2011 Year 6 H2 Mathematics Exercises For June Holiday - Solution

Raffles Institution
H2 Mathematics 9740
Year 6 2011
____________________________________

2011 Year 6 H2 Mathematics June Holiday Revision
Page 1 of 82
JUNE HOLIDAY REVISION EXERCISE
(Worked solutions will be posted on Discovery on 15 June (Wednesday) 2011. Please try
the questions first before accessing the solutions.)

Equations, Inequalities and System of Linear Equations

1. NJC 08/Prelim/I/2
A Sumo wrestler would like to have fish fillet, salad and fries for breakfast. As he is on a
special diet, he must make sure that his intake (in grams) of protein, carbohydrates and
fats per meal is in the ratio of 4:8:3. The table below shows the nutritional breakdown for
one serving of each item.
Protein
(in grams)
Carbohydrates
(in grams)
Fats
(in grams)
Fish Fillet 150 60 25
Salad with
dressing
15 30 5
Fries 5 250 110
Calculate the ratio of the servings of fish fillet, salad and fries that the wrestler should
take. [4]
[Ratio 1:3:1]
Let x : y : z be the ratio for the servings of fish fillet, salad and fries.
150x + 15y + 5z = 4k
60x + 30y + 250z = 8k
25x + 5y + 110z = 3k where k is a constant.

150x + 15y + 5z = 4
60x + 30y + 250z = 8
25x + 5y + 110z = 3
Solving the system of linear equations with the GC, we have
x = 0.02, y = 0.06, z =0.02
Ratio is 1:3:1 (ans)

2. DHS10/CT2/1
(i) Solve the inequality
1
1
( 1)( 3) x x

+ +
. [3]
(ii) Hence, or otherwise, solve
1
1
(ln 1)(ln 3) x x

+ +
, leaving your answer in exact
form. [2]
[ 3 or 2 or 1 x x x < = > ,
3 2
1 1 1
0 or or
e e e
x x x < < = > ]
Raffles Institution 2011 Year 6 H2 Mathematics

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(i)

(ii)
2
1
1
( 1)( 3)
1
1 0
( 1)( 3)
( 2)
0
( 1)( 3)
x x
x x
x
x x

+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +

3 or 2 or 1 x x x < = >

Replace x by ln x,

3 2 1
3 2
ln 3 or ln 2 or ln 1
0 e or e or e
1 1 1
0 or or
e e e
x x x
x x x
x x x

< = >
< < = >
< < = >

3. NJC08/Prelim/I/1
Without the use of a calculator, solve the inequality 3
2
5
x
x
. Hence, find the range of
values of x that satisfy 3
2
5
x
x
. [5]
[ 3 x or 2 > x , 2 x > or 2 < x ]
3
2
5
x
x
0
2
6 3
2
5
x
x
x
x
0
2
6 3 5
x
x x

0
2
6 2
x
x

( )( ) 0 2 6 2 + x x , 2 x
3 x or 2 > x
Replace x by x
3 x or 2 > x
2 > x or 2 < x

-1 -3
x
+ +
_ _
-2

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4. JJC09/Prelim/I/6b
By using an algebraic method, solve the inequality
2 18
6
3
x
x
x
>
+
. [3]
Hence, solve the inequality
2
ln 18
ln 6
ln 3
x
x
x
>
+
. [3]
[ 3 x < or 0 < x < 5, 0 <
3
x e
< or
5
1 x e < < ]
2 18
( 6) 0
3
x
x
x
>
+

2 18 ( 3)( 6)
0
3
x x x
x
+
>
+

2
5
0
3
x x
x
+
>
+

( 5)
0
3
x x
x
<
+

3 x < or 0 < x < 5

2
ln 18
ln 6
ln 3
x
x
x
>
+

2ln 18
ln 6
ln 3
x
x
x
>
+

For
2ln 18
ln 6
ln 3
x
x
x
>
+
, replace x with ln x

ln 3 x < or 0 ln 5 x < <

0 <
3
x e
< or
5
1 x e < <

Functions

1 MJC 10/JC2/CT2/I/5
The function f is defined by
1 1
f :
2
x x
x
+ for , x a x R .
Given that the inverse of f

exists, find the smallest value of a.

Hence, write down the
domain of
-1
f . [2]
Using the smallest value of a found,
(i) find, in a similar form,
-1
ff , stating its range. [2]
(ii) solve the equation ( ) ( ) f ff x x = . [3]

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(iii) using the result in part (ii), state the value of ( )
99
f 2 . [1]
[a = 1, [ )
-1
f 1.5, = ,
[ ) 1.5, , 2 x =
,
( )
99
f 2 2 = ]

From the graph of
1 1
2
y x
x
= +

The function
1 1
f :
2
x x
x
+ is 1-1 when 1 x .
Therefore, smallest a = 1
Domain of [ )
-1
f 1.5, =

(i)
( )
-1
ff x x =

And its domain follows the domain of
-1
f .

Therefore,
1
ff : x x
,
1.5, x x R

Range of [ )
-1
ff 1.5, =

(ii)

( ) ( ) f ff x x =

Method 1
( ) ( )
( )
-1 -1
f f f ff
f
1 1
2
2
x x
x x
x x
x
x
=
=
= +
=

Method 2

(1, 1.5)

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Page 5 of 82

( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2
1 1 1 2
1
2 2 2
1 2
1
2 2 2
2 1
1
2 2 2
4 2 2
2 5 2 0
2 1 2 0
1
2 or NA, 1
2
x
x x
x x x x
x
x x
x
x
x x
x x x
x x
x x
x x
+ = + +
+
= +
+
=
+
= +
+ =
=
=

(iii)
From part (ii), f(2) = ff(2) and since f(2) = 2, ( )
99
f 2 2 =

2 SAJC 10/Promos/I/5

The functions f and g are defined as follows:

2
f : 6,
g : 6 5,
x x x x
x x x
+
+
R
R

(i) Explain why the inverse function of f does not exist. [1]
(ii) Suppose that the domain of f is restricted to x a < , where a is a constant. Find the
largest value of a for which the inverse function of f exists. [1]

With the new domain of f found in (ii),
(iii) Define
1
f

in a similar form; [3]
(iv) Show that the composite function gf exists; [1]
(v) Define gf in a similar form and find its range. [3]
[ 0.5 a = ,
1
1 25 25
f : , ,
2 4 4
x x x x
+ > R ,

2
gf : 6 6 31, , 0.5 x x x x x + < R ,
gf
65
,
2
R
| |
=
|
\
]


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(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(v)

f is not one-to-one as there exists a horizontal line 0 y = (or any other value within the
range of the function), which cuts the graph of f at two points, i.e. 3 x = and 2 x = .
Therefore the inverse function of f does not exist.
Alternative method :
Since f(-3) = f(2) = 0, f is not one-to-one. Hence inverse function of f does not exist.
By GC, the minimum point on the graph is
1 25
,
2 6
| |

|
\
, i.e. ( ) 0.5, 6.25 .
Alternatively, x-coordinate of minimum point on the graph is
3 2 1
2 2
+
= .
0.5 a =

Let ( )
2
f 6, 0.5 y x x x x = = + <

2
1 25
2 4
y x
| |
= +
|
\

2
1 25
2 4
1 25
2 4
x y
x y
| |
+ = +
|
\
= +

Since 0.5 x < ,
1 25
2 4
x y = +
1
1 25 25
f : , ,
2 4 4
x x x x
+ > R

( )
f g
25
, ,
4
R D
| |
= =
|
\
, therefore gf exists.
( )
2 2
gf ( ) 6 6 5 6 6 31 x x x x x = + + = +
( )
gf f
, 0.5 D D = =
2
gf : 6 6 31, , 0.5 x x x x x + < R
3
y
x
0
( ) f y x =
2

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( )
f g
25 65
0.5 , ,
4 2
| | | |

| |
\ \

gf
65
,
2
R
| |
=
|
\

3 CJC 08/Prelim/I/4
Functions f and g are defined by

0 , , 1 :
0 , ,
1
1
:
>
>
x x x x g
x x
e
x f
x

(i) With the aid of a diagram, show that
1
f exists.
(ii) Find
1
f in a similar form.
(iii) Only one of the composite functions fg and gf exists. Give a definition (including
the domain) of the composite that exists and explain why the other composite does
not exist.
(iv) The function g has an inverse if its domain is restricted to k x . Find the smallest
possible value of k and define the inverse function
1
g corresponding to this domain
for g.

[2]
[3]

[3]

[2]
[ 1 ,
1
1 ln ) (
1
>
|
\
|
=
x
x
x f , 0 ,
1
1
1
1
1
) ( >
=
|
\
|
=

x
e e
g x gf
x x
,
1
( ) 1 , 0 g x x x
= ]

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Page 8 of 82

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

Since every horizontal line , 0 y k k = > cuts the graph of f at exactly one point, therefore f
is one-one. Since f is one-one, hence
1
f exists.

|
|
\
|
=
=
=
y
x
y
e
y
e
e
y
x
x
x
1
1 ln
1
1
1
1
1
1

1 ,
1
1 ln ) (
1
>
|
\
|
=
x
x
x f
Since ) , 0 ( ) 0 , ( = =
f g
D R , fg does not exist.
Since ) , 0 ( ) , 1 ( = =
g f
D R , gf exists.
0 ,
1
1
1
1
1
) ( >
=
|
\
|
=

x
e e
g x gf
x x

k =1
0 , 1 ) (
1
1
1
=
=
=
x x x g
y x
x y


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Page 9 of 82

4

SAJC09/Prelims/II/4
The functions f and g are defined by

2
f : 5 x x , x k <
g: 3 x x + , xR

(i) Given that the inverse
1
f

exists, find the largest value of k and define
1
f

in similar
form. [3]
(ii) Sketch, on the same diagram, the graphs of f,
1
f

and
1
ff
.
Solve the equation
1
f( ) f ( ) x x
= , giving your answer(s) in exact form. [4]

(iii) Determine whether the composite functions
1
gf
and
1
f g
exist. [2]

[
1
f : 5 , 5 x x x
< ,
1 21
2
x

= ,
-1 -1
gf exists, f g does not exist. ]

(i)

(ii)

Largest k = 0
Let
2
5 y x =
5 ( 5 is rejected as 0) x y x y x = = <

1
f : 5 , 5 x x x
<

1
f( ) f ( ) f( ) x x x x
= =
y=f(x)
y=ff
-1
(x)
y=f
-1
(x)
5
5

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Page 10 of 82

(iii)

2
2
5
5 0
1 21 1 21
(Rej as 0)
2 2
1 21
(ans in exact form)
2
x x
x x
x x x
x
=
+ =
+
= = <

=

-1
-1
f
f
-1
f
R D ( , 0)
D ( , )
Since R D , gf exists.
g
g
= =
=

-1
-1
f
-1
f
R [0, )
D ( , 5)
Since R D , f g does not exist.
g
g
=
=

Graphing Techniques

1. AJC09 Prelim/I/11
The graph of |
\
|
=
2
3 f
x
y has 2 stationary points at (8, -2) and (14, 2) and intersects the
x-axis at 18 and 10 , 6 = = = x x x as shown in the diagram below.

-4
(8, -2)
|
\
|
=
2
3 f
x
y

x
y
6
10 18
(14, 2)

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Page 11 of 82

Sketch, on separate clearly labeled diagrams, the graphs of
(a)
|
\
|

=

2
3 f
1

x
y [3]
(b)
2
f 3
2
x
y
| |
=
|
\
[3]
(c) ) f(x y = [3]
Show clearly the asymptotes, stationary points and points of intersection with the axes in
your diagrams.

(a)

y = -1/4
(8, -1/2)
(14, 1/2)
6
10
18
x
y
1

f 3
2
y
x
=
| |
|
\


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(b)

x
y
y = -2
6 10
) 2 , 8 (
) 2 , 8 (

y=2
2
f 3-
2
x
y
| |
=
|
\
18

(c)

(-1, -2)
0 -2 -6
(-4, 2)
-4
( ) x y f =
3


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Page 13 of 82

2. HCI09/Prelim/I/3
The diagram below shows the graph of f '( ) y x = . The curve passes through the origin and
has turning points at (3, 0) and (1.5, 1). The x-axis and x = 1 are the two asymptotes of
the curve.

