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were shattered. Enraged by what they saw as Western betrayal, students vowed to defend Shantung by blood
The Chinese delgation to the conference, led by lu zengjiang and thomas zhengting wang refused to sign the treaty because of the shandong clauses
The controversial Shandong clauses of the Treaty of vErsailles were to become the cause celebre for patriotic chinese and led to the radicalisation and politicisation of members of the intelligentsia who had hitherto been focusing on cultural, linguistic, and literary reform
Double-Dealing by the Western Allies and Chinese politicians who had made secret deals with Japan led to an unwelcome discovery for the Chinese diplomats at the paris peace conference:The former german colonies on Chinese soil would not be returned to chinese sovereignty, but instead would be handed over to the japanese