CHANAKYA NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY PATNA

HISTORY-II
PROJECT ON

CHARTER ACT OF 1813

Submitted To: Dr. Priya Darshini

Assistant Professor (History)

Submitted By: Saurabh Kumar Roll no: - 607 1st Year

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The research work on the CHARTER ACT OF 1813 has been able to get its final shape with the support and help of people from various quarters. My sincere thanks go to all the people without whom the study could not have come to its present state. I am proud to acknowledge gratitude to the individuals during my study and without whom the study may not be completed. I have taken this opportunity to thank those who genuinely helped me. With immense pleasure, I express my deepest sense of gratitude to Dr.Priya Darshini, Assistant Professor (History), Chanakya National Law University for helping me in my research. I would also like to thank my parents without whose blessings the completion of this project was not possible. I have made every effort to acknowledge credits, but I apologies in advance for any omission that may have inadvertently taken place. Last but not least I would like to thank Almighty whose blessing helped me to complete the project.

Saurabh Kumar

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 1 EAST INDIA COMPANY........................................................................ 3 CHARTER ACT OF 1813 ..................... Error! Bookmark not defined. EFFECT OF CHARTER ON ECONOMY .............................................. 8 REFORMS IN EDUCATION ................................................................... 9 REFORMS IN RELIGION ..................................................................... 12 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................... 14 BIBILOGRAPHY ................................................................................... 15

INTRODUCTION
The East India Company Act 1813, also known as the Charter Act of 1813, was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which renewed the charter issued to the British East India Company, and continued the Company's rule in India. However, the Company's commercial monopoly was ended, except for the tea trade and the trade with China, reflecting the growth of British power in India, The Company's charter had previously been renewed by the Charter Act of 1793, and was next renewed by the Government of India Act 1833. Napoleon Bonaparte had put in place the Berlin decree of 1806 & Milan Decree of 1807 forbade the import of British goods into European countries allied with or dependent upon France, and installed the Continental System in Europe. These circumstances posed hardships to British traders, and they demanded entry to the ports of Asia and dissolve the monopoly of the East India Company. But the East India Company clamored that its political authority and commercial privileges cannot be separated. The controversy was later resolved by allowing all the British merchants to trade with India under a strict license system. Thus the Charter Act of 1813 ended the monopoly of the East India Company in India, however: The company's monopoly in trade with china and trade in tea was remained intact. The Charter Act of 1813, for the first time explicitly defined the constitutional position of the British territories in India. This act also made provisions to grant permission to the persons who wished to go to India for Promoting moral and religious improvements. (Christian Missionaries) This act regulated the companys territorial revenues and commercial profits. The company debt was to be reduced and dividend was fixed @10.5% per annum. There was also a provision that Company should invest Rs. 1 Lakh every year on the education of Indians. This act also empowered the local governments to impose taxes on the persons subject to the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.

Aim and objectives Through the research work the researcher aims to study the Charter Act of 1813 with the objective of finding its effect on various fields in the Indian context Research methodology- The researcher has implied the use of doctrinal method to conduct the research Mode of bibliography- The researcher has used a uniform mode of bibliography for the research.

EAST INDIA COMPANY

When the British East India Company (EIC) was formed in 1600, there were already other East India Companies operating on behalf of France, the Netherlands, Spain and Portugal. Thanks to the naval route that explorer Vasco da Gama discovered, riches from the Orient were pouring into Europe. With other nations importing fortunes in goods and plunder, Queen Elizabeth decided England should get some, too. So she granted the charter for the East India Company.1 Queen Elizabeth used more than just royal decree and coffers (treasury funds) to help merchants and explorers establish trade on behalf of England in the East. The charter she issued created the first official joint-stock corporation. A joint-stock corporation is composed of investors who are granted shares in a company. In return for their initial investments, shareholders are given dividends, or percentages, of the company's profits based on the number of shares the investor holds. Shares and dividends were not new concepts in England. Twenty years prior to the EIC's charter, Queen Elizabeth was already a major stakeholder in Sir Francis Drake's ship, the Golden Hind. Although it's not certain how much she made from Drake's voyages to the New World, the captain himself made a 5,000 percent return on his initial investment. So a joint-stock corporation like the one Queen Elizabeth formed in the East India Company wasn't much of a financial leap. But it was the first of its kind, and following the establishment of the EIC, its Dutch, French and other competitors followed suit. But granting charter to the EIC wasn't the only part of the prototype for modern corporations that Queen Elizabeth devised. Under the auspices of her royal authority, Elizabeth also limited the liability of the EIC's investors -- including hers. This made the company the world's first limited liability corporation (abbreviated as LLC in the United States and Ltd. in the United Kingdom). Under an LLC, the investors in a corporation are granted protection from losing any more money than their initial investments in the venture. If the company goes under, the investors only lose the amount of money they put into the LLC. The company's outstanding debts aren't divvied up among its investors. Queen Elizabeth covered any losses or debts owed by the East India Company with the royal coffers; modern LLCs are subject to bankruptcy procedures, where creditors may be forced to take pennies on the dollar or nothing at all if a corporation goes under.
1

