Kathmandu Engineering College

Kalimati, Kathmandu

A Report on case study In Nepal Telecommunication Company Limited On the subject Organization and Management

Submitted By: NyayaPratap K.C. (65017 BCT) OjashDahal (65018 BCT) SanjayaShrestha (65031 BCT) SudipAdhikari (65037 BCT)

Submitted To: Mr. Shyam Krishna Joshi

February 27,2012

Acknowledgement
First of all we would like to express our deep gratitude and sincere appreciation to our course teacher Mr. Shyam Krishna Joshi, Associate Professor, Department Science and Humanities of IOE, Pulchowk and Mr.Anul Joshi, Lecturer, Kathmandu Engineering College,Kalimati. They provided us continuous inspiration and encouragement on doing the case study. Without their guidance this study would never have completed. We also would like to express our gratitude to workers of Sagarmatha satellite earth station (NTC), for their kind cooperation during the discussion on the concerned matter. Without their cooperation, this study wouldnt have succeeded. Finally we would like to thank our Department of Electronics and Computer for providing a chance to visit in Sagarmatha satellite earth station (NTC) .

Abstract
This case study entitled A Case Study On Communication Technology On Field Visit to Nepal Telecom is carried out. First, we went to the organisation with the college letter requesting the permission for the case study. We all members went first to Nepal Telecom Head office which is situated in Bhadrakali. The formal procedure, according to them would take about one month. We were redirected with another letter from NTC head office to the Nepal Telecom Training Center, Babarmahal for permission to visit the Sagarmata satellite earth station, Balambhu. Then, we obtained the information and data necessary for our case study from NTC, net and from the office personnel. We technically observed the satellite control rooms, inter regional and international trunk stations, and other general workings. Then we finally came with this case study. In our case study, first we have included our introduction section where we have provided the introductory profile of NTC and the general Communication System model. Then the other part deals with the organizational structure of NTC , management models , office personnel management , different departments and their coordination, finally summary of the services offered by the NTC. Finally, we pointed out the limitations of NTC, improvements and suggestions forwarded to the organization.

Contents
Acknowledgement ........................................................................................................................................ 2 Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... 3 Table of contents ........................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Introduction(65018 BCT)............................................................................................................................... 5 Nepal Doorsanchar Company Limited ...................................................................................................... 5 Sagarmatha satellite earth station............................................................................................................ 5 Communication ......................................................................................................................................... 5 Wired communication .......................................................................................................................... 6 Wireless communication ...................................................................................................................... 6 Work Division in NTC .................................................................................................................................... 7 Organization Chart in NTC ............................................................................................................................ 8 Board of directors ......................................................................................................................................... 9 Team in the satellite service directorate .................................................................................................... 10 A Comparative chart of NTC ....................................................................................................................... 11 Management Information System(65018 BCT) .......................................................................................... 14 Finance(65017 BCT) .................................................................................................................................... 15 Motivation(65037 BCT) ............................................................................................................................... 16 Staffing and Employment(65031 BCT) ........................................................................................................ 17 Technology in the Company (65037 BCT) ................................................................................................... 18 Conclusion and recommendation (65037 BCT) .......................................................................................... 19 Conclusion and recommendation (65018 BCT) .......................................................................................... 20 Conclusion and recommendation (65017 BCT) .......................................................................................... 21 Conclusion and recommendation (65031 BCT) .......................................................................................... 22

Introduction(65018 BCT)
Nepal Doorsanchar Company Limited
In Nepal, operating any form of telecommunication service dates back to 94 years in B.S. 1970. But formally telecom service was provided mainly after the establishment of MOHAN AKASHWANI in B.S. 2005.Later as per the plan formulated in First National Five year plan (2012-2017); Telecommunication Department was established in B.S.2016. To modernize the telecommunications services and to expand the services, during third five-year plan (2023-2028), Telecommunication Department was converted into Telecommunications Development Board in B.S.2026. After the enactment of Communications Corporation Act 2028, it was formally established as fully owned Government Corporation called Nepal Telecommunications Corporation in B.S. 2032 for the purpose of providing telecommunications services to Nepalese People. After serving the nation for 29 years with great pride and a sense of accomplishment, Nepal Telecommunication Corporation was transformed into Nepal Doorsanchar Company Limited from Baisakh 1, 2061. Nepal Doorsancharcompany Limited is a company registered under the companies Act 2053. However the company is known to the general public by the brand name Nepal Telecom as registered trademark. TheMission of NTC is stated as Nepal Telecom as a progressive, customer spirited and consumer responsive Entity is committed to provide nation-wide reliable telecommunication service to serve as an impetus to the social, political and economic development of the Country Vision of Nepal Telecom is to remain a dominant player in telecommunication sector in the Country while also extending reliable and cost effective services to all. Goal of Nepal Telecom is to provide cost effective telecommunication services to every nook and corner of country.