(i) Find the range of values of x for which the graph of y = f ( ) x is strictly increasing and
concave downwards. [1]
(ii) State the x-coordinates of all the stationary points of the graph of f ( ) y x = and
determine the nature of each point. [2]
(iii) Given that f (0) 1 = , sketch the graph of f ( ) y x = for 1 x < . Your sketch should
indicate clearly all stationary points, asymptotes and intersections with the axes.
[2]
[ 1 x >
,
Point of inflexion at x = 3, Minimum point at x = 0.]

x
y
x=1
O
3
(1.5, 1)

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(i)
Concave downwards f ''( ) 0 x < so the gradient of f '( ) x <0
Strictly increasing f '( ) x >0
1 x > (ans)

(ii)
Stationary points: f '( ) x =0 3, 0 x =
x (3)

3 (3)
+
f '( ) x -ve 0 -ve

x 0

0 0
+
f '( ) x -ve 0 +ve

(iii)

x
y
1
3 1.5
x =1
Point of inflexion at
x = 3
Minimum point at x
= 0.

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3. DHS08/Prelim/I/4

The diagram shows the graph of f ( ) y x = . The curve has turning points at ( 2, ) A p and
(0, ) B q where p and q are positive real numbers.

Sketch, on separate clearly labelled diagrams, the graphs of:
(i)
( )
1
f 2
y
x
=
+
, [3]
(ii)
( )
f y x = . [3]

1
2
y =
y
x
( 2, ) A p
(0, ) B q
f( ) y x =

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4. RJC/II/4
The graph of f ( ) y x = has a minimum turning point at (4, 0) and passes through the
origin. The lines 2 x = and 2 y = are asymptotes to the graph, as shown in the diagram
below.

f ( ) y x =
2
2
0 4
y
x

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Page 17 of 82

(i) State the range of values of x for which the graph of
1
f( )
y
x
= is decreasing. [1]
(ii) State the range of values of x for which the graph of f '( ) y x = is below the x-axis. [2]
(iii)Sketch the graph of
2
f ( ) y x = , showing clearly the equations of all asymptotes and the
shape of the graph at the origin. [3]
(iv) Sketch the graph of f (| |) 2 y x = + , showing clearly the equations of all asymptotes and
the coordinates of the stationary points. [3]

[ (4, ) x , ( , 2) (2, 4) x ]

(i) The graph of
1
f( )
y
x
= is decreasing for (4, ) x .
(ii) The graph of f '( ) y x = is below the x -axis for ( , 2) (2, 4) x .
(iii)

(iv)

2
f ( ) y x =
2
2
0 4
y
x
2
x = 2
y = 2
y = 2
f ( ) 2 y x = +
2
4
0
(4,2)
y
x
(4,2)
2
x=2 x=2
y=4
2

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Page 18 of 82

Arithmetic and Geometric Progression

1 JJC 09/1/8
A geometric series has first term a, common ratio r and nth term denoted by G
n
. An
arithmetic series has first term a, common difference d and nth term denoted by A
n
. It is
given that a, r and d are non-zero and the two series are related by the following equations
4 2 3
A A G = and
5 5
5 6 9 A a G = .
Show that
4 2
9 10 1 0 r r + = . [4]
It is also given that r > 0, 1 r .
(i) Deduce that the geometric series is convergent and show that its sum to infinity is
3
2
a. [3]
(ii) Find the least value of N for which
1 1
10
N
n n
n n
A G
= =
>

where a > 0. [4]
[ans: 12]
4 2 3
2
2
2
( 3 ) ( )
2
2
A A G
a d a d ar
ar
d ar d
=
+ + =
= =

5 5
4
4
5 6 9
5( 4 ) 6 9
9 20 0 (1)
A a G
a d a ar
ar d a
=
+ =
+ =

Sub
2
2
ar
d = into (1),
2
4
4 2
4 2
9 20 0
2
9 10 0
9 10 1 0 (Shown)
ar
ar a
ar ar a
r r
| |
+ =
|
\
+ =
+ =

4 2 2 2 2 2
1
(i) 9 10 1 0 ( 1)(9 1) 0 1 or
9
1 1
1 (Reject r 1) or 1 (Reject 0) or (Reject 0) or
3 3
r r r r r r
r r r r r r
+ = = = =
= = > = > =

Since
1
1
3
r = < , the geometric series is convergent.
3
1
1 2
1
3
a a
S a
r
= = =
.


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[ ]
1 1
2
2
2
(ii) 10
2 ( 1) 10 .......(2)
2
1
( )
3
Sub into (2),
2 2 18
3
2 ( 1) 10
2 18 2
Since 0, ( 35) 540 35 540 0
N
n n
n n
A G
N
a N d S
a
ar a
d
N a
a N a
a N N N N
= =
>
+ >
= = =
( | | | |
+ >
| | (
\ \
> + > + >

From GC, 46.59 or 11.59 N N < >
Therefore least value of N =12.

2 NYJC 09/1/9
(a) In a convergent geometric progression, the sum of the first n terms is equal to the
sum of the remaining terms. Given also that the ( ) 1 n + th term is
1
2
, determine the
value of the ( ) 2 1 n + th term. [4]
(b) An arithmetic progression has first term a and common difference d . The eighth,
third and second term of the progression are successive terms of an
infinitegeometric progression.
If the first term of the geometric progression is 10, find the sum of the even-numbered
terms of the progression. [4]
A sequence is formed in which the n th term is given by
1
ln
n n
u u
+
, where
n
u is the
n th term of the geometric progression. Show that the sequence forms an arithmetic
progression and state the value of the common difference. [3]
[ans:
1
4
,
25
12
, 2ln5 ]
( ) 2
n n n
a S S S S S

= =

( )
1
2
1 1
n
a r
a
r r
=

( )
1
Since 1, 2 1 1
2
n n
r r r = =
Given
1
( 1) term =
2
th n
n ar + = , hence 1 a =
2
2
1 1
(2 1) term =
2 4
th n
n ar
| |
+ = =
|
\


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(b)

2
2
( 7 )( ) ( 2 )
7 2
a d a d
a d a d a d
a d a d
+ +
= + + = +
+ +

2
3 4 0 d ad + =

4
0 (Reject 0) or
3
d d d a = =
4
1
3
8
2 5
3
a a
a d
r
a d
a a
+
= = =
+

Sum of even-numbered terms
2 2
10
25
5
12 1
1
1
5
ar
r
= = =
| |
|
\
1 1
2 1 1
1 1
term ( 1) term=ln ln
1
ln ln ln 2ln which is a constant
5
th th
n n n n
n n n
n n n
n n u u u u
u u u
r
u u u
+
+ +

| |
= = = =
|
\

Therefore the sequence forms an arithmetic progression. Common difference
2ln5 =

3 TJC 09/1/9
(a) Find the sum of the arithmetic series
(m + 1) + (m + 3) + (m + 5) + . . . . + (3m 3)
where m is a positive integer. [4]
(b) A customer purchases a new 52-inch LCD television set from Counts Hypermarket
for $7000 and decides to pay the entire amount by loan instalment. He takes the loan
at the beginning of June during the Mid-Year Sale and he repays $p at the end of each
month where p < 7000. The Hypermarket will then charge a 5% interest on the
outstanding balance after each monthly repayment. Show that the outstanding amount
owes at the end of the nth month is
( )
7000(1.05) 21 1.05 1
n n
p . [3]
Deduce the least monthly repayment amount p, rounded off to the nearest dollar,
required to pay off the entire loan by the end of the 12
th
month. [3]
[ans: ( 1)(2 1) m m
,
$753 ]
(a) Let n be the number of terms.
n
th
term = 3m 3 = (m + 1) + (n 1)2 n = m 1
Sum of the arithmetic series = [ ]
1 1
( 1) (3 3) ( 1)(4 2) ( 1)(2 1)
2 2
m
m m m m m m
+ + = =
(b) Month Start of month End of month
1 7000 (7000 p)1.05
2 (7000 p)1.05 [(7000p)1.05 p]1.05

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=(7000)1.05
2
p(1.05
2
+ 1.05)
3 (7000)1.05
2
p(1.05
2
+ 1.05) [(7000)1.05
2
p(1.05
2
+ 1.05) p]1.05
=(7000)1.05
3
p(1.05
3
+ 1.05
2
+ 1.05)
At the end of the nth month, the outstanding amount owes
= (7000)1.05
n
p(1.05
n
+ 1.05
n1
+ . . . + 1.05)
=
( )
1.05 1.05 1
7000(1.05)
1.05 1
n
n
p

=
( )
7000(1.05) 21 1.05 1
n n
p (shown)

To pay off the entire loan by the 12
th
month, the outstanding amount owes at the end of the
12
th
month must be less than or equal to 0.

( )
12 12
7000(1.05) 21 1.05 1 p 0

12
12
7000(1.05 )
(1.05 1)
21
p
752.17 p
The least monthly installment is $753.

4 DHS 09/1/9b
The arithmetic progression 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, ... is arranged in rows in the following way:
1
st
Row: 2
2
nd
Row: 4, 6
3
rd
Row: 8, 10, 12
4
th
Row: 14, 16, 18, 20

(i) Show that the first term in the nth row is
2
2 n n + . [2]
(ii) Find the sum of all the terms from the 1
st
row to the (n 1)th row. [3]
[ans:
( )( )
2
1 2
4
n n n n +
]
(i) First term of each row: 2, 4, 8, 14.
Difference between the first terms: 2, 4, 6. is AP with a = 2, d = 2.
Sum of the first (n 1) differences = ( ) ( )
2
1
2 2 2 2
2
n
n n n
+ = (

First term of nth row = Sum of the first (n 1) differences + 1
st
term =
2
2 n n +

(ii) Total no. of terms from 1
st
row to (n 1)th row = 1 + 2 + 3 + (n 1)

( )
( )
( ) 1 1
1 1
2 2
n n n
n

= + = (

Sum of all terms from 1
st
row to (n 1)th row
( )
( )
2
1
2
2 2 2
2
n n
n n
(
= + +

( )( )
2
1 2
4
n n n n +
=


_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 22 of 82

Summation, Recurrence Relations and Mathematical Induction

1 AJC 09/1/12
A sequence of real positive numbers
1 2 3
, , , ... u u u satisfies the recurrence relation
1
4 4 1,
n n n
u u u n
+
+
= + + + Z and
1
15 u = .
(i) Prove by induction that ( )
2
4 1 1
n
u n = + for all n
+
Z . [4]
Express
1
n
u
in the form
2 1 2 3
A B
n n
+
+ +
, where A and B are constants to be determined.
[2]
(iii) Hence find
1
1
N
n n
u
=
in terms of N. [2]
(iv) Using your answer in part (iii), find
2
1
1
4 1
N
n
n
=

. [3]
[ans: (ii)
( ) ( )
1 1
2 2 1 2 2 3 n n
+ +

(iii)
( )
1 1
6 2 2 3 N
+
(iv)
1 1
2 2(2 1) N
+
]
(i) Let P
n
be the statement
1
4 4 1,
n n n
u u u n
+
+
= + + + Z

When 1 n = ,
L.H.S. =
1
u = 15 (given)
R.H.S. = ( )
2
4 2 1 = 15 Since LHS = RHS
1
P is true

Assume P
k
is true for some k
+
Z ,
i.e. ( )
2
4 1 1
k
u k = +

Prove that
1
P
k +
is true,
i.e. to prove ( )
2
1
4 2 1
k
u k
+
= +

When 1 n k = + ,
L.H.S. =
1 k
u
+
= 4 4 1 (given)
k k
u u + + +
= ( ) ( )
2 2
4 1 1 4 4 4 1 1 1 k k + + + + +
= ( ) ( )
2
4 1 1 4 4 2 1 k k + + + +
= ( ) ( )
2
4 1 2 1 1 1 k k
(
+ + + +

= ( )
2
4 1 1 1 k + + (


_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 23 of 82

= ( )
2
4 2 1 k +
Since P
k
is true implies
1
P
k +
is true, and
1
P is true, by mathematical induction, P
n
is true
for all n
+
Z .

