21.

4 Control BP & BF by Adjust HR, SV, R, BV:

Cardiovascular Center (Medulla Oblongata) (Vasomotor Center) Regulates: HR (contract force) & SV by (CardioVascular Center) Radius (VasoD & VasoC) by (Vasoconstrictor Center) Neural, Hormone, Local Neg. Feedback Reg. BP & BF to tissues Cerebral Cortex; Limbic; Hypothalamus Nerve Impulse CV Center (Ex: B4 race BP. T during race Nerve Impulse to CV Center VasoD skin vessels Lets heat out from skin surface Sensory Receptors input to CV Center Proprioceptors: monitor joint & mus. Movements CV Center (when physical activity) HR Baroreceptors: Monitors P & Stretch Changes in Walls of Vessels Chemoreceptors: Monitors [Chemical] in blood (via Cardiac Accelerator Nerves ) HR & Contractility HR & Contractility Para (via Vagus CN X nerves) HR The CV center also continually sends impulses to smooth muscle in blood vessel walls via vasomotor nerves. These neurons exit spinal cord thru all thoracic & L1 or L2 lumbar spinal nerves & then pass into the sympathetic trunk ganglia (see Figure 15.2). From there, impulses propagate along sympathetic neurons that innervate blood vessels in viscera and peripheral areas. The vasomotor region of the cardiovascular center continually sends impulses over these routes to arterioles throughout the body, but especially to those in the skin and abdominal viscera. The result is a moderate state of tonic contraction or vasoconstriction, called vasomotor tone, that sets the resting level of systemic vascular resistance. Sympathetic stimulation of most veins causes constriction that moves blood out of venous blood reservoirs and increases blood pressure.

NEURAL Regulation of BP Nerves Reg. via Negative Feedback Loops: 2 reflexes Baroreceptor Reflexes & Chemoreceptor Reflexes BARORECEPTOR REFLEX (Carotid Sinus Reflex & Aortic Reflex) P Sensitive Sensory Receptors (in Aorta, Internal Carotid a, large arteries neck & chest) 2 Baroreceptors: Carotid Sinus Reflex (Senses & BP) & Aortic Reflex (only BP sensed) (in Carotid Sinuses) Carotid Sinus Reflex Reg. BP in Brain Carotid Sinuses (small widening of R & L Internal Carotid a. just above branch point fr. Common Carotid Arteries (Fig. 21.13) BP Stretches Carotid Sinus Walls Baroreceptors (Carotid Sinus Reflex) Propagate to Sensory Axons (in CN IX) to CV Center (Medulla Oblongata) BP Baroreceptors in Ascending Aorta & Aortic Arch Aortic Reflex to Sensory Axons of CN X CV Center BP (disrupt Homeostasis) Baroreceptor Stretch (Aortic Arch & Carotid Sinus)Still Sends Nerve Impulse but at Slower Rate to CV Center (Medulla Oblongata & Adrenal Medulla) (Input) by cardiac accelerator nerves) Para ) also (Epi & NE by adrenal medulla) [SV & HR CO] & [Constrict Blood Vessels TPR] BP Return to Homeostasis (when CO & TPR brings BP back to )

RECAP: BP Stretch Receptors Slows Rate to CV (Epi & NE) & para SV, HR CO; Constricts Blood Vessels TPR BP Returns to

Cx: Prone (lying down) to an Erect position BP & BF in the head and upper part of the body. The baroreceptor reflexes, however, quickly counteract the drop in pressure. Sometimes these reflexes operate more slowly than normal, especially in the elderly, in which case a person can faint due to reduced brain blood flow after standing up too quickly.

BP detected Baroreceptors sends Impulse FASTER RATE CV response: Para HRContraction Force CO ANOTHER CV Center response Slows Rate it sends Impulse (along Vasomotor Neurons) Lessens VasoC VasoD TPR & CO BP back to RECAP: BP Stretch FASTER Rate to CV para & HR & Contract Force CO ALSO CV Slows Rate sends VasoD TPR & CO BP

Cx: Carotid Sinus Massage & Carotid Sinus Syncope Carotid sinus is close to anterior surface of the neck, it is possible to stimulate the baroreceptors there by putting pressure on the neck. Physicians sometimes use carotid sinus massage, which involves carefully massaging the neck over the carotid sinus, to slow heart rate in a person who has paroxysmal superventricular tachycardia, a type of tachycardia that originates in the atria. Anything that stretches or puts pressure on the carotid sinus, such as hyperextension of the head, tight collars, or carrying heavy shoulder loads, may also slow heart rate and can cause carotid sinus syncope, fainting due to inappropriate stimulation of the carotid sinus baroreceptors.