"The Creation of the East India Company"www. history.howstuffworks.com/15-04-2012

Although it took several decades for the East India Company to become truly profitable, once it did, the company rose to global domination -- both in business and in government. In a symbiotic way, as the company grew in power, so, too, did England. So it's no surprise that during its existence, the company was directly involved in major geopolitical changes: The EIC literally changed the course of history. Two nations, India and the United States, revolted against East India Company rule, which led to the establishment of their current political structures.

What is Charter
A charter is the grant of authority or rights, stating that the granter formally recognizes the prerogative of the recipient to exercise the rights specified. It is implicit that the granter retains superiority (or sovereignty), and that the recipient admits a limited (or inferior) status within the relationship, and it is within that sense that charters were historically granted, and that sense is retained in modern usage of the term. Also, charter can simply be a document giving royal permission to start a colony.2 The word entered the English language from the Old French charte (ultimately from the Latin word for "paper"), but the concept is universal and transcends language. It has come to be synonymous with the document that lays out the granting of rights or privileges.

Charter en.wikipedia.org/ retrieved on 15-04-2012

CHARTER ACT OF 1813

By 1813 when renewal of the Companys charter was due there were elaborate discussions about the justification of the commercial privileges enjoyed by the company. The extent of the companys territories in India had so much expanded that it was considered to be impossible for it to continue both a commercial and political functionary. Englishmen demanded a share in the trade with India in view of the new economic theories of laissez faire and the continental system introduced by Napolean.The Englishmen demanded the termination of the commercial monopoly of the company. The Act of 1813 renewed the charter of 1793 the East India Company for 20 years. The aggressive policies of Lord Wellesley and the Marquis of Hastings led to the Company gaining control of all India, except for the Punjab, Sindh, and Nepal. The Indian Princes had become vassals of the Company. But the expense of wars leading to the total control of India strained the Company's finances. The Company was forced to petition Parliament for assistance. This was the background to the Charter Act of 1813

The Charter Act of 1793

In the year 1793 the companys commercial privileges were extended for another twenty years. The powers, which had been specially entrusted with Lord Cornwallis on his appointment to override his council was extended to all future Governor generals over the presidencies of Bombay and Madras was emphasized by the act. By the charter Act, during the absence of the governor General from the province of Bengal, he was to appoint as vice President from the civilian members of his council to act in his place. Moreover the act envisaged that when he went over to Bombay or Madras he was to supersede the local governors the head of the administration. The commander in Chief was not to be members of the Governor Generals Council ipso facto. Regarding Home Government, the first named commissioners of the Board Controls was to be its President. The two junior members needs no longer be member of the Privy Council. All the members, by the charter Act of 1793, in future were to be paid salaries not out of the State Exchequer but out of the Indians revenues. This practice laid by the Charter Acts of 1793 continued up to 1919.3 The Charter Act 1793 of the company was decided to renew by the year 1813. But it was still imminent due to several socio-political problems Thus there were several discussion about the justification of the commercial privileges enjoined with the company. The Companys commercial privileges were too much extended prior to the Charter Act of 1793. As a result the East India Company cease to functions properly as a dual body commercial and political, Moreover with the Introduction of the new concept of laissez faire, Europeans ports to the British trade. Hence the English demanded to strengthen the trade in India. Dues to all these problems in
3