(ii)
( )
2
1 1
4 1 1
n
u
n
=
+

( )
2
1
2 1 1 n
=
+ (

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
2 1 1 2 1 1 n n
=
+ + +

( ) ( )
1
2 1 2 3 n n
=
+ +

( ) ( )
1 1
2 2 1 2 2 3 n n
=
+ +

1 1
,
2 2
A B = =

(iii)
1
1
N
N
n n
S
u
=
=

( ) ( )
1
1 1
2 2 1 2 2 3
N
n
n n
=
| |
=
|
|
+ +
\

1 1 1
2 3 5
1 1
5 7
1 1
2 1 2 1
1 1
2 1 2 3
N N
N N
+
+
+
(
+
(
+ +

.
=
1 1 1
2 3 2 3 N
(
(
+

=
( )
1 1
6 2 2 3 N
+

(iv)
2
1
1
4 1
N
n
n
=

1
2
0
1
4( 1) 1
N
t
t
=
=
+


_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 24 of 82

1
2
1
1 1
3 4( 1) 1
N
t
t
=
= +
+

1 1 1
3 6 2(2( 1)) 3) N
= +
+

1 1
2 2(2 1) N
=
+

2 JJC 09/1/7
(a) A sequence of integers
0 1 2
, , , u u u is defined by
0
1 u = and
1
3 7
n n
u u
+
= .
Prove by induction that ( )
1
7 5 3
2
n
n
u
(
=

for all non-negative integral values
of n. [4]
(b) Prove that for all positive integers n ,
( )
1 1 1
! 1 ! ! ( 1)! n n n n
=
+ +
. [2]
Hence evaluate
( )
1
1
! 1 !
N
n
n n
=
+
in terms of N . [2]
Deduce that
1
1
2
!
n
n
=
<
. [2]
[ans: (b)
( )
1
1
1 ! N
+
]
Let P
n
be the statement ( )
1
7 5 3
2
n
n
u
(
=

for , 0 n n Z
when = 0 n , L.H.S. =
0
1 u = (given)
R.H.S. = ( )
0 1
7 5 3 1
2
(
=

0
P is true.

Assume that P
k
is true for some , 0 k k Z ,
i.e. ( )
1
7 5 3
2
k
k
u
(
=

Prove that
1 + k
P is true,
i.e. to prove ( )
1
1
1
7 5 3
2
k
k
u
+
+
(
=

L.H.S. =
1 k
u
+


_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 25 of 82

= 3 7
k
u (given)
= ( )
3
7 5 3 7
2
k
(

( )
1 1
7 5 3
2
k+
(
=

1
P
k+
is true
Since
0
P is true and P
k
is true
1
P
k+
is true,
by Mathematical Induction, P
n
is true for all non-negative integral values of n.

L.H.S. =
( ) ( )
1 1 1 1
! 1 ! ! ! 1 n n n n n
=
+ +

( )
( )
1 1
! 1
n
n n
+
=
+

=
( ) ! 1
n
n n +

=
( )
1
1 ! ( 1) n n n
n
+

=
( )
1
1 !( 1) n n +

=
( ) ( )
1
1 ! 1 ! n n n +

=
1
! ( 1)! n n +
= R.H.S. (Shown)

( )
1
1
! 1 !
N
n
n n
=
+

=
( )
1
1 1
! 1 !
N
n
n n
=
(
(
+

=
( )
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
.........
1! 2! 2! 3! 3! 4! ! 1 ! N N
(
( ( (
+ + + +
(
( ( (
+

=
( )
1
1
1 ! N
+


_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 26 of 82

Since
( )
1 1
! 1 ! ! ! n n n n
>
+ +

( )
1 1
1 1
! 1 ! ! !
N N
n n
n n n n
= =
>
+ +

( )
1 1
1 1
! 1 ! 2 !
N N
n n
n n n
= =
>
+

( )
1 1
1 1
2
! ! 1 !
N N
n n
n n n
= =
<
+

1
1 1
2 1
! ( 1)!
N
n
n N
=
(
<
(
+

As
( )
1
, 0
1 !
N
N

+

1
1
2
!
n
n
=
<
(shown)

3 TJC 09/1/7
A sequence of positive real numbers
0
x , x
1
, x
2
, x
3
, ... satisfies the recurrence relation
1
1
2 1
3
n
n
n
x
x
x
+
=
+
, for positive integers n.
(i) As n ,
n
x . Determine the exact value of . [3]
(ii) Describe the behaviour of the sequence when
0
0.5 x = . [1]
(iii) Show that
1 n n
x x
+
< when
n
x > . [4]
[ans: (i)
1 5
2
+

(ii) sequence is increasing and converges to ]


_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 27 of 82

(i) As n ,
n
x ,
2 1
3
+
=
+

2
3 2 1 + = +

2
1 0 + =
=
1 5
2
+
or
1 5
2

(rejected
n
x > 0)
(ii) Using GC, the sequence is increasing and converges to when
0
0.5 x = .
(iii)
1
2 1
3
n
n n n
n
x
x x x
x
+
+
=
+

Sketch the graph of
2 1
3
x
y x
x
+
=
+
and
observe that when x > ,
2 1
0
3
x
x
x
+
<
+

Therefore, replace x by
n
x ,
1 1
2 1
0 0
3
n
n n n n n
n
x
x x x x x
x
+ +
+
< < <
+

4 MJC 09/1/1
Express
2
2
6 8 r r + +
in partial fractions. [2]
Find
2
1
2
6 8
n
r
r r
=
+ +
, giving your answer in the form ( ) f k n , where k is a constant. [2]

Find also
2
2
1
6 88
6 8
n
r
r r
r r
=
+ +
+ +
. [2]


_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 28 of 82

[ans:
1 1
;
2 4 r r
+ +

( )
7 1 1
12 3 4 n n + +
+ ;
( )
70 1 1
3 3 4
40
n n
n
+ +
+ + ]
2
2 1 1
6 8 2 4 r r r r
=
+ + + +

( )
2
1 1
1 1
5 3
1 1
4 6
1 1
1 3
1 1
2 4
1 1 1 1
3 4 3 4
7 1 1
12 3 4
2 1 1
6 8 2 4
n n
r r
n n
n n
n n
n n
r r r r
= =
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
| |
=
|
+ + + +
\
=
+
+
+
= +
= +

.

( )
( )
2
2 2
1 1
2
1
7 1 1
12 3 4
70 1 1
3 3 4
6 88 80
1
6 8 6 8
2
40
6 8
40
40
n n
r r
n
r
n n
n n
r r
r r r r
n
r r
n
n
= =
=
+ +
+ +
+ + | |
= +
|
+ + + +
\
= +
+ +
(
= + +

= + +

5 SRJC 09/1/4
Prove by induction that

( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2
2 1 3 2 4 2 5 2 ........ 1 2 2 2 2
n n
n n
+ + + + + + = +
for all positive integers n. [5]


_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 29 of 82

Let
n
P be the statement
( )
2 1 2
1
( 1) (2 ) 2 2 2,
n
r n
r
r n n
+
=
+ = +
Z
When 1 n = :
( )( )
2
LHS 2 1 4 = =

( )( )
2
RHS 1 2 2 2 4 LHS = + = =

Hence
1
P is true.
Assume that
k
P is true for some k
+
Z .
i.e.
( )
2 1 2
1
( 1) (2 ) 2 2 2
k
r k
r
r k
=
+ = +

Prove that
1 k
P
+
is true.
i.e.
( )
1
2 1 2 1
1
( 1) (2 ) ( 1) 2 2 2
k
r k
r
r k
+
+
=
+ = + +

( ) ( ) ( )
1
2
2 1 2
1
( 1) (2 ) 2 2 2 2 2
k
r k k
r
r k k
+
=
+ = + + +

( )
( )
( )
2 2
2 1
2
1
2 2 4 4 2
2 3 2 2
1 2 2 2
k
k
k
k k k
k k
k
+
+
= + + + +
= + +
(
= + +

k
P is true
1 k
P
+
is true.
1
P is true and
k
P is true
1 k
P
+
is true. Hence by mathematical induction,
n
P is true for all
positive integers n.

Binomial Expansion and Power Series

1 IJC 09/1/7
Find the expansion of
1
3 1
1 2
x
x
| |
|
+
\
in ascending powers of x, up to and including the term in
2
x . State the range of values of x for which the expansion is valid. [5]
Without performing any calculations, explain why putting
1
6
x = into the result gives a
better approximation to
3
5 than putting
4
11
x = . [1]
Hence by putting
1
6
x = , find an approximation for
3
5 , expressing your answer as a
fraction in its lowest terms. [2]

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 30 of 82

2
31
[1 ..., ]
18
x x + +
( ) ( )
1
2
2
3
1 1 1 2 1 1
1 1 ... 1 ...
3 2! 3 3 3 9
x x x x x
| |
= + + = +
|
\

( ) ( )
1
2
2
3
1 1 1 4 2 8
1 2 1 (2 ) 2 ... 1 ...
3 2! 3 3 3 9
x x x x x
| || |
+ = + + = + +
| |
\ \

1
1 1
3
3 3
2 2 2
1
(1 ) (1 2 )
1 2
1 1 2 8
1 ... 1 ... 1 ...
3 9 3 9
x
x x
x
x x x x x x
| |
=
|
+
\
| || |
= + + + = + +
| |
\ \

For expansion to be valid, 1 and | 2 | 1 x x < <
1
1 and | |
2
x x < <
1 1 1 1 1
Range of value of ,
2 2 2 2 2
x x x
| |
< < < =
|
\

Both values of x are within the range of values of x.
1
6
x = will give a better approximation
as it is closer to zero.
Substitute
1
6
x = ,
1 1
3 3
2
1 5
1
1 1
6 6
1
2 8
6 6
1
6 6
| | | |
| |
| | | |
= +
| | | |
\ \
| | +
\ \

( )
1
3
1
3
5 1 1
1
8 6 36
31 31
5 2
36 18
| |
+
|
\
| |
=
|
\

2 TPJC 09/1/3
Expand
2
2
4 9 x +
in ascending powers of x up to and including the term in
4
x .
State the range of values of x for which the series expansion is valid. [3]
Deduce the expansion of
3
2
2
(4 9) x
+ in ascending powers of x up to and including the term

in
2
x . [3]
2 4 2
2 4 4 1 2
[ ..., ...]
3 27 81 27 81
x x x + + +

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 31 of 82

2
2
4 9 x +
=
1
2
2
4
2 9 1
9
x
( | |
+
| (
\

=
1
2
2
1 4
2 1
3 9
x
| || |
+
| |
\ \

=
2
2 2
1 3
2 1 4 4 2 2
1 ...
3 2 9 2! 9
x x
( | || |

| |
(
| | | |
\ \
( + +
| |
\ \ (
(

=
2 4
2 4 4
...
3 27 81
x x + +
Expansion is valid for
2
4 3 3 3 3
1 Range of value of ,
9 2 2 2 2
x x x
| |
< < < =
|
\
.

3
2
2
(4 9) x
+ =
1
2 2 1
2
(4 9) (4 9) x x
+ +
=
1
2 4 2
1 2 4 4 1 4
... 1
2 3 27 81 9 9
x x x
| | | |
+ + +
| |
\ \

=
2 4
1 2 4 4
...
2 3 27 81
x x
| |
+ +
|
\
( ) ( )
2
2 2
1 2
1 4 4
1 ...
9 9 2! 9
x x
(

| | | |
+ +
(
| |
\ \
(

=
2 2
1 2 8 4
...
18 3 27 27
x x
| |
+
|
\
=
2
1 2
...
27 81
x +
Alternatively,
Now,
3
2
2
2
d 2
8 (4 9)
d
4 9
x x
x
x
(
= +
(
+

.
So,
3
2
2
(4 9) x
+ =
2 4
1 d 2 4 4
...
8 d 3 27 81
x x
x x
| |
+ +
|
\

=
3
1 8 16
...
8 27 81
x x
x
| |
+ +
|
\
=
2
1 2
...
27 81
x +

3 AJC 08/1/4
It is given that ( )
1
2
cos y x = .
(i) Show that
2
2
2
2
d d
2 2 0
d d
y y
y y
x x
| |
+ + =
|
\
.
(ii) Find Maclaurins series for y in ascending powers of x, up to and including the term
in x
2
.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 32 of 82

(iii) By choosing a suitable value for x, deduce the approximate relation
2
4
1
1
2
k + ,
where k is a constant to be determined.

2
1
[1 ]
4
x
(i) ( )
1
2
2
cos cos y x y x = =
2 2
2 2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2 sin
2 2 cos 2 2
2 2 0
dy
y x
dx
d y dy d y dy
y x y y
dx dx dx dx
d y dy
y y
dx dx
=
| | | |
+ = + =
| |
\ \
| |
+ + =
|
\

(ii) When x = 0, y = 1
2 2
2 2
2 0 0
1
2 0 1 0
2
dy dy
dx dx
d y d y
dx dx
= =
+ + = =

2 2
1
1 2
1 ... 1
2 4
y x x
| |
|
\
= + +

(iii)
( )
1
2
4
1 1
cos cos
4 2 2
x x x

= = =
Sub
4
x

= :
2
2
4
1 1 1
1 1
4 4 64 2
| |
=
|
\

4 RJC 08/2/5
The function f ( ) y x = satisfies the differential equation
2
d
2 1
d
y
y y
x
= and its graph
passes through the point (0, 3) .
Show that when 0 x = ,
2
2
d 20
d 27
y
x
= .
Find the Maclaurins series of y in ascending powers of x, up to and including the term
in
3
x .