Sagarmatha satellite earth station

Rural Services Directorate and International Services Department were merged into Satellite Services Directorate in 2008. Satellite Services Directorate takes care of Project Implementation, Maintenance and Operation of Satellite Communications Equipment for Domestic and International Trunk Network using a Hub station at Balambu Kathmandu. That hub station is named as sagarmatha satellite earth station. This facility has the huge antennas for the communication of both domestic and international data and voice services.

Communication
The process of exchanging information from one place to other place using different media is known as communication. Basically there are two types of communication methods: Wired communication Wireless Communication

Wired communication In this type if communication a physical wire is used for communication. There need a wire channel for our data and voice to pass. There may be copper wire used or optical cable used. The copper cable may be classified into: Twisted pair cable Co- axial cable

And the fiber optics may be classified as: Single mode optical fiber Multimode optical fiber

Fiber optics Fibre optics is the growing and the most promising technology of modern days. Nepal also has started to tunneling the optical fiber in the city region and specifically east- west highway of Nepal. The optical fiber is most probably the fastest an efficient communication guideline ever made, through this technology, we could have high speed of multiplexed data, voice and video. Wireless communication In the wireless communication the transmission media used is air, and for the transmission and receiving, various types of antenna are used, the antenna are based on the frequency of the communication used. The basic types of the antenna used are: Radio antenna Microwave antenna Satellite antenna

Microwave antenna In context of Nepal, the preliminary way of communication is using microwave link. The mechanism of this style is that the central transmission of NTC being on hilly region there could be constructed the repeater stations in the hill tops so that there will br uninterrupted transmission. The microwave is basically used in GSM telephony in Nepal. Satellite antenna The satellite antenna is used to communicate with the international and inter-regional communications.NTC now uses this technology the most. To make any national of internation call, ntc uses it range of satellite antenna. All of these antenna are directed to the IOR(Indian Ocean Region) satellite Intelsat and Sinosat. Sagarmatha Earth Station Hub Antennas: Antenna ID Orb Loc/Satellite Applications

STH-01B STH-02A STH-03B STH-04 (ku) STH-05 (ku)

64 deg/Intelsat 60 deg/Intelsat 66 deg/Intelsat 110 deg/ Sinosat 110 deg/ Sinosat

International Circuits International Circuits Domestic ( R-SAT, C-band V-SAT) Domestic (D-SAT) Domestic (Ku-band VSAT)

Work Division in NTC

The company is divided into the following directorates Regional Directorate o Kathmandu Regional Directorate o Eastern Regional Directorate Central Regional Directorate Western Regional Directorate Mid WesternRegional Directorate Far Western Regional Directorate ITDirectorate Mobile Service Directorate PSTN Service Directorate Satellite Service Directorate Telecom Training Center Wireless Telecom Directorate

Organization Chart in NTC

Mr. Amar Nath Singh MANAGING DIRECTOR

Mr. Buddhi Prasad Acharya DMD (Company Secretary)

Mr. Sudhir Prasad Aryal DMD (Internal Audit & Inspection)

Corporate Office

Service Directorate

Regional Directorate

Mr. Rameshwor Karmacharya DMD (Finance)

Mr. Vishwa Nath Goel DMD Director (TTC)

Mr. Madhusudan Karmacharya DMD Director (Kathmandu Regional Directorate)

Mr. Jeevan Ratna Shakya DMD (Planning)

Mr. Kanhaiya Lal Gupta DMD Director (Satellite Services)

