A REPORT ON

DUMPING GROUNDS AT MUMBAI AND CONTRIBUTION OF BMC IN

TRANSFORMATION OF DUMPING GROUND

Submitted by: POONAM CHANDRASHEKHAR KHOND Roll No. : - M1020 Batch MMS 2010-2012

Submitted to: Prof. SAMEER KULKARNI Professor/Lecturer

TABLE OF CONTENT

SR.NO

PARTICULARS

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Executive summery Objectives Meaning of solid waste Management Drawbacks of the present system Case study on Mind Space dumping ground. Case study on Gorai dumping ground Some articles on Gorai Dumping groung closure Current Status Conclusion Bibliography Video on Gorai dumping ground.

EXECUTIVE SUMMERY

Mumbai is the largest metropolis of India, with a population of 20.5 million. It becomes the third largest mega city in the world. Mumbai is the capital of Maharashtra State and the financial capital of the country, the per capita generation of wastes in Mumbai is about 630 gm. per person per day.

Status of Solid Wastes Management in Mumbai Under the Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act of 1988, it is the mandatory duty of the Corporation to maintain the area falling under its jurisdiction in clean and hygienic Conditions in order to ensure a good and healthy environment.

Following are the obligatory duties of the Municipal Corporation under section 61 (A), 61(C) and 61 (N) of the Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act of 1988:

Cleaning of public streets Collection of solid wastes including temporary storage Removal and transportation of solid wastes Disposal of solid wastes Disposal of dead bodies of animals Construction, maintenance and cleansing of urinals and public sanitary conveniences.

OBJECTIVES
1. To know the concept of solid waste and its impact as well.

2. To study the Case study of Gorai dumping ground and its turnaround management done by BMC. 3. To study Mind space case study. 4. To analyze component of solid waste management in India.

INTRODUCTION
1. Municipal Solid Waste Municipal Solid Waste is generally termed as unwanted or undesired material. Garbage is generally referred to Waste and is also termed as rubbish, trash, junk, unwanted or

undesired material. As per the Municipal Solid Waste (Management &Handling) Rule, 2000 garbage is define as Municipal Solid Waste which includes commercial and residential wastes generated in a municipal or notified areas in either solid or semi-solid form excluding industrial hazardous wastes but including treated bio-medical wastes Municipal solid waste consists of household waste, construction and demolition debris, sanitation residue, and waste from streets. This garbage is generated mainly from residential and commercial complexes. Main Sources of Municipal Waste

House hold waste Commercials: Street sweeping Hotels and restaurants Clinics and dispensaries Construction and demolition Horticulture Sludge

Composition of Municipal Solid Waste in India In India the biodegradable portion dominates the bulk of Municipal Solid Waste. Generally the biodegradable portion is mainly due to food and yard waste.

Drawbacks of the present system

1. No storage of waste at source 2. No system of primary collection from doorsteps

3. Irregular street sweeping 4. Waste storage depots have been a problem 5. Transportation of waste is not satisfactory 6. Processing of waste: only a few cities have been practicing this
7. Disposal of waste is a neglected area of SWM services and the current practices are grossly

unscientific.

ADVERSE EFFECT OF OPEN DUMP An open dumping is defined as a land disposal site at which solid wastes are disposed of in a manner that does not protect the environment, are susceptible to open burning, and are exposed to the elements, vectors, and scavengers. Open dumping can include solid waste disposal facilities or practices that pose a reasonable probability of adverse effects on health or the environment. Health Effect

The health risks associated with illegal dumping are significant. Areas used for open dumping may be easily accessible to people, especially children, who are vulnerable to the physical (protruding nails or sharp edges) and chemical (harmful fluids or dust) hazards posed by wastes.

Rodents, insects, and other vermin attracted to open dump sites may also pose health risks. Dump sites with scrap tires provide an ideal breeding ground for mosquitoes, which can multiply 100 times faster than normal in the warm stagnant water standing in scrap tire causing several illnesses.

Poisoning and chemical burns resulting from contact with small amounts of hazardous, chemical waste mixed with general waste during collection & transportation.

Burns and other injuries can occur resulting from occupational accidents and methane gas exposure at waste disposal sites.

