A

HISTORY

ANCIENT SANSKRIT LITERATURE

SO FAE AS IT ILLUSTRATES

THE PRIMITIVE RELIGION OF THE BRAHMANS.

BY MAX MULLER,
: ;
;

M.A.
;

Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford Correspondant de l'Institut Imperial de France Foreign Member of the Royal Bavarian Academy Honorary Member of the Royal Society of Literature ; Corresponding Member of the Asiatic Society of
Bengal, and of the American Oriental Society Member of the Asiatic Society of Paris, and of the Oriental Society of Germany ; and Taylorian Professor in the University of Oxford.

WILLIAMS AND NORGATE,

U,

HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON;

AND
20,

SOUTH FREDERICK STREET, EDINBURGH.

PARIS
:

B.

DUPRAT.

LEIPZIG

R.

HARTMANN.

1859.

LONDON

PBINTED BY SPOTTISWOODB AND

NEW-STBEET SQUABB

CO.

TO

HORACE HAYMAN WILSON,

ESQ.

BODEIT FBOFESSOB OF SANSKBIT, ASSOCIATE OF THE INSTITUTE OF FEANCE, ETC.

&|jb WJLoxk

gnacrifob

AS A TOKEN OP ADMIRATION

AND GRATITUDE

BY HIS PUPIL AND PMEND

MAX MULLER.

PREFACE.

few words of personal explanation are due to those who may have seen, in the Preface to the First Volume of my edition of the Rig- Veda*, a note
announcing as ready for publication an Introductory Memoir on the Literature of the Veda. Ten sheets
of this

Memoir were printed when, in the beginning of the year 1851, 1 was appointed Deputy Professor,
and, after the death of my lamented friend, Francis Trithen, in the year 1854, Professor of Modern European Languages and Literature in the University of

In compliance with the statutes for the Foundation of Sir Robert Taylor, I had to write
Oxford.
" Three Courses of Lectures in every year, on the Philology or Literature of some of the principal

Languages of Europe."
duties

These new and unexpected

rendered

it

necessary for
office, I

for a time

my

favourite studies.

me to discontinue And when, after

was able
to

the
*

first

years of

my new

employ

Rig- Veda- Sanhita, the sacred songs of the Brahmans, together with the Commentary of Sayanacharya, edited by Max Muller, Vol. I, 1849; Vol. II., 1854; Vol. III., 1856. There will be three more volumes, the first of which is to be published next year. The first volume of Professor Wilson's Translation was published
on, at the present

1850; the second, 1854; the third, 1857; and he is carrying moment, his valuable translation of the next

volume.

a 3

VL

PREFACE.

a greater amount of leisure on the prosecution of Sanskrit studies, I felt that I should better serve the
i

interests of Sanskrit Philology

by devoting all my time to editing the text and commentary of the spare Veda, than by publishing the results, more or less

fragmentary, of

researches into the. language, of the ancient Brahmans. literature, religion In resuming now, after the lapse of nearly ten

my own

and

years, the publication of these Essays, I

may

regret

that on

have been anticipated by others, many who during the interval have made the Veda the
points I
special subject of their studies.

But

this regret is

fully balanced by the satisfaction I feel in finding that, in the main, my original views on the literature

and

religion of the

Vedic age have not been shaken,

re-

either

by

my own

continued researches or by the

;

and that the greater part of this work could be printed, as it now stands, from the
searches of others
It will be seen, however, that original manuscript. in the notes, as well as in the body of the work, I have

availed myself, to the best of

really important

my

ability,

of

all

the

and

solid information that could be

gathered from the

latest

works of Sanskrit
to the

philologists.

The frequent

references

works of Wilson,

Burnouf, Lassen, Benfey, Roth, Boehtlingk, Kuhn,

Regnier, Weber, Aufrecht, Whitney, and others, will show where I have either derived new light from the
labours of these eminent scholars, or found my own conclusions confirmed by their independent testimony.
Believing, as I do, that literary controversy is more apt to impede than to advance the cause of truth, I

PREFACE.

Vll

have throughout carefully abstained from it. Where it seemed necessary to controvert unfounded statements
or hasty conclusions, I have endeavoured to do so by stating the true facts of the case, and the legitimate
conclusions that

may be drawn from

these facts.

My readers have to thank Dr. Biihler, a pupil of Professor Benfey of Gottingen, for the alphabetical index at the end of this volume. The same industrious scholar has supplied me with a list of errata, to which some remarks of his own are appended.

MAX MULLEK.
Ray Lodge, Maidenhead,
Aug.
3,

1859.

A 4

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Preface

.......
INTRODUCTION.
.

Page
v.

Origin and Progress of Sanskrit Philology . The true Object of Sanskrit Philology The Veda is the basis of Sanskrit Literature

1
.

9
10
11

The Veda

represents the Vedic Age Necessity of establishing the Antiquity of the Veda Absence of Synchronistic Dates in the early History of the

Aryan Family The earliest History

Aryan Family

of the

Aryan Family
.
.

.11 .12

Separation of the Northern and Southern Branches of the

.
.

. Their distinctive character Comparison between the early Histories of India and Greece
. .

.12 .14
17 18 18
.

The

peculiarities of the early Colonists of India

Their neglect of the Real and Historical Elements of Life . . Their interest in Supernatural Problems

The meaning

of

Atman

or Self

.19 .20
.

. Dialogue between Yajnavalkya and Maitreyi The character of the Indians at the time of Alexander's ex-

22

pedition

,25

The Indians have no Ancient World

.

place in the Political History of the

. .
.

.29
.
.

Their place in the Intellectual History of the World The influence of India on the Religious History of Asia

32 32

The origin of Buddhism The Buddhistic Era and

ofludia

.......
. .

.33
34

its

importance for the Chronology

X
Traces of the Buddhistic
the Vedic Literature
Distinction between

CONTENTS.
Page
crisis in the latest
.
.

productions of
.

.35
36

. . Vedic and non -Vedic works The Epic Poems, the Ramayana and Mahabharata, no au. thority for the History of the Vedic Age . . Traces of earlier Epic Poetry
.

36

. . Extract from the &ankhayana-sutras of Gatha, Narasansi, Itihasa, Akhyana, Purana, Meaning

.37 .37
40

Kalpa, Vidya, Upanishad, 6loka, Sutra, Vyakbyana, and . . Anuvy akhyana, as titles of Vedic Literature

Supposed quotation of the Bharata or Mahabharata, in the . . . . Sutras of Asvalayana The war between the Kurus and Pandavas, unknown in the . . . Vedic Age . The original Epic Traditions of India were remodelled by
the Brahmans The Five Husbands of Draupadi The Two Wives of Pandu, and
.
. .

.42
.44

.46 .46
.48
49 49 49 56

the Burning of
.

M&dri
.

at

his

Death

King Dasaratha killing the Son of a Brahman The relation between Parasu-Rama and Rama
Variety of Local Customs during the Vedic

Age
.

Family-laws and Traditions Vedic customs differing from the

.

.51
.

later

Brahmanic
. .

Law
. .

The Story of Kakshivat . The Story of Kavasha Ailusha The Puranas, no authority for the History of the Vedic Age The so-called Laws of Manu, no authority for the History of
.

.56 .58
61

the Vedic

Age

.61
62

. the only safe basis of Indian History Importance of the Veda in the History of the World . Importance of the Veda in the History of India The Veda, the most Ancient Book of the Aryan Family

The Veda

63 63
65

HISTORY OF VEDIC LITERATURE.

External criteria for distinguishing between Vedic and nonVedic Works

.

. . . Metre, as an external Criterion No wo: k written in continuous Anushtubh-slokas belongs to

......
.

67
(58

the Vedic age

.68

CONTENTS.
Division of the Vedic

XI
Tage
. .

Age

70

The Chhandas, Mantra, Brahmana, and Sutra Periods

70

CHAPTER
The The The The The
peculiarities of the Sutras
.

I.

THE SUTRA PERIOD.

.

Paribhasha or key to the Sutras Law of Anuvritti and Nirvritti

.
.

.71 .72 .73

73

system of Purva-paksha, Uttara-paksha, and Siddha'nta Sutras belong to the Smriti or non-revealed Literature

of the

Brahmans

.74

between &ruti (revelation) and Smriti (tradiwas made by the Brahmans after their ascendancy tion) . was established . . It preceded the Schism of Buddha . Attacks on the Brahmans before Buddha's time . .
distinction
. .
.

The

.76 .77
.
.

. Visvamitra, Janaka, Buddha, all Kshatriyas Arguments used by the Brahmans against the Buddhists

80 80 82

The Brahmans appeal

or revelation
.

to the absolute authority of the 6ruti

.
. . .

.82
.83 .84

A similar argument adopted in later times by the

themselves
.
. .

Buddhists
.

Extract from Kumarila

The Admission
that at

of a

human Authorship
of
the

for the Sutras shows,

the time

Buddhistic

Controversy
.

the

Sutras were works of recent origin . . Smriti and Smritis

.

. . The Authority of the Smriti defended Extract from Sayana's Commentary on Parasara's Smriti The Sutras are not classed as 6ruti, though they treat on . . subjects connected with the Veda
.

.86 .86 .87

87

Extract from Kumarila

The Sutras divided into Srauta and Smarta The Admission of Lost akhas discussed
Extract
charika-sutras
.
.

.95 .95 .99

.

100

from Haradatta's Commentary on

.

Extract from Apastamba Probability of the loss of Sakhas

The

distinction betweeji

6ruti and. Smriti

authors of the Sutras

..... .... .....

Samaya. .

the

.100
105

106 107

known

to the

Xll

CONTENTS.

The Six Vedangas, or Branches of Vedic Exegesis

The Name of the Vedangas The Number of the Vedangas The First Vedanga, Siksha or Pronunciation
It
It

formed part of the Aranyakas became the principal Subject of the Pratisakhyas
in the Pratisakhyas the different Sakhas
.

Origin of the Pratisakhyas

Numerous Authors quoted

Pratisakhyas
.

.... ....
.

attached

to

of

each

Veda . ,\ The proper meaning of Sakha and Pratisakhya

Difference between Sakha and Charana Difference between Charana and Parishad
.

Character of Parishads, in ancient and modern Times Legal Sutras, belonging to the Charanas

The original sources of the " Laws of Manu," &c. The threefold Division of Law The Pratisakhya of the Sakala-sakha of the Rig-veda by
.

Saunaka

The Pratisakhya The Pratisakhya

The Pratisakhya
and Panini

......
.... ....
.

of some Sakha of the Taittiriya-veda of the Madhyandina-sakha of the Yajur

veda by Katy&yana

of some Sakha of the Atharva-veda

the Nirukta

List of Teachers quoted in the Pratisakhyas,

No

Pratisakhya required for the Sama-veda General character of the Pratisakhyas The metrical Vedanga on Siksha

The Manduki-siksha The Second Vedanga, Chhandas or Metre

Treatise by Saunaka Treatise by Katyayana

The Nidana-sutra of the Sama-veda The Treatise ascribed to Pingala Lost Works on Metre, by Yaska, and Saitava
Nomenclature of Metres The Third Vedanga, Vyakarana or Grammar Panini and his predecessors

The Unadi-sutras The Phitsutras of Santana The Fourth Vedanga, Nirukfa

.

....
.

or

Etymology

CONTENTS.
Yaska and
his predecessors
.

Xiil

Pago
.
. .

.153

Distinction between Yaska's Nirukta, and the

Commentary

on the Nirukta Both works divided into three parts Naighantuka, Naigama (Aikapadika), Daivata History of the Science of Language in India and Greece The Fifth Vedanga, Kalpa or the Ceremonial The Kalpa-sutras, based on the Brahmanas Some Brahmanas resembling Sutras, some Sutras resembling
.

Brahmanas
Distinction between

Brahmanas and Sutras

Origin of the Brahmanas

....
.

System of their

collection

The threefold

division of the ceremonial leads to the threefold

division of the

Brahmanas

The Adhvaryu priests, and the Taittiriyaka The modern Sakha of the Vajasaneyins and their Sanhita The Udgatri priests and their Sanhita The Hotri priests The Rig-veda-sanhita The three collections of Brahmanas The Kalpa-sutras presuppose the existence of Brahmanasakhas

They are intended for more than one Charana They lead to the establishment of new Charanas They have no authorised various readings, like theBrahmanas They were handed down in a different manner Difference between ancient and modern Sutras

......
.

..... ....

No

The Kalpa-sutras cause the extinction They absorb the ancient Sakhas The three classes of Charanas
Sanhita-charanas

Kalpa-sutras quoted in the nominative plural of the Brahmanas

Brahmana-charanas
Sutra-charanas

Modern character of
List of Kalpa-sutras

The Smarta-sutras The Grihya-sutras

different

Meaning of Grihya Meaning of Pakayajna

..... ..... .... ..... .....

the Sutras
*

from the Samayacharika-sutras

XIV

Character of the Grihya sacrifices

The Samayacharika,
Their modern date

The Four Castes, the degradation of the 6udras The Ten Sutras of the Sama-veda The Sixth Vedanga, Jyotisha, or Astronomy.

.... ...... ....

or Dharma-sutras
. .

CONTENTS.

Tago

204 206 208 207 209

No Work

on Astronomy written in Sutras

. . .

The metricalJyotisha Astronomical elements

Sutras

212 General character of the Vedangas . . . .214 Their practical object . . . .214 Their Authors do not claim to be inspired . .214 Their peculiar style . . ..-,.. .214 Their position as intermediate between the Vedic and non. Vedic literature . . . . .215
. .
.

.......
.

.210 .211 .211

in

the

Hymns, Brahmanas,

and

How

to fix their date

The Works

ascribed to Saunaka and his School

Katyayana's Sarvanukrama to the Rig-veda Five previous Anukramanis, ascribed to &aunaka

. Their style The Brihaddevata and
.

.
.

Authors . . . Number of Hymns, Verses, and Words, according to different . . . Anukramanis .219 . The three Anukramanis of the Yajur-veda . 222 . The Anukramanis of the Sama-veda ; two classes . 226 . . 228 The Brihatsarvanukramani to the Atharvana How to fix the age of 6aunaka and Katyayana as Authors
its
. .
.

.215 .215 .216 .216 .217 .218

229 Saunaka and Katyayana 229 230 Shadgurusishya's account of &aunaka and his Pupils . . . Their Works . .233 . Five generations of Teachers . . 239 239 Katyayana, the same as Vararuchi . Somadeva's account of Katyayana and Panini . 240 Indian tradition places Katyayana and Panini contemporaneous with King Nanda 242

of the Anukramanis

The

.....
. .

peculiarities of style in

....
.

Nanda, the successor of Chandragupta, the contemporary of Alexander Date of Katyayana in the second half of tbe Fourth Century,

..... ......

242
243

B.C

CONTENTS.
Abhimanyu
adopts the commentary of Katyayana in the First
. .
.

XV
Pago

. Century, A.D. Sutra period from 600 to 200, B.C. Date of Unadi-sutras Objections.

.243 .244 .245

. .

The words dinara, tirita, stupa, Jina The Parisishtas, the latest branch of Vedic
. . . veda Gradual Rise of the Brahmanic Literature
.

literature

245 249

Parisishtas of theRig-veda, Sama-veda, Yajur-veda, Atharva. .

The

Parisishtas

mark the
.

decline of

Brahmanism
.

.252 .257 .257

.257
.

They Buddhism.

are contemporary with

.

the Political Ascendancy of

.

Buddhism, before Asoka, was but modified Brahmanism

260
262 263 266 275 275 275 278 278

The Chronology of the

theoretical
.

earlier Period of
.

Buddhism
.

is
.

purely
.

The Northern Chronology, and its rationale The Southern Chronology and its rationale
Both Chronologies
irreconcileable with

Greek Chronology

The date

of Chandragupta, the basis of Indian Chronology . Classical Accounts of Sandrocyptus .

Indian Accounts of Chandragupta Coincidences between the two

....
.
. .

. . .279 Apparent differences explained Buddhist Fables invented to exalt Chandragupta's descent 280 Brahmanic Fables invented to lower Chandragupta's descent 295 Chandragupta's real Date brings the real beginning of the 298 Ceylonese Era to 477, B.C.
.
.

All dates before Chandragupta are merely hypothetical

The compromise between

proposed by Lassen

the different systems of Chronology

.

300 Katyayana's real Date Other Arguments in support of Katyayana's Date considered 301 Sutra "Works that cannot be fixed chronologically .310 Sutras quoted, some lost, others never committed to writing 311
.

.... .....
.

299 299

Gradual change of Style in the Sutras

.311

CHAPTER

II.

THE BRAHMANA PERIOD.

Aranyakas intermediate between Sutras and Brahmanas . Meaning of Aranyaka
. . .
.

313

.313

XVI
Aranyakas considered to human Authors

CONTENTS.
Page
as 6ruti, but
.

some of them ascribed

.
.

Aranyakas presuppose Brahmanas

.314 .315
.

The Upanishads, the principal Portion of the Aranyakas The Upanishads quoted as the highest Authority by various
Philosophers
.
.

316

New

Upanishads supplied . Upanishads in the Sanhitas . Upanishads in Aranyakas and Brahmanas . . . Later Upanishads unattached . . of Upanishad Etymology The Upanishads Regarded as the repositories of the Highest
. .

when required

...

.316 .317 .317 .317 .318 .318

Knowledge

Great Variety of Opinion in the Upanishads

Growing Number of Upanishads The Names of the Authors of the principal Upanishads un-

known The Aranyakas and their Reputed Authors The Brihadaranyaka and Yajnavalkya
Attempts
at fixing the age of

.......
.
.

....
.

.319
.

320 324
327 329 329 330 334 335 338

The Taittiriyaranyaka The Aitareyaranyaka The Kaushitaki-aranyaka Modern form, but ancient matter Literary Works alluded to in the Aranyakas
.

Aranyakas, intermediate between Brahmanas and Sutras

The Brahmanas
Definition of the

word Brahmana
.

Sayana's definition Madhusudana's definition

Origin of the Brahmanas, &c, &c. The Brahmanas of the Bahvrichas

.... ... .... ...... ....

.
.
.

..... .....
. .
.

Yajnavalkya

.337
340
341

The Brahmanas of the Aitareyins and Asvalayaniyas The Brahmanas of the Kaushitakins and 6ankhayaniyas The Brahmanas of the Chhandogas . The Brahmanas of the Adhvaryus The Ancient School of the Charakas The Modern School of the Vajasaneyins
.

Yajnavalkya's Authorship Table of Contents of the Vajasaneyi-sanhita

.....
.
.

Correspondence between the Sanhita and Brahmana

342 342 342 344 345 346 347 347 347 349 350 350 353 354 356

CONTENTS.
Distinction between Ancient and

XVII
Page

Modern Brahmanas
. . .

360

Panini's Rules on the Formation of the Titles of Ancient

and Modern Brahmanas The Brahmana-charanas reduced

.

tion of Sutras

. List of Charanas from the Charanavyiiha Its Authority for the Sutra-charanas, not for

Sanhita-charanas

How to

distinguish between Sutra, Brahmana, and Sanhita.

...... .....
in

.361
365 367

number by

the introduc-

Brahmana and
367 375 378 380

charanas
List of Gotras

..

Difference between Charana3 and Gotras

.

The Rules of Pravara The general Character

.
.

.386
.

of the

Brahmanas

Extract from the Aitareya-brahmana (the Diksha) . Extract from the Kaushitaki-brahmaiia

389 390 406

Extract from the Aitareya-brahmana (the Story of &unah-

On

. sepha) the Character of

Human

Sacrifices

.408 .419
421

Extract from the atapatha-brahmana (the Story of Janaka) Extract from the Aitareya-brahmana (the Story of Nabhanedishtha)
. .

.423 .425
. .

Extract from the 6atapatha-brahmana (the Story of the

Deluge)

The Mimansa Method of discussion in the Brahmanas What is presupposed by the Brahmanas ? The Threefold Division of the Ceremonial completed before
.
.

the Brahmanas The Vedic Hymns misinterpreted Duration of the Brahmana period
Lists of Teachers

The Gopatha-brahmana

...... .... .... ...... .....

CHAPTER
III.

427 428

430 432
435 435 445

THE MANTRA PERIOD.

Its

Character

456
457 457

The

Rig-veda-sanhita, the only studied . . .

the
.

Document
.

in
.

which

it

can be
.

Difference between

Rig-veda-sanhita.
.
.

and the other

.
.

Sanhitas

XVlll

CONTENTS.

Sayana's Remarks on this point Principles of collection followed in the Rig-veda-sanhita The order of the Hymns according to the Deities .

....
. .

Page

The Apri Hymn3

Traces of Priestly influence in the Rig-veda-sanhita

Was

the Rig-veda-sanhita collected for the benefit of the

Brahman priests? The Offices of the Four Classes of Priests The Adhvaryu Priests . The Udgatri Priests The Hotri Priests The Brahman Priests The Rig-veda-sanhita, not intended for any
. . .
.

..... .....
. .
.

458 468 46 1 463 467

468

.468 .471 .472 .473

475 477 477 478 480 484 489 490
493 494 496

Class of Priests
.

New Hymns

Mantra period composed during the Mantra period Distinction between ancient and modern Hymns Allusions to the Ceremonial
Old

Hymns

collected during the

The Purohitas The Professional Priests The Natural Sacrifices The Artificial Sacrifices The Panegyrics or Danastutis
.
. .

Satirical

Hymn

The Character of the Mantra period The introduction of Writing, an epoch in

skrit Literature

.... ..... ..... .... ......

.
.
.

.485

.491

......
.
.
.

the History of San-

497

CHAPTER
Character of the Chhandas period

IV.

THE CHHANDAS PERIOD.

525

Antecedent Elements

526
531 531
.

Specimens of primitive Vedic Poetry Hymn to the Visve Devas Gods invoked collectively

Each God conceived Hymn to Varuna

Moral Truths

as
.

supreme
.

The primary Elements

of Religion

Hymn

to

Varuna

532 532 534 537 538 540

CONTENTS.

