used as has high ration of mutual conductance(Im)to inter electrode capacitance o Master oscillator should be followed by multi stage power amplifier o Zero temperature efficient cut crystal should be used o Buffer amplifier should be used following the oscillator and it should be draw negligible grid current Frequency Drift: Frequency drift is an unintended and generally arbitrary offset of an oscillator from its nominal frequency. Causes may include changes in temperature, which can alter the piezoelectric effect in a quartz crystal, or problems with a voltage regulator which controls the bias voltage to the oscillator. Frequency Scintillation:

Pre-emphasis: Pre-emphasis is a strong high frequency boost before the transmitter, and an equally strong high frequency attenuation in every radio. Pre-emphasis refers to a system process within a frequency band the magnitude of some frequencies with respect to the magnitude of other frequencies in order to improve the overall signal-to-noise ratio by minimizing the adverse effects of such phenomena as saturation of recording media in subsequent parts of the system. De-emphasis: De-emphasis is the complement of pre-emphasis, in the anti noise system called emphasis. Emphasis is a system process designed to decrease, the magnitude of some frequencies with respect to the magnitude of other frequencies in order to improve the overall signal-to-noise ratio by minimizing the adverse effects of such phenomena as attenuation differences or saturation of recording media in subsequent parts of the system. Single-sideband (SSB) or Single-sideband suppressed-carrier (SSB-SC) is a refinement of amplitude modulation that more efficiently uses electrical power and bandwidth.

Single Sideband (SSB) transmission advantages: o Since only single sideband (SSB) is transmitted, the bandwidth of the transmitter thus single sideband conserves bandwidth and allows more number of channels to be transmitted in the same band. o The power of the suppressed carrier and sideband is saved. Hence transmitter power requirement in SSB is reduced. o Because of narrow bandwidth of SSB, the effect of noise at the receiver circuits is reduced. This gives better quality of reception in SSB. o Fading effect is absent because of SSB. Fading effect arises at the receiver because of two sidebands and carrier interface with each other at the receiver. Single Sideband (SSB) transmission disadvantages: o Complex Receivers: Single-sideband systems require more complex and expensive receivers. Single Sideband receivers require a carrier recovery and synchronization circuit which add more cost, complicity and size. o Tuning Difficulties: Single-sideband systems require more complex and precise tuning than conventional AM receiver need to use accurate, complex and expensive tuning circuit. Fading and its classification Fading: Fading is deviation of the reduction that a carrier-modulated telecommunication signal experiences over certain propagation media. The fading may vary with time, geographical position and/or radio frequency, and is often modeled as a random process. There are three types of Fading those are: - Long period fading - Medium period synchronous fading or general fading - Short period selective fading Filter Method:

Figure: Filter Method of Sideband Suppression

Radio transmitter: Radio transmitter is an electronic device which, with the aid of an antenna, produces radio waves. The transmitter itself generates a radio frequency alternating current, which is applied to the antenna. When excited by this alternating current, the antenna radiates radio waves. Transmitter are classified based on the following three method According to type of modulation used o Amplitude Modulation Transmitter o Frequency Modulation Transmitter o Pulse Modulation Transmitter According to the series involved o Radio Broadcast Transmitter o Radio Telephone Transmitter o Radio Telegraph Transmitter o Television Transmitter o Radar Transmitter o Navigation Transmitter According to the frequency range involved o Long Wave Transmitter o Short Wave Transmitter o Medium Wave Transmitter o Microwave Transmitter o VHF/UHF Transmitter

AM Radio Transmitter Sketch/Construct Stage of AM Radio Transmitter

The Phase Shift Method of Sideband Suppression

SSB Transmitter: At full modulation the carrier in an AM signal requires two thirds of the power but conveys no information. The second side band can be viewed as redundant .Interference between several carrier frequencies, resulting in steady audio whistles or 'beats' is another disadvantage of AM. Power may be saved and the band occupied by an AM signal in the frequency spectrum can be halved if only one side band is transmitted without carrier. The result is single side band suppressed carrier signal, called simply single side band signal (SSB) transmission. Block diagram of SSB Transmitter: