Table 32: Maslows B-Values and Metapathologies B-Value Characteristics Pathogenic Metapathology Deprivation Truth Honesty, reality, Dishonesty

Disbelief, mistrust, nakedness, cynicism, skepticism, simplicity, richness, suspicion. essentiality, oughtness, beauty, purity, clean and unadulterated completeness Goodness Rightness, Evil Hatred, repulsion, desirability, disgust, reliance only oughtness, justice, upon self and for self; benevolence, nihilism, cynicism. honesty Beauty Rightness, form Ugliness Vulgarity, specific aliveness, simplicity, unhappiness, richness, restlessness, loss of wholeness, taste, tension, fatigue, perfection, philistinism, bleakness. completion, uniqueness, honesty Wholeness; Unity, integration, Chaos; Atomism; Disintegration: the unity tendency to loss of world is falling apart; oneness, connectedness arbitrariness. interconnectedness, simplicity, organization, structure, order, synergy DichotomyAcceptance, Black and white Black-white thinking, transcendence resolution, dichotomies; loss of either/or thinking: integration or gradations, of seeing everything as a transcendence of degree; forced duel or a war, or a dichotomies, polarizations; conflict; low synergy: synergy forced choices. simplistic view of life.

Aliveness; process

Uniqueness

Process, spontaneity, selfregulation, full functioning, changing yet maintaining, expressing ones essence Individuality, noncomparability, novelty, quality of being like nothing else in the world. Just rightness, completeness, state in which there is nothing beyond, nothing superfluous, nothing lacking Inevitability, requirement that something be just exactly as it is. Totality, ending, finality, fulfillment

Deadness; mechanizing of life.

Deadness; robotizing; feeling oneself to be totally determined; loss of emotion; boredom (?); loss of zest in life; experiential emptiness.

Sameness; uniformity; interchangeability.

Perfection

Imperfection; sloppiness; poor workmanship, shoddiness

Loss of feeling of self and of individuality; feeling oneself to be interchangeable, anonymous, not really needed. Discouragement (?), hopelessness; nothing to work for

Necessity

Accident; occasionalism; inconsistency Incompleteness

Completion; finality

Justice

Fairness, oughtness, necessity, inevitability Lawfulness, rightness, perfection of arrangement

Injustice

Order

Lawlessness; chaos, breakdown of authority

Simplicity

Honesty, essentiality, state in which there is

Confusing complexity; disconnectedness;

Chaos, unpredictability; loss of safety; vigilance, alertness, tension, being on guard. Feelings of incompleteness with preservation. Hopelessness; cessation of striving and coping; no use trying. Insecurity; anger; cynicism; mistrust; lawlessness; jungle world-view; total selfishness. Insecurity; wariness; loss of safety, of predictability; necessity for vigilance, alertness, tension, being on guard. Overcomplexity; confusion; bewilderment, conflict,

Richness

Effortlessness

nothing extra or superfluous Differentiation, complexity, intricacy, state in which nothing is missing or hidden and everything is equally important Ease, lack of strain, grace, perfect and beautiful functioning

disintegration Poverty; coarciation

loss of orientation. Depression; uneasiness; loss of interest in world.

Effortfulness

Playfulness

Fun, joy, amusement, gaiety, humor, exuberance

Humorlessness

Selfsufficiency

Meaningfulness

Autonomy, independence, quality of not needing anything other than itself in order to be itself, self-determining, living by its own laws Maslow added this Being-value, which was, formulated in his last writing, Farther Reaches of Human Nature.

Contingency; accident; occasionalism