Environment pollution Air pollution Dust generated from on-site vehicle movements, and placement of waste and materials Water pollution Runoff from open dump sites containing chemicals may contaminate wells and surface water used as sources of drinking water open dumping can also impact proper drainage of runoff, making areas more susceptible to flooding when wastes block ravines, creeks, culverts, and drainage basins & also contamination of groundwater resources and surface water from leach ate emissions. Soil Contamination Permanent or temporary loss of productive land Global Warming and Climate Change In most of the cities & towns the municipal solid waste is being dumped & burnt in open spaces without understanding the adverse impacts on the environment. The waste in the dumping ground undergoes various anaerobic reactions produces offensive Green House gases

such as CO2, CH4 etc. These gases are contributing potentially to Global Warming & Climate Change phenomenon.

CASE STUDY ON MIND SPACE MUMBAI

1. Mind Space, Mumbai

Mindspace, an area of 125 acres of land at Malad, at North Western Mumbai, is centrally located on the Goregaon- Malad link Road. The area recently has been developed into a commercial property of international standards, which is executed by one of the Worlds most prestigious planners and architects-Skidmore Owings and Merrill. Mindspace accounts for 70% of commercial

space requirements demanded by the IT, ITES industries in Mumbai and 30% for residential area. The companies are employing more than 5,000 workers working in 3 shifts a day, operating more than 1000 computers and having nearly hundreds of sophisticated server rooms in each building. Few years since it was started, Mindspace was a Municipal Solid Waste dumping ground. The area ofthe dumping ground was 19.22 hectares and the waste received was approx-1163 tones/day and was used for variable lengths of time for the disposal of solid waste. The waste received at the Malad dumping ground was from H/W, H/E, K/W, K/E, P/S and P/N Municipal wards of Mumbai. This area was initially a low lying area and got filled with garbage along with putrefied waste, biomedical waste, hazardous waste, construction and demolition debris, animal manures and even animal carcasses. Hydrological investigations indicated that, the original soil levels were below the spring high tide line. The operation of the landfill site was not planned scientifically and therefore the state of the degradation of the deposited material could not be predicted. The Physico-chemical Characteristics of MSW at Malad Mindspace is described in Table 2 (Ref: SWM in Greater Bombay, NEERI, September 1994) the dumping yard subsequently was cleared for constructional activities for residential and commercial housing. Since this site was not treated before the construction of the building and there was no post closure management taken up the solid waste decomposed slowly and during decomposition, under the anaerobic conditions, the bio-degradable portion produces gases like Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S), Methane (CH4) and Mercaptan (CH3SH).

OBSERVATIONS Mind space has got a hard rock layer above which the garbage is dumped. There was no proper system for garbage compaction with daily cover and therefore the garbage got compacted naturally.

This site was not treated before the construction of the building; therefore the solid waste got decomposed slowly and during decomposition, it generated toxic gases like methane, H2S, Mercaptans and other sulfurous compounds

The ground emits these gases through crevices, openings and through intracellular spaces of the garbage present inside the ground.

The open nullah connected with sewer system and other low lying area near the buildings leach the gases produced in the dumping ground and enter into the sea where they get concentrated and vaporizes during the daytime.

The property loss: the commercial and residential colonies constructed on the dumping yards are affected by the pollutants like Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S), Mercaptans (CH3-SH), and Methane (CH4) emitted from the ground (garbage dump reaction). The commercial buildings have repeated

CASE STUDY ON GORAI DUMPING GROUND

GORAI LAND FILL CLOSURE AND GAS CAPTURE PROJECT, MUMBAI, The Gorai site is located in the Western Suburbs of Mumbai. It spread overran area of 19.6 ha and in operation since 1972.The site is adjacent to Gorai creek and is very close to habitation. The daily receipt of MSW was approx 2200 TDP of MSW from Western suburbs wards. After

December 2007MCGM had stopped receiving fresh waste at Gorai .Approximately about 2.34 million tons of waste up to an average height of 26 meter was lying at the site .Hence the scientific closure of the site was recommended. The MSW was covered and compacted with C &D waste and thereon covered with linear system comprise with Geo textile liner over C&D layer. A landfill gas recovery system has been installed at the site in order to capture Methane emission in future. To incinerate the landfill gases, enclosed flare system has been provided. The flare system consists of flare burner along with chimney of around 12 mega tone height.

