THE COLOUR SENSORS

LAKSHMI PRABHA S KUMARAGURU COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY CELL:7708897003 EMAIL ID:l.prabha@hotmail.com

KALAIVANI M KUMARAGURU COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY CELL:9442142900 EMAIL ID:mkalaivanikct@gmail.com

HARSH VARSDAN SMIT CELL:9543244393 EMAIL ID:hvsyn21@gmail.com

MUTHJU .L JAYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE CELL:9677163751 EMAIL-ID:MUTHU.LAKSHMANAN007@gmail.com

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TOPICS

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INTRODUCTION

SENSOR PART

ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTOR

1) COMPARATOR

3)ENCODER 4 DECODER

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CONCLUSION

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ABSTRACT: COLOUR SENSOR Colour sensor as name indicates it senses the colour of the object we show before them .Electronic colour sensors are increasingly being used in industries especially textile industries to check the quality and also to count the number of products in the same colour. still we get confused that how a colour sensor detect colour it actually will not sense the colour it takes the concept of reflection. Depending upon the intensity of reflection it sense the difference in colour. To make it more clear for example orange one is closer to red light than the yellow one. Colour sensor are very sensitive to distance and also angle of the object. Not only they can precisely match colours and reflectivity value, they can also Identify invisible markers on products. perfect for error proofing packing lines. To detect three

colour we use infrared LED and the photodiodes. By using the concept of reflection by the infrared LED the corresponding voltages for each colour is generated by the photodiode. Then the voltages for each colour is generated by the photodiode. Then the voltages we got from different colour are converted to the digital format. This is realized by using the Analog to Digital converter. Then it is connected to decoder. The output of decoder can be connected to any appliances or any other indicator. Sometimes even to the counter which count the number of products of particular colour.

COLOUR SENSOR INTRODUCTION: Colour sensor as name indicates it senses the colour of the object by using the concept of reflection. The concept of colour sensor is used in more industries to count the product and also to check the quality of the product. To design the complete colour sensor part which has photodiode and infrared LED as module is the comparator and third module is the encoder and the fourth module is the decoder and the output of the decoder can be connected to the any appliances depending upon the place it is required.

MODULE 1: SENSOR PART MODULE 2: ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTOR COMPARATOR ENCODER MODULE 3:DECODER PART. Since the colour sensor can be realized by even using 2 modules.It includes the sensor part and comparator part and the depending upon the comparator output the high level design can be done such that output of any made high depending upon the colour shown to the sensor. Here we have extended to 3 module to get more accurate result.

MODULE 1:
SENSOR PART Sensor part is the one which senses the colour of different object that is shown before the infrared LED. when supply voltage is given to the infrared LED the rays from the LED hits the coloured object and depending upon the reflectivity the corresponding voltage is generated in the photodiode. The important aspect in this design is that the distance , angle and position of the object too makes the voltages change in the output of the photodiode. High level design includes the distance and the position of the object and also includes choosing of the object for which the voltages have to be measured.

The low level design includes the circuit diagram and also choosing of components .Here we have used photodiodes instead Photo transistor can also be used which gives different set of voltages for different colour. The implementation part includes making the circuit works by correct arrangement of the circuit in more clear and technical way so that debugging become simple. Finally the output of the sensor part is the generation of different voltages for different colour from the object.

MODULE 2:
ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTOR An analog-to-digital converter (abbreviated ADC, A/D or A to D) is a device that converts a c continous quantity to a discrete time digital representation. An ADC may also provide an isolated measurement. The reverse operation is performed by a digital-to-analog converter (DAC).

Typically, an ADC is an electronic device that converts an input analog voltage or current to a digital number proportional to the magnitude of the voltage or current. However, some nonelectronic or only partially electronic devices, such as rotary encoders, can also be considered ADCs. The digital output may use different coding schemes. Typically the digital output will be a two's complement binary number that is proportional to the input, but there are other possibilities. An encoder, for example, might output a Gray code.

COMPARATOR PART: We all know that OPAMP act as comparator. So ,here we have use the IC LM324 which has the 4 comparator embedded inside the single IC. High level design includes design of number of comparators and the design of resistors and the reference voltage as per the

requirement .Then low level design includes the position of proper resistor so that output of comparator satisfy the truth table. As we have taken 4-bit as the output we have used 4 bit comparator. The reference voltages must be chosen depending upon the voltages we got it from the sensor part. The reference voltage should be greater or equal to max voltage we got from analyse of different colour. Ensure before selecting the reference voltage such that no colour produce voltage greater than the reference voltage. The implementation part includes the perfect circuit diagram with proper resistors and voltage level indication. Where the implementor connecting it perfectly with technical approach so that both LLD and HHD can interpret easily and also the debugging becomes simply and easier way at every levels. The final output of the comparator is binary value depending upon the voltage is coming is the input.

ENCODER: A simple encoder circuit is one-hot to binary converter. That is, if there are of 2n input lines at the input, whereas only one of them is in 1, binary code of this 'hot' line is produced a on the n'-bit output. For example a single bit 4 to 2 encoder takes in 4 bits and outputs 2 bits. The illustrated gate level example implements the simple encoder defined by the truth table, but it MUST be understood that for all the non-explicitly defined input combinations (i.e. inputs containing 0, 2, 3, or 4 bits) the outputs are treated as don't cares. It makes no sense to infer the priority encoder if input circuit guarantees one and only one bit high in the input or if it is understood that non-single-activeinputs will produce garbage encodings.

A0 A1 A2 A3 F0 F1

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1 1 1 1

0 1 1 1

0 0 1 1

0 0 0 1

0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1

TRUTH TABLE EXPERESSION: F0=A0A1A2A3+A0A1A2A3 F1=A0A1A2A3+A0A1A2A3

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

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The high level design includes the making out of truth table and the corresponding expression depending upon the requirement. The low level design includes the design of complete circuit diagram for the encoder which includes the AND ,NOT and NOR gate connected in proper format .The output of encoder is 2 bit format of f0 and f1. MODULE 3: DECODER: Decoder is a device which does the reverse operation of encoder undoing the encoding so that the original information can be retrieved. It is the combination circuit that converts binary information from n input to a maximum of 2^n unique output lines. In digital electronics ,a decoder can take the form of the multiple input ,multiple outpour logic circuit that converts coded inputs into coded outputs, where the input and output codes are different. the best example of encoder circuit would be an AND gate because the output of the AND gate is HIGH(1)only when all inputs are HIGH(1).This is called ACTIVE HIGH INPUT .If instead of AND NAND is used then the output will be ACTIVE LOW OUTPUT. In this project we have used is to 4 decoder as we have decided the output is connected to 4 appliances.

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A 0 0 1 1

B 0 1 0 1

D0 1 0 0 0

D1 0 1 0 0

D2 0 0 1 0

D3 0 0 0 1

TRUTH TABLE

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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CONCLUSION: The colour sensor is done by proper design of HLD,LLD and correct implementation. While doing the project we have encounter various error which made us some experience and we debugged all those minor and major problem we encounter and made the project successful.