XIX

INTRODUCTION.
Full seventy years have passed
since Sir William Jones published his translation of Sakuntala \ a work which may fairly be considered as the starting point

of Sanskrit philology. The first appearance of this beautiful specimen of dramatic art created at the time a sensation throughout Europe, and the most

rapturous praise was bestowed upon 2 high authority in matters of taste.

it

by men of

At the same

time the attention of the historian, the philologist, and the philosopher was roused to the fact that
"

Sacontala or the Fatal Ring, an Indian drama, translated from the original Sanskrit and Prakrit. Calcutta, 1789." There have since appeared three editions of the Sanskrit text, and translations in French, German, Italian, Danish, and Swedish. new and very elegant English version has lately been published

by Professor Williams. Hertford, 1856. 2 Goethe was one of the greatest admirers of 6akuntala,
:

as

may

be seen from the lines written in his Italian Travels at Naples, and from his well-known Epigram
" Willt

Du die Bliithe des fruhen, die Friichte des spateren Jahres, Willt Du, was reizt und entziickt, willt Du was sattigt und nahrt, Willt Du den Himmel, die Erde mit einem Namen begreifen,

Nenn ich, Sacontala, Dich, und so ist Alles gesagt." " Wilt thou the blossoms of spring and the fruits that are later in season,
Wilt thou have charms and delights, wilt thou have strength and support, Wilt thou with one short word encompass the earth and the heaven, All is said if I name only, Sacontala, thee."

HISTORY OF SANSKRIT PHILOLOGY.

a complete literature had been preserved in India, which promised to open a new leaf in the ancient history of mankind, and deserved to become the although the enthusiasm with which works like Sakuntala were at first received by all who took an interest in literary
object

of

serious

study.

And

curiosities could scarcely be expected to last, the real and scientific interest excited by the language, the

and antiquities of India has lasted, and has been increasing ever since. England, Denmark, Sweden, Russia, France, Germany, Italy, and Greece have each contributed their share towards the advancement of Sanskrit philology, and names like
literature, the philosophy,

those of Sir

Jones, Colebrooke, Wilson, in England, Burnouf in France, the two Schlegels, W. von Humboldt, Bopp, and Lassen, in Germany, have secured to this branch of modern scholarship a firm standing

W.

and a universal reputation. The number of books that have been published by Sanskrit scholars in the course of the last seventy years is but small. 1 Those
works, however, represent large and definite results, important not only in their bearing on Indian antigiving birth to a new system of Comparative Philology, of the highest possible importance 2 to philology in general. In little more than half a
quities, but, as

Professor Gildemeister in his most laborious and accurate " Bibliothecse SanscritaB Specimen, Bonnse, 1847," brings number of books that have been published up to that time in the
1

work,

Sanskrit philology to 803, exclusive of

quities and Comparative Philology. that number has been considerably

all

works on Indian antilast

During the
raised.

twelve years

2 Professor Lassen, in his work on Indian Antiquities, now in course of publication, is giving a resume of the combined labours of Indian philologists during the last seventy years, sifted critically

HISTORY OF SANSKRIT PHILOLOGY.

century, Sanskrit has gained its proper place in the republic of learning, side by side with Greek and

which these two languages enjoy in the educational system of modern Europe will scarcely ever be shared by Sanskrit. But no one who wishes to acquire a thorough knowledge of these no or any other of the Indo-European languages, one who takes an interest in the philosophy and the no one who historical growth of human speech, desires to study the history of that branch of mankind to which we ourselves belong, and to discover in the first germs of the language, religion, and mythology of our forefathers, the wisdom of Him who is not the God of the Jews only, can, for the future, with some knowledge of the language and dispense
Latin.

The

privileges

ancient literature of India.

And yet Indian philology is still in its infancy, and the difficulties with which it has had to contend have
much greater, indeed, than those which in the way of Greek philology after its revival in lay the fifteenth century. Seventy years after the fall of
been great,
Constantinople, the classical works of Greek literature were not only studied from manuscripts: they had been edited and printed. There were men like and Melanchthon, who had invesKeuchlin, Erasmus, tigated the most important documents in the different periods of Greek literature, and possessed a general knowledge of the historical growth of the Greek
and arranged scientifically by a man of the most extensive learning, and of the soundest principles of criticism. His work may indeed
its conclusion an important period of Sanskrit philology, which had taken its beginning with Sir W. Jones's translation of 6akuntala. Indische Alterthums-Kunde,

be considered as bringing to

von Christian Lassen.

Bonn, 1847
b 2

1858.

4
mind.

HISTORY OF SANSKRIT PHILOLOGY.

Learned Greeks who were taking refuge in the west of Europe, particularly in Italy, had brought with them a sufficient knowledge to teach their language and literature and they were able and ready to guide the studies of those who were afterwards to
;

contribute to the revival

of classical learning

in

Men began where they ought to begin, with Homer, Herodotus, and Thucydides, and namely, not with Anacreontic poetry or Neo-Platonist philoBut when our earliest Sanskrit scholars sophy.
Europe.
directed their attention to Indian literature, the difficulties they had to struggle with were far greater.

mention the burning and enervating sky of India, and the burden of their official occupations, men like Halhed, Wilkins, and Sir W. Jones could hardly find a single Brahman who would undertake to teach them his sacred idiom. When, after some learned Pandits became more willing to impart time,

Not

to

their

knowledge to Europeans, their own views of Indian history and literature were more apt to mislead their pupils than to guide them, in a truly historical

Thus it happened that, at the beginning direction. of Sanskrit philology, preference was given either to works which still enjoyed amongst the Hindus themselves a great, but frequently undeserved, popularity, or to those which by their poetical beauty attracted the attention of men of taste. Everything Indian,

whether Manu's Code of Laws, the Bhagavadgita,

Sakuntala, or the Hitopadesa, was at that time considered to be of great and extravagant antiquity, and
it

was extremely

difficult for

European scholars

to

form a right opinion on the

literature.

real merits of Indian

The

literary

specimens received from

:

India were generally fragments only of larger works

HISTORY OF SANSKRIT PHILOLOGY.

or, if not,

they had been chosen so indiscriminately

from

and widely distant periods, that it was from them an adequate knowledge of the rise and fall of the national literature of
different

impossible to derive
India.

Herder, in other respects an excellent judge of ancient national poetry, committed himself to some

In his extraordinary remarks on Indian literature. criticism on oakuntala, written in the form of letters " Do to a friend, he says you not wish with me,
:

that instead of these endless religious books of the

Vedas, Upavedas, and Upangas, they would give us the more useful and more agreeable works of the
Indians,

kind
is

and especially their best poetry of every It is here the mind and character of a nation
and I gladly admit, more real notion of

best brought to life before us, that I have received a truer and

the

manner of thinking among the ancient Indians

from this one Sakuntala, than from all their Upnekats and Bagavedams." 1 The fact is that at that time Herder's view on the endless religious books of the Vedas, could only have been formed from a wretched translation of the Bagavedam, as he calls it, that
is,

as

the Bh&gavatapur&na, a Sanskrit work composed centuries after as the Vedas were before many
;

or from the Ezour-vedam, a very coarse forgery, if, indeed, it was intended as such, written, as it appears, by a native servant, for the use of the
Christ

famous Jesuit missionary in India, Roberto de Nobilibus.

2

Kunst.
2

Herder's Schriften, vol. Tubingen, 1807.

Cf.

ix. p.

226,

Zur schonen Literatur und

Account of a Discovery of a Modern Imitation of the

B 3

HISTORY OF SANSKRIT PHILOLOGY.

possessed the true tact of an historian, like Niebuhr, have abstained from passing sentence on the history of a nation
later time,

Even

at a

much

men who

whose literature had only just been recovered, and had not yet passed through the ordeal of philological In his Lectures on Ancient History, criticism. Niebuhr leaves a place open for India, to be filled up when the pure metal of history should have been extracted from the ore of Brahmanic exaggeration and superstition. Other historians, however, thought they could do what Niebuhr had left undone; and after perusing some poems of Kalidasa, some fables of the Hitopadesa, some verses of the Ananda-lahari, or the mystic poetry
of the Bhagavadgita, they gave, with the aid of Megasthenes and Apollonius of Tyana, a so-called historical account of the Indian nation, without being aware that they were using as contemporary witnesses,

authors as distant from each other as Dante and

nation has, in this respect, been more Not only have unjustly treated than the Indian. conclusions been drawn from the most scanty general
Virgil.

No

materials, but the most questionable and spurious authorities have been employed without the least
historical investigation or the exercise of that critical

ingenuity, which, from

literature requires

its

more than any

peculiar character, Indian 1 other.

Vedas, with Remarks on the genuine works, by Fr. Ellis 59: Calcutta, 1822. Researches, xiv. p. 1
1

Asiatic

Professor H. H. Wilson, in the preface to his translation of " It is the boast of inductive the Vishnu-Purana, remarks philosophy t'lat it draws its conclusions from the careful observation
:

and accumulation of

facts;

and

it

is

philosophical research to determine

its

equally the business of all facts before it ventures

HISTORY OF SANSKRIT PHILOLOGY.

There

is

another circumstance which has retarded

:

the progress of Sanskrit philology an affectation of that learned pedantry which has done so much mischief to Greek
to learn,

and Latin scholarship. We have much no doubt, from classical scholars, and nothing

can be a better preparation for a Sanskrit student than to have passed through the school of a Bentley or a Hermann. But in Greek and Latin scholarship
the distinction between useful and useless knowledge has almost disappeared, and the real objects of the

study of these ancient languages have been well nigh More than half of the publications of clasforgotten.
sical scholars

have tended only to impede our access

;

to the master- works of the ancients

and a sanction has been given to a kind of learning, which, however

creditable to the individual, is of no benefit to the similar spirit has infected Sanskrit public at large.

Sanskrit texts have been edited, on which philology. no rational man ought to waste his time. Essays

have been written on subjects on which it is folly to be wise. These remarks are not intended to disparage critical scholarship or to depreciate the results which have been obtained by minute and abstruse erudition.

But
ties

scholars

who

devote

all their

time to

critical nice-

and recondite subtleties are apt to forget that these are but accessories. Knowledge which has no object beyond itself is, in most cases, but a pretext for vanity. It is so easy, even for the most superfiupon speculation.
This procedure has not been observed in the

investigation of the mythology and traditions of the Hindus. Impatience to generalise has availed itself greedily of whatever promised to afford materials for generalisation ; and the most erro-

neous views have been confidently advocated, because the guides to which their authors trusted were ignorant or insufficient."
b 4

AIM OF SANSKRIT PHILOLOGY.

bring together a vast mass of informaless remotely on questions of no
test of a true scholar is
is

cial scholar, to

tion,

bearing more or

The importance whatsoever. to be able to find out what

state

with precision and and tedious researches, and to suppress altogether lucubrations, which, though they might display the laboriousness of the writer, would but encumber his subject with needless difficulty. The object and aim of philology, in its highest to learn what man is, by learning sense, is but one, what man has been. With this principle for our
pole-star, we shall never lose ourselves, though engaged in the most minute and abstruse inquiries.

really important, to clearness the results of long

Our own

studies

may

seemingly refer to matters that

are but secondary and preparatory, to the clearance, so to say, of the rubbish which passing ages have left

on the monuments of the human mind. But we shall never mistake that rubbish for the monuments which
it

covers.

And

if,

after years of tiresome labour,

we

do not arrive at the results which we expected, if we find but spurious and unimportant fabrications of individuals, where we thought to place ourselves face to face with the heroes of an ancient world, and

among ruins that should teach us the lessons of former we need not be discouraged nor ashamed, for ages,
in true science
If,

even a disappointment

is

a result.

then,

it is

the aim of Sanskrit philology to sup-

ply one of the earliest and most important links in the history of mankind, we must go to work historically; that is, we must begin, as far as Ave can, with

the beginning, and then trace gradually the growth of the Indian mind, in its various manifestations, as
far as the

remaining literary monuments allow us to

HISTORICAL POSITION OF THE VEDA.

follow this course.

has been said with regard we must acquire a knowledge of and first principles, because then we the beginning say that we understand any thing when we believe we know its real beginnings," applies with equal force
" to philosophy, that

What

every one acquainted with Indian literature, must have observed how impossible it is to open any book on Indian subjects without being
to history.