The Charters Act of 1793www. duxdahiya.hubpages.com/ retrieved on 15-04-2012 5

the inland trades, the Englishmen demanded the termination of the commercial monopoly of the East India Company in India. Hence the contemporary circumstances made it necessary for the renewals of the Charter Act of 1793. The Charter Act of 1813 the of its monopoly of trade with India. Buts the company still enjoyed its monopoly of trades with and the trades in tea. The s Indians trades being a subject to the Charter Acts of 1813 were made open to all the Englishmen. The shareholders of the due to these Company restrictions Opposed against the regulations provided by the Charter Act of 1813. Though the commercial jurisdiction of the Company was curtailed, were granted a dividend 101/2 % out of the revenues of India. The Act continued to company for a further to the company for a further period of years. According to the recommendations of the Charter Act of 1813, it was declared that the s constitutional positions of the British territories in India were explicitly defined for the first time. It had also been provided that the separate records were to be kept for the commercial transactions provincial revenues. The Charter Act of 1813 had defined in the clear terms, the power of superintendence and direction of the Board of Control. Moreover the power of the board of control was enlarged by this Act of 1813. But the significant part of the Charter Act of 1813 was the clause providing for the sum of one lakh rupees annually for the s developments of literature and education in India. It had also been declared that the educated natives were to be encouraged for the introduction and promotion of the knowledge of sciences among the inhabitants of the British territories in India. This famous clause constituted the Charter Act of 1813 as the most important British pronouncement relating to India.4 The company was deprived of its monopoly trade with India but she was to enjoy her monopoly of trade with China for 20 years. Trade was thrown open to all British subjects the company retaining only its monopoly over tea and the china trade. While offering the companys right to the territorial possession and revenues of India, the Act proclaimed the sovereignty of the crown over them. The Indian administration was asked to maintain separate accounts for its commercial and political activities. The Directors kept their rights of patronage but all important appointment were henceforth to be subject to the approval of the crown. The Act marks the beginning of an ecclesiastical establishment in India for missionaries were now permitted to settle in the country. An educational policy was also initiated by the grant of Rs one lakh out of the Companys Indian revenues for the encouragement of education, literature and science. Local governments of India were given the right of levying taxes on their subjects and punishing those not paying them. The special importance of the charter of 1813 lies in the fact that that the sovereignty of the crown over the Companys territorial acquisitions of India was clearly proclaimed. The power of the Board of Control in England was considerably enlarged. The Charter Act of 1813 allowed the territorial acquisitions of the company to continue for another 20 years under the Companys control without prejudice to the undoubted sovereignty of the Crown of the United Kingdom, etc. in and over the same. But at what moment that sovereignty came into being still remained a riddle. This claim was formally announced to the diplomatic world and was recognized by the
4

ibid

French, the Dutch and in the convention in the Netherlands. The position of the British government in India was thus placed beyond question internationally. The provincial governments in India were empowered by the Charter of 1813 to make laws and regulations and articles of war for their native armed forces and authorize the holding of Courts Martial. The territories of India were considered the property of England and persons entering without license were to be treated as interlopers. For a case of trespass or assault committed by these Europeans on the people of India and for cases of small debts on them, they were placed under the Jurisdiction of the Peace. Those residing or trading or holding movable property at a distance more than ten miles of a presidency town were placed for civil cases under the jurisdiction of the Civil Courts, while for criminal matters special arrangements were to be made. It was also provided that those Englishmen who had their residency at a distance more than ten miles of a presidency town would register themselves with the District court. Special penalties were provided for theft, forgery, perjury.

EFFECT OF CHARTER ON ECONOMY

The Charter Act of 1813 brought many changes in the economy system. The Company lost its monopoly trading rights in India, and ended in 1858, when the British Crown took over the direct control and administration of all British territory in India.
ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF BRITISH COLONIALISM

As the Companys profits grew, the support they enjoyed from the British government became precarious. Earlier many members of the parliament had East Indian interests, who used the Companys resources to maintain their patronage within the government. But as unprecedented levels of industrialization were achieved in Britain, there was a gradual change in the constitution of the parliament. Adam Smiths book, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, heralded a new school of economic thought, which critiqued the idea of companies enjoying exclusive monopolies and lobbied for a government policy of free trade or laissez faire. In a bid to acquire greater control over the Companys earnings, the parliament started attacking individual Company officials with charges of misconduct. The Free Traders, dominant in the parliament with the turn into the 19th century, demanded free access to India, which led to the passing of the Charter Act of 1813, thus ending the monopoly enjoyed by the Company in India, while subordinating its territorial.5 Possessions to the overall sovereignty of the British crown. Free Trade changed the nature of the Indian colony completely, through a dual strategy. Firstly it threw open Indian markets for the entry of cheap, mass-produced, machine-made British goods, which enjoyed little or almost no tariff restrictions. The passage of expensive, hand-crafted Indian textiles to Britain, which had been very popular there, was however obstructed by prohibitive tariff rates. And secondly British-Indian territory was developed as a source of food stuff and raw material for Britain, which fuelled rapid growth in its manufacturing sector, crucial to the emergence of a powerful capitalist economy. These changes reversed the favorable balance of trade that India had enjoyed earlier. This phase laid the foundations of a classic colonial economy within India through the complex processes of commercialization of agriculture and deindustrialization.6