Chemoreceptor Reflexes
Chemoreceptors: Monitor chemical composition of blood, are located close to the baroreceptors of the carotid sinus & arch of the aorta in small structures: carotid bodies & aortic bodies, respectively. These chemoreceptors: Detect Level of O2, CO2, and H+. Hypoxia O2 Acidosis: H+ Hypercapnia: CO2 Stimulates chemoreceptors to send impulses to CV Center Stimulation VasoC Arterioles & Veins BP These chemoreceptors also provide input to the respiratory center in the brain stem to adjust the rate of breathing.

Hormonal (4) Regulation of Blood Pressure & BF

Alters CO changing TPR or adjusting the TPR: 1. Reninangiotensinaldosterone (RAA): BV or BF to kidneys juxtaglomerular cells (kidneys) renin (EZ) to bloodstream In sequence, Renin & ACE act on their substrates to produce Angiotensin II BP 2 ways: 1st: Angiotensin II Strong VasoC TPR BP 2nd: Angiotensin II Aldosterone (fr. Adrenals) Na+/Water Reabsorption (Kidneys) TBV BP (See Section 21.6.) 2. Epinephrine and norepinephrine: (adrenal medulla) Epi & NE CO Contraction Rate & Force Also VasoC of arterioles & veins in skin & Abd. Organs VasoD of Arterioles in Cardiac & Skeletal M. Which helps BF to Muscle during Exercise. (See Figure 18.20.)

Autoregulation of Blood Pressure

In each capillary bed, local changes can regulate Vasomotion. When Vasodilators produce local arteriole Dilations & Relaxation of Precapillary Sphincters: BF into capillary networks O2 level. Vasoconstrictors (opposite FX) BF Autoregulation: Tissue automatically adjusts its BF to match its metabolic demands. In tissues such as heart & skeletal muscle, demand for O2 & nutrients & for the Removal of Wastes can Increase as much as tenfold during physical activity Autoregulation to BF thru tissue. Autoregulation: also controls regional BF in brain; blood distribution to various parts of the brain changes dramatically for different mental and physical activities. During a conversation: BF to your motor speech areas when talking &to the auditory areas when listening. Two general types of stimuli cause autoregulatory changes in blood flow: 1. Physical changes. Warming VasoD Cooling VasoC Smooth muscle (Arteriole Walls) = Myogenic response it Contracts more forcefully when stretched & Relaxes when stretching lessens. If BF thru an arteriole Stretching of arteriole walls. As a result, the smooth muscle relaxes VasoD BF

3. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): (made in hypothalamus) & Released fr. Posterior Pituitary Dehydration or BV ADH Release VasoC BP (Reason ADH is also called vasopressin) (See Figure 18.9.) ADH Water Moves from Kidney Lumen into Bloodstream BV & Urine Output

4. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP). (Released by Atria Cells) ANP VasoD BP Also: ANP Na+/Water (Excreted in Urine) BV BV Table 21.2 summarizes the regulation of BP by hormones.

NOTE: Autoregulation Response to O2

Systemic Circulations: Blood Vessel Walls (Senses) low O2 dilate O2 delivery which restores back to O2 level.

2. Vasodilating & Vasoconstricting Chemicals WBC, Smooth M. Cells, Platelets, Macrophages Endothelial cells Radius Vasodilators: Chemicals fr. tissues: K+, H+, Lactic Acid, Adenosine (ATP) VasoD Important VasoD (Endothelial cells) NO VasoD Tissue trauma or inflammation Kinins & Histamine VasoD. vs Vasoconstrictors: Thromboxane A2, superoxide radicals, serotonin (from platelets), and Endothelins (from endothelial cells) VasoC

VS
Pulmonary Circulation: Blood Vessel Walls (Senses) Low O2 constrict This ensures blood mostly bypasses those alveoli (air sacs) in the lungs that are poorly ventilated by fresh air) most blood flows to better-ventilated areas of the lung

Checkpoint: 1. What are the Pincipal Inputs to & outputs from CV Center 2. Explain Carotid Sinus Reflex & Aoritc Reflex Function 3. What is Role of Chemoreceptors in Regulation of BP 4. How do Hormones Reg. BP 5. What is Autoregulation & how does it differ in Systemic vs. PUL Circulations