Now

thrown back upon an earlier authority, which is generally acknowledged by the Indians as the basis of all their knowledge, whether sacred or profane. This earlier authority, which we find alluded to in theological and philosophical works, as well as in poetry, in
codes
of law, in

astronomical, grammatical, metri-

cal, and lexicographic compositions, is called by one comprehensive name, the Veda. It is with the Yeda, therefore, that Indian philology ought to begin if it is to follow a natural and historical course. So great an influence has the Vedic historical period to which we are justified age (the

in referring the formation of the sacred texts) exercised upon all succeeding periods of Indian history,

every branch of literature connected with Vedic traditions, so deeply have the religious and moral
so closely
is

ideas of that primitive era taken root in the mind of the Indian nation, so minutely has almost every private and public act of Indian life been regulated by old

traditionary precepts, that it is impossible to find the right point of view for judging of Indian religion,

morals, and literature without a knowledge of the No one could literary remains of the Vedic age.
fairly say that those

began to study Sanskrit, seventy years ago, ought to have begun with reading the Veda. The difficulties connected
first

men who

now

589

INDEX,

A.
Abharadvasu, 385. Abhidharma, 83. Abhigarapagarau, 470. Abhijnanaprasthana, 302.

Agnivesyayana, 142.

Agnyadhana, 28. Agnyadheyamantras, 354. Agnyupasthana, 354.

Agrayana, 142.
Ahalya,*530. Ahavaniya, 203. Ahina, 210, 470. Ahuti, 393.

Abhimanyu, 243. Abhuti Tvashtra, 440.

Abhryadi-rauhinanta, 356. Achara, 100. 133.

Achbavaka, 450. 468. Adbhuta-brahmana, 347.

Adhikara, 73.
seq., 177. 430. 449. seq. 469. seq. 490. Adhvaryu-brahmana, 190. Adhyaya (R. V.), 220. Adhyeti, 308. seq. Aditya, 329. 421. 442. 452. 541. Adityanam ayanam, 177. Agasti, 385. Agastayah, 385. Agastya, 385. 463. Aggramen, 278. Aghamarshanah, 384. Aghamarshana, 384. Agni, 60. 390. seq., 414. 421. 436. 444. 449. 452. 533. 547.

Ahvaraka, 137. 142. 369. (var. lee. Ahur. Hvar.)

Aindineya, 370. Aitareya-aranyaka, 153. 177. 335.
seq.

Adhvaryu, 122. 173.

seq.,

Aitareya-brahmana, 177. 347. 357.

l.

(extract) (i. 1-1-6.) 390405. (n. 19.) 58. (v. 14.) 423. seq.

Aitareya-upanishad, 325. Aitareyi-sakha, 183. 193. Aitihya, 108. Ajamilha, 383. Ajah (gotra), 384. Ajatasatru, 296. Ajigarta, 412. seq. Ajya 384. (sacrificial) 393.

Akhyana, 40. seq. Akhyata, 161." Akshara, 160. 341. 307. 324.
Alambayini-putra, 441. Alambin, 364. Alambi-putra, 441. Alexander, 25. 29. 275. Amala, 380.

seq.

Agnibhu Kasyapa,
Agnichayana, 355.

444.

Agni Idhma, 464.

Agnidhra, 450. 469. Agnirahasya, 359. Agnishtoma, 176. 355.
Agnihotra, 354. 392. 422. seq. 470. Agnivesya, 142. 438.

Amavasya

6and., 436. 443.

Ambarisha, 383. Ambhini, 437. 442. Anandaja Chandhan., 443.

&

R R

590
Andhra, 418. Andhra, 324. Andomatis, 333.

INDEX.
Arala Dharteya 6aun., 444. Aranyakas, 100. 147. 153. 313
341.

Anga
518.

(country), 57. (alphabet),

Arbuda Kadravey

39.

Angas, the Vedangas, 198.

Angiras, 53. 328. 450. (race) 232. 424.

Angirasam-ayanam, 177. Angirasa (gotra), 381. seq. (praa

Archabhin, 364. Archananasa, 383. Arddhachandra, 508. Arddharcha, 341. Arhat, 91.261.
'Apidfiog kviKog, Tr\r)QvvTiKQQ } 163.

vara), 381.

Angirasa-veda, 448. Angis, 328. Anjahsava, 416.

Aristarchos, 161. Aristotle, 161. seq.

Ansu Dhananjayya,
'A^rw^v/xta, 161.

436. 443.

Arjuna, 44. seq. Arkin, 489. Arrian, 277. 333.

Arsham (Naigeyanara
a

rikshv),

Anubrahmana, 364. Anudruta (alphabet), 518. Anukramani, 215229. Anukramani of the Atharvana>
228.

227.
'

Arshanukramanij 218. Arsheya, 386. Arsheya-brahmana, 177. 226.

Arshtishena, 380. Artabhagi-putra, 441.

seq.

Anukramani of the Atreyi-sakha,

223.

Arthavada, 89.
429.
"

seq. 93. 170. 343.

Anukramani of the Madhyandinasakha, 226.

Apdpa, 161.

Anuktamantrakathanam, 356.

Anumana,

108.

Aruna, 442. Aruna-sakha, 97.

Arunaketukacliiti, 224. Arunaparaji (kalpah), 364. Arunin, 364. Aryamabhuti Kalabava, 443. Aryamaradha Gobhila, 443. Aryan (race), 12 15. Asat, 324. Asamati, 486. Asanga Playogi, 494. Ashtakah, 384. Ashthalakatha, 370. Ashtadhyayi, 359. Ashti, 222. Asita, 463. Asita, 384. Asita Dhanvana, 39. Asitamriga, 487. Asita Varshagana, 442. Asura, 39. 230.
'

Anupada-sutra, 108. 210.

Anushtubh, 68. 222. 401.

Anustotra-sutra, 210. Anupa, 380. Anuvachana, 407. Anuvaka, 220. 223.

Anuvaka-anukramani, 217. Anuvaka-sankhya, 253. 255.

Anuvritti, 73.

Anuvyakhya,

110. 177.

Anyatareya, 142.

Apadya

ishtayah, 224.

Apastamba-bralimana, 195. Apastamba-kalpa-sutra, 194. 199. Apastamba-samayacharika, 100 105.207. ^

Apastamba-samayacharika -bliashya, 380.

Apastambins, 223. 370.

Apisali, 142.

Apnavana, 380.
Apri-sukta,

Asuravidya, 39. Asura- veda, 451.

463466.

Asurayana, 373. 439. 442.

INDEX.
Asuri, 439. 442.

591
seq.

Asmarntha
Atoka,
35.

(kalpa), 184.
seq.

260. 281. 295. 530.

270. seq.

Atreya-sakha, 53. 222. Atreyi-putra, 441. Atthakatha, 281. 294. Atyashti, 148. 222.

Asoka-vardhana, 297. Asvalayana, 97. 233.

a

seq.

337.

Auchathya, 381. Audala, 383.

Audaviihi, 205. 438. Auclheya, 372. (var.
lee.

458.
347.

Asvalayana-brahmana, 180. 194.

a

Add ha, Ugheya).

Aukhya,

Asvahiyana-charana, 369. Asvalayana- grihya parisishta,

252. a Asvalayana-grihya-sutra, 42. seq. 201. seq. a

Audumbarayana,

142.

Aukhiya, 233. 364. 371. (var. Ice. Aukshya, Ausheya, Aukhya).

Aulapin, 364. Aupajandhani, 439.

Asvalayana-kalpa-sutra, 180. 193.

a

Aupamanyava,
Aupasana, 470.
Aupasivi, 142.

142. 370.

199.
,

As v al ayana-kalpa-sutra-bhashy a
a

380.
-

Aumavabha,
sakhokta
-

142. 438.

Asvalayana

mantra

Aurva, 92. 380.

Ausija, 382. Avabritha, 416.

sanhita, 474.

Asvamedha, 355. 357.

Asvamitra, Gobhila, 443. Asvinau, 414. 440. Atharvan, 328. 451. Atharvana, 445. seq. Atharvangiras (race), 445. 450. Atharvan Daiva, 440. Atharva-veda, 122. 445. seq.

Avadanasataka, 246. Avasathya, 203. Avatika, 372. Avatsara, 384. Avyakrita, 324. Ayasya, 413. 440. 488. Ayasya, 381.

Atharva-veda-anukramani, 228. Atharva-veda-brahmana, 445

455.

Ayushtoma, 177.
Ayuta,' 395.

Atharva-veda-charana, 374. seq.

Atharva-veda-jyc-tisha, 214.

B.

Atharva-veda-kalpa, 199. Atharva-veda-parisishta, 253. Atharva-veda-pratisakhya, 139. Atidhanvan 6aunaka, 444.

Atijagati, 222. Atidhriti, 148. 222. Atirat'ra, 177.

Babhravya, 142.
Badeyi-putra, 440 Badhryasva, 381.

Bagavedam,
183.

5.

Bahvricha-brabmana,

76.

seq.

Atisakvari, 222. Atithyeshti, 355. Atkila, 383. Atkila, 384.

Atman, 19. 2024. 323. Atmananda, 240.

Atrayah, 383.
Atri, 42. 92. 340. Atreya, 137. 142. 383. 438. seq.

Bahvricha-parisishta, 252. Bahvricha-upanishad, 323. Baida, 380. Baladera, 261. Balakosha, 156. Banga, 268. (alphabet), 518. Bandhu, 486. Barhadukthya, 382. Barhaspatya, 382.

r r

i>

592
Barygaza, 30. Bashkala-sakha, 118.
220. 369.

INDEX.
Brabma-karika, 231. Brahma-veda, 445. seq. Brahmavriddhi Chhandogam.443.
28. 55. 60. 321. 328. 436. 440. 442: 444. Brahman (race), 207. seq. 405. Brahman (priests), 122. 446. seq. 450. 469. 487.

180. 188.

Baudhayana-grihya-sutra,
380.

201.

Brahman,

Baudhayana-kalpa-sutra, 1 94. 1 99.

Baudhayanlya-brahmana, 353. Baudheya, 372. (var. lee. Augh.,

Gaudh.,-dhayana). Baudhi-putra, 441. Bhadhaula, 381. Bhadra-kalpa, 302. Bhadrasara, 297. Bhadrasena, 281.

Brahmanism, 32

35.

82.

seq.

257259.
Brahmana,
116.

7577.

106108.

(names), 360

78. 170. 186. 110. 163. 186. 364. (period),

313455.
Brahmana-charana,
365.. seq.

Bhagavata-purtma, 5. Bhagurikosha, 156. Bhagurin, 219.

189

193.

Bhaimayavah, 383.
Bhallavin, 193. 364. Bhaluki putra, 441.

Brahmanachhansin, 450. 469. Brahmanda, 41. Brahmapalasa, 375. Brahmayajna, 93. 356. 458.
443.

Bhanumat Aupamanyava,
493.

Bharadvaja, 42. 230. 340. 382.

Bharadvajagnivesyah, 382. Bharadvaja, 137. 142. 382. 439. Bharadvaja-grihya-sutra, 201. Bharadvaja-kalpa-sutra, 194. 199.
Bliaradvajins, 370.

