Series Resonance in LCR Circuits

EN0EMB/D

The University of Nottingham

Foundation Year Laboratory Report

Series Resonance in LCR Circuits

Name Cenvenor Module Title Module Code Hand in date Laboratory performed on
Daniel John Galert 1

Daniel John Galert Mr Iain Paterson-Stephens Electricity & Magnetism (B/D) EN0EMB/D 26th April 2007 15th March 2007

20th March 2007

Series Resonance in LCR Circuits

EN0EMB/D

Theoretical Background
The laboratory brief gives full details of the apparatus used to perform all parts of the experiment. A circuit was constructed containing a resistor, inductor and a capacitor. These components together produce phenomenon called resonance. The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the reaction of a series LCR circuit at this point. The diagram below shows how the simple circuit was constructed. (1)

The generator sends a signal, from which the frequency can be varied, to the series LCR circuit. The peak to peak voltage was set at 10 volts and was monitored by an oscilloscope, attached at different points in the circuit. The impedance of an LCR circuit can be calculated using the equation below. From the equation it can be seen that maximum current will flow when Z is at a minimum, this is thought of as the resonance point. Z = R 2 + ( Xl Xc )
2

I=

V R

When the impedances of the capacitance and inductance have the same magnitude, the circuit can be thought of as a resonance circuit, the circuit is said to be a tuned circuit. This frequency (fo) can be calculated by using the equation below. As the circuit approaches resonance the impedance of the circuit becomes purely resistive causing the capacitor and inductor value to cancel each other out, this will be where the maximum supply current will flow. Using the equation below it can be seen that current is only limited by the resistor in the circuit, thus a high resistance value would produce a low supply current at resonance. fo = 1 2 L C Z=R

Daniel John Galert

20th March 2007

Series Resonance in LCR Circuits

EN0EMB/D

The quality factor or the Q factor can be calculated at resonance by using the equation below. The Q factor provides a value showing how selective the circuit will be, a high Q factor would relate to a low resistance value. 1 L R C The resonance frequency was calculated using the theory above, this helped when trying to locate the resonance frequency on the oscilloscope. The voltage across the inductor and the resistor where measured and tabulated, Ohms law was used to calculate the circuit current.

Theoretical Calculations
Vs = 10v L = 100mH C = 2200 pf R = 10 Resonance frequency 1 fo = 2 L C fo = 1 2 100 10 3 2200 10 12 fo = 10.73kHz Capacitor and inductor impedances Xl = 2 fo L Xl = 2 10.73 10 3 100 10 3 Xl = 6741 Total impedance Z = R + ( Xl Xc )
2 2 2

Xc = Xc =

1 2 fo C

1 2 10.73 10 3 2200 10 12 Xc = 6741 Total current V Is = R 10 Is = 10 Is = 1A

Z = 10 2 + ( 6741 6741)

Z = 10 Z = R Voltage across components at resonance

Daniel John Galert

20th March 2007

Series Resonance in LCR Circuits

EN0EMB/D

Vr = Is R Vr = 1 10 Vr = 10v Vl = Is Xl Vl = 1 6741 Vl = 6741v

Vc = Is Xc Vc = 1 6741 Vc = 6741v Vc = Vl

Phase angle Xl Xc = tan 1 R 6741 6741 = tan 1 10 =0 The Q factor q= q= 1 L R C

1 100 10 3 10 2200 10 12 q = 674.19 Phasor diagram at resonance

Daniel John Galert

20th March 2007

Series Resonance in LCR Circuits

EN0EMB/D

Experimental method
The circuit was arranged with the given components, as listed in the laboratory brief. The resonance frequency was calculated before the laboratory session so that it could be located almost immediately by using the oscilloscope. Using two channels from the oscilloscope, between the resistor and the inductor and the capacitor and the inductor, the voltage across the inductor and resistor were measured using the correct voltage per division scale on the oscilloscope. From this the results at various frequencies surrounding the resonance point where tabulated and the phase shift noted at each point. Current (Is) could then be calculated with the aid of Ohms law. After the resonance frequency was located a suitable scale was used either side of the resonance frequency to locate the changes in voltage across the inductor and circuit current. Each component was tested using an LCR bridge to calculate accurately the true value of the component in each case the mean value was calculated and tabulated.