5 6

ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF BRITISH COLONIALISMwww.download.nos.org/ retrieved on 15-04-2012 ibid

REFORMS IN EDUCATION
The British followed the policy of non-interference in the social and religious life of India till 1813. Of course, they did not intend to take the risk for the infant empire in India. Interference in the socioreligious life would have created resistance against the Company rule. Also being a trading concern, the company was concerned with profit-making and paid little interest towards education. The beginning of the state system of education in India under the British rule maybe traced back to the year 1813 when the east India company was compelled by the force of circumstances to accept responsibility for the education of Indians. Clause 43 of the Charter Act of 1813 which stated It shall be lawful for the governor general in council to direct that out of any surplus which may remain of rents, revenues , and profits arising from the said territorial acquisitions , after defraying the expenses of the military , civil and commercial establishment and paying the interest of the debt, in manner hereinafter provided , a sum of not less than one lakh of rupees in each year shall be set apart and applied to the revival and improvement of literature and the encouragement of the learned natives of India and for the introduction and promotion of knowledge of the sciences among the inhabitants of the British territories in India. 7

When the British Parliament had renewed the charter of the East India Company for 20 years in 1813, it had required the Company to apply 100,000 rupees per year[1] for the revival and promotion of literature and the encouragement of the learned natives of India, and for the introduction and promotion of a knowledge of the sciences among the inhabitants of the British territories.[2] This had gone to support traditional forms (and content) of education, which (like their contemporary equivalents in England) were firmly non-utilitarian.8 English education was first introduced in India in 18th century through some charity schools in Calcutta, Madras and Bombay for educating European and Anglo-Indian children. Although the East India Company supported these schools in various ways but it did not take any responsibility for teaching English to the Indian population. The beginning was finally made in the year 1813 through a Charter Act. This Act allowed missionaries to travel to India. These missionaries were always keen to spread western literature and teachings of Christianity through English medium. More importantly, this Act asked the company to spend one lakh rupees annually for(i) Encouraging Indian educated classes, reviving and improvement of literature. (ii) Promotion of sciences among Indians. However, this clause was interpreted differently

by different people.

Essay on the Role of British in the Growth of Education in India www.preservearticles.com/ retrieved on 15-052012
8

ibid

During these years India had its own system of education. Of course, establishment of the Calcutta Madrasha in 1781 by Warren Hastings was needed to teach Muslim law and its related subjects. Likewise Jonathan Duncan opened a Sanskrit College at Varanasi in 1791 for the study of Hindu Law and philosophy. There was need for qualified Indians to work in courts of the Company for administration of law. The products of these two institutions were expected to meet the requirement. But the British realized that the introduction of Western secular education would accomplish the objective of modernizing socio-cultural life of India. Modernized India would be better consumer of the British industrial products and the Government would be supplied with qualified persons to help administration at a low cost. By this time, Christian missionaries advocated for introduction of western education to encourage the spread of Christianity. On the other hand, some progressive and humanitarian Indians were in favor of modern education. To them, modern education would be the right means to provide remedy for the ills of the society. Both groups, though with different objectives, exerted pressure on the Government for a change in the policy and for introduction of modern education. It suited to the British interest of getting qualified persons to work in offices at low salaries in comparison to the European employees. Therefore, The Charter Act of 1813 made provisions for funds to encourage modern education. This was the first official attempt in this direction and unfortunately this amount was not received by the Company for a long period. By this time, a great controversy came up over the Western education. One group laid emphasis for the promotion of modern education, the other advocated in favour of traditional Indian learning. Even controversy came upon over the medium of instruction. While some preferred English to be the medium of teaching in schools and colleges, others recommended for the Indian languages or the vernaculars. Those who supported English language as medium of instruction were called the Anglicists and the Orientalists argued in favour of the Indian languages like Sanskrit, Arabic, and Persian etc. Raja Ram Mohan Ray was a leading Anglicist to plead for liberal and enlightened system of instruction through English language. Ram Mohan Ray and others considered the Western education and English language as the carrier of "scientific and democratic thought of modern West". They depicted traditional education superstitious and stagnant for which the Indian culture continued to be static. The ideas of Anglicists were supported by the Government in 1835 when Lord Macaulay made the stand of the British clear through the famous minute called "Macaulay's Minute. He considered the oriental learning inferior to European learning and Indian languages were not up to standard to promote Western education as the medium of instruction. Of course, Macaulay's view was prejudiced one and he was not aware of the details of Indian learning. However, Macaulay's recommendation opened a new epoch for education in India. Macaulay came to India as the Law Member of Governor General's Council in 1834. Bentinck assigned him the responsibility of preparing education policy for India.

