Greek History Key Terms Mediterranean triad: Three agricultural products grown in Greece and the Mediterranean in accordance

accordance with the climate wheat, olives, grapes Neolithic Revolution: Change from hunter-gatherers to farmers Redistributive Economy: An economy in which the government would collect the foodstuffs and goods produced by the people, store them in the palace, and redistribute them to the people, keeping the surplus for trade Linear A: Symbolic language used on Crete and the Greek Islands Cyclopean Masonry: The building of the walls around Mycenae with blocks of stone so large that only Cyclopes could theoretically have lifted them Megaron: A large rectangular building that served as the festival center of the palace, centered on a hearth surrounded by 4 columns for holding up the ceiling Linear B: Earliest form of Greek, a syllabary system used in Mycenae in administrative records Wanax: A Mycenaean warrior-king Qasireu: Mycenaean administrator Dark Age Values: Values revealed to us through the writings of Homer o Arete: Excellence in mind and body o Time: Honor that could be won on field of battle or in competition o Agathos: (Good, Honorable) Associated with loyalty and valor, not morality o Xenia: (Guest-Friendship) Exchange of gifts, hospitality between elites Demos: Collection of villages in the Dark Age Boule: Council of chiefs and important men who advised the basileus Basileus: Head chief who ruled the demos, but was not exponentially more powerful than the other chiefs Oikos: Basic unit of Greek society, property and residents, land, animals, slaves Thetes: A poor person who worked on someone elses land Kleros: Allottment of land enough for a citizen-family to live on, often relevant in questions of citizenship Protogeometric Art: Period in which potters could shape vases with more precision Geometric Art: Art consisting of lines and shapes, and at the end humans and animals, dominating Dark Age art Panhellenism: The idea of a cohesive Greek identity and unification against foreigners Chora: The countryside surrounding a city Synoikismos: Unification of multiple towns and hinterland into a single political identity Ethne: Geographic area that does not undergo synoikismos, preferring to remain a collection of connected villages Komai: Villages combined of different oikoi Polis: The city-state, often encompassing more than just the land and people within

the city limits Temenos: Area separating a sanctuary from the outside world Temple: Building, often flanked with colums, housing the image of the god Altar: Place where sacrifices took place Oikist: Founder of a Greek colony who gathers a group of men together and settles in a place with good land and a good harbor, then divides the land equally amongst the settlers Metropolis: The city that founded a colony, the mother city Stasis: Conflict and rivalry within a city-state Boule: Council of Elders with the most power over a city, comprised of former magistrates Archon/Prytaneis: Chief executive of the polis Polemarch: Military leader of the polis Tyrant: A single individual seizing power from outside the system Agora: Public space in the town serving as marketplace and city-center Kouros: Nude male statue adapted from Egyptian models, standing straight, often used as a dedication to the gods or as a funeral marker, displayed wealth and prestige Kore: Clothed female statue dedicted in sanctuaries, often present in Panhellenic places Hoplite: New type of fighting man that relied on his shield (hoplon) rather than his armor for protection, led to more classes participating in the army and increased equality in military and non-military life Phalanx: Tight formation of hoplites in which each mans shield protected half of him and half of someone else and the ranks from the back immediately replaced those fallen in the front Gymnasium: Olympic building used for foot-races, wrestling Palaestra: Olympic building used for boxing, pankration Presocratics: 6th century Greek philosophers who sought physical causes for the origin and workings of the universe Hoi agathoi: Term aristocrats used for themselves, the good men, as opposed to the commoners, hoi kakoi, the bad men Perioikoi: People in villages conquered by the Spartans who served as craftsmen and traders Homoioi: Principle in Sparta that all men in the city were equals Agoge: Strict Spartan military education for boys, starting at age 7 Krypteia: Secret police who could legally kill any helot they wanted to because Sparta declared an annual war on the helots Great Rhetra: Spartan institutions of government supposedly set up by Lycurgus Gerousia: Body of Spartan men over 60 who held most of the political power, not the two kings Ephors: A board of 5 men elected annually who checked the other bodies and handled certain civic cases including young men and perioikoi, senior ephor gave his name to the year

