EV301EngineeringHydrology g g y gy

ClimaxFlowRate
HydrologyAnalysis Hydrology Analysis

ClimaxFlowRateAnalysis RationalMethod, Modified Rational Method ModifiedRationalMethod,

The Rational Method RationalMethod

The rational method is used around the world for peak flow estimation of small rural drainage basins and is the most widely used method for urban drainage design. design The rational method equation is given below: Q=kCiA where: Q peakflow(cfs orm3/s). k conversionfactorequalto1.008(SI)or.00278 q ( ) (metric). C dimensionlessrunoffcoefficient. i rainfallintensity(in/hr,mm/hr). A catchmentarea(acres,ha).

R=CAP R CAP
Where: R=Runoffinmillionm3 A =Areainkm2 A Area in km C=Constant P A P=Averageannualprecipitationinmetres. l i it ti i t

 The rational method is generally considered to Therationalmethodisgenerallyconsideredto beanapproximatemodelforcomputingthe floodpeak resultingfromagivenrainfall,withthe fl d k li f i i f ll i h h runoffcoefficientaccountingforalldifferences betweentherainfallintensityandthefloodpeak. Suchdifferencesresultfrominfiltration, , temporarystorage,andotherlosses. A table of C values recommended by the AtableofCvaluesrecommendedbythe AmericanSocietyofCivilEngineersandWater PollutionControlFederationisfoundinTable7.1. Pollution Control Federation is found in Table 7 1

RunoffCoefficient
Coefficientthatrepresents thefractionofrunoffto rainfall Dependsontypeofsurface: Depends on type of surface: Characterofsoil Shapeofdrainagearea Shape of drainage area Previousmoisture conditions Slopeofwatershed Amountofimpervioussoil Landuse Duration intensity

Table7.1

 The catchment area may be divided into sub areas as Thecatchmentareamaybedividedintosubareasas perthetypementionedabove.Therunofffromeach catchmentareaisevaluatedseparatelyandthen catchment area is evaluated separately and then addedtogethertoarriveatthetotalrunoff.

RunoffCoefficient(MultipleLandUse) Runoff Coefficient (Multiple Land Use)

When a drainage area has distinct parts with Whenadrainageareahasdistinctpartswith differentC. Usedweightedaverage: d h d

Intensity y
Averageintensityforaselectedfrequencyand durationoverdrainageareafordurationofstorm. d i d i f d i f Basedondesignevent(i.e.50yearstorm)
Overdesigniscostly Underdesign maybeinadequate

Durationisimportant BasedonvaluesofTc andT Based on values of Tc and T

Tc =timeofconcentration T = recurrence interval or design frequency T=recurrenceintervalordesignfrequency

TimeofConcentration(Tc) ( )
Timeforwatertoflowfromhydraulicallymost distantpointonthewatershedtothepointof interest. Rationalmethodassumespeakrunoffrateoccurs whenrainfallintensity(I)lasts>=Tc y Usedasstormduration Iowa Department of Transport do not use Tc<5 IowaDepartmentofTransport donotuseTc<5 minutes.

TimeofConcentration(Tc) ( )
Dependson: Sizeandshapeofdrainagearea
Type of surface Typeofsurface Slopeofdrainagearea Rainfallintensity Whetherflowisentirelyoverlandorwhethersomeis y channelized

 The Rational equation was developed from a simplified analysis of runoff using isochrones, or lines of equal travel time with areas in acres between them as illustrated in the figure below. The method assumes no temporary storage in the basin, so the ratio between the peak runoff and the rainfall intensity is then the same as the ratio of the volumes of runoff and rainfall. If a constant rainfall intensity (mm/hr) begins at time t=0 and has a duration of the time of concentration (Tc) for the basin the hydrograph basin, will reach an instantaneous peak at Ci.

 The Tc of the basin can be thought of as the time after rainfall excess begins to when all portions of th watershed are contributing t ti f the t h d t ib ti to the peak flow at the outlet. If the duration is longer than Tc, the hydrograph will remain constant after reaching a value of Ci for a time period equal to the difference of th rainfall d ti and t th diff f the i f ll duration d Tc. In either case the time of rise and time of recession are equal to Tc.

 With such a derivation, the effects of rainfall and basin size are accounted for explicitly, while most other physical characteristics of the watershed are accounted for indirectly by the time of concentration and runoff coefficient. This simple equation illustrates the critical nature of Tc. For durations less than Tc the entire Tc, area is not contributing. For durations larger than Tc there is no increase in contributing area, and therefore no increase in peak flow.

Example1: p
Theclassificationofacatchmentcoveringanarea of110km isasfollows: of 110km2 is as follows:
1.Rocky,impermeable=10% 2.Cultivated=60% 2 Cultivated = 60% 3.Forest=30%

Usingtherationalformulaandthecoefficient suggestedbyRichard,findtheannualrunofffrom suggested by Richard find the annual runoff from thecatchmentwhentheaverageannual precipitationis800mm. precipitation is 800 mm.

Solution:
R=CAP

Example2: p
Theclassificationofacatchmentcoveringanarea of150km2 isasfollows:
1.Coveredwithvegetation=30% 2.Cultivated=40% 3.HeavyForest=20% y 4.SandySoil=10%

Using the rational formula and the coefficient suggested Usingtherationalformulaandthecoefficientsuggested byRichard,findtheannualrunofffromthecatchment whentheaverageannualprecipitationis650mm. g p p

WhatistheModifiedRationalMethod (MRM)
A i AseriesofTrapezoidalshapedhydrographsarecreated f T id l h dh d h t d fordifferentStormDurations. TheIintheRationalequationisbasedupontheduration q p andnottheTimeofConcentration, HoweverthehydrographsinitiallypeakattheoriginalTime ofConcentration. of Concentration Therunoffvolumefromthepredevelopmenthydrograph issubtractedfromeachoftherunoffvolumes(areasunder ( theTrapezoid),foreachstormduration. Thegreatestdifferenceinvolumebetweenthepreand posthydrographsbecomesyourcriticalhydrographwith post hydrographs becomes your critical hydrograph with respectivecriticalstormduration.

DesignEventRecurrenceInterval g
2yearinterval Designofintakesandspreadof wateronpavementforprimaryhighwaysandcity ater on pa ement for primar high a s and cit streets. 10 10yearinterval D i i l Designofintakesandspreadof fi k d d f wateronpavementforfreewaysandinterstate highways. hi h 50 year Designofsubways(underpasses)and sagverticalcurveswherestormsewerpipeisthe l h h onlyoutlet. 100 yearinterval Majorstormcheckonall projects.