2 3
4 10 14
[3 ...]
3 27 243
x x x + + + +

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 33 of 82

2
d
2 1
d
y
y y
x
= ----- (1)
Differentiate (1) w.r.t. x , we get
2
2
2
d d d
2 2 2
d d d
y y y
y y
x x x
| |
+ =
|
\

2
2
2
d d d
d d d
y y y
y y
x x x
| |
+ =
|
\
----- (2)
When 0 x = , 3 y = ,
d 4
d 3
y
x
=
Subst into (2),
2
2
2
d 4 4
3 3
d 3 3
y
x
| | | |
+ =
| |
\ \

2
2
d 1 16 20
4
d 3 9 27
y
x
| |
= =
|
\
(shown)
Differentiate (2) w.r.t. x , we get
2
3 2 2 2
3 2 2 2
d d d d d d d
2
d d d d d d d
y y y y y y y
y y
x x x x x x x
| | | |
| | | | | |
+ + = +
| | | | |
\ \ \
\ \

2
3 2 2
3 2 2
d d d d d
3
d d d d d
y y y y y
y y
x x x x x
| |
| | | |
+ = +
| | |
\ \
\

When 0 x = , 3 y = ,
d 4
d 3
y
x
= ,
2
2
d 20
d 27
y
x
= ,
3
3
d 28
d 81
y
x
=

By Maclaurins Thm,

2 3
4 20 28
3 ...
3 27 2! 81 3!
x x
y x
| | | |
= + + + +
| |
\ \

2 3
4 10 14
3 ...
3 27 243
x x x = + + + +

5 In triangle ABC, angle
1
3
A = radians, angle
1
3
B x
| |
= +
|
\
radians and
1
3
C x
| |
=
|
\
radians, where x is small. By using the sine formula, or otherwise, show that
2
3
ax
b c .

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 34 of 82

(sine rule)
sin( ) sin sin( )
3 3 3
sin cos cos sin sin cos cos sin
3 3 3 3
and
sin sin
3 3
1 1
cos sin and cos sin
3 3
2 2
sin for small (shown)
3 3
b a c
x x
a x x a x x
b c
b a x x c a x x
a ax
b c x x

= =
+
( (
+
( (

= =
| | | |
= + =
| |
\ \
=

Differentiation

1. RJC/2006/Promo/RJC/P1/5
A sphere of radius 1 m is inscribed in a right circular cone of base radius r and height h as
shown in Figure 1.

(i) By considering similar triangles ACD and AEB shown in Figure 2 or otherwise, show
that
2
2
h
r
h
=
. Find the volume of the cone in terms of h and . [3]

(ii) Find the values of h and r which will result in the smallest volume of the cone. [3]
[The formula for the volume of a cone is
2
1
3
r h .]
[
2
3
m
3( 2)
h
h
; , 2 4 h r = = ]

1(i)

Consider similar triangles ACD and AEB.
AD CD AC
AB EB AE
= =
( )
2 2
2
1 1
1 1
h r r h
h
h
+
= =

A
B C
Figure 1
r

h
1
1
Figure 2
B
C
D
E
A

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 35 of 82

( )
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 1 1
(Shown)
2
h h
r r
h h
h h
h
r
h
= =
+
=

2
2
3
1
3
1
( )
3 2
m
3( 2)
V r h
h
h
h
h
h
=
=

(ii)

From the GC, minimum value of V occurs when 4 h = .
2
4
2
4 2
r r = =

Alternatively, obtain
( )
( )
2
4
d
d 3
2
h h
V
h
h
.
Set
d
0
d
V
h
= to obtain h=0 or h=4 as stationary values. Use graph or 1
st
derivative test
or 2
nd
derivative test to conclude V is minimum at h=4 and

2
4
2
4 2
r r = =
.

2. (a) Prove that
2 2
d 1
e (2 1) e
d 4
x x
x x
x
(
=
(

. [2]
(b) Write down
( )
2
d
tan( ) .
d
x
x
Hence find
( )
3 2 2
sec d . x x x
[4]
[
( ) ( )
2 2 2
1
tan ln sec
2
x x x c
(
+

]

2(a)

( )
2
2 2
2
1 d
e (2 1)
4 d
1
e (2) (2 1)(2e )
4
e
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
(
(

= +
=

2(b)

( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
d
tan 2 sec
d
x x x
x
=

B
A
D
E
C
1
1
1 h
2 2
h r +
r

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 36 of 82

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
3 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
1
sec d 2 sec d
2
1
tan 2 tan d
2
1
tan ln sec
2
x x x x x x x
x x x x x
x x x c
(
=

(
=
(

(
= +

3. RJC/2008/Prelim/P1/Q11
(a) The curve C has the equation 2
y
x
= . The point A on C has x-coordinate a where a > 0.

Show that
d 1
d ln 2
y
x a
= at A and find the equation of the tangent to C at A. [3]
Hence find the equation of the tangent to C which passes through the origin. [2]
The straight line y mx = intersects C at 2 distinct points. Write down the range of
values of m. [1]
[
1 1 ln
ln 2 ln 2 ln 2
a
y x
a
= + ,
1 1
, 0
eln 2 eln 2
y x m = < < ]
(b) A movie theatre screen which is 5 m high, has its lower edge 1 m above an observers
eye. The visual angle of the observer seated x m away is as shown in the diagram
below.

(i) Show that
1 1
6 1
tan tan
x x

| | | |
=
| |
\ \
. [1]
(ii) Find the exact distance the observer should sit to obtain the largest visual angle. [4]
[You need not establish that the distance gives the largest visual angle.]

x
1
5

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 37 of 82

(iii) Suppose that the observer is situated between 2 m and 15 m from the screen. Find,
to the nearest degree, the smallest visual angle. [2]
[ 6, 18 ]
3(a)
[3]

[2]

[1]
ln
2
ln 2
d 1
d ln 2
d 1
When , [shown]
d ln 2
ln
1
ln 2
ln 2
1 1 ln
ln 2 ln 2 ln 2
y
x
x y
y
x x
y
x a
x a
a
y
x a a
a
y x
a
= =
=
= =
+
=
= +

1 ln
0 e
ln 2 ln 2
a
a = =
Equation of tangent passing through origin is
1
eln 2
y x =

From the graph,
1
0
eln 2
m < < and so the range of m is
1
, 0
eln 2
| |
|
\
.
3(b)

[1]

2
1
e l n 2
y
x
y x
=
=

x
1
5
A
D
B
C

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 38 of 82

[4]

[2]

(i)
1
tan ABD
x
= and
6
tan ABC
x
=
1 1
6 1
tan tan ABC ABD
x x

| | | |
= =
| |
\ \
[shown]
(ii)
2 2 2 2
d 1 6 1 1
d
6 1
1 1
x x x
x x
| | | |
=
| |
\ \
| | | |
+ +
| |
\ \

2 2
6 1
36 1 x x
= +
+ +

For stationary value,
2 2
d 6 1
0 0
d 36 1 x x x

= + =
+ +

2 2
6( 1) 36 0 x x + + + =
2
5 30
6 or 6 (NA)
x
x
=
=

The required distance is 6 m.

(iii)

From the graph we obtain minimum value when x=15.
The required angle is 18 .


_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 39 of 82

4. NJC/2010/Promo/Q9

A piece of paper is used to make a conical cup (as shown in Figure 1) with base radius r cm,
height h cm, and fixed slant height AB, of 12 cm. Let V be the volume of the cone. Show that
3
1
(144 )
3
V h h = . [1]
(i) Let h
1
be the height of the cone such that the volume of the cone is a maximum.
Find the exact value of h
1
. [3]
[
1
4 3 h = ]
To produce disposable conical cups with maximum volume, a manufacturer adopts the
following design: a typical cup (as shown in Figure 2) has a fixed slant height AB of 12 cm,
fixed height of h
1
cm (as found in (i)), and fixed radius of r
1
cm. The height of the water in
the cone is y cm, and the radius of the water in the cone is x cm. Let W be the volume of
water in the cup.
Show that
2
3 1
1
1
3
r
W y
h
| |
=
|
\
. [1]

(ii) Water is leaking from a hole at the bottom of this cup at a constant rate of
3 1
20 cm s
.
Find the rate of change in the height of water in the cup at the instant when the height
of water is equal to
1
2
h
. [ 0.265 cm/s ]


_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 40 of 82

4
2 2 2 2
12 144 r h h = =
2 2 3
1 1
(144 ) (144 )
3 3
1
3
r h h h h h V = = =
4(i)
2
(14 3
1
3
)
d
d
4
V
h
h =
When the height is a maximum,
d
0,
d
V
h
= so
2
1 1
144
(144 3 ) 0 4 3
3
1
3
h h = = =
Since
2
2
d
d
0 2
V
h
h = < for all , h this gives a maximum.
4
1
1
1
1
h y
r x
r
x y
h
=
=

Let W be the volume of the water in the cone ,
2
2
1
1
2
3 1
1
1
3
1
=
3
1
=
3
W x y
r
y y
h
r
y
h
=
| |
|
\
| |
|
\

12
y
x
h
1

r
1


_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 41 of 82

4(ii)
2
2
1
1
d
d
W r
y
y h
| |
=
|
\

2
2
1 1
1
d d d 1
. .( 20)
d d d
2
y y W
t W t
r h
h
= =
| |
| |
| |
\
\

( )
( )
2
2
2
1 1
2 2
1 1
144 4 3
96
2
48
4 3
r r
h h
| |
= = = =
|
\

( ) ( )
d 1
.( 20)
d 2 12
20
24
5
0.265 cm/s
6
y
t
= =

5. DHS/2010/Prelim/P1/Q8
The diagram shows a hexagon PQRSTU inscribed in a circle with radius 6 cm. The sides QR
and UT are parallel, and 2 cm. QR UT x = =

(i) Show that A, the area of the hexagon PQRSTU, is ( )
2 2
2 6 36 cm . x x + [3]
(ii) Using differentiation, find the value of x when A is a maximum.
(You need not verify that it gives a maximum value.) [4]


_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 42 of 82

Initially 6 cm, x = and the lengths of the parallel sides QR and UT are each decreasing at a
constant rate of
1
1
cm s .
10
Find the rate of change of A at the instant when 2 cm. x = [3]

[ Area of a trapezium =
1
sum of the lengths of the parallel sides height
2
]
[ 3 cm x = ;
1
2
cm s
5
]
5(i) 2
36 ON x =

( )
( )
2
2
1
2 12 2 36
2
2 6 36
A x x
x x
(
= +
(

= +

5(ii)

( )
2
2
d 1 2
2 36 2 6
d 2
36
A x
x x
x
x
| |
| |
= + +
| |
\

\

( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2
2
2
2
72 2 12 2
36
4 18 3
36
4 6 3
36
x x x
x
x x
x
x x
x

=
+
=

d
For maximum , 0 : 0 3 cm
d
= > =
A
A x x
x

( ) ( ) ( )
d d d 1 d 1
2 2
d d d 10 d 20
x
QR x x
t t t t
= = = =

( )( ) 4 8 1
d
When 2, 32 4 2
d 32
A
x
x
= = = =

P S
Q R
U T
2x

6 6
O
N
6 6

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 43 of 82

Integration

1 DHS 09/1/8
(a) Evaluate
2
2
0
4 3 d x x x +
without the use of the graphic calculator. [3]

(b) Use integration by parts to find
1
tan d x x
. [3]
(c) Use the substitution
tan , 0
2
x t t = < < to find
2 2
1
d
1
x
x x +
. [4]
2
1 2
1 1
[ 2, tan ln(1 ) , ]
2
x
x x x c c
x
+
+ + +

Solution
(a)

2 1 2
2 2 2
0 0 1
4 3 d ( 4 3) d ( 4 3) d x x x x x x x x x + = + +

1 2
3 3
2 2
0 1
2 3 2 3
3 3
1 8 1
2 3 8 6 2 3
3 3 3
2
x x
x x x x
( (
= + +
( (

( ( (
= + + + +
( ( (

=

2
4 3 0 for 0 1 x x x + > < <
2
4 3 0 for 1 2 x x x + < < <

(b)
1 1
2
tan d tan d
1
x
x x x x x
x

=
+

1
d
tan , 1
d
v
u x
x
= =

2
d 1
,
d 1
u
v x
x x
= =
+

2 1
d d d
d d d
1
4 2
20
2
cm s
5
A A x
t x t
=
| |
=
|
\
=

A is decreasing at the rate of
1
2
cm s .
5


_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 44 of 82

1
2
1 2
1 2
tan d
2 1
1
tan ln(1 )
2
x
x x x
x
x x x c
=
+
= + +

(c)
2
2
2 2
1 1
d sec d
tan sec
1
x t t
t t
x x
=
+

2
2
1
2
cos
d (cos )(sin ) d
sin
(sin ) 1
1 sin
1
t
t t t t
t
t
c c
t
x
c
x
= =
= + = +
+
= +

tan , 0
2
x t t = < <

2
d
sec
d
x
t
t
=

2 2
1 tan 1 sec x t t + = + =

2 (a) NJC09/1/8a
Write down the constants A and B such that, for all values of x ,
(2 4) x A x B = + + .
Hence find
2
d
4 6
x
x
x x + +
. [5]
(b) TPJC 09/1/2
Using the substitution 2 1 u x = , evaluate the integral
2
1
2 1
d
1
x
x
x
, giving
your answer in exact form. [5]
2 1
2 3
[ ln 4 6 2 tan , 2( 3 1) ]
6 2
x
x x c

+ | |
+ + +
|
\

(a)
1
(2 4) 2
2
x x = + . Hence
1
2
A = and 2 B = .