10

Education for the most part was left to the charge of Indians or to private agents who imparted instruction in the vernaculars. But in 1813, the British became convinced of their "duty" to awaken the Indians from intellectual slumber by exposing them to British literary traditions, earmarking a paltry sum for the cause. Controversy between two groups of Europeans--the "Orientalists" and "Anglicists"--over how the money was to be spent prevented them from formulating any consistent policy until 1835 when William Cavendish Bentinck, the governorgeneral from 1828 to 1835, finally broke the impasse by resolving to introduce the English language as the medium of instruction. English replaced Persian in public administration and education. The Charter Act of 1813 did not specify the methods to secure the objects of revival and improvement of nature, the encouragement of learned natives of India and the introduction and promotion of knowledge of sciences among the inhabitants of British territories in India. The vagueness of clause 43 of the charter act 1813 intensified the oriental occidentals educational controversy in India. Since the dons of 19th century, there had emerged two groups among the officials of the company. One group was of the Orientalists or classists who wanted the promotion of Indian education through the medium of Sanskrit, Arabic and Persian whereas the other group was of Anglicists or Occidentalizes who were in favour of developing western education in India through the medium of English.

Points of controversy on the interpretation of Charter Act of 1813

At that time a major oriental and occidental controversy was going on in respect of the following issues:-9

1. Aim of education of the British policy: whether it should be to educate the classes in higher
branches of learning or the masses in elementary education

2. Type of knowledge: whether to preserve and promote oriental learning or to introduce

western knowledge, culture and science.

3. Medium of instruction: whether English or Persian and Sanskrit in Bengal, English or

Indian languages in Bombay and madras should become the medium of instruction.

4. Agency of education: whether the government should assume direct responsibility of

educating the Indians or the indigenous system of the country to continue. 5. Missionaries: whether the shores of India to be thrown open to missionaries of all parts of the world to promote education or to a few missionaries or not at all

http://mohitpuri.pbworks.com/ retrieved on 15-05-2012

11

REFORMS IN RELIGION
In the beginning, the rulers of the East India Company did not show much enthusiasm for missionary activity. The Company recognized that the people of India were peculiarly sensitive in the matter of religion. In 1781, evidence before a Committee of the Commons elicited the unanimous opinion that "any interference with the religion of the natives would eventually ensure the total destruction of the British Power". Gradually, a policy of religious neutrality was evolved. But the Governors and Governors General privately sympathized with and supported the Missionary activities in India. The evangelical party in England was gaining ground and they climaxed their efforts to win public support for "Christianizing India". They succeeded in their efforts and in July 1813, a clause was inserted in the Charter Act by which Missionaries of all faiths were allowed to enter India. Missionary exertions were recognized by the Legislature and it gave a profound impetus to the movement.10 The debate and the ultimate victory of the Party of Saints served to attract other Western nations to pastures available in India for the missionary work. The Charter Act of 1813 opened the gates of India for a perennial influx of the holy men from Christendom. In 1813, for example, there were six American Protestant Missions moving in India and in 1910 nearly 1800 American Protestant Agencies were working in India for propagating Christianity. Since then there is an influx of missionaries and theirs was the religion of the ruling class.11 The missionaries were aware that certain elements in Christian preaching - particularly its intolerance of non-Christian faiths - have proved disruptive of India's cultural heritage; yet since their object was to make this heritage subservient to Christianity they relished the situation. As a consequence many Hindus felt quite justified in regarding Christianity as a political as well as a religious weapon of the West.12 The act of 1813, which permitted missionary work in India made the following provisions: section XXXIII And whereas it is the duty of this country to promote the interests and happiness of the native inhabitants of the British dominions in India and such measures ought to be adopted as may tend to the introduction among them of useful knowledge and of religious improvement so as the principles of the British government on which the natives of India have relied for the free exercise of their religion be inviolable maintained and whereas it is expedient to make provision for granting permission to persons desirous of going or remaining in India for the above purpose.13