Assembly: All Spartan men over 30 were members, met once a month for yes/no voting with no debate Syssition: A Spartan mans mess/dining group, to which he was required to contribute a certain amount of produce from his kleros annually Archon Basileus: In charge of Athenian religious matters Archon Polemarch: In charge of Athenian warfare Archon Eponymous Archon: Overall authority, lent his name to the year Council of the Areopagus: Originally Athenss central governing body, an aristocratic council, later, under democracy, reduced to murder trials Assembly: All citizen males were members, met on the Pnyx Phylai: Four tribes based on kinship Phratry: Brotherhood, social grouping within phylai Gene: Associations of small numbers of families, clans Hektemeroi: sixth-parters, sharecroppers who paid 1/6 income to landowner Debt-slavery: sale of self or family into slavery to pay off debts Nomothetes: Law-maker, such as Solon in 594 BCE Classes of people under Solon o Pentakosiomedimnoi: 500 measure men (very wealthy) o Hippeis (Cavalry or Horsemen) Could afford a horse o Zeugetai: Could afford a team of oxen, hoplite armor o Thetes: Everyone else Council of 400: Created as a balance to the Council of the Areopagus by Solon Important factions o The Men of the Plain: likely the Eupatrids, as the plain is where the most fertile land was o The Men of the Coast: Perhaps fishermen or men with an interest in the silver mines (located near the coast) o The Men of the Hills (or Beyond the Hills): May refer to men associated with outlying territory Panathenaea: Important festival to Athena developed under Peisistratos Trittyes: Associations of one or more deme from a various geographical area that formed 1/10 of a tribe Council of 500: Replaced Council of 400, had 50 members from each tribe Prytany: Executive council composed of one tribes members of council, serving for one month Ostracism: Athenians cast votes on one individual who had too much influence and exile him for 10 years Satrapy: A province of the Persian Empire Sortition: Lottery for the magistracies Helaiai: Jury pool Prytaneis: Executive committee of the Boule Kyrios: A womans legal guardian Metic: Non-citizen living in Athens Epikleros: A brotherless Athenian girl compelled to marry her nearest male

relative to produce a son to inherit her father's property Cleuruchy: A form of Greek colony in which colonists retained the citizenship of the founding city. In the fifth century BC Athens established cleruchies in the territory of rebellious or unreliable allies as self-supporting garrisons Delian League: A league established ostensibly for protection from Persia after the Persian Wars, but was really the Athenian Empire

------------------------------First Exam--------------------------------------------------------------- Mousike: Formal instruction through the reading of poetry Pederasty: The Greek tradition of adult men forming a sexual relationship with adolescent boys, usually only lasting until the boys maturity Sophists: Traveling philosophers who would instruct young aristocrats for a fee about philosophy, especially making the lesser argument appear the better one Moicheia: sexual intercourse with woman who is under control of another man (wife, mother, or sister), could be killed on the spot for committing it Hetairai: High-class courtesans who were often educated Prothesis: The laying out of a body for a few days before the funeral Dionysia: Festival to Dionysus that included a procession carrying a statue of the god and a theatrical festival, the outlet for most plays performed in 5th century Athens Dithyramb: Choral ode under leadership of exarchon in honor of Dionysus, god of wine Liturgy: The idea created by Pericles requiring wealthy citizens to make a substantial contribution to the city of Athens, such as keeping a trireme Choregia: Liturgy in which the choregos (chorus leader) was in charge of both the chorus and the props for a play Parthenon: Giant temple to Athena on the Acropolis erected by Pericles Erechtheion: Building on the Acropolis used to house wooden statue of Athena and contained a small cella to Poseidon and Erectheus Athena Promachos: Giant statue of the goddess standing outside to be viewed by sailors Propytaea: Monumental entryway into the sacred precinct on the Acropolis Nike Bastion: Temple to the goddess Nike Quadruple Alliance: Alliance created by Alcibiades of Athens, Argos, Mantinea, and Elis Hetaireiai: Elite dining clubs and political factions in Athens Archidamian War: Peloponnesian War between 431 and 421, named for Archidamus of Sparta who decided to attack Athens every summer Decleian War: Peloponnesian War between 414 and 410, named for Decleia, the city near Athens where Spartans camped to siege Athens all year round Ionian War: Peloponnesian War from 410 to 404, most of the battles took place in the Ionian Sea Thirty Tyrants: Council of 30 ruling Athens immediately after the Peloponnesian War

Dekarchia: Councils set up at former allies of the Athenian league with proSpartan agendas Harmostai: Military garrisons Peltasts: Lightly armed soldiers who fought with shield, lance, and javelin, helped secure supremacy of Thebes in the 4th century Sacred Band: Elite Theban fighting force of 150 pairs of lovers, proved to be unbeatable until Charoneia (338 BCE) Hetairoi: Macedonian companions of the king, term for the aristocracy Delphic Amphictyony: Council that administered and oversaw the shrine of Theoric fund Apollo at Delphi Theoric fund: Fiscal surplus of 2nd Athenian Maritime League