2 2 2
1 2 4 1
d d 2 d
4 6 2 4 6 4 6
x x
x x x
x x x x x x
+
=
+ + + + + +


_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 45 of 82

2 2 2
2 1
2 1
1 2 4 1
d 2 d
2 4 6 ( 2) ( 2)
1 2 2
ln( 4 6) tan
2 2 2
2
ln 4 6 2 tan
2
x
x x
x x x
x
x x c
x
x x c
+
=
+ + + +
+ | |
= + + +
|
\
+ | |
= + + +
|
\

(b)
2 3
1 1
2
2 1
d d
1
1
( 3)
2
x u
x u u
x
u
=
+
+

[ ]
2
3
2
1
3
2
1
3
3
1
1
1
2
d
3
6
2 d
3
6
2 tan
3 3
6
2( 3 1)
4 6 3
3
2( 3 1)
6
u
u
u
u
u
u
u

=
+
| |
=
|
+
\
( | |
=
( |
\
| |
=
|
\
=

2 1 u x =
2
1
( 1)
2
x u = +

d 1
(2 )
d 2
x
u u
u
= =

2 2
1 1
1 ( 1) 1 ( 3)
2 2
x u u + = + + = +

1, 1 x u = =
2, 3 x u = =

3 VJC 09/1/10
Use integration by parts to show that
2
2
e
e d (2 1)
4
x
x
x x x c = +
, where c is an arbitrary
constant. [2]

x
y
e
x
y x =
O
4
e
2
y x =
4
(4, 2e )

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 46 of 82

The diagram above shows the graph of a straight line
4
e
2
y x = and part of the graph of a
curve C given by e
x
y x = .
(a) The region R is bounded by the line
4
e
2
y x = and C between 0 x = and 8 x = .
Find, correct to 1 decimal place, the area of R. [2]

(b) The region S is bounded by C and the line
4
e
2
y x = between 0 x = and 4 x = .Show
that the volume V of the solid formed when S is rotated 2 radians about the x -
axis is given by
8
( e ) V A B = , where A and B are exact constants to be
determined. [4]

2 2 2
1
e d e e d
2 2
x x x
x
x x x =

2 2
2
1
e e
2 4
e
(2 1)
4
x x
x
x
c
x c
= +
= +

(a)
Area of R
4
8
0
e
e d 7239.2 (1 d.p.)
2
x
x x x = =

(b)
Required volume
4
4 2 2
0
4
8 2
0
4
8 2
0
8 8
8
1
(2e ) (4) (e ) d
3
16
e e d
3
16
e e (2 1)
3 4
16
e (7e 1)
3 4
43 1
e
12 4
x
x
x
x x
x x
x

=
=
( =

= +
| |
=
|
\

2
d
, e
d
x
v
u x
x
= =

2
d 1
1, e
d 2
x
u
v
x
= =

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 47 of 82

43 1
,
12 4
A B = =

4 ACJC 09/2/3 (part)
The curve C is defined parametrically by
2
t x = and t y ln = , 0 t > .
The region bounded by the curve C, the x -axis and the lines 2 = x and 5 = x is denoted
by R.
(i) Sketch the graph of C for 5 2 x , indicating clearly the coordinates of the end-
points. [2]

(ii) Express the area of R as an integral in t and show that it has an exact value given by
ln 5 ln 2 + + , where , and are constants to be determined. [5]

5 3
[ , 1, ]
2 2
= = =

(i)

(ii) Area of R
2
d
2
d
x
x t t
t
= =
2, 2 x t = = , 5, 5 x t = =

d
ln , 2
d
v
u t t
x
= =

2
d 1
,
d
u
v t
x t
= =
1
ln 2
2

1
ln5
2

2 5
1
2, ln 2
2
| |
|
\

1
5, ln5
2
| |
|
\

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 48 of 82

5
2
5
2
5 5
2
2 2
5
2
2
d
(ln )(2 ) d
ln d
5ln 5 2ln 2
2
5 3
ln5 ln 2
2 2
y x
t t t
t t t t
t
=
=
( =

(
=
(

=

5 3
, 1,
2 2
= = =

5 NYJC 09/2/3a
The parametric equations of a curve are
(1 cos ), ( sin ), x a t y a t t = = +
where a is a positive constant and 0 2 t .
(i) Sketch the curve. [2]
(ii) The region bounded by the curve and the y -axis is denoted by R. Find the volume
of solid formed when R is rotated through 2 radians about the y -axis. [4]
3
[9.87 ] a
Solution
(i)

(ii)
d
( sin ) (1 cos )
d
y
y a t t a t
t
= + = +

When 0, 0 y t = = ; When 2 , 2 y a t = =

Required volume

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 49 of 82

[ ] [ ]
2
2
0
2
2
0
2
3 2
0
3
d
(1 cos ) (1 cos ) d
(1 cos ) (1 cos ) d
9.87 (3 s.f.)
a
x y
a t a t t
a t t t
a
=
= +
= +
=

6 HCI/10/MYE/BT2/Q6
State a geometrical transformation which would transform the graph of e
x
y = onto the
graph of e
x
y

= . [1]

The region R is bounded by the two curves and the line 1 x = .
(i) Find the exact value of the area of R. [3]

(ii) Hence find the exact value of
1
1
| e e | d
x x
x
. [2]

(iii) Find the volume of the solid of revolution when R is rotated through 4 right angles
about the y-axis. [3]
1 1
[ 2 e e , 4 2e 2e , 4.62 ]

+ + + +

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 50 of 82

The graph of e
x
y

= can be obtained by reflecting the graph of e
x
y = in the y-axis.

(i)

0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
( e ) ( e )d
(e e )d
[ e e ]
[ 1 1] [ e e ]
2 e e
x x
x x
x x
R x
x
=
=
=
=
= + +

(ii)

1
1
0 1
1 0
0
1
1
| e e | d
e e d e e d
2 e e d
(by the symmetry relationship of the two graphs)
= 4 2e 2e
x x
x x x x
x x
x
x x
x
= +
=
+ +

e
x
y

=
e
x
y =
1 x =

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 51 of 82

(iii)
e ln( )
e ln( )
x
x
y x y
y x y
= =
= =

1 1
when 1, f( ) e , g( ) e x x x
= = =
1
1
1 e
2 1 2 2
e 1
e
2 1 2
e
(1) (e e ) [ ln( )] d [ln( )] d
(1) (e e ) [ln( )] d
4.62
V y y y y
y y

=
=
=

7 MJC/10/MYE/P1/Q11
(a) Show that
2
1 x x + + is positive for all real values of x. [1]
Hence, evaluate
1
2
1
2 1
d
1
x
x
x x
+
+ +
, giving your answer in the form ln

p
q
, where p
and q are integers. [4]
(b) (i) Find e cos d
x
x x
. [3]
(ii) Show that
2
2
2
e cos d 2 e cos 2 d
x x
x x x x

=

. [2]
(iii) Hence, find the volume of the solid formed when the finite region
bounded by the curve e cos 1
x
y x
= + , the axes and the line x = is

rotated through 4 right angles about the x-axis. Give your answer in an
exact form. [5]
( )
2
16 1 3 11
[ ln , e sin cos , e e ]
3 2 8 8
x
x x c

| |
+ + + +
|
\

(a)
2
2
1 3
1 0
2 4
x x x
| |
+ + = + + >
|
\
for all real x
OR

Discriminant =1 4 3 0 = < and coefficient of
2
1 0 x = >

( )
1
1 1
2
1
2 2 2
1 1
2
2 1
2 1 2 1
d d d
1 1 1
x
x x
x x x
x x x x x x

+
+ +
= +
+ + + + + +

1
1
2 2
2
1
1
2
ln 1 ln 1 x x x x

( (
= + + + + +
( (


_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 52 of 82

3 3
ln ln1 ln3 ln
4 4
| | | |
= +
| |
\ \

3
ln3 2ln
4
=

16
ln 3
9
16
ln
3
| |
=
|
\
=

(b)(i)

e cos d e sin e sin d
x x x
x x x x x

= +

e sin e cos e cos d
x x x
x x x x

=

( )
2 e cos d e sin e cos '
1
e cos d e sin cos
2
x x x
x x
x x x x c
x x x x c

= +
= +

(ii) Let 2 x y =
d
2
d
x
y
=
When 2 , x y = =
2 , x y = =
2 2
2
e cos d e cos 2 2d
x y
x x y y

=

2
2 e cos 2 d
y
y y
=

2
2 e cos 2 d
x
x x
=

(shown)
(iii) Volume required
( )
( )
2
0
2 2
0
e cos 1 d
e cos 2e cos 1 d
x
x x
x x
x x x

= +
= + +

2 2
0
1 1
e cos 2 e 2e cos 1 d
2 2
x x x
x x x

| |
= + + +
|
\

2 2
0 0 0
1
e 1 d e cos 2 d 2 e cos d
2 2
x x x
x x x x x

| |
= + + +
|
\

2
2
0 0
0
1 1
e . e cos d 2 e cos d
4 2 2
x x x
x x x x x

(
= + + +
(

( ) ( )
2
2
0 0
1 1 1 1
e e sin cos 2 e sin cos
4 4 4 2 2
x x
x x x x

| | ( (
= + + + +
|
( (
\


_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 53 of 82

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2
1 1
e e 1 1 e 1 1
4 4 8
3 11
e e
8 8

| |
( (
= + + + +
|

\
| |
= + + +
|
\

8 SRJC/10/MYE/Q12
(a) (i) Find
( )
2
2 sin d x x x
. [1]
(ii) Hence solve
( )
6
3 2
0
sin d x x x
exactly. [3]

(b) The diagram below shows the shaded region B that is bounded by the curve
2
9 y x = and the line
7
4
y x = .