Bribu, 494. Brihadaranyaka, 110. 325. 329. 25. 'seq. (extract), 22 Brihaddevata, 217 219. Brihadratha, 295. Brihadukthah, 382. Brihadvasu Gobhila, 443.
Brihaspati, 130. 487. Brihaspati 6ayasthi, 443. Brihati, 222. 402.

Bharadvaji -putra, 440. seq. Bharata, 92. Bharata (epic poem), 42. seq. 45.
(race), 44. 46.

Buddha (&akya Muni), 32

78. seq.

82. seq. 88.

35. 102. 260.

Bhargava, 380. seq. Bharmyasva, 382. Bhasha, 151. Bhashya, 138. Bhattabhaskaramisra, 240. Bhattacharyas, 93.

285. 317. seq. (Smriti), 89.91. (date), 263273. 298. seq. 35. 82. seq. 260. Buddhism, 32 262. Buddhistic chronology, 263 273. Buddhistic councils, 260. 271.
seq.

Bbaumadeva
Bhiraa, 44.

(alphabet), 518.

Bhavatrata ^ayasthi, 443.

Bhishaja, 38.

Buddhistic revelation, 84

86.

Bhudeva, 82. Bhuraimitra (var.^c.-putra), 296.

Bhutayajna, 93. Bhrigu, 17. 54. 231. 380. 451. Bidah, 381.
Bindiisara, 271. 294. Brahmacharin, 202. 204.

C.

Ceylon ese era, 35. 268. Ceylonese chronologists, 264. 267.

271. Chakravarti, 261.

Chakravarmana, 142.

INDEX.
Chamasadhvaryu, 449. Chanakko, (Chanakya) 281. 286.
29]. 294. seq.' Chanasita, 405. Chando, 289. Chandragupta, 242. 271. 279. Chandramas, 449. Charaka-sakha, 191. 225. 350. 364. 369. Charana, 121. 125127. 130. 182.

593

Daivala, 385.

Daivatam (Naigeyanam rikshv),

227.

Daivata (nirukta), 155.

Daivatarasa, 384. Daivodasa, 381.

seq.

Daivyau hotarau, 464.

Dakshina, 203. (alphabet), 518. Dalbhya, 142.

Damoda, 375.
Danastuti, 493.

187198. 368378.
Charana, 125. seq. Charanavidya, 375. Charanavyuha, 250. seq. 367. Charaniya-sakha, 225. Charayaniya, 369. Charmasiras, 142. Charu, 392. Charvaka, 91. Chaturmasya, 355. 470.
Chaturatra, 92. Chaturhotra, 224.

Darada (alphabet\ 518. Dara Shakoh, 326. Darbhya, 383.

Dardhachyuta, 385. Darsa-purnamasau, 354. 392. 458.
470.

Dasenkelleya, 267. Dasaratha, 49. 297. Denarius, 245. seq.

Deva-anukramani, 217.
Deva-dar^anin, 375. Devanagari, 518. Devanampriya Tishya, 270.

Chagalakshanam, 253.
Chhagaleyin, 370. (var. lee, Chaikeya, Chhageya). Chhandas, 147149. (period),

seq.

Devantyayanah, 381.
Devarajayajvan, 216. 240. Devarata, 383. Devasvamin, 380. 417. seq. Devatarasa &avasayana, 444. Devatadhyaya-brahmana, 348. Devavritti, 247.

525572.
Chhandoga-brahmana, 176. 347.
seq.

Chhandoga-parisishta, 251. 253. Chhandoga priests', 173. 430. 445. seq. Chhandogya-upanishad, 160. 324.
seq.

Devayajna, 93.

Devir dvarah, 464.

Dhananando', 281. 284. 287. 293.

Chikita, 383.

China (alphabet), 518.

Chinapati, 302.

Dhananjayah, 384. Dhananjayya, 181. 384. Dharbaka, 296.

Chinese chronologists, 265. Chityaparishekadimantras, 355.

Dharma, 101. Dharma-Indra,

40.

Chuda, Bhagavitti, 442. Chyavana, 380. seq.

Cosraas Indicopleustes, 247. Curtius, Q., 277. 516.

D.

Dharma-svitra, 206208. Dharma-sastra, 134. Dharmasoka, 272. 281. Dharanadhyayana, 509. Dhatusena, 267. Dhriti, 222. Dhriti Aindrota 6aun., 444. Dhurtasvamin, 380.

Dadhyach Atharvana, 440.

Dairghatamasa, 382.

Diksha, 393 Dikshaniya, 177.

390405.

458.

B R 3

594
Dinara, 245.
seq.

INDEX.
Gartsamada, 381. Gatba, 40. 344.
Gathina, 384.

Diodorus Siculus, 276. Dipavansa, 267. Dirghatamas, 19. 36. 57. 463.
Dirghataraasah, 382.

Gathin Kausika, 418. Gatri Gautama, 443.

Gaulgulavi-putra Gobhila, 443.

Divahsyenaya ishtayah, 224.

Divodasa, 407.

Gaupayana, 486.
Gautama-sutra, 53. 134. (grammarian), 142. S.-V. 181. (charana), 374. 381. 438. seq.

Divyavadana, 246. Drahyayana-sutra, 181. 190. 210. Draupadi. 45. 47.

Dravidas, 334. (alphabet), 518. Dundliubha, 370.

Gautami-putra, 441.

Gavam-ayanam,

177.

Durga, 131. Dushmanta, 36. Dushtagamani, 268.

Dvaraka Dvapara

45.
(age), 412.

Gavishtbirab, 383. Gavisbthira,' 383. Gayatri', 222. 391. Gayatrin, 489.

Gharmadinisbkritis, 356.

Dvadasaha, 222. Dvivindu, 508.

E.

Gbaura, 383. Gbora, 38. Ghosba, 341. Ghoso, 289.

Ghritakausika. 91. 439.

Ekaha, 209. 470. Ekapada, 222.

Ekarsbi, 440. Erannoboas, 277. 279.

Ezour-vedam,

5.

Girisarman Kantbaviddhi, 443. Gobhila, 53. 255. 436. 443. Gobhila (astronomy), 214. Gobhila-griyha-sutra, 201. Gobhila-pushpa-sutra, 210. Gokula, 368. (var. lee, -khu-,
-svalu, -laka).

F.

Gola, 514.

Gopatha-brahmana, 445
Fabian, 265.
Goptri, 450. Goshtoma, 177. Gotamah, 381. seq.

4^5.

G.
Gajakumbakriti, 508. Galava, 142.* 383. 440.
Galita, 221.

Gotra,

379388.

Grahagrahanamantras, 355. Grahanadhyayana, 509. Grahayuddha, 214. Grantha, 45. 521. seq.
Gravastut, 450. 468.

Gana, 379.
Ganagari, 467. Ganaka, 213. Gangaridae, 276.

Greece and India,

seq.

1618.

30.

Gardhabimukha, 6and., 444. Gargah, 382.

Gargi-putra, 440. Gargya, 142. 164. seq. 382. Garhapatya, 203.

Garhya ceremonie?,

100.

Griha, 202. Grihapati, 450. 469. Grihya (fire), 203. Grihya-sutra, 121. 133. 200. 205. Gritsamada, 26. 42. 231. 340. 463.

INDEX.
Guhyadesah, 318.
Indus, 12.

595

Gungu, 318.
Gurudevasvanrin, 380.

Ishtakapuranam, 254. seq,

Ishti, 393.

Isa-upanishad, 317. 325.

Itara, 336.

H.
Haji Ibrahim Sirhindi, 327. Haradatta Sarn.(Apastamba
sutra-bhashya),
(extract),

Iti,

344.

Itihasa. 40. seq. 90.98. 110. 334. Itihasa-veda, 40. 451.

100105.

Hari, 231. Haridravin, 364. Haridraviya, 370. Harikarni-putra, 441. Harischandra, 408. seq. 488. Harita, 382. Harita Kasyapa, 442.
Harita, 143. Harivansa, 231. Harshaka, 296. Hautrakara, 254. 256. Hemashandra, 240.

Jabala, 370.

Jagaddhara, 125.
Jagala, 375. Jagati, 322. 403. Jahnu, 418.

Herodotus, 48. Hiouen-thsang, 301. seq. 304. seq. Hiranyakesi (Satyashadha), 196. Hiranyakesi-charana, 370. Hiranyakesi-grihya-sutra, 201. Hiranyakesi-kalpa-sutra, 199.

Jaimini, 88. 90. 381. Jaiminiya-charana, 374. Jainas, 261. seq. Jaivantayana, 438. Jamadagna, 380. Jamadagna Vatsah, 380. Jamadagni (father of Rama),

Jamadagnyah, 380. Janaka (v. 1. Ajaka,

374.

^487.

Rajaka),
80.

Janaka Vaideha,
421. seq,

36.

329.

Homamantras, 355. Homer, 499.

Hotraka, 450.
Hotri, 122. 175. seq. 394. seq. 448. seq. 468. 473. seq. Huna (alphabet), 518.

Janaki Ayasthuna, 442. Janamejaya Parikshita, 486.

Jarayu, 397. Jatukarnya, 142. 407. 438.
Jayanti-putra, 44 1
Jina, 249.
.

seq.

Jihvavat Badhayoga, 442.

Jinendra, 248.

Jnanakandam, 356.
Ida, 464.

Jnanayogya, 374.
Justin, 275.

Idhmavaha, 385. Ikshvaku (race), 408. 418.

Ila,

Jyotisha,

211215.

464.
436.

Jyotishtoma, 177. 470.

In

(affix), 184. Indra, 60. 230. 411. seq. 444. 530. 533. 542. Indrabhu Kasyapa, 444. Indrapramada, 385. Indrota 6aunaka, 444.

K.
Ka, 433. Kadvat, 433.
K R 4

596
Kabola, 205. Kaisorya Kapya, 440. Kaivartananda, 293.

INDEX.
Karka, 256.

Karma, 180. Karma-kanda (Veda),

115.

Kakavarna, 296.

Kakubhaj 222.
Kaksbivantah, 382. Kakshivat, 19. 36. 56. seq. Kakshivat Ausija, 493. Kaksbivata, 382. Kalabava, 383. Kalabavi-brabmana, 109. 116.

Karma-miraansa, 40. Karma-pradipa, 54. 201. 231.

Karmandin

(kalpa), 185, 364.

Karnatakas, 334. Karsakeyi-putra, 441.

Kalama, 514.
Kalanos, 39. seq. Kalapa, 126. 364.73.(v.l.Kalopa). Kalapaka, 126. Kalapin, 364. Kalasoka, 281. seq. Kaleya, 370. (v. 1. Kaleta). Kalhana Pandita, 242. Kali (age), 412.
Kali, 514. Kalinga, 57. 268. Kalpa, 344364. Kalpanupada-sutra, 210. Kalpa-sutra, 94. 96. seq. 169 199. Kamalins, 364. Kan&itrdoXoi, 333.

Kashayana, 439. Kasyapa,' 17. 142. 384. 436. seq. Kasyapa Naidhruvi, 442, Kasyapah, 384. 487. Kasyapa, 384.
Kasyapivalakyamathari-putra, 441. Kat^b, 384. Katbab, 69. 97. 126. 223. 364. 369. Katha-upanishad, 325. Kathaka, 126. 223. Kathaka-grihya-sutra, 201.

Kathakya,

*142.

Katha-sutra, 199. Katya, 383. seq.

Katyayana, 41. 44. 97. 229.

seq.

(Buddbist), 302. Katyayana-anukramani, 149.215.

239243.

Katyayana-kalpa-sutra, 181. 199.