Presentation of Experimental Data

Table showing a range of frequencies
Frequency (kHz) 9.00 10.00 10.25 10.50 10.75 11.00 12.00 Inductor voltage Vl (v) 40 220 275 310 100 75 40 Resistor voltage Vr (v) 0.06 0.32 0.42 0.48 0.08 0.06 0.03 Current Is (mA) 6 32 42 48 8 6 3

Daniel John Galert

20th March 2007

Series Resonance in LCR Circuits

EN0EMB/D

Graph showing Inductor voltage and current at resonant frequency

350 300 Voltage (v) 250 200 150 100 50 0 9.00 10.00 10.25 10.50 10.75 11.00 12.00 Frequency (kHz) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Current (mA) Inductor voltage Current

Table showing true component tolerances

Measured component Value Inductor (mH) Capacitor (nf) Resistor (Ohms) 1 105.4 2.202 10.2 2 107 2.22 10.6 3 106.9 2.201 10.5 Mean Value 106.43 2.208 10.43 Internal Resistance (Ohms) 64.73 n/a n/a Test Frequency (kHz) 1 15 n/a

Experimental calculations taking into a account of true resistance R= Resistance of the resistor Rg= Internal resistance of the generator Rl=Internal resistance of the inductor

Daniel John Galert

20th March 2007

Series Resonance in LCR Circuits Experimental: V {R + Rg + Rl} 10 Is = 8 + 50 + 64.73 10 Is = 124.73 Is = 80mA Is =

EN0EMB/D

Vc = Is Xc Vc = 80 10 3 6741 Vc = 540v Vc = Vl

Z = RTrue + ( Xl Xc )
2

2 2

q=

Z = 124.73 2 + ( 6741 6741) Z = 124.73 Z = R

1 Rtrue

L C

1 100 10 3 q= 124.73 2200 10 12 q = 54.05

Graph showing inductor voltage and true current at resonant frequency

350 300 Voltage (v) 250 200 150 100 50 0 9.00 10.00 10.25 10.50 10.75 11.00 12.00 Frequency (kHz) 4.00 3.50 Current (mA) 3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00

Inductor voltage True current

Conclusions and Summary Comments

Theoretical calculations proved the resonant frequency to be 10.73kHz, although in experimental practice the frequency was liable to resonate at around 10.5kHz. This could be due to the oscilloscope being difficult to read when at resonance. To counter this, a pre digital oscilloscope could be used.

Daniel John Galert

20th March 2007

Series Resonance in LCR Circuits

EN0EMB/D

The phase angle at resonance was zero as both inductive and capacitive reactance cancelled each other out, as shown in the equation below. At higher and lower frequencies the phase difference was negligible, although on tweaking the oscilloscope it was shown at low frequencies the capacitor dominates therefore the voltage lags the current. At higher frequencies above resonance the inductor dominates therefore the voltage leads the current. Xl Xc = tan 1 R 6741 6741 = tan 1 10 =0 The differences between theoretical and experimental values were very different, with the maximum voltage at resonance being 310v and the theory stating a value of 6741v. The differences in values are very large and a possible way of decreasing the resistance and thus increasing current and voltage across the inductor and capacitor, would be to apply a cooling a spray to the resistor, this would assist the resistor and obtain its maximum efficiency. On further investigation the mean value was calculated for each component to give a more accurate result, the internal resistance of the signal generator and inductor was also measured and calculated using an LCR bridge. It was found that by including all the resistances to form an overall true resistance it was ten times larger than that of the theoretical value. Theoretical: Resistance = 10 Ohms Experimental: Resistance = 124.73 Ohms The current was calculated and tabulated in the results section using Ohms law this proved that current was at a maximum when the circuit was at resonance, with the circuit been frequency selective. From the equations it can be viewed that the smaller the impedance the larger the current therefore to get the maximum current Z must be small. The relationship at resonance between impedance and resistance is identical and can be shown from the equation below. Z = RTrue + ( Xl Xc )
2 2 2

Z = 124.73 2 + ( 6741 6741) Z = 124.73 Z = R

The graph showing inductor voltage shows current is at a maximum at resonance before sharply descending shortly after, this plotted graph was as expected although it became more accurate in the graph which showed the true inductor voltage with the changed resistance values. To allow for a more reformed smoother curve more points could have been plotted near the resonance point. The equation below shows the differences between

Daniel John Galert

20th March 2007

Series Resonance in LCR Circuits

EN0EMB/D

theoretical resistance and the experimental true resistance, hence the smaller the resistive component the larger the circuit current. V {R + Rg + Rl} 10 Is = Experimental: 8 + 50 + 64.73 10 Is = 124.73 Is = 80mA Is =

V R Theory: 10 Is = 10 Is = 1A Is =

Daniel John Galert

20th March 2007