7
4
y x =

(i) Find the exact volume generated when region B is rotated 2 radian about
the axis y . Leave your answers in terms of . [3]

(ii) Hence, state the exact volume generated when region B and region C are
rotated 2 radian about the axis y . Explain your answers clearly. [2]
( )
2
6 3 272
[ cos , , ]
24 3
x c

+
y
x
0
3
3
2
9 y x =
B
C

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 54 of 82

a. (i)
( ) ( )
2 2
2 sin d cos x x x x c = +

(ii)
( ) ( )
2
3 2 2
6 6
0 0
sin d 2 sin d
2
x
x x x x x x

(
=

( ) ( )
2
6
2 2
6
0
0
cos cos d
2
x
x x x x
(
= +
(

( )
2
6
0
1
cos 2 cos d
12 6 2
x x x
| |
= +
|
\

( )
2
6
0
3 1
sin
24 2
3 1
sin
24 2 6
6 3

24
x
(
= +

| |
= +
|
\

b. (i) ( ) ( )
0 7
2
9 0
16
Volume 9 d 9 d
49
y y y y y
( | |
= + + +
| (
\

272
3
= units
3

(ii) Since curve
2
9 y x = is symmetrical about the y-axis, so the volume
generated about y-axis due to C overlap with the volume generated by B about
the y-axis.
Thus
272
Volume generated due to B and C about y-axis
3
= units
3


_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 55 of 82

Differential Equations

1 Solve the following differential equations:
(a)
2
2
2
d
12 6 2
d
y
x x
x
= + + , [3]
(b)
2
2
d
sin
d
L
t t
t
= , given that
d
0 and 0
d
L
L
t
= = when 0, t = [6]
(c)
2
d
d
y
y
x
= and sketch the family of solution curves, [5]

(d)
2
1 d
1
d
y
y x
+ = . [4]
[(a)
4 3 2
y x x x Ax B = + + + + ;(b) 2 2cos sin L t t t = ;(c)
1
y
C x
=
;
(d)
1 1
ln
2 1
y
y x C
y
+ = +
+
]
(a)
2
2
2
3 2
4 3 2
d
12 6 2
d
d
4 3 2
d
, where and are arbitrary constants.
y
x x
x
y
x x x A
x
y x x x Ax B A B
= + +
= + + +
= + + + +

(b)
2
2
d
sin
d
d
cos cos d
d
= cos sin where is an arbitrary constant.
L
t t
t
L
t t t t
t
t t t A A
=
=
+ +

( )
d
cos sin
d
cos sin d
= sin sin d cos +
= sin cos cos +
= sin 2 cos + where is an arbitrary constant.
L
t t t A
t
L t t t A t
t t t t t At
t t t t At B
t t t At B B
= + +
= + +

+
+

Since
d
0
d
L
t
= when 0, t = we get 0. A =
Using 0 L = when 0 t = gives 2, B = so 2 2cos sin . L t t t =


_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 56 of 82

(c)

2
2
2
d
d
1 d
1
d
1
d d
1
1
where and are an arbitrary constants
y
y
x
y
y x
y x
y
x B
y
y B C
C x
=
=
=
= +
=

(d)
0 C =
y
1 C =
1 C =
1
1
x
1
1

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 57 of 82

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1 d
1
d
d 1
1
d
d 1
d
d
1
1 d
d 1 d
1
1
1 d 1 d
1
y
y x
y
x y
y y
x y
y y
y x
y
y x
y
y x
y
+ =
=
=
=
| |
=
|
\
| |
+ =
|
\

1 1
ln where is an arbitrary constant
2 1
y
y x C C
y
+ = +
+

2. [MI 09 Prelim P1 Q11(b)]
(i) Find the general solution of the differential equation
2
1
2
=
|
|
\
| +
dx
dy
x
x
.
[2]
(ii) Find the particular solution of the differential equation in (i) for which y = 0 and
x = 0. [1]
(iii) Sketch, on a single diagram, three graphs from the same family of curves, including
the particular solution found in part (ii). [2]
Describe the gradient of every solution curve as x +. [1]
[(i)
( )
2
ln 1 y x c = + + ;(ii)
( )
2
ln 1 y x = + ; gradient tends towards zero as x +]

(i)
( )
2
2
2
1
2
d 2
d
1
ln 1 , where is an arbitrary constant
x dy
x dx
y x
x
x
y x c c
| |
+
= |
|
\
=
+
= + +

(ii) When 0 x = and 0 y = , we have 0 c = .
Hence the particular solution is ( ) 1 ln
2
+ = x y
(iii

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 58 of 82

Gradient tends towards zero as x +

(
2
2
1
d 0
0
d 1 1 0
x
x
y
x
= =
+ +
as x +)

3. [PJC 09 MYE P2 Q3]
The quantities x and y are related by the differential equation ( )
2
d 1
1
d
y
x yx x
x y
+ = . By
means of the substitutionv yx = , show that this differential equation can be reduced to
2
d 1
d
v v
x v
= . Given that 2 y = when 1 x = , find, in the form of ( )

2
f y x = , the
particular solution of this differential equation. [7]
[
2 2 2
2 2
1 3
x
y e
x x
+
= + ]
( )
2
d 1
1
d
y
x yx x
x y
+ = ----(1)
v yx = ----(2)

Differentiate (2) w.r.t. x , we have
d d
d d
v y
y x
x x
= +
d d
d d
y v
x y
x x
= ---(3)

Substitute (2) and (3) into (1):

( )
d
1
d
v x
x y v x
x v
| |
+ =
|
\

d
d
v x
x xy vx v
x v
+ =
1 c =
0 c =
1 c =
Note that since the gradient at
0 x = is zero, the curve
should have a minimum
turning point at 0 x = .

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 59 of 82

d
d
v x
x v vx v
x v
=
2
d
d
v v x x
x
x v
=
2
d 1
d
v v
x v
= (shown)

2
d d
1
v
v x
v
=

2
1
ln 1
2
v x c = + where c is an arbitrary constant.
2 2 2 2
1
c x x
v e e Ae = = , where
2c
A e =
2 2
1
x
v Ae = +

From (2), when 1 and 2, 2 x y v = = =
2 2 2
2 1 3 Ae A e
= + =
Hence
( )
2 2 2
1 3
x
v e e = +
2 2 2 2
1 3
x
y x e
+
= +
2 2 2
2 2
1 3
x
y e
x x
+
= +

4 AJC 05/1/15(a)
Show that the substitution z x y = + reduces the differential equation

( ) ( ) 1
d
d 2 2 1
x y x y
y
x x y
+ +
=
+ +
to
2
d 1
d 2 1
z z z
x z
+ +
=
+
.
Hence find the general solution of the differential equation
( ) ( ) 1
d
d 2 2 1
x y x y
y
x x y
+ +
=
+ +
. [7]

[ ( )
2
1 e
x
x y x y A + + + + = ]

d d
1
d d
z x y
z y
x x
= +
= +

So
( ) ( ) 1
d
d 2 2 1
x y x y
y
x x y
+ +
=
+ +
becomes
d ( 1)
1
d 2 1
z z z
x z
=
+

Hence
2 2
d ( 1) 2 1 1
1
d 2 1 2 1 2 1
z z z z z z z z
x z z z
+ + + +
= + = =
+ + +
(shown)


_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 60 of 82

2
2
2 1
d 1 d
1
ln 1 where is an arbitrary constant.
z
z x
z z
z z x C C
+ | |
=
|
+ +
\
+ + = +

( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
Hence ln 1
1 e .e
1 e .e
1 e where is an arbitrary constant.
C x
C x
x
x y x y x C
x y x y
x y x y
x y x y A A
+ + + + = +
+ + + + =
+ + + + =
+ + + + =

The general solution is ( )
2
1 e
x
x y x y A + + + + = .

5 SAJC 07/Y6/CT2/11
A circular patch of weeds starts to grow at the center on the surface of a pond of radius a
at a rate that is proportional to the area of the pond not covered by the weeds.

(i) Show that the radius, r m of the circular patch of weeds satisfies the differential
equation
2 2
d ( )
d 2
r k a r
t r
= . [4]
(ii) Solve the differential equation, expressing r in terms of t, a and k. [3]

(iii) Given that the initial radius of the circular patch of weeds is 0 m, will the weeds
cover the whole pond? Justify your answer. [3]
[(ii)
2
e
kt
r a B

= ]
(i)
Let A m
2
be the area of the circular patch of weeds and r m be the radius of the patch at time
t.
Then
( )
2 2
d
d
A
k a r
t
= where k is a positive constant.
But A = r
2
. So
d d
2
d d
A r
r
t t
=
Hence
d
2
d
r
r
t
( )
2 2
k a r =
Thus
2 2
d ( )
d 2
r k a r
t r
= .

(ii)

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 61 of 82

2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2 ( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
d ( )
d 2
2
d d
ln where is an arbitrary constant.
e e .e
e .e
e where is an arbitrary constant
Thus e
As 0, e
kt c c kt
c kt
kt
kt
k
r k a r
t r
r
r k t
a r
a r kt c c
a r
a r
a r B B
r a B
r r a B
+

=
=
= +
= =
=
=
=
> =

t

(iii) When t = 0, r = 0, so B = a
2
.
The particular solution is
2 2
e 1 e
kt kt
r a a a

= = .
Since e
kt
> 0 for all t 0, where k is a positive constant, we have 1 e
kt
< 1.
Hence r < a.
Thus the weeds will never cover the whole pond.

Vectors

1 AJC/09/Prelims/I/13
The points P and Q have position vectors i j and 3 13 6 i j k + + respectively. The
plane
1
contains the point P and the line 1 , 0
2
x
z y = = .
(i) Find a vector equation of the plane
1
in scalar product form. [3]
(ii) Find the position vector of the foot of the perpendicular from Q to
1
. [2]

The line l
1
passes through the points P and Q.
(iii) The line l
2
is the reflection of the line l
1
about the plane
1
. Find a vector equation
of l
2
. [3]
The plane
2
has the equation 6
4
a
b
| |
|
=
|
|
\
r .
Find the values of a and b such that
(iv)
1
and
2
are parallel and at a distance of 224 apart. [3]
(v)
1
and
2
are intersecting. [1]

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 62 of 82

[Ans: (i)
1
3 2
2
| |
|
=
|
|
\
r (ii)
1
1
2
ON
| |
|
=
|
|
\
,
(iii)
5 3
11 5 ,
10 5
r
| | | |
| |
= +
| |
| |
\ \
R
(iv) 2 a = ,
108 or -116 b = (v) 2, a b R]
(i)
0 2
1 , 0 0 0
2
1 1
x
z y r
| | | |
| |
= = = +
| |
| |

\ \

Vector parallel to
2
1 0 1
1 0 1
0 1 1
| | | | | |
| | |
= =
| | |
| | |
\ \ \

1
1 2 1
1 0 3
1 1 2
1 0 1 1
: 3 0 3 3 2
2 1 2 2
n
| | | | | |
| | |
= =
| | |
| | |
\ \ \
| | | | | | | |
| | | |
= =
| | | |
| | | |
\ \ \ \
r r

(ii) Let foot of perpendicular from Q to
2
be N.

3 1
13 3
6 2
ON
| | | |
| |
= +
| |
| |
\ \
,

3 1
13 3 3 2
6 2 2
4
+ | | | |
| |
+ =
| |
| |
+
\ \
=

1
1
2
ON
| |
|
=
|
|
\
,

(iii)
1 3 5
'
' 2 1 13 11
2
2 6 10
OQ OQ
ON OQ
| | | | | |
+
| | |
= = =
| | |
| | |

\ \ \
, ,
, ,


_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 63 of 82

2 2
5 1 6 3
' 11 1 10 2 5
10 0 10 5
1 3 5 3
: 1 5 OR : 11 5
0 5 10 5
PQ
l r l r
| | | | | | | |
| | | |
= = =
| | | |
| | | |

\ \ \ \
| | | | | | | |
| | | |
= + = +
| | | |
| | | |
\ \ \ \
,

(iv)
1
3
2
| |
|
|
|
\
= 6 2
4
a
k a
| |
|
=
|
|
\

Method 1:
1 2
1 1
: 3 2 : 3
2
2 2
b

| | | |
| |
= =
| |
| |
\ \
r r
Distance between the 2 planes =
( ) 2
2
224
1 9 4
b

=
+ +
108 or -116 b =
Method 2:
Distance QN = ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
3 1 13 1 6 2 224 + + =
2 3 2 2 5 2
6 13 6 108 OR ' 6 11 6 116
4 6 4 4 10 4
b OQ b OQ
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | |
= = = = = =
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
\ \ \ \ \ \
, ,

Method 3
1
1 1
1 2
: 3 2 3
14 14
2 2
| | | |
| |
= =
| |
| |
\ \
r r
2
1
1 2
: 3 224
14 14
2
1
3 2 56 54 58 108 116
2
b
| |
|
=
|
|
\
| |
|
= = =
|
|
\
r
r or or


_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 64 of 82

(v) 2, a b R

2 ACJC/09/Prelims/I/12
The coordinates of the points A and B are (-1, 2, 4) and (0, -2, 5) respectively. The
equations of two planes p
1
and p
2
are 7 x y z + + = and 1 x y az + = respectively, where
a is a constant.