10
11 12 13

A Retrospect Christianity In India www.hindubooks.org/ retrieved on 15-04-2012

ibid ibid

Christian Missions in North India http://books.google.co.in/ retrieved on 15-04-2012

12

The Charter Act of 1813 consisted of of triple arrangements; setting up of an ecclesial establishment, making provisions for financial outlay for educational purposes and above all opening of doors for missionary activities. The Charter that came into effect on April 10 th, April threw India open to private individuals. The new Charter removed the restrictions placed on the missionaries but any influential government officials in India remained skeptical about the soundness of the measure. Their fear about the reactions of soldiers towards the enterprise wre vehement. Indian reaction The immediate reaction of the Indians against the missionaries was unorganized and weak. No specific evidence in this regard has come to light. There is no doubt however that the seeds of discontent had been deeply sown. Gradually the people came to know that the provisions of the Charter were not prompted by any motive of philanthropy or altruism but the consideration of political gains alone had paved the way for their adoption. The missionaries used emotionally charged language in exhorting their compatriots to work for the spread of their religion. The members of the ecclesiastical establishment, who although were paid out of local revenues, worked as active evangelists. Since they had an official status their activities were backed by the state an authority. Their prime royalty remained towards the Church of England and not towards the company. A careful study of the contemporary evidence revels that once the charter had given them the right to go and remain India, the Missionaries Societies of England realized that the Court of Directors and the share holders of the company in London were no longer important for their cause. The covenanted civil services officers, military authorities and the lower functionaries of the government in India were the people who really mattered. These people they realized were more, if wooed and equally harmful if annoyed. A concerned effort therefore was made to convert the officialdom to their cause.14

14

ibid

13

CONCLUSION
The Charter of 1813 owes its existence to changing economic scenario in Europe in the 19th century. This act was attempt to save the interest of its traders since Napoleon Bonaparte had put in place the Berlin decree of 1806 & Milan Decree of 1807 which forbade the import of British goods into European countries allied with or dependent upon France, and installed the Continental System in Europe. The British traders were in a drastic need of a market to sell their goods. The best possible market which the Britishers could find was the markets of India. But the markets of India were under the control of the East India Company and they were not willing to share it with others. The crown had to interfere to solve this controversy. The crown not only intervened for safeguarding its traders interest but through the charter it also made its way for domination of the India acquisitions under the control of East India Company. This act showed that the British no longer wished exist as a trading house it aimed to become a Territorial soverginity. The Charter Act of 1813 can be praised for its initiative taken in the education field. This act was a first attempt to construct a regular system of education in India. Though however there was some controversy in implementing the education system. Since English was introduced, the local languages started to suffer. Some of the side effects of the education policy were:1. Indian culture and philosophy receded to the background 2. Vernacular languages began to be neglected 3. Mass education was neglected 4 Western culture made rapid strives. 5. Arabic and Sanskrit languages found very few takers 6. Arabic, maktabs and Sanskrit pathshalas saw gradual disappearance The roots of origin and rise of Christianity in India can be traced back to this charter. Before this charter the missionaries were not allowed to come to India for preaching their religion. The Charter Act of 1813 opened the gates for the missionaries to come to India. Many missionaries society were set up all over India. The missionaries set up schools all over India. Missionarys schools are still functioning successfully in India

14

BIBILOGRAPHY

Mahajan, V D, Constitutional Law of India, Lucknow, Eastern Book Company Smith, Vincent Arthur, The Oxford History Of India, U.S.A, Oxford, University Press Gandhi, B.M., Landmarks in Indian Legal & Constitutional History, New Delhi, Eastern Book Company Jain, M.P., Outlines of Indian Legal & Constitutional History, New Delhi, Wadhwa
Nagpur

External links http://books.google.co.in www. history.howstuffworks.com mohitpuri.pbworks.com www.preservearticles.com www.download.nos.org www. duxdahiya.hubpages.com en.wikipedia.org www.hindubooks.org

15