D.B.M.

S
(DATABASE MANGEMENT SYSTEM)
History
Databases have been in use since the earliest days of electronic computing. Unlike modern systems, which can be applied to widely different databases and needs, the vast majority of older systems were tightly linked to the custom databases in order to gain speed at the expense of flexibility. Originally DBMSs were found only in large organizations with the computer hardware needed to support large data sets.

ABOUT DBMS:A database management system (DBMS) is a software package with computer programs that control the creation, maintenance, and use of a database. It allows

organizations to conveniently develop databases for various applications by database administrators (DBAs) and other specialists. A database is an integrated collection of data records, files, and other objects. A DBMS allows different user application programs to concurrently access the same database. DBMSs may use a variety of database models, such as the relational model or object model, to conveniently describe and support applications. It typically supports query languages, which are in fact high-level programming languages, dedicated database languages that considerably simplify writing database application programs. Database languages also simplify the database organization as well as retrieving and presenting information from it. A DBMS provides facilities for controlling data access, enforcing data integrity, managing concurrency control, and recovering the database after failures and restoring it from backup files, as well as maintaining database security

RDMS:Relational database management system and pronounced as separate letters, a type of database management system (DBMS) that stores data in the form of related tables. Relational databases are powerful because they require few assumptions about how data is related or how it will be extracted from the database. As a result, the same database can be viewed in many different ways. An important feature of relational systems is that a single database can be spread across several tables. This differs from flat-file databases, in which each database is self-contained in a single table.

Almost all full-scale database systems are RDBMS's. Small database systems, however, use other designs that provide less flexibility in posing queries.

ORDBMS Definition:An object relational database is also called an object relational database management system (ORDBMS). This system simply puts an object oriented front end on a relational database (RDBMS). When applications interface to this type of database, it will normally interface as though the data is stored as objects. However the system will convert the object information into data tables with rows and colums and handle the data the same as a relational database. Likewise, when the data is retrieved, it must be reassembled from simple data into complex objects.
Performance Constraints

Because the ORDBMS converts data between an object oriented format and RDBMS format, speed performance of the database is degraded substantially. This is due to the additional conversion work the database must do.
ORDBMS Benefits

The main benefit to this type of database lies in the fact that the software to convert the object data between a RDBMS format and object database format is provided. Therefore it is not necessary for programmers to write code to convert between the two formats and database access is easy from an object oriented computer language.

Definition DBMS:A database management system is the system in which related data is stored in an efficient or compact manner. "Efficient" means that the data which is stored in the DBMS can be accessed quickly and "compact" means that the data takes up very little space in the computer's memory.

The phrase "related data" means that the data stored pertains to a particular topic. Specialized databases have existed for scientific, imaging, document storage and like uses. Functionality drawn from such applications has begun appearing in mainstream DBMS's as well. However, the main focus, at least when aimed at the commercial data processing market, is still on descriptive attributes on repetitive record structures. Thus, the DBMSs of today roll together frequently needed services and features of attribute management. By externalizing such functionality to the DBMS, applications effectively share code with each other and are relieved of much internal complexity. Features commonly offered by database management systems include:
Query ability Querying is the process of requesting attribute information from various perspectives and combinations of factors. Example: "How many 2-door cars in Texas are green?" A database query language and report writer allow users to interactively interrogate the database, analyze its data and update it according to the users privileges on data. Backup and replication Copies of attributes need to be made regularly in case primary disks or other equipment fails. A periodic copy of attributes may also be created for a distant organization that cannot readily access the original. DBMS usually provide utilities to facilitate the process of extracting and disseminating attribute sets. When data is replicated between database servers, so that the information remains consistent throughout the database system and users cannot tell or even know which server in the DBMS they are using, the system is said to exhibit replication transparency.

Rule enforcement Often one wants to apply rules to attributes so that the attributes are clean and reliable. For example, we may have a rule that says each car can have only one engine associated with it (identified by Engine Number). If somebody tries to associate a second engine with a given car, we want the DBMS to deny such a request and display an error message. However, with changes in the model specification such as, in this example, hybrid gas-electric cars, rules may need to change. Ideally such rules should be able to be added and removed as needed without significant data layout redesign. Security For security reasons, it is desirable to limit who can see or change specific attributes or groups of attributes. This may be managed directly on an individual basis, or by the assignment of individuals and privileges to groups, or (in the most elaborate models) through the assignment of individuals and groups to roles which are then granted entitlements. Computation Common computations requested on attributes are counting, summing, averaging, sorting, grouping, cross-referencing, and so on. Rather than have each computer application implement these from scratch, they can rely on the DBMS to supply such calculations. Change and access logging This describes who accessed which attributes, what was changed, and when it was changed. Logging services allow this by keeping a record of access occurrences and changes.

Automated optimization For frequently occurring usage patterns or requests, some DBMS can adjust themselves to improve the speed of those interactions. In some cases the DBMS will merely provide tools to monitor performance, allowing a human expert to make the necessary adjustments after reviewing the statistics collected. Meta-data repository

Metadata is data describing data. For example, a listing that describes what attributes are allowed to be in data sets is called "meta-information".

Advanced DBMS
An example of an advanced DBMS is Distributed Data Base Management System (DDBMS), a collection of data which logically belong to the same system but are spread out over the sites of the computer network. The two aspects of a distributed database are distribution and logical correlation:

Distribution: The fact that the data are not resident at the same site, so that we can distinguish a distributed database from a single, centralized database. Logical Correlation: The fact that the data have some properties which tie them together, so that we can distinguish a distributed database from a set of local databases or files which are resident at different sites of a computer network.

The following are examples of database applications:

1. computerized library systems 2. automated teller machines 3. flight reservation systems 4. computerized parts inventory systems

Types of database engines

Embedded database In-memory database

DBMS consist of five subsystem:

1. DBMS engine provides a bridge between logical and physical data view. 2. Data definition subsystem define the logical structure of a database using a data dictionary or schema. 3. Data manipulation subsystem provides tools for data maintenance and data analysis.tools include query-by-example and structured query language (SQL). 4. Application generation subsystem provides tools for creating data entry form withspecialized programming languages. 5. Data administration subsystem manages the dartabase.database administrations (DBAs) are computer professionals who help define processing right.

Need for databases:-

~Individual and organization get advantages to having databases

1. share: in organizations from one department can be readily shared wiyh others. 2. security: user are given passwords or access only to the kind of information they

need. 3. less data recundancy: individual department have to create and maintain their own data and recundancy result. 4. data integrity: when there ae multiple sources of data, each resource may have variations.

1.

Hierarchical Database

Data structured in nodes organized like an upside-down tree; each parent node can have several children; each child node can have only one parent 2. Network database

Like hierarchical except that each child can have several parents 3. Relational database

Data stored in tables consisting of rows and columns 4. Multidimensional database

Data stored in data cubes with three or more dimensions 5. Object-oriented database

Organizes data using classes, objects, attributes, and methods