(i) Find the position vector of the foot of perpendicular from the point A to the plane
p
1
. [4]
(ii) The two planes p
1
and p
2
intersect at the line / . Verify that the point with
coordinates (4, 3, 0) is a common point on the planes p
1
and p
2
and hence find
the equation of the line /
.
[3]
(iii) Another plane p
3
has equation 2 3 x y z b + + = . Find the values of a and b if all the
three planes p
1
, p
2
and p
3
intersect at the line / . [4]
(iv) If the length of projection of the line segment AB on the line / is
6
1
unit, find
the values of a. [3]

[Ans: (i)
1
1
8
3
14
| |
|
|
|
\
(ii) r
4 1
3 1
0 2
a
a
+ | | | |
| |
= +
| |
| |
\ \
(iii) 3 a = ; b = 10 (iv) 0.781 a = or 1.25 a = ]
(i) Let N be the foot of perpendicular from A to the plane
1
p .
1
1
1
AN
| |
|
=
|
|
\
,

1 1 1
2 1 2
4 1 4
ON OA AN
+ | | | | | |
| | |
= + = + = +
| | |
| | |
+
\ \ \
, , ,

Since N is a point on the plane
1
p ,
1
. 1 7
1
ON
| |
|
=
|
|
\
,

1 1
2 . 1 7
4 1
+ | | | |
| |
+ =
| |
| |
+
\ \


_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 65 of 82

( 1 ) (2 ) (4 ) 7 + + + + + =
2 =
2
1
3
1 1
2 1
2 2 8
3 3
4 14
2
4
3
ON
| |
+
|
+ | | | | |
| |
|
= + = + =
| |
|
| |
+ |
\ \
|
+
|
\
,

(ii)
4 1
3 . 1 4 3 0 7
0 1
| | | |
| |
= + + =
| |
| |
\ \
(satisfies equation of plane
1
p )
4 1
3 . 1 4 3 0 1
0 a
| | | |
| |
= + =
| |
| |
\ \
(satisfies equation of plane
2
p )
Hence the point (4, 3, 0) is on both planes
1
p and
2
p .
(4, 3, 0) is then a point on the line / where the 2 planes intersect.

1 1 1
1 1 1
1 2
a
a
a
+ | | | | | |
| | |
=
| | |
| | |
\ \ \
is the direction vector of the line / ,
Hence r
4 1
3 1
0 2
a
a
+ | | | |
| |
= +
| |
| |
\ \
is the equation of line / .
(iii) If the planes
3
p with equation r
1
. 2
3
b
| |
|
=
|
|
\
intersects with
1
p and
2
p at line / , then
1 1
2 . 1 0
3 2
a
a
+ | | | |
| |
=
| |
| |
\ \

(1 ) 2(1 ) 6 0 a a + + =
3 a =
The line / lies in the plane
3
p and thus
4
3
0
| |
|
|
|
\
lies in the plane
3
p also.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 66 of 82

4 1
3 . 2 4 6 0 10
0 3
b b
| | | |
| |
= = + + =
| |
| |
\ \

(iv)
0 1 1
2 2 4
5 4 1
AB OB OA
| | | | | |
| | |
= = =
| | |
| | |
\ \ \
,
.
Given the length of projection of line segment AB on the line / is
1
6
.
1
. 1
2
1
1 6
1
2
a
AB a
a
a
+ | |
|
|
|
\
=
+ | |
|
|
|
\
,

2 2 2
(1 ) 4(1 ) 2
1
6
(1 ) (1 ) ( 2)
a a
a a
+
=
+ + +

2
5( 1) 1
3
( 3)
a
a
=
+

2
2
25( 1) 1
( 3) 3
a
a
=
+

2 2
75( 1) 3 a a = +
2
74 150 72 0 a a + =
150 1188 75 247
2(74) 74
a

= =
0.781 a = or 1.25 a =

3 CJC/09/Prelims/I/11

The planes p
1
and p
2
, which meet in the line l, have vector equations
r =
|
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
|
\
|
1
1
0
1
0
1
6
4
2
1 1
,

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 67 of 82

r =
|
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
|
\
|
1
0
1
0
3
2
6
4
2
2 2

respectively, where
1 2 1
, , and
2
are real constants.

(i) Show that l is parallel to the vector 5i + 6j + k. [3]
(ii) Calculate the acute angle between p
1
and p
2
. [2]
(iii) Find, in exact form, the perpendicular distance from the point with coordinates
(4, 2, 2) to p
2
. [2]

The plane p
3
has equation ax 2y + 2z = b, where a, b .
(iv) Find b in terms of a such that all three planes meet at the single common point
with position vector
|
|
|
\
|
6
4
2
. [4]
(v) If given instead that a = 2, find the values of b, such that the distance between the
planes p
1
and p
3
is
3
1
units. [3]
[Ans: (ii) 75.7
o
(iii) 22 (iv) b = 2a + 4, where a 2 (v) b = 6 or 10]
(i) Let n
1
and n
2
be the normals of p
1
and p
2
respectively.

n
1
= =
|
|
|
\
|
|
|
|
\
|
1
1
0
1
0
1
|
|
|
\
|
1
1
1

n
2
=

|
|
|
\
|
=
|
|
|
\
|
|
|
|
\
|
3
2
3
1
0
1
0
3
2

|
|
|
\
|
=
|
|
|
\
|

|
|
|
\
|
1
6
5
3
2
3
1
1
1

Therefore l is parallel to 5i + 6j + k.
(ii) Acute angle between p
1
and p
2
=
22 3
3
2
3
1
1
1
cos
1
|
|
|
\
|

|
|
|
\
|


_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 68 of 82

= 75.7
o
(iii)Perpendicular distance =
22
3
2
3
6
4
2
2
2
4
|
|
|
\
|

(
(
(
|
|
|
\
|
|
|
|
\
|

=
22
3
2
3
4
2
2
|
|
|
\
|

|
|
|
\
|

=
22
22

= 22
(iv) The point (2, 4, 6) must lie on p
3

So 2a 8 + 12 = b
b = 2a + 4

Since the three planes meet at a single point, we must exclude the case where they
meet along a line.

If p
3
meets in the line l, the normal of p
3
is perpendicular to l.

So
|
|
|
\
|
|
|
|
\
|
1
6
5
2
2
a
= 0
a = 2

Therefore b = 2a + 4, where a 2

(v) p
1
: 4
1
1 -
1
. =
|
|
|
\
|
r and p
3
: b =
|
|
|
\
|
2
2 -
2
. r
Distance between p
1
and p
2
=
3
1

3
1
3 2 3
4
=
b

3
1
3 2 3
4
=
b
or
3
1
3 2 3
4
=
b

b = 6 or 10


_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 69 of 82

4 DHS/09/Prelims/I/5
The position vectors of points A, B, C and D are given by 2 3 4 = + a i j k , 5 2 = + b i j k ,
11 14 = + + c i j k and 4 3 = d j k respectively. Find

(a) the position vector of P on AB if AP : PB = 2 : 1, [2]

(b) the position vector of E, in terms of such that ABCE is a parallelogram, [2]

(c) the angle DAB, giving your answer to the nearest degree, [2]

(d) the value of if A, B and C are collinear. [2]
[Ans: ((a)
4
1
3
0
| |
|
|
|
\
(b)
8
4
8
| |
|
+
|
|
\
(c) 102 (d) 9 = ]
(a) By ratio theorem,

2 5
3 2 1
4
4 2
1
3
3
0
OP
| | | |
| |
+
| | | |
| |
|
\ \
= =
|
|
\
,

(b)
11 3 8
4 4
14 6 8
AB EC OE
| | | | | |
| | |
= = = +
| | |
| | |
\ \ \
, , ,

(c)
2
1
1
AD
| |
|
=
|
|
\
,

Angle required =
1
3 2
4 1
6 1
cos 102
61 6
| | | |
| |

| |
| |
\ \
=

(d)
11 5 6 3
1 1 4
14 2 12 6
BC k AB BC k
| | | | | | | |
| | | |
= = = + =
| | | |
| | | |
\ \ \ \
, , ,

2 & 8 1 9 k = = =


_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 70 of 82

5 DHS/09/Prelims/I/10
The equation of the line l is
1 7
8 2
8 1
| | | |
| |
= +
| |
| |
\ \
r and the equation of the plane
1
is
7 2 1 x y z + = . The point A has coordinates (1, 8, 8).
(i) Verify that point A lies on plane
1
. [1]
The equation of the plane
2
is
0 1 0
1 4 2
2 1 4

| | | | | |
| | |
= + +
| | |
| | |
\ \ \
r .
(ii) Find the angle line l makes with
2
. [3]
(iii) Describe, with a reason, the geometrical representation of the planes
1
and
2
.
[1]
(iv) Hence find the exact shortest distance between
1
and
2
. [3]
(v) The point P has position vector 4 + i j. Find the position vector of point P, the
reflection of point P in the plane
1
. [4]
[Ans: (ii) 90 (iii) Since l is both perpendicular to
1
and
2
,
1
and
2
must be parallel or Since
the normal vectors of
1
and
2
are parallel,
1
and
2
are also parallel. (iv)
1
54
(v)
3
3
1
| |
|
|
|
\
]
(i) At point A,

( ) ( ) ( ) 7 1 2 8 8 1 RHS + = =
(ii) Normal vector of
2
=
1 0 14
4 2 4
1 4 2
| | | | | |
| | |
=
| | |
| | |
\ \ \

Let be the angle required.

14 7
4 2
2 1
108
sin 1 90 or
2 216 54 11664

| | | |
| |

| |
| |
\ \
= = = =

(iii)Normal vector of
1
=
7
2
1
| |
|
|
|
\
is parallel to direction vector of l
Since l is both perpendicular to
1
and
2
,
1
and
2
must be parallel.

Alternative:

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 71 of 82

Normal vector of
1
=
7
2
1
| |
|
|
|
\
=
14
1
4
2
2
| |
|
|
|
\

Since the normal vectors of
1
and
2
are parallel,
1
and
2
are also parallel.

(iv) Observe that
2
contains origin,
Shortest distance required =
( )
2
2 2
1 1
54
7 2 1
=
+ +

Alternative:
( ) Let 0,1, 2 B

0 1 1
1 8 7
2 8 6
AB
| | | | | |
| | |
= =
| | |
| | |
\ \ \
,

Shortest distance required =
( )
2
2 2
1 7
7 2
6 1 1
54
7 2 1
| | | |
| |

| |
| |
\ \
=
+ +

(v) Let M be the foot of perpendicular of P on
1
.

( )
3 7 7
7 2 2
7
8 1 1 1
2
2 54 54
1
PM PA
| | | | | | | |
| | | |

| | | |
| |
| | |
|
| \ \ \
= = = |
|
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
n n
, ,

' '
7 4 3
1
2 2 1 3
2
1 0 1
OP PP OP = +
| | | | | |
| | | | |
= + =
|
| | |
\
| | |
\ \ \
, , ,

Alternative:
Let l
2
be the line passing through point P and parallel to normal vector of
1
.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 72 of 82

2
4 7
: 1 2
0 1
l s
| | | |
| |
= +
| |
| |
\ \
r

4 7 7
1 2 2 1
0 1 1
s
( | | | | | |
( | | |
+ =
( | | |
| | |
(
\ \ \

1
28 49 2 4 1
2
s s s s + + + = =

Let M be the foot of perpendicular of P on
1
and P be the point of reflection required.
1
2
2 & '
1
2
a
OM OP b
c
| |
| |
|
|
| = =
|
|
|
| \
\
, ,

Using midpoint theorem:
4 1 0 1 1
, , , 2,
2 2 2 2 2
a b c + + + | | | |
=
| |
\ \

3
Thus ' 3
1
OP
| |
|
=
|
|
\
,

6 IJC/09/Prelims/I/13

The diagram shows a cuboid with horizontal rectangular base ABCD, where 5 AB = units,
3 AD = units and 2 AP = units. The edges AP, BQ, CR and DS are vertical, and PQRS is
the top of the cuboid. The point A is taken as the origin and vectors i, j, k, each of length
1 unit, are taken along AB, AD, AP respectively.
(i) Show that the line DQ has equation
A
B
C D
P
Q
R
S
i
j
k

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 73 of 82

3 (5 3 2 ) = + + r j i j k ,
where is a parameter.
Find an equation of the line BS. [4]
(ii) Hence calculate the acute angle between the lines DQ and BS, giving your answer to
the nearest 0.1. [3]

The point X lies on RC such that
2
,
3
RX RC = and the point M is the midpoint of BD. The
plane contains the points R, B and M.
(iii) Find, in scalar product form, an equation of the plane . [3]
(iv) Find the exact value of the shortest distance from X to the plane . [3]
[Ans: (i) 3 (5 3 2 ) = + + r j i j k 5 ( 5 3 2 ) = + + + r j i j k (ii) 37.9