356358.
Katyayana (metre),
seq.

Kambojas, 54. Kamboja, Aupamanyava, 443. Kandas, 223.

147.

Katyayana-parisishta, 250. 255.

Kandamayana, 142. Kandanukrama, 223. 225.

Kandhadatto, 286. Kandikas, 223. Kanishka, 298. seq. 304. 332.

Katyayana-pratisakbya, 138. seq.

163.

Katyayana
210.

upagrantba

sutra,

Kanvah, 383.
Kauva,' 142. 383.

Kanva-sakha, 181. 183. 370. Kanvayana, 296. Kapardisvamin, 380. Kapayab, 383.
Kapila, 79. 83. 102. Kapila, 102. Kapila-vastu, 102.

Katyayani, 22. 24. Katyayaniya-sakha, 251. 372. Kauhali-putra, 142. Kaunakhins, 375.

Kaundinya, 142. 385. 438. Kaundinyayana, 438.

Kaushitaki-aranyaka, 337. seq. Kausbitaki-brabmana, 181. 346. 357. (extract) (xi.), 59. (xxvi. 5.), 406.
Kaushitaki-sakha, 180. 183. Kausbitaki-upanishad, 338. Kausambi, 241. Kausika, 384.

Kapileya Panchasikha, 102. Kapisbthala-kathah, 333. 369. Kapola, 372. (v. 1. -lapa, -pala). Kapya Patanchala, 102.

INDEX.
Kausikayani, 439. Kau&lrikalpah, 185. 364.
Kusika-parisishta, 250. Kusika-sutra, 199. Kusri, 442. Kutsa, 56. 382.

597

Kauthuma-sakha, 181. 201. 228.

373.

Kautilya, 297. Kautsa, 142. 181.442. Kautsi-putra, 441. Kavasha, 36. 58. Kavya, 41. Kaya, 415. Kayastha, 514. Kena-upanishad, 324. Ketuchara, 214. Ketu Vajya, 443.

Kuvera Vaisravana,

39.

L.
Lala, 268.

Lamakayana, 181.
Langalayana, 373. Lanka, 269. Latyayana, 181. 199. 210.
Laugakshi-sutra, 199.
(v.l.
)

Khadira-grihya-sutra, 201.
Khallalas, 374.

Khandikeyas, 223. 364. 370. Shand.)

Laukika, 151. Lekha, 512. seq.

Lipi, 520.

Khasya

(alphabet), 518. Khila, 218. 222. 226. 356. 358. K\/<nc, 163. Kratusangraha, 252.

Lohitajahnavah, 384. Lohitaksha, 384.

M.
Madhava, 240. Madhuchhanda3, 418. Madhuchhandasa, 384. Madhuka, 219.

Kratusangraha-sankhya, 254.seq. Kraunchikiputrau, 441. Kraushtuki, 142. 219. Krishna Vasudeva, 45.
Krisasvins (kalpa), 185. 364. Krita (age), 412.

Madhuka

Paingya, 442.

Kshairakalambhin, 181.
Kshatraujas, 296.

Madhyamas, 479. Madhyandina, 138.

81.

Kshatriya (race),
378. 405.

17.

207.

Kshemajit (Kshemarchis, Kshetrajna), 296.

181. seq. 329. dineya.) Madragara Saungayani, 443. Madri, 44. seq. 48.

333. 372. (v.

1.

Magadha
(v.
1.

(alphabet), 518.

Kshemadharman
298.

karman),

Mahabarhata, 222. Mahabarhata, 18. 36.

57. seq, 62. 231. 243.

4148.

Kshudrasuktas, 42. 340. 479. Kshudra-sutra, 210. (v. 1. Kshaudra.)

Mahadamatra, 205.
Mahaitareya, 205.

Kuladharma, 132. seq. 201. Kumaraharita, 440. Kundina, 223. Kundinah, 385.
Kunti, 44. seq. 48.

Mahakalopa, 373. Mahakatyayana, 302. Mahakaushitaki, 205. Mahakhallava, 374.

seq.

Mahananda, 296.

Kurmalakshanam, 254. Kuru, 44. seq.

Kusidin, 39. Kustuka Sarkaraksha, 443. Kusikah, 383.

Mahanama, 267. Mahapadma, 296.

Mahapaingya, 205. Mahasuktas, 42. 479. Mahaudavahi, 205.

598
Mahavansa, 267.
Makararttika, 235. Mahavira, 261.

INDEX,
Matavachasa, 382. Matrin, 219.

Matsya Sammada, 39.

Maudas, 364. Maudgalya, 382.

Mahavira-nirupanam, 356.

Mahendra

(mountain), 17, (son of Asoka.) 271. Mahidasa Aitareya, 336.

Mahisha, 137.
Mahitthi, 442. Mahiyava, 383. Maitra-sutra, 199. Maitravaruna, 385. 450. 468. Maitrayaniya-charana, 370. Maitrayaniya-sutra, 201.

Mauka, 381. Mauna, 381. Mauneya, 372.

(v.

1.

Bhad.

Baudkyasva). Mauryas, 280. 285. 291. 293. 295.

197.
A

Maushiki-putra, 441. Maya, 19. 321. Medhatitki, 463.

Maitreyi,22 24. 28. Manavas, 61. seq. 370. 199. Mandala, 218. 220. 340. Mandanis, 30.

Megastkenes, 25. 29. 200. 242.

277. 515. Mela, 514.

Mimansa,

73. 78.

Mandavya, 441.
Mandhatra, 383. Mandiandini, 333. Mandukayanas, 146. 368. Mandukayani, 441. Mfmdukayani-putra, 441.

Miraansaka, 142.

Mitrablm Kasyapa, 444. Mitravarchas Stairakayana, 443. Mitravinda Kauhala, 443.

Mitrayuvah, 381. Mudgala, 219. 368. 382.

Mandukeya,

121. 142.

Mandiiki-putra, 441.

Mandukisiksha, 146.

Mulamitra Gobhila, 443. Mundaka-upanishad, 325. 328. Mutiba, 418.

Mrityu, 436, 444. Mi-ityu Pradhvansana, 440.

Mandu-Mandavyah, 205.
Mandukya-upanishad, 325.
Mani'kyala, 299. Maniyatappo, 294. Manti, 439.

N.
86. 90.

Mantra,

75.

seq.

343.

(period),

456524.

Mantrarshadhyaya, 225.

Manu, 423. 425427.

Manu-dkarma-sastra, 46. 56. 61.
seq. 65. 67. 86. seq. 89. 132. seq.

Manu
seq.

Vaivasvata,

28. 37.

531.

Nabhanedisbtha, 423. Nachiketachayana, 224. Nagarjuna, 266. 273. seq. Naidhruva, 384. Naigama (kandam), 155. seq. Naigeya, 374*. 228. Naighantuka, 155. seq.
Naimisliiya, 231. 407. Nairritya-kathali, 373. Nairuktas, 164. Nakula, 44. Nakula, 44. Nakshatra, 212. Nakshatra-darsa, 213.

Manu Manu

Apsava, 532. Samvarana, 532. Manutantu, 383. Manushyayajna, 93.

Masi, 514.

Masaka
199. 209.

Arsheya-kalpa-siitra,

Masaka Gargya,' 444. Masakiya, 142.

Nakshatra-grahotpatalakshanam,
214.

INDEX.
Naksliatra-kalpa, 214.

599

Paingalayanah, 385.
Paingi, 223. Paingins, 185. 368. Paingikalpah, 364. Paingi-putra, 441. Paingyam, 185. Paippaladas, 364. 374. Pakayajna, 203. Paksha, 379. Palaka, 296. Palangins, 364. Palibothra, 242. 276.

Nakshatra-vidya, 213.

Nama,

161.

Nana, 331.
Ntuiaka, 331. seq. Nanda, 241. seq. 279. 281. 284. 295. Nandivardhana, 296. Narada, 408. Narasansa, 493. Narasansi, 40. 344. Navagrahasanti-parisislita, 214. Navanita, 395. Nearchus, 515. Neshtri, 450. 469.

Panchachitikamantras, 356. Panchala, 129. 142. Panchavidha-sutra, 210.

Panchavinsa-bralimana, 347. Pandavas, 44. seq. Pandu, 44. seq. Pandya, 44. seq.
Pani'ni, 118.

Nidana-sutra, 147.210.

Nidhruvah, 384. Nigada, 407. Nigada Parnavalki, 443. Nigama, 156. Niganiah (v. 1. Agam), 254. 256. Nighantu, 1 54. seq. Nikothaka Bhayajatya, 444,
Nipata, 161. Nirukta, 152158. 163168. Nirvana, 266. 268. seq.
Nirvritti, 73.

138. seq. 150. seq. 184. seq. 361. (date), 304310. Panini gotra, 385. Paniniyam, 185.

Panjab, 12. Pankti, 222. 402. Paradas, 54.

Paramatman,

19.

Nisbada, 59. Nishka, 332.

Nivita, 42. Nyasa, 248.

Paramavatika, 372. Parameshthin, 440.

Paraskara-grihya-sutra, 201. Parasara, 91. 438. Parasara-dharma-sastra, 86. 90. Parasara-gotra, 388.

Nyaya, 78, 316.

O.
"Ovo/jia, 161.

Oshadhi, 449.

Parasara-sakha, 97. 129. seq. Parasarins, 185. 364. Parasari-kaundini-putra, 440. Parasari-putra, 440, 441. Parasarya, 91. 149. 372. 385. 439. Parasaryayana, 91. 439.

Parasu-Rama,
P.

17. 49. 81.

Paribhasha, 72. Parishad, 128132. (v.

1.

par

Pabbato, 288.291. Pada, 160. 341. Padavidhana, 234. Pahlaras, 54.

Pailah, 385. Paila-sutra-bhashya, 205.

shad, 129). Parishadya, 131. Parisishta, 148. 249-256. (date)

257260.
Parjanya, 449. Parshada, 128132.

Parshadam,

253255.

600
Parshadasva, 382. Partha, 381. Parushni, 486. Parva, 490. Parvata, 408. Pasubandha, 470.

INDEX.
Praskanva, 494.
Prasna,' 223.

Prasna-upanishad, 325. Prasni-putra, 441. Prastoka Sarnjaya, 494.

Prastotri, 450.

Patas, 370 (v. 1. Patandineya) Patala, 524. Pataliputra, 241. seq. 278. 284. Patanchali, 102. Patanjali, 148. 235. 239. Pathas Saubhara, 440. Patni dikshita, 450. Paundravatsa, 372. (v. 1. vachha.) Paurana, 384. Paurukutsya, 382. Paurvatitha, 383. Paushkarasadi, 142. Pautimashyayana, 438. Pavamana-ishti, 292. Pavamanis, 42. 340. Pinga, 283. Pingalanaga, 147. seq. 244. Pindola, 274.

Pratarahna Kauhala, 443.

Pratardana, 407. Pratihartri, 450, 469.
Pratijna-parisishta, 121. 253. 255.

Pratiloma (caste), 256.

Pratiprasthatri, 450. 469. 149. Pratisakhya, 46. 116 161.

150.

Pratitheyi, 205. Pratithi Devataratha, 444. Pratyaksha, 108. Pravachana, 53. 109. Pravara, 386.

Pisacha-vidya, 39. Pisacha-veda, 451. Pitrimedhas, 356. Pitriyajna, 93. 354.

Plato, 161.

Pravaradhyayali, 254. seq. Pravaramanjari, 380. Pravargya 6antipatha, 356. Prayoga, 180. Pretyabhava, 19. Prishadasvah, 382. Prishadhra, 494.
Pritha, 44.

