English Teacher: Thomas Ndonyo Osoro Flow-charts for English classes

1. THE 8 PARTS OF SPEECH

VERBS

PRONOUNS

ADVERBS

NOUNS

8 PARTS OF SPEECH

ADJECTIVES

EXCLAMATIONS

CONJUNCTIONS

PREPOSITIONS

+ ARTICLES: indefinite (a, an, one); definite (the)

Figure 1: 01.02.2009.

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English Teacher: Thomas Ndonyo Osoro Flow-charts for English classes

2. NOUNS

SINGULAR FORM OF NOUNS

PLURAL FORM OF NOUNS: Regular (+s), Irregular ending in s,-ss,-sh,-ch,-x,-o (+es), man-men, child-children Collective: company, herd, board, crowd, staff

Nouns function as Subject in a sentence

Figure 2: 01.02.2009.

PROPER: John, Mary Refer to specific things, people or places.

COMMON: man, boy Dont refer to specific things, people or places.

NOUNS

ABSTRACT: concepts, ideas that arent tangible e.g. sadness, happiness, grief, love

CONCRETE: refers to things that can be perceived by the 5 human senses

Nouns function as Object of a sentence

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English Teacher: Thomas Ndonyo Osoro Flow-charts for English classes

3. PRONOUNS

Personal: I, You, He/she/it, we, they. Subject of sentences -subjective Pronouns

Objective: me, you, him/her/it, us, you, them. They are objects of the verbs

Relative: who, which, whom, whose, when, where, how, that. Also used as interrogative pronouns

Reciprocal: each other, one another Demonstrative: this/these (near-singular/plural); that/those (farsingular/plural)

Reflexive: myself, yourself, itself/himself, herself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves

PRONOUNS

Indefinite: something, nothing, one, whichever, whoever, someone, somebody, everywhere, everyone, every

Possessive: mine, yours, _, ours, yours, theirs

Figure 3: 01.02.2009.

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English Teacher: Thomas Ndonyo Osoro Flow-charts for English classes

4. VERBS

Will/would-one offers/ promises/agrees to do something

MAIN VERBS
Regular (+ed, +d in the past simple) Irregular-spelling changes

VERBS
MODAL AUXILIAR VERBS Can/could; will/would; shall/should; may/might AUXILIARY VERBS Be-am/is/arewas/were Have/has-had Do/does-did

These verbs are used with another verb in its base form I can/could + see, hear, smell, taste, feel, remember, understand to show a possibility or ability in the present or past

I AM/YOU ARE/HE,SHE,IT IS/WE ARE/THEY ARE I HAVE/YOI HAVE/ HE,SHE,IT HAS/WE HAVE, THEY HAVE I DO/YOU DO/HE,SHE,IT DOES/WE DO/THEY DO

USES: Request-can you please ? Express offers-Can I get you a pen? Ability-I can swim, I could play soccer I was 12 years

Figure 4: 02.02.2009.

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FUTURE SIMPLE: I will/ am going to study French CONTINUOUS: She will be/ is going to be studying French PERFECT: she will have/ is going to have studied French PERFECT CONTINUOUS: she will have been/ is going to have been studying French for 4 years in Gran Colombia

English Teacher: Thomas Ndonyo Osoro Flow-charts for English classes

VERBAL TENSES: THERE ARE

THREE MAIN TENSES-PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE.

5. VERBS IN TENSES

PERFECT CONTINUOUS-I have been eating/she has been eating

SIMPLE-I eat, she eats CONTINUOUS-I am/she is eating PERFECT-I have eaten/she has eaten

PAST SIMPLE: I studied Italian in Kenya CONTINUOUS: I was/she was/we were studying Spanish in Xaverian University PERFECT: I had studied English in Kenya before coming to Colombia PERFECT CONTINUOUS: I had been studying Spanish for 2 years but still dont speak so well

Figure 5: 02.02.2009.

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PRESENT

English Teacher: Thomas Ndonyo Osoro Flow-charts for English classes

6. ADVERBS
ADVERBS OF PLACE - these answer the question where? This adverb usually comes after the object, otherwise after the verb: We saw you there.

Conjunctive Adverbs "also," "consequently," "finally," "furthermore," "hence," "however," "incidentally," "indeed," "instead," "likewise," "meanwhile," "nevertheless," "next," "nonetheless," "otherwise," "still," "then," "therefore," and "thus."

ADVERBS OF MANNER - these answer the question how? This adverb usually comes after the direct object or if there is no direct object, after the verb: She speaks Italian beautifully. He works well. You must drive your car carefully. Eat quietly.

ADVERBS: Most adverbs tell you how, where, or when something is done

The word order changes when you begin a sentence with any of the following: never, seldom, scarcely ..... when, no sooner ..... than, nowhere, in no circumstances, on no account, only then, not only

ADVERBS OF DEGREE - these answer the question to what extent? This adverb can modify an adverb or an adjective and comes before the word it modifies: The bottle is almost full, nearly empty. almost, nearly, quite, hardly, scarcely, barely, just

ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY - these answer the question how many times? This adverb comes after the verb 'to be': She is always honest. Comes before simple tenses of all other verbs: They sometimes spend the whole of Saturday fishing.

Thomas Ndonyo Osoro 2009