(iii)
6
10 30
15
| |
|
=
|
|
\
r (iv)
20
units
19
]
(i) 5 3 2 = + i j k
,
DQ
Vector equation of line DQ,

0 5
3 3
0 2
3 (5 3 2 )
AD DQ
= +
| | | |
| |
= +
| |
| |
\ \
= + +
r
j i j k
, ,

5i 3j 2k BS = + +
,

Vector equation of line BS,

5 ( 5 3 2 )
AB BS
= +
= + + +
r
j i j k
, ,

(ii) Let the angle between the lines DQ and BS be
1
cos
5 5
3 3 38 38 cos
2 2
30
cos 142.15
38
DQ BS DQ BS

=
| | | |
| |
=
| |
| |
\ \
| |
= =
|
\

, , , ,
-
-
Therefore, acute angle between the lines DQ and BS

180 142.15
37.9 (to1dp)
=
=


_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 74 of 82

(iii) = +
, , ,
BD BA AD
5 = i+3j
3 2
BR BC CR = +
= + j k
, , ,

n
5 0 6
3 3 10
0 2 15
| | | | | |
| | |
= =
| | |
| | |
\ \ \

Equation of plane ,

6 5 6
10 0 10 30
15 0 15
| | | | | |
| | |
= =
| | |
| | |

\ \ \
r
(iv) = +
, , ,
BX BC CX

2
3
3
= + j k
Shortest distance from X to the plane,

0 6
3 10
2 15
3
36 100 225
20
units
19
| |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|

\
|
\
=
+ +
=

7 IJC/II/2
(a) The plane is given by the vector equation
14 = r n .
Given that
7
6
= n units, find the shortest distance from the origin O to the plane .
[2]
(b) Relative to the origin O, the position vectors of points A and B are a and b
respectively. Given that angle AOB is 90, show that the position vector of the foot
of the perpendicular from O to AB is
( )
2
2 2
+
+
a
a b a
a b
[5]
[Ans: (a) 12]

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 75 of 82

(a) shortest distance from the origin O to the plane
14
12
7
6
= =
| |
|
\
rn
= units
n

(b) Let F be the foot of perpendicular from O to AB. ( ) OF = + a b a
,

Since OF is perpendicular to the line AB,

[ ]
( )
( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
2
2 2
( ) 0
( ) ( ) 0
( ) ( ) ( ) 0
2 0
0
OF
=
+ =
+ =
+ + =
+ + =
=
+
b a
a b a b a
a b a b a b a
a b a b a b a
a b a
a
a b
,

( )
2
2 2
( ) OF = +
= +
+
a b a
a
a b a
a b
,

8 JJC/09/Prelims/I/9
Relative to a fixed point O, the position vectors of the points A, B and C are given as
follows :
, i k OA = +
,
2 , i j OB = +
,
4 2 i j k OC = + +
,
.

It is known that A, B and C exist in the plane
1
.
(i) Show that the equation of plane
1
is 2 3 1 x y z = . [2]

(ii) The point D has position vector 5i j k + . Find the position vector of the foot of
perpendicular from D to plane
1
and hence find the exact distance from D to plane
1
. [4]

(iii) It is further known that the point D is the reflection of point C about another plane
2
. Show that the equation of plane
2
is 2 3 x y z = .
Find the equation of the line of intersection between planes
1
and
2
. [5]

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 76 of 82

[(ii)
4
5/ 2
1/ 2
| |
|
|
|
\
,
14
2
. (iii)
8 5
5 3 , .
0 1

| | | |
| |
= +
| |
| |
\ \
r where R
]

(i)
1 2 4
0 1 2
1 0 1
| | | | | |
| | |
= = =
| | |
| | |
\ \ \
, , ,
OA OB OC

1 3
1 2
1 0
| | | |
| |
= =
| |
| |
\ \
, ,
AB AC

2
3
1
| |
|
= =
|
|
\
, ,
n AB AC
r.n=a.n

2 1 2
. 3 0 . 3
1 1 1
| | | | | |
| | |
=
| | |
| | |

\ \ \
r
2 3 1 (Shown) = x y z
(ii) Eqn of perpendicular line passing thru D to plane is

5 2
1 3 (1)
1 1
| | | |
| |
= +
| |
| |

\ \
r

2
. 3 1 (2)
1
| |
|
=
|
|
\
Eqn of plane r

5 2 2
Sub (1) into (2) 1 3 . 3 1
1 1
1

2
+ | | | |
| |
=
| |
| |

\ \
=

5 2 4
1
Foot of perpendicular : 1 3 5 / 2
2
1 1 1/ 2
r
| | | | | |
| | |
= =
| | |
| | |

\ \ \


_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 77 of 82

4 5 1
14
Shortest Dist from D to plane : 5 / 2 1 3/ 2
2
1/ 2 1 1/ 2
| | | | | |
| | |
= =
| | |
| | |

\ \ \

(iii)
2
If and are reflections, is a normal vector of C D CD

5 4 1
1 2 = 1
1 1 2
| | | | | |
| | |
=
| | |
| | |

\ \ \
,
CD

2
If and are reflections, mid point of will exist in
5 4 9 / 2
1
Mid point of = 1 2 3/ 2
2
1 1 0
+ | | | |
| |
+ =
| |
| |
+
\ \
C D CD
CD

2
1 9 / 2 1
Equation of : . 1 3/ 2 . 1
2 0 2
2 3 (Shown)
r
x y z
| | | | | |
| | |
=
| | |
| | |

\ \ \
=

9 MJC/I/9
The equations of three planes
1
,
2
, and
3
are
3 8,
3 0
11,
x y az
x y bz
x py qz
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
and
respectively, where a, b, p and q are constants.
(i) If the point ( ) , , 0 lies on both
1
and
2
, find the values of and . [2]
(ii) Given that the line l
1
lies on both
1
and
2
, find a vector equation of l
1
in terms
of a and b. [2]
The line l
2
has equation r =
5
2
2
| |
|
|
|
\
+
4
1
0
| |
|
|
|
\
, where is a parameter.
(iii) Given that l
1
and l
2
intersect at a point and 0 a b + = , find the values of a and b.[4]
(iv) If
1
,
2
, and
3
have no point in common, using the values of a and b found
in (iii), comment on the value of p and find an equation relating p and q. [3]
[(i) 1, 3 = = (ii)
1
1 3
: r 3 3 ,
0 8
b a
l a b
| | | |
| |
= +
| |
| |
\ \
R
(iii) 2, 2 a b = = (iv) 1 p q = ]
(i) Sub ( ) , , 0 into
1
and
2
.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 78 of 82

1
2
: 1( ) 3( ) (0) 8
: 3( ) 1( ) (0) 0
a
b

+ + =
+ + =

Using GC, 1, 3 = =
(ii)
1 3 3
3 1 3
8
b a
a b
a b
| | | | | |
| | |
=
| | |
| | |
\ \ \

1
1 3
: r 3 3 ,
0 8
b a
l a b
| | | |
| |
= +
| |
| |
\ \
R

(iv)
1 3
3 3
0 8
b a
a b
| | | |
| |
+ =
| |
| |
\ \
5
2
2
| |
|
|
|
\
+
4
1
0
| |
|
|
|
\

1
4
=

Sub a b = and
1
4
= , we have

( )
( )
1
1 4 5 4
4
1
3 4 2
4
a
a
= +
= +

2
2
a
b
=
=

(iv) Since the 3 planes have no point in common, l
1
cannot intersect
3
.

1
1 1
: r 3 1 ,
0 1
l
| | | |
| |
= +
| |
| |
\ \
R

Condition 1:
( ) 1, 3, 0 is not on
3
.
Hence,
( 1) (3) (0) 11
4
p q
p
+ +


_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 79 of 82

Condition 2:
1
p
q
| |
|
|
|
\
and
1
1
1
| |
|
|
|
\
are perpendicular.

1 1
1 0
1
1 0
1
. p
q
p q
p q
| | | |
| |
=
| |
| |
\ \
+ =
=

10 PJC/II/4

The point A has position vector i + j + 3k and the plane, , has equation
( ) 3 4 40. + = r i k -
Find
(i) the vector equation of the line l passing through A and normal to the plane, ,
[1]

(ii) the position vector of the foot of perpendicular from the point A to the plane, .
[3]

A sphere of radius 2 units has its centre at A. Show that the shortest distance between the
sphere and the plane, , is 3 units. Hence find the position vector of the nearest point on
the sphere to the plane. [5]
[(ii)
4
1
7
| |
|
=
|
|
\
q ,
11
1
5
5
23
| |
|
=
|
|
\
p ]

1 3
: 1 0
3 4
l
| | | |
| |
= +
| |
| |
\ \
r

-
A(1,1,3)
P
Q
l
3
0
4
| |
|
|
|
\


_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 80 of 82

1 3 3
pt : 1 0 40
3 4 4
1
4
1
7
Q
+ | | | |
| |
=
| |
| |
+
\ \
=
| |
|
=
|
|
\
q
-

2
Let be pt on sphere nearest to
9 0 16, 5 2& 3
shortest dist between sphere & Plane = 3
P
AQ AQ AP PQ
= + + = = =
1 4 11
1
5 3 1 2 1 , 5
5
3 7 23
| | | | | |
| | |
= + =
| | |
| | |
\ \ \
p p

Complex Numbers

1. [PJC 09 MY P2 Q5(b)]
The complex number w is such that
*
25
2
3 4i
ww w + =
, where
*
w is the complex
conjugate of w. Find w in the form i a b + , where a and b are real. [3]
[ 1 2i + ]
*
25
2
3 4i
ww w + =

*
25
2 3 4i
3 4i
ww w + = = +

( )( ) ( ) i i 2 i 3 4i a b a b a b + + + = +
2 2
2 2 i 3 4i a b a b + + + = +
Comparing real and imaginary parts
2 4 2 b b = =
2 2
2 3 a b a + + =
2
2 1 0 a a + + = ( )
2
1 0 a + = 1 a = 1 2i w= +
2 Solve the simultaneous equations
4i 3 7 5i,
2 (1 i) 10 i,
z w
z w
+ = +
+ =

giving z and w in the form i a b + , where a and b are real. [3]
[
11
5 i ; 5 5i
2
]

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 81 of 82

4i 3 7 5i, --- (1) z w + = +

2 (1 i) 10 i, --- (2)
(2) 2i,
4i 2i(1 i) (10 i)2i
4i 2 2i 20i 2 --- (3)
(1) - (3),
2i 5 15i
5 15i
5 5i
1 2i
z w
z w
z w w
w w
w
+ =
+ =
+ = +
+ =
= =
+

Sub into (2),
2 (1 i)( 5 5i) 10 i z + =

2 10i 10 i z + =
11
5 i
2
z =

3 [NJC 09 J2 CT Q10 (a) 1st part]
Solve for the complex number w in the form i x y + such that

*
10 10i
2
2 i
+
+ =
w w [2]
[ 2 2i + ]

*
10 10i
2
2 i
+
+ =
w w
Let i w x y = + ,

( ) ( ) i 2 i 6 2i 3 6 2
Comparing real and & imaginary parts,
2 and 2
2 2i
x y x y x iy i
x y
w
+ + = + + = +
= =
= +

4. [ACJC 09 Prelim P1 Q10a]
Without the use of a calculator, find the complex numbers z and w in the form
ib a + that satisfy the two simultaneous equations
(2 ) 9 16 z i w i + + = + and i w z 3 * = + . [4]
[ 2 4i + ; 2 7i + ]

(2 ) 9 16 z i w i + + = + (1)
*
3 z w i + = (2)

Substitute
*
3 w i z = into equation (1)
*
(2 )(3 ) 9 16 z i i z i + + = +

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Page 82 of 82

*
( 2 ) ( 3 6 ) 9 16 z i z i i + + + = +
*
( 2 ) 6 10 z i z i + = +
Let z x iy = +
( ) ( 2 )( ) 6 10 x iy i x iy i + + = +
( ) ( 3 ) 6 10 x y i x y i + + = +
Equating real parts: 6 6 x y x y = + = (3)
Equating imaginary parts: 3 10 x y + = (4)
Solving equations (3) and (4): 2 x = and 4 y =
2 4 z i = +
3 (2 4 ) 2 7 w i i i = = +

GOOD JOB! YOU DID IT!! GOOD LUCK FOR YOUR COMMON TEST!!!

2011 Year 6 H2 Mathematics Exercises For June Holiday - Solution

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