Mr. Shyam Sunder Yadav Manager with responsibility of Director (CRD / Birgunj)

Mr. Surendra Prasad Thike DMD (Business)

Mr. Anoop Ranjan Bhattarai DMD Director (Wireless Telephony)

Mr. Deo Narayan Yadav Manager with responsibility of Director (ERD / Biratnagar)

Mr. Bhagat Man Singh Pradhan DMD (Operation & Maintenance)

Mr. Vishnu Prasad Kasaju DMD Director (Mobile Services)

Mr. Vijay Kumar Thakur Manager with responsibility of Director (WRD / Bhairahawa)

Mr. Niraj Adhikari for DMD (Human Resources)

Mr. Shiv Bhusan Lal DMD Act. Director (IT)

Mr. Shyam Bahadur Basnet Deputy Manager For Director* (MWRD / Nepalgunj)

Mr. Rajendra Nakarmi Manager with responsibility of DMD (Development)

Mr Narahari Das Joshi Manager with responsibility of Director (Fixed Services)

Mr. Amar Nath Jha Deputy Manager with responsibility of Director* (FWRD / Dhangadhi)

Mr. Babu Kaji Shakya Manager with responsibility of DMD (Change Mgmt.)

Board of directors
Chairman Mr. ShreedharGautam Secretary Ministry of Information & Communications Member Mr. Amar Nath Singh Managing Director Nepal Telecom Member Mr. Raju Man Singh Malla Joint Secretary Ministry of Law, Justice & Constituent Assembly Affairs Member Mr. BaikunthaAryal Joint Secretary Ministry of Finance Member Mr. Laxman Kumar Pokharel Joint Secretary Ministry of Information & Communications Member Mr. Tanka LalShrestha Nepal Telecom Member Mr. Pramod Kumar Gurung Secretary Mr. Buddhi Prasad Acharya Company Secretary Nepal Telecom

Team in the satellite service directorate

S.N. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Name Mr. S. B. Lal Mr. B. P. Pradhan Mr. B. N. Gongal Mr. S. B. Amatya Mr. M. Shakya Mr. S. M. Singh Mr. R. Manandhar Mr. K. Rupakheti Mr. N. Bajracharya Mr. N. Upadhyaya Mr. N. K. Mishra Mr. D. Maharjan Designation Director Manager Deputy Manager Station Manager Deputy Manager ( Accounts) Senior Engineer Senior Engineer Senior Engineer Senior Engineer Senior Engineer Senior Engineer Senior Engineer

A Comparative chart of NTC

S.N. 1 Title Manpower Status Total Approved Post (a) Officer Level (b) Non Officer Level Total Working Manpower (a) Officer Level (b) Non Officer Level (a) Manpower per Thousand lines-(Overall Telephone) (b) Manpower per Thousand lines-(PSTN Telephone) Total Telephone Distribution (PSTN+ Post & Pre-Paid
Mobile+C-Phone)

Ashad 2067 7094 1410 5684 5826 1245 4581 1.05 9.82 5464092 19.40 214205 1219262 3960293 124157 3836136 14.06 179463 920257 129776 44714 704757 41010 3.27 32581

Chaitra 2067 7076 1471 5605 5732 1321 4411 0.90 9.66 6439735 22.87 92927 975643 4802612 143954 4658658 17.05 91935 1039230 123952 44059 825462 45757 3.69 -1221

Total Telehone Penetration of (PSTN+Mobile+C-Phone) Telephone Distribution in this Month only Telephone Distribution for F.Y. 067/68 A GSM Mobile Telephone Subs(Post+Pre-Paid) (a) Post-Paid Mobile Telephone Subsriber (b) Pre-Paid Mobile Telephone Subscriber Telephone Penetration of GSM Mobile Tel. Telephone Distribution in this Month only Overall CDMA Lines Distributed a) CDMA C-Phone Prepaid b) CDMA C-Phone Post-Paid c) CDMA Sky Phone Prepaid d) CDMA Sky Phone Post-Paid Telephone Penetration of CDMA Telephone Telephone Distribution in this Month only PSTN Telephone Lines (Local) (a) Installed Capacity (b) Distributed Lines (e)Telephone Penetration of PSTN Telephone Telephone Exchanges in Operation (PSTN) (a) Locations (b) Districts (c) Number of Exchanges Target of Tel. Distribution within this fiscal year of PSTN (a) Tel. Distribution up to this (F/Y) (b) Tel line Distribution on this Month only (c) Achievement of Tel. Distribution % (F/Y)

749205 583542 2.07 247 75 256 56260 21380 2161 38.0

762581 597893 2.12 250 75 262 37128 14130 2213 38.06

Ashad 2067 Chaitra 2067 SN Title 6 a)Total No. of AFS Subscriber (Capacity 4000) 157 187 7 a)Total No. of PCL Subscriber (Capacity 50000) 9663 10854 8 Total PSTN VMS Mailbox 4568 4567 Voice Mail Box 4019 3841 Fax mail Box 9 9 Voice and Fax Mailbox 30 32 Noticedboard Mailbox 510 685 Number of calls landed to/generated from VMS 515154 580423 9 VMS -CDMA 695 695 10 Home Country Direct Service Available Country 6 6 11 STD and ISD Services Available (a) Zone 14 14 (b) Districs 75 75 12 Total Internet Customer of NT 280692 949787 CDMA Internet Subscriber (PDSN+PCMCIA) 61017 140547 EVDO 1701 1546 GSM Internet Subscriber (GPRS) 164353 742862 Dial-up Internet Subscriber (PSTN+ ISDN) 8186 6069 ADSL Subscriber 45435 58763 13 Email Subscriber 4734 4799 14 (a) Regional Satellite trunk circuits(PSTN) 840 840 (b)Regional satellite (For connectivity with GSM msc BRT 20 E1 20 E1 (c) Ku-Band D-SAT Backhaul from GSM 13 18 (d) Ku-Band D-SAT Backhaul from CDMA 12 13 (e) Ku-Band V-SAT Backhaul from GSM 39 39 (f) Ku-Band V-SAT Backhaul from CDMA 13 13 (g) KU-Band NT-SAT(4-line) 212 212 (h) C-Band VSAT (2/4/8)line 200 200 15 (a) JICA subscriber 13 13 (b) Total Marts Terminals 104 104 (i) SEL Marts Terminals 104 104 (ii)NEC Marts Terminals 0 0 (c) Total Marts Telephone subscribers 490 490 (d) VHF Telephone subscriber 88 88 (e) VDC Coverage by Telephone Service 3915 3915 16 International Telephone Circuits in Operation 5206 5672 (Satellite + Microwave Terrestorial Circuits ) Bharati, India (Optical) 21 E-1 21 E-1 Domestic & International Telex Services are not in operation from January 1 , 2009. 17 Domestic Microwave E-1 Links 2067 Ashadh Chaitra 2067 (a) Total Used E-1 Main,Rural,Spur Links 4322 2331 (b) Total spare E-1 Main,Rural,Spur Links 2703 1975 18 (a)Used E-1 Trunk in KTm Valley Nokia PDH Optical 262 262 (b)Spare E-1 Trunk in KTm Valley Nokia PDH Optical 38 38 19 (a)Used E-1 Ports in KTm Valley Alcatel SDH 5273 5343 (b)Spare E-1 Ports in KTm Valley Alcatel SDH 1827 1767

Scenario of Overall Telephone Distribution

Title PSTN Telephone Subs. CDMA, C Phone Postpaid CDMA , C Phone Prepaid CDMA-Sky Postpaid CDMA-Sky Prepaid Post-paid Mobile Pre-Paid Mobile Total Overall Telephone Subscribers Manpower Per 1000 Lines Overall Telephone Density Overall Average KTM. R. D. 316063 24878 14258 22149 197277 94982 1678714 2348321 0.90 22.87 0.38 64.17 BRT. R. D. 88113 5820 31990 4749 170403 13128 673477 987680 0.90 15.09 BRG R. D. BHW R. D. NPG R.D. DHD R. D. 67038 6893 19704 3263 128170 12299 628458 865825 0.69 14.17 78650 5132 29282 3975 146146 17253 970324 1250762 0.45 22.50 28130 706 16158 5162 106271 5223 461961 623611 0.53 17.22 19899 630 12560 6459 77195 1069 245724 363536 0.74 13.64 Total 597893 44059 123952 45757 825462 143954 4658658 6439735

Status of PSTN Telephone

Title PSTN Telephone Capacity PSTN Tel. Distribution Manpower Per 1000 Lines Telephone Density Overall 9.66 2.12 Average KTM R. D. 399655 316063 4.40 8.64 BRT. R. D. 122748 88113 10.09 1.35 BRG R. D. BHW R. D. NPG R.D. DHD R. D. 82159 67038 8.94 1.10 97556 78650 7.13 1.41 35605 28130 11.77 0.78 24858 19899 16.63 0.75 Total 762581 597893

Status of CDMA Mobile Telephone

Title CDMA C-Phone Prepaid CDMA C-Phone Post paid CDMA Sky Phone Prepaid CDMA Sky Phone Postpaid CDMA Overall Total Telephone Density Overall 3.69 Average KTM R. D. 14258 24878 197277 22149 258562 7.07 BRT. R. D. 31990 5820 170403 4749 212962 3.25 BRG R. D. BHW R. D. NPG R.D. DHD R. D. 19704 6893 128170 3263 158030 2.59 29282 5132 146146 3975 184535 3.32 16158 706 106271 5162 128297 3.54 12560 630 77195 6459 96844 3.63 Total 123952 44059 825462 45757 1039230

Status of GSM Mobile Telephone

Title Postpaid Mobile Prepaid Mobile Overall GSM Total Telephone Density Overall 17.05 Average KTM R. D. 94982 1678714 1773696 48.47 BRT. R. D. 13128 673477 686605 10.49 BRG R. D. BHW R. D. NPG R.D. DHD R. D. 12299 628458 640757 10.49 17253 970324 987577 17.76 5223 461961 467184 12.90 1069 245724 246793 9.26 Total 143954 4658658 4802612

Management Information System(65018 BCT)

Basically all organizations have the system to collect and analyze the information and produce output. Some systems may be small and some too big. Technically an MIS can collect, organize and analyze data from internal and external source of an organization and provide the accurate information to the managerial committee in the right time. NTC is a communication based organization; hence it is crucial to get the proper information about the technological improvement for remaining in the competition. Besides this, NTC is the largest ISP of Nepal; hence it needs to gather the information of all other ISP activities to remain in the top. The MIS used in NTC is computer based MIS, the source of data mainly is internet. Beside this the information could be gathered by the staffs and the technical talks among the various communication companies across Nepal such as NCELL, UTL for voice communication, World Link, Mercantile, Broadlinketc. for the data communication. Beside this the company also participates in various international training program to be aware of the technological improvement in the world. All the information gathered are directly reported to the head office where the analysis and decision are made by the concerned senior members of the management committee of NTC. On the other hand, there is also a small MIS within sagarmatha satellite earth station. That basically focuses on the error handling of the branch. The error handling means receiving the part of the system hardware that has malfunctioned and then provides the appropriate solution to that. In the context of this branch, no specific computerized MIS is used. Each hardware, i.e. hubs, routers, switches etc. are fitted with the error detection signal including buzzer. If anything goes wrong, the system shows the critical state and starts to give error alert. Hence the decision making process is done easily as the source of error is obtained, it is determined if the error is severe or not, what time could it take to correct it, what should be the backup procedures for the communication to continue without interruption until the error is corrected. This decision is made by the team of engineers in the station. Then appropriate decision is taken and the error is handled.

Finance(65017 BCT)
According to the recent data of Nepal telecom, it has total income Rs 27,221,068.Nepal telecom has personal income Rs 3,447,150.Nepal telecom has maintenance & Operation Cost Rs 2,070,868. Nepal Telecom has depreciation cost Rs 4,455,465.Nepal Telecom has Other Cost Rs 2,806,490.Nepal Telecom has total Cost Rs 12,779,973.Nepal Telecom has net profit ratio 39.58 percentage.Nepal Telecom has book value per share Rs 314.33.Nepal Telecom has total shareholders equity RS 47,149,599. Nepal Telecom has no. of Shares 150,000 and earning per share is Rs 71.83.Nepal Telecom has total capital employed Rs 52,504,647.Nepal Telecom has return on Capital Employed 21.82

percentage. Nepal Telecom has Return on Shareholders Equity 24.27 percentage.

Nepal Telecom has EBITDA margin 69.62 percentage.

Motivation(65037 BCT)
Motivation is the process of influencing or stimulating a person to take action by creating a work atmosphere wherein the goals of the organization and needs of the person are satisfied. Similarly in the office of NTC is well organized with cool environment and all the members supporting each other. Members of this organization work in almost all part of the country making different working groups by sharing their information and knowledge to each other which help to complete their tasks or to get their goals in time. If any person needs the help of any member in the office for any task, he/she can consult that member easily. So that, individually as well as team are always work efficiently giving their 100% in nature to improve their work efficiency and get their final goal in time. As the goal is obtained or any celebration occasion going outsides and celebrating the day and also some sports like table tennis, badminton etc to motivates and making the employee always fresh and active for the tasks in the organization. This organization have their own motivation theory but it matches somehow with the Maslows Needs Hierarchy- Theory of Motivation in which they provides physiological needs, safety needs, socials needs, Esteem needs and self actualization needs. The organization provides basic needs for sustaining human life such as comfortable working conditions, time for lunch during day time in the office(canteen), well shelter room with peace and cool environment and last reasonable work hours in which employees can get enough rest, sleep (physiological needs). The office of the organization is well settled and has its own reputation, so provide the employee safer working condition and their economic safety(safety needs). The individual member gains acceptance from their fellows as friendship (social needs). The employee motivates by giving overtime pay according to their work performance and contribution to organization throughout year (esteem needs).

Staffing and Employment(65031 BCT)

In an organization there must be a staff to achieve the goals of the organization. It is the basic component of the organization. In Sagarmatha Earth Station there are different kinds of post according to the division of work. The staff is selected on the basis of their qualification, skills and the recruitment of the post. Staff is selected by the Nepal Telecom on the basis of the writing and oral test and appoint them by the management of the Nepal Telecom in suitable post for the suitable candidate. After the selection of the staff they were sent to the Nepal Telecoms training department situated near Baneshwor. After completion the training they were sent to the earth station. There are many levels in the staff. According to their level, their salary and service is fixed by Nepal Telecom. Staffs promotion is done on the basis of their job evaluation and the time of their service to the organization. The relation between the staffs is very good and very helpful to each other.

Technology in the Company (65037 BCT)

The modern day technology is quite advanced. Compared to the world scenario, the NTC lags way behind. NTC uses the old Operating system in its pc. As per one of the staff the windows XP is the most latest OS used here, in most of the pc we use windows 98 because our hardware is incompatible to new systems. NTC also uses linux based OS in some of their computers. The application software used in NTC are mostly inbuilt with the hardware used there. Specifically in Sagarmatha satellite earth station the hardware used are mainly satellites, routers, modems, multiplexors and demultiplexors, switches and hubs etc. For some specific country such as USA, India, Pakistan, Singapore, Thailand, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, UAE there are saperate routers so that there can be easy and fast communication to those country. In case of other country, the call/data routes through above mentioned country and to the destination place. Noticeably the high size CRT monitors are used and mostly all th pc are branded to SUN PC. NTC uses 3 phase 240V power supply from NEAas its primary power supply. As a backup power supply it has huge UPS supply with enough battery power to run all the machineries for 5hrs uninterrupted. As a secondary backup, it also has a diesel powered generator.

Conclusion and recommendation (65037 BCT)

The Sagarmatha Satellite Earth Station was started on 1982 A.D by the government of Nepal. Being thegovernmental organization it was not that much hard to start since the government of Britain helped financially to build the infrastructure. But due to the geographical condition of Nepal it was hard to spread the electronic communication system all over the country. Now, it is the most successful companyof the Nepal. According to the study, as at Asadh 32, 2068(quarterly basis) the net profit of the company was RS 12,871,935,081. But it is not in the satisfactory side because the company could earn far more profit then it has recently by adapting the advanced and improved technologies like instead of using satellite, microwave, coaxial cables for the communication and data transfer, if they use fiber optics though its starting cost would be high because they have to changed all the equipment running recently according to meet the requirement for using optical fiber but the regular cost will fall down abruptly and the yearly profit would be increased gradually. If the political parties of Nepal freed NTC from political influence in the context to favor their respective parties NTC could compete with its competitor company in adopting the new technologies and getting more popularities among the people and make people fully satisfied. By which the company could earn more profit. If the company appointed the CEO who have appropriate knowledge, skills, experience, vision andlegible for the post from the fear competition not from the political recommendation then it would be the asset for the further enhancement of the company.

Conclusion and recommendation (65018 BCT)

As we saw in the earth station, the only some part of the system was connected with fiber optics. For the smooth communication it is highly recommended that in the entire network, optical network should be active. The happy part is that NTC has started to tunnel the optical fiber network over entire Kathmandu for its PSTN services. After the completion of this project, the traditional PSTN services will be shifted to 4G networks. In fact NTC has determined to implement the 4G network technology in Nepal by 2014 AD. Another important part is the lack of discipline in the company. Though the company is progressing, the internal discipline of the staffs is a bit out of order, it may be due lack of strong management committee. The company lacks the motivation to staffs. It doesnt seem to havefulfilled the esteem needs of the employees. The staffs are mainly ranked according to their posts; no special treatment is done for the specific achievements or skills. Though the MIS in the entire company seems to be handled by the computer, in the sagarmatha satellite earth station, the computerized system is not used. In such a sensitive area where a small error could cause millions of information loss, the error handling is too slow. The computer should be able to locate the error and correct the error as far as possible. If not, it should at least calculate the possible paths for the alternate communication and stay connected and inform the designated technical team directly without any human intervention. As a conclusion, the company as its name Nepal Telecom, is the most reliable telecommunication organization of Nepal. The company is in high profit and serves the nation by paying huge amount of tax. The main way of communication is the copper wire and satellite which are both costly and in wire there remains high chance of information loss. The company is and should shift towards the optical fiber channel of communication as it is best channel so made in this century.

Conclusion and recommendation (65017 BCT)

In the Nepal Telecom , we have seen satellite is mostly used for communication purpose .In this modern age optical fibre is also used for communication .Nepal has not its own satellite so that nepal should hire satellite from other country like thailand , malayasia etc. Satellite communication need expert manpower to handle communication.satelliite communication is difficult to install.satellitemantainance required large amount of cost. Optical fiber has high data rate and bandwidth in low cost as compare with satellite communication cost.Optical fiber has Immunity to EMI/RFI and lightning damage . optical fiber has Low attenuation (data loss) .Optical fiber has small cable daimeter that can be fit anywhere.Optical fiber has Light weight There is no sparks in optical fiber if we cut it. There has been no shock hazard in optical fiber. Optical fiber has low system cost .optical fiber has Longer life expectancy than copper or coaxial cable . Optical fiber has high reliable in nepal due to many advantage than satellite communication. According to land structure and economy condition of nepal , satellite is not perferedbettter than optical fiber. Optical fiber has low communication cost than satellite communication so that I recommended optical fiber will be better for nepal. And as conclusive part, We have visited Balamu satellite station and we had observed the satellite communication . we had found that nepal hired satellite and used it for communication purpose. we had also see the financial data of nepal telecom and compare with optical fiber communication . we had found optical fiber is better for communication due to low cost than satellite communication cost and optical fiber is looks better to used due to nepal economy and land structure.

Conclusion and recommendation (65031 BCT)

Sagarmatha earth station is the only one available station for the satellite communication in Nepal. It is established by the support of British government. It is under the management of Nepal Telecom. It is the communication center of the country. t has served to all the people of Nepal from the date of its establishment. Communication between remote district like Humla, Jumla, Mugu, Kalikot e.t.c where wired communication can never be thought of, is made possible only via this earth station. As we have entered into the modern era of high speed communication i.e. Optical Fibre communication still we are not able to utilize it efficiently being a landlocked country. So, satellite communication is only alternative for country like Nepal. Thus, functions of this station is very promising and appreciating in context of Nepal. As a whole, we can say this station is fully dedicated to Nepalese welfare and development.