Prithusravasa Kanina, 494.

ilpodiCTlQ,

161.

Plakshayana, 142.
Plakshi, 142.

Ylpoariyopia, 162.

Porus, 276, seq. Potri, 469. Prachinaviti, 43.

Prachinayogi-putra, 441. Prachinayogya, 374. Prachya, 142. Prachya-kathas, 333. 369. Pradhvansana, 440. Pradyota, 296. Pragatha, 42. 340. Pragatha-barhata, 222. Prajapati, 393, seq. 414. 433. seq. 436. 442. 444. 529.
Pranjala, 374. Pranjalidvaitabhrit, 374. Prasangikas, 355. Prasavotthanam, 254. Prasii, 276. seq. 333.

Protagoras, 163. Ptosis, 163. Pulinda, 418. Pundra, 418. Pupphapura, 287.

Purana, 41. 61. 90.

153. 344.

108.

110.

Purana- veda, 40. 451.

Purana-paridhapayantah, 384.
Purohita,

485488.

Puronuvakya, 400.
Pururavas, 36. 56. 418.

Purushamedha, 356.
Purushottama, 380. Purvapaksha, 73. Pushamitra Gobhila, 443.

Pushkaraparnadyupadhanamantras, 355.

Pushpasutra, 210.

INDEX.
Pushyayasas Audavraji, 443. Pustakam, 512. Putimasha, 383.

601

R.

Rig-veda-nirukta, 153, seq. Rig-veda-pratisakhya, 135. seq. Rig-veda-parisishta, 252. Rig-veda passages translated (i. 1. 1.) 481. (i. 74.) 549. seq. (i. 162.) 553. seq. (i. 164. 46.) 567. (i. 194. 4.) 490. (i. 63. 8.)
:

Radha Gautama,

436. 443.

Rahasya, 318. Rahuchara, 214. Rahuganak, 381. Raka, 212.' Rakshovidya, 39. Raibhya, 438. 384. Rainava, 384. Rajasuya, 355.

seq.

115. l.)20. (ii. 2.) 535, 20.) 482. (iii. 28. 1.) 492. (iii. 29. 10.) 493. (iii. 32. 13.) 482. (iii. 36. 10.) 490. (iii. 39.) 482. (vi. 23. 9.) 483. (vii. 3.) 547. seq. (vii. 32.) 543. (vii. 77.) 551. (vii. 81.) 540. seq. (vii. 103.) 493. (viii. 30.) 531.
(i.

20.

(iii. 1.

Rama,

49.

Rama Jamadagnya, 463. Rama Margaveya, 487.

Ramayana,
49.
60*.

17. 36, seq.

41

43.

Ranayaniputra, 181. Ranayaniya, 181. 201. 373. Rantikosha, 156.

Rathantarin, 219. Rathitara, 219. Rathitari-putra, 441. Rauhina, 384. Rauhinayana, 438. Rebhah, 384.

548. seq. (viii. 13, 21. 14.) 542. (ix. 11. 6.) 318. (x. 73. 11.) 318. (x. 121.) 569. (x. 130.) 482. (x. 129.) 564. Rigyajunshi, 254. Rikshah, 382. Ripunjaya, 295. Rishabha, 418. Rishyasringa Kasyapa, 444.
(viii.

11.)

14.)

542.

(viii.

Rita, 491.

Ritulakshana, 214. Ritvigvarana, 1 76. Ritvij, 469474. 492. Rohinah, 384.

Rohita,*410.

'P^a,

161.

Renavah, 384. Renu, 418. Renuka, 418. Repha, 508.

Rich, 341. Richika, 418.

Romaharshana, 231.

Romakayana

Sthavira, 219.

Rudra, 55. Rudra-bhuti Drahyayani, 442.

Rigvarnabheda, 374.
Rig-veda, 63. 122. 219. seq. 457 468. 525575. Rig-veda-anukramani, 215 219. Rig-veda-aranyaka, 525 575.

S.

Sadasya, 407. 449. seq. 469. Sahadeva, 44.

Siihadevas, 44. Saitava, 148. 438.

Rig-veda-brahmana, 346.

seq.

Rig-veda-charana, 368. Rig-veda chhandas, 147. Rig-veda commentaries, 240. Rig-veda grihya-sutra, 201. Rig-veda-jyotisha, 211.

Sajaniya, (hymn), 231.

Samanta-panchaka, Sama-sankhya, 144.

17.

Rig-veda kalpa-sutra, 180. 199.

Sama-sutras, 209, 210. Sama-tantra, 143. seq. Sama-veda, 121.468.473.

602
Sama-anukramani, 227. seq. Sama-brahmana, 347. seq.
Sama-charana, 373,
seq.

INDEX.
Saukarayana, 439. Sautramani, 355. 357. Sautramani-sambandhi-, 356. Sauyami, 205.
Savarni, 381. Savetasa, 381.

Sama-kalpa," 181. 199. 209. Sama-jyotisha, 214. Sama-parisishta, 252. Sama-pratisakhya, 143.

Savitragnichayana, 224.
Savitri, 414.

Sama-metre, 147. Sama-vidhana, 190. 347. Samayacharika-sutra, 99.

134.

101.

206208.

Sayakayana, 439. Sayana, Rig-veda-bbashya (p.

11).

Samidheni, 89. 393. Samvargajit Lamakayana. 444. Sanaga, 440. Sanaru, 440. Sanatana, 440. Sandhyavandana, 206.
Sandrocottus, 242. 275300. Sangata, 297. Sanhita, 184. 174. 176. Sanhita-charana, 188. seq. 364. Sanhiti-upanishad, 114. Sanhitopanishad, 348. Sanjivt-putra, 441. Sankara Gautama 443.

458. 155157. ^342. (p. 34). Sayana, Parasara-sastra-bhashya,

8794.

Sekasandbyadibautrantam, 355.
Seleucus Nikator, 242. 274. 298. Semitic races, 14. seq.
seq.

Senaka, 143.

Seven

rivers, 12.

Shadgurusishya, comm. on

the

Anukramani, 216.
Shadvinsa-brahmana, 112. 347.
Shashtipatha, 357. Shadasin, 177.

Sankarshana-kanda 90.
Sankhya, 78.
Sankriti, 383.
82*.

seq. 102.

Siddhanta, 73. Sinhabahu, 268. Sintvali, 212.

Skanda-bliashya, 240. Skandasvamin, 240.
Smarta-sutra, 94. 99. Smriti, 52. 75. 78. 182.

Sankriti-putra, 441. Sankritya, 143. 383. 438. Sannyasin, 314.

8693.

107.

Sansava, 398 Sanskara, 204.

Sarasvati, 12. 169. 464. Sarman Cheya, 30. Sarpa, 39.

Smriti-prabandhas, 99.

Soma, 55. 533,

Soma-rajayah, 381. Soma-rajya, 381.

Sarpa-veda, 451. Sarpa-vidya, 39.

Sarshti, 381.

Sarvanukramni, 215.

seq.

Soma-raudra Cham, 89. Soma-sarman, 297. Soma-sushma, 421. Soma-vaha, 385.

Sarvastivadas, 302. Sarvamedhas, 356. Sat, 324. Sati Aushtrakshi, 443. Sattra, 210, 470. Satyakama Jabala, 442. Satyamugrya, 373. (v. 1. -murgyn,

Soma Vaishnava, 38. Soma-yaga, 177. Somesvara, 103. 122. 144.

Somotpattih, 252. Sone, (river) 279.
Sparsa, 160.

Sphotayana, 143.
Sthaulashthivi, 143. 153. Sthiraka Sargya, 444. Stobhanusanhara, 144.

6atyamurgrya). Satyavaha Bharadvaja, 328.

Satyavati, 418.

INDKX.
Stoics, 162. seq. Strabo, 15. seq. 25 seq. 200. 515. Stupah, 248. Subandhu, 486. Subhadra, 45. Subrahmanya, 450. 469. Sudas, 483. 485. seq,

603

&aisireya, 368.

Saisunagas, 296. 6aityayana, 143. aivayavah, 383. Sakas, (people) 54. 6akadasa, 444. 6akala, 143.
6akala,-sakha, 143. 118. 135 137. 140. seq. 144. seq. 147. 149. 178. 219. seq. 368. 6akalya, 136. 140. 143. 368. &akalya-pita, 136. 143. 6akapuni, 143. v. 1. 6akapurni, 153. 6ahatayana, 141. 143. 164. seq.
-

Sudeshna, 57.
Sukta, 341. Sulabha, 205. Sumalya, 297.

Sumantra Babh. Gaut. 444. Sumantah, 205.

HvvfiEff/AOl,

161.

Sunitha Kapatava, 443. Supratita Aulundya, 443.

Surabhignrita, 395. Suradindrabhishekantara, 355. Surya, 55, 449. Suryaka, 296. Susarada 6'alankayana, 443. Susravas Varshaganya, 443. Sutemanas ^andilyana, 443.
'

Sakha, 51.

100105. 121127.

188. seq. 377. 429. seq.

Sutivritti, 247'.

Sutra^
seq.

71249.
193198.
364.

Saktya, 383. Sakuntala, (play) 1. 6. 512. Sakuntala (province), 36. 6'akvari, 222. gakya, 83. 285. 295. (see Buddha.) Salaksha, 384. Salankayana-charana, 181. Salankayana-gotra, 381. 384.

Sutra-charana,

Suyajna, 205. Suyasas, 297. Suyavasa, 412.

Salankayani-putra, 44 1 . Salapravesa, 355. ^alisuka, 297.

Saliya (v.
1.

Kha-, gar-) 368.

443.

&amba garkaraksha,
&ambhu, 383.
gamitri, 450. 469. &andilah 385.
6'andili-putra, 441.

Svadhyaya, 105. 509. Svadhyaya-brahmana, 224.

Svaha 113.
Svaha-kritis, 463. Svanaya, 56,

Svanaya Bhavyaya, 493.

Svara, 160. Svishtakrit, 400. seq. Syaparna, 487.

handily a, 181. 323. 438. 440. handily ayana, 181. Sankha, 383.
S'ankhayana, 143.

6ankhayana-brahmana, 180. 397.

&ankhayana-grihya-sutra, 201. Sankhayana-kalpa, 180. 199. extract (xvi. 1.)

37

40.

&abara, 418.

Sabdanusasanam, 306.
Sailalin, 185. 364.

6'ankhayana-parisishta, 252. &ankhayanins, 183. 368. Santanacharya, 152.

Sainya, 382. Saisava, 97. gai&ra, 368. Saisira-sakha, 118. 135. 149.

&antanu, 255.
'apheya, 372. (v. gardula, 373. Sarkarakshi, 381.
1.

-peya, -piya).

604
Sarvadatta Gargya, 442. 6arvadatta Kosha, 156.
6astra, 53.

INDEX.
6raddha-ka]pa-bhashya, 255.

Sraumata-kamakayanah, 383.
6rauta ceremonies, 100. 6rauta-sutras, 50. 75. 94. 99. 169 199.
6ravana-datta Kauhala, 443. ^rutabandhu, 486.

&asadharman, 297. Satabalaksha Maudgalya, 143.

Satadru, 486. 6atanika, 231.

6atapatha-brahmana,

176.

183.

329. 349. 353360. (i. 425. (xi.4. 5.) 421.

8. 1. 1.)

&ruti, 52. 75. 82. 86. 88. 97. seq. 100. 107. seq. 182.

6ruti-rupamantras, 356.

6atarchins, 42, 340. 6atarudriya, 355. &atvala, 374. (v. 1. Satyamud-

6udra (race), 55. 58. 207. &udra dynasty, 243. 297. 6ubhanga, 518.
6ukriya, 226. 356. 358.
6'ulvadipika, 255.

bhava). &atyayanin, 181. 193. 364. 372. 6athyayaniya, 374. 6auchivrikshi, 181. Saunaho'tra, 230. 381. 6aunaka, 118. 135. seq. 230 239. 438. 6aunaka-anukramani, 216. seq. 6aunaka-aranyaka, 314. 6aunaka-grihya-sutra, 201.
6aunaka-kalpa-sutra, 144. 199. 6aunaka-charana, 375. &aunaka-parisishta, 250. Saunaka-upanishad, 328. 337. 6aunakayanah, 385. 6aunakins, 364. &aunaki-putra, 441.

6ulvikani, 253. 255. 6unahotra, 230. Sunahpuchha, 412. &unahsepha, 36. 408416. &unaka, 231. 381. 6unika, 295. 6unolangula, 412. 6usha Vahn. Bhar. 444. &vetasvatara, 370. (v. 1. 6veta,

6aunakiya, 137. 143. 6aunakiya-chaturadhyayika,

141.

39

6vetatarah,-tah-tanta, Sveta, Asva-.) 6vetasvatara-upanishad, 321. &vetaketu, 128. 421. gyaitah, 381. &yam&, 370. 6yamayanins, 364. 370. Syavasva Archananasa, 383. 493.

6aunga-6aisirayali, 383. 6aungi-putra, 441. ^aurpanayya, 438. 6avas, 444.

6ikha, 53.

Taittiki, 142. Taittiriya, 61. 174.

Siksha (siksha), 1 L3 147. 6ilpa Kasyapa, 442. 6ishtam asvamedliikam, 355. 6ishtasvamedhamantras, 356.
6isira,368. 6isu Angirasa, 97. 6isunaga, 296.
6iva, 55.

Taittiriya-anukramani, 223. Taittiriya-aranyaka, 113. seq. 334.

seq.

Taittiriya- charana, 370.

&iva-sankalpa, 317. 6loka, 68. seq. 71. 86. 99. 110. graddha-kalpah, 253. 255.

Taittiriya-grihya-sutra, 201. Taittiriya-kalpa-sutra, 299. Taittiriya-pratisakhya, 137. Taittiriya-siksha, 113. seq. Taittiriya-sanhita, 350. 359. 364. Taittiriya-upanishad, 114. 323.

325.

INDEX.
Taitteriyaka, 137. 142. Takkasila, 286.

605

Ugrasena, 284. Ugrasravas, 23 J.

Ujjvaladatta, 246. seq. Ukha, 223. Ukha-dharana, 355.

Tamasavanasangliarama, 302. Tamraparni, 270. Tandins, 364. 383.

Tandya-brahmana, 181. 364. 430.

see panchavi nsa-br.

Ukha-sambharanadimantras, 355. Ukhya, 137. 142.

Uktha-sastrara, 254. seq. Uma, 53. IJna, 450.

Taimnapat, 464. Tapaniya, 372. (v. 1. payana). Tarkshya, 382. Tarkshya Vaipasyata, 39. (v.
Vaipaschita.)

1.

Unadi-siitra, 151. seq. 245. seq.

Taumburavins, 364. Tibetan chronology, 265.

Tilaka, (v. 1. Balaka), 296. Tirindira Parasavyaya, 494. Tirita, 248. Tirthakas, 262. Tittiri, 175. 223. Tman (atman), 20.

Unnetyi, 450. 469. Upagatri, 470. Upagrantha-siitra, 210. Upajyotisha, 213. 253. 255.

Upamanyavah, 385. Upanayana, 207. Upanga, 5.

Upanishads, 100. 122.
348.

316328.

Tottayanas, 375. Traivani, 439. Trasadasyava, 382. Trata Aishumata, 442. Treta (age), 412.

Upasarga, 161. Upaveda, 5. Upavesi, 442. Upnekat, 5. 325. seq. Urjayat Aupam, 443.
Urukshaj'asa, 383. Urvasi, 36. Ushas, 414. 529. 551. seq. Usbasa-naktau, 464. tfshraan, 160. 341. Uslmih, 222. 401. Tjti, 393. Utpalavarnadeva, 269.
Uttancottariya, 142. Uttara-brahmana, 453. seq.

Tripundra, 55. Tribhashyaratna, 137. Trishtubh, 68. 71. 222. 400.

Tritiyasvanagatadityagrahadimantras, 355. Tura Kavaslieya, 442.

Turanian races, Turushka, 299.

Tvashtri, 464.

14. seq.

U.
Ucliatyah, 381.

Uttarakurus (alphabet), 518 Uttaraniimansa, 90. Uttarapaksha, 73.

Uttaraviharo, 281.

Udarasandilya, 444. Udayasva, 296. Uddalaka, 36. 442.

Uvata, 98.

Uddalaka Aruneya, 442.

Udgatri, 122. 175. 181. 445. seq. 449. 5^.469. 471. Udgitha-bhaskara, 240. Udibhi, (v. 1. Udasin), 296.

Yacb, 442.
Vacliaknavi, 205. Vachaspati, 82. 407. Vadava, 205.

Udichya, 142.

Udichva Kathali, 373.

Vadhuna,
S S

194.

606
Vadhuna-sutra, 199. Vaidabhriti-putra, 441. Vaidadasvi, 493.
Vaideha, 52.

INDEX.
Vansaka, 296.
Varadaraja, 210. Varaha, 370.
Varaha-siitra, 199.
lee.

Vaidheya (var.
Vaijara, 372. Vaijavapa, 433.

-neya), 372.

Vaijavapayana, 438. Vaijavapin (grihya-sutra), 201.

Vaikarta, 469.

Vaikhanasa, 194. Vaikhanasa-sutra, 199. Vainava, 384. Vaineya, {var. lee. -dheya, -neya,) 372.

Varantantaviyas, 364. 369. (var. lee. Vartan-.) Vararuchi, 137. 239241. Varga, 220. seq. 379. Varkaruni-putra, 441. Varna, 507. (four) 207. Varsha, 241. Varshagani-putra, 441.
Varsliyayani, 142. Vartantaveya, 374. Varuna, GO. 212. 410. seq. 534.
seq.

Vainya, 381. Vaishnava-dharma-sastra, 331. Vaishtapureya, 438.

Vaisampayana, 174. 223. 364.

Vaiseshika, 78. 84. 316. Vaisvamitra, 383. Vaisya (race), 55 207. 378. 405. Vaitdnika, 202.

Vaiyakaranas, 164. Vajapeyas, 355. Vajasaneyi-anukramani, 226. Vajasaneyi-aranyaka, 329. seq. Vajasaneyi-brahmana, 349. 353.
360. Vajasaneyi-kalpa-siitra, 181. 199. Vajasaneyi-pratisakhya, 138. seq. Vajitsaneyi-sakha, 121. 138.364.

Varuna-'Aditya, 38. Varunamitra Gobhila, 443. Varuni-upanishad, 114. Vasishtha, 36. 42. 51. 340. 385. 408.413. 463. (race) 91. 483. 487. Vasishtha smriti, 55. Vasishtha, 53 seq. 104. 385. Vasishtha Araihanya, 444. Vasishtha Chaikitaneya, 444.
Vasishtha-dharraasastra, 1 34. Vasordiiaradiraantras, 355. Vasudeva, 45. 55. 261. Vasumitra, 299. Vasusruta, 463. Vasa Asvya, 494. Vatabhikara, 142. Vatayana, 373. Vatsa (land), 241. Vatsa, 442. Vatsamitra Gobhila, 443. Vatsanapat Babhrava, 440.

371. seq. 174. 360. Vajasaneyi-sanhita, 353 Vajasaneyi-upanishad, 317. Vajasravas, 442. Vajrakriti, 508. Valakakausika, 439. Valakhilyas, 220.

Valmiki, 143. Valmikiyah, 385. Varaadeva, 42. 340.

Vamadevah, 382. Vamadevya, 382. Vamakakshayana, 442.

Vanaprastha, 314. Vanaspati, 449. 463. Vandana, 382. Vansa, 379.

Vatsapra, 142. Vatsiraandavi-putra, 440. Vatsi-putra, 441. Vatsya, 142. 368. 438. seq. Vayu, 436. 444. 449. 452. Veda, 9. 10. 28. 53. 205. (anti66 (authority) 79 quity) 62 81.103.

Vedamitra, 136. 143.

Vedanga, 53. 94. 95. 98. 109215. (number) 109113.

seq.

Yansa-brahmana, 348. 436.

Vedanta, 82.316.

INDEX.
Vedarthadipika, 216. Vedhas, 408. Vedic age, 9 11.

607

Vyasa, 42. 91. 231. 253. 476. 479.

Vyashti, 440.

Venavah, 334.
Vibhakti, 163.

Vibhanduka Kasyapa, 444.

Vichakshana, 405.

Xandrames, 275.

seq.

Vichakshana Tandya, 444. Vidharbhi-kaundinya, 440.

Vidhi, 101. 170. 343. Vidhudhabo, 285. Vidmisara, 296. (v. 1. Vimbis., Vidhis.,

Y.
Yadavakosha, 156. Yajnaparsve, 253, 255. Yajnavachas Raja., 442. Yajnavalkya, 22. 24. 36.

8186.

Vindusena, Vindyasena.)

Vijaya, 267. seq. Vi'kramaditya, 304.

Vinaya, 83. Vindu, 508. Vindu-sara, 297. Viniyogasangraha, 252.

Vipas, 486. Vip'rabandhu, 486. Viprajitti, 440. Viiaj, 403. Viiama, 507. Virishta, 450. Vishnu, 55. 60. 390. seq. Vishnu-dharmottara, 240. Visluiu-vriddhah, 382. "ViSakhayupa, 2y6.

91. seq. 129. 329. 331333. 349. 353. seq. 422. seq. 442. Yajnikadeva, 256. Yajniki-upanishad, 114.

Yajnopavitin, 206. 372. Yajur-veda-charana, 369 (names), 174.350. (parisishta), 253. (kathaka), 225. Yajyas, 177.407. Yajyadipreshanantam, 355. Yajyanuvakyah, 224. 399. seq. Yakshas, 269.

Yama

Vaivasvata, 38.

Yaskah, 381.
Yaska,' 111. 142. 148. 168. 223. 439. Yatayama, 450. Yauvanasva, 383.

153157.

Visvamitra, 36. 42. 80. seq. 340. 383. 408. 413. 419. 463. 482. 485. seq. 487. Visvantara Saushadmana, 487. Visvarupa Tvashtra, 440. Visve devas, 450. 532. Vrihadratlia, 297. Vrishasuslma Vat., 444.
Vrishni, 45. Vritra, 399. Vyahriti, 450. seq.

Yavanas, 54. Yavanani, (lipi),

seq.

307.

520.

Yoga, 78. 102. 235. 316. Yoga-nanda, 241.

Yoga-sastra, 330. Yudhishthira, 44. seq. Yupalakshanam, 253. 255. Yupasanskara, 355.

Vyakarana,
169.

150152.

158
Z.

Vyakhya, 110. Vyali, 143. 241. Vyanjana, 341.

Zenodotus, 161.
Zoroastrians, 12.

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