The Gorai closure project envisages converting about 19 hectares of land at Gorai dumping ground into green landscaped spaces for the Mumbai citizen
Mumbai, spread over an area of 437.71sq km with a population of more than 12million people, generates around 6,500 tons per day (TPD) of MSW and 2,400TPD of Construction and demolition(C&D) waste. Characterized by high population densities, vast quantities of waste, large slum areas and proximity to sea coast with high humidity levels, and tidal inundation, Mumbai

poses a unique Challenge to the management of MSW. The challenge in the context of Mumbai lies in developing scientific and environmentally compatible MSW processing and landfill facilities while keeping the site specific constraints in mind. Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM) appointed Infrastructure Leasing and Financial Services (IL &FS) to provide environmental consultancy and project development and advisory services for developing an Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan (ISW M) for the Metropolitan city. The ISW M Project, which includes a comprehensive waste disposal plan, has been developed by IL &FS on a Public Private Partnership (PPP) framework. The Waste Management Plan is worked out as a set of independent but well synchronized projects, for each of the disposal sites at Gorai, Kanjur, Deonar and Mulund. MCGM will award the projects on a design, build, own, operate and transfer (DBOOT) basis for a period of 25years which would enable the private operator to recover the investments along with reasonable returns. The Gorai dumpsite is located in the western suburbs of Mumbai. It spreads over an area of 19.6 ha and is operational since 1972. The site is adjacent to Gorai creek and is very close to habitation. Approximately, about 2.34million tons of waste up to an average height of 26m is lying at the site. The Gorai closure project envisages converting about 19 hectares of land at Gorai dumping ground into green landscaped spaces for the Mumbai citizen. The existing practice of open dumping that has been followed since 1972 has caused significant environmental damage in neighborhoods adjoining the disposal site. The creek waters have been polluted due to inflow of leach ate and the air quality has deteriorated from the frequent burning of garbage at the Gorai dumping ground. As part of the scientific closure strategy, IL &FS recommended levelling and reforming the existing heap of MSW and incorporating environmental mitigation measures including laying of impermeable surface cover (Geotextile / HDPE sheet), sheet piling to secure the site against tidal

inundation, landfill gas (predominantly methane) collection and leach ate collection system, development of a green belt and landscaping including a green cover over the dumpsite

Before

After The capture and combustion of methane gas will result in a substantial reduction of greenhouse emissions and thus has the potential to earn carbon credits. Since IL &FS has pioneered the use of

advance carbon financing to enhance sustainability of operations in several municipal waste management projects across the country, they were retained by the MCGM to provide CDM project advisory services in availing the CDM benefits for the project. IL &FS Eco smart Limited was instrumental in getting an advance purchase agreement signed with Asian Development Bank. As a result of this effort, MCGM has received an advance of Rs250million against future delivery of Carbon Credits from the Asia Carbon Fund of the Asian Development Bank for the Gorai project. The transaction is one of the largest carbon advance transactions in Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) in the world. It includes emission reduction to be generated from the project post-Kyoto protocol i.e. emissions in 2013- 14 as well as will get Rs250million for the CERs sold until 2012. The total expected revenue generation from the CERs for the Gorai project is Rs729million. The Scientific Landfill Closure and Methane capture project at Gorai sets a benchmark in urban rejuvenation. The immediate benefits from the project are significant: the project has created 19hectares of green space in Mumbai and led to the restoration of mangroves. Other environmental benefits include improvement in public health and hygiene; elimination of foul odor, fire and vermin nuisance, an improvement in the quality of creek water and an increase in avian fauna population. The project also demonstrates that the carbon credit finance mechanism can catalyze environmentally sustainable and financially viable closure of existing dumping sites and thus directly eliminating methane and replacing fossil fuel electricity generation to prevent GHG emissions in the atmosphere. The project provides a replicable role model for other municipalities in the country.

CITY CLEANER RICH, BMC AFTER GORAI DUMP CLOSURE

Times of India 24th September 2009,

PARK MAY COME UP AT GORAI DUMP YARD

Times of India 24th September 2009

CURRENT STATUS

Despite protests, city gets a new dumping ground in Kanjurmarg. (Hindustan Times Mumbai, March 15, 2012) Fearing protests from locals, the Brihan Mumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) has quietly started treating garbage at the controversial Kanjurmarg dumping ground. The civic body has been treating waste in the landfill for a week now. The site has been receiving and treating around 100 metric tonnes of garbage every day. Confirming this, Mohan Adtani, additional municipal commissioner said, We have started the trials at the Kanjurmarg site. We have started with 100 metric tonnes. This quantity will keep increasing as time progresses.Civic officials said that if the trials continue to be successful, the site will process around 500 metric tonnes within a weeks time.There are now three dumping grounds in the eastern suburbs, including the ones in Deonar and Mulund, while the western suburbs have none after the Gorai dumping ground was shut down in 2009. The private contractor appointed by the civic body, which will be handling the site for the next 25 years, will treat 3,000 tonnes using the bioreactor technology while another 1,000 tonnes will be treated through composting. Although the BMC has gone ahead with the dumping ground, local concerns over health and hygiene remain. Mangesh Sangle, local MNS MLA, who has been opposing the dumping ground, had recently said: The BMC and the private contractor appointed need to assure the locals there will be no foul and hazardous smells, nor any fires like there were in Deonar. We fear this ground will turn into another Deonar dumping ground.Ever since the dumping ground was proposed, it has been dogged by controversies. To begin with, green activists have alleged that the civic body has been killing mangroves on the plot where the dumping ground was located. Local citizens as well as activists from the Maharashtra Navnirman Sena(MNS) have

also protested violently against having a dumping ground in Kanjurmarg, which they believe could be a health hazard for locals.

CONCLUSION

A better future possible???? The existing dumping grounds are being used for construction of commercial and residential complex. Due to the chemical reactions below the ground, obnoxious gases emit throughout the year. However it is intensified during summer and affects the human health, damage sensitive equipments like computers, electronic devices etc. Our country desires to have a scientific method of disposal of Municipal Solid Waste. The differences between Curitiba and Mumbai are clear, both in scale and density of population. More importantly, there is a clear difference in the structures of governance of both cities, and the political will to promote change. However, there is a clear opportunity to learn from Curitiba, from the inner organization of the waste management in squatter areas, to the different programs to engage the inhabitants of these areas, to training and education, and of course, to the implementation of a recycling network throughout the city. The current situation in Mumbai calls for direct and structured implication of the population with the waste management. This seems the only possible way for slum dwellers to improve their living conditions and ensure their members health. Facing the lack of resources and even ideas coming from the public authorities, the responsibility to set up inner organizational structures in slums lies on the NGOs. However this should only serve as a transitional stage in the self organization of these communities, and not as a dependent tie to an again outer imposed order. Street and dumpsite rag pickers and door to door waste collectors currently participate in the solid waste management network of both cities. In the case of Mumbai, however, the municipal corporation does not give sufficient recognition and support to the informal recycling networks in solid waste management. The idea is to legitimize the role of the informal waste recycling network within the municipal solid waste management; that would help dealing with city cleaning and urban poverty at the same time. A waste recycling

program would contribute in giving a sense of acceptance and respect toward the population involve in these activities. As Curitiba did, Mumbai should target a public awareness program about the value of recycling. Through citizen empowerment and education it is possible to implement an effective waste management program that creates employment for marginalized people and addresses environmental and social concerns1.If only a major strategy in the city aimed to actively incorporate the poor in the improvement of the urban environment, the opportunities for a major change would be in the hands of the majority of the population, a 55% that deeply believe in Mumbai as the place for making a better life. The slums are already supporting the city and its economy, and the changes to happen should take advantage of the existing structure and the way it operates. The fact that the slums are extended all over the geography of the city brings a lot of potential for them to develop a comprehensive network operating not only in economic terms but in other social and environmental ones. Looking at Curitiba we learnt that no isolated measure will work: the city is a complex organism and all different systems need to come together to work well. Decent housing, efficient transportation, work opportunities, environmental concerns All they work together and need to be planned together. When rethinking Mumbai need to plan processes and not final products, understanding social and cultural specificities. In addition, the city needs to consider urgently the increase the number of recycling facilities in different points of the city to minimize the amount of garbage arriving to the municipal dumps every day. The public authorities should foster the creation of industries devoted to recycle that could be placed in installations of old mills and manufactures, and promote incentives to clean industries. As seen in Curitiba, this should involve public and private partnerships: waste must be labeled as a business to draw the attention of young and already established entrepreneurs and finally education targeting both children and adults.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://www.ilfsecosmart.com/press_releases.tm http://www.marquero.com/introduction.html

MCGM website: http://www.mcgm.gov.in/

PDF File of Position paper report on the solid waste management sector in India PDF File on New Practices of Waste Management, Mumbai PDF File on Present Scenario of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Dumping Grounds in India by Amiya Kumar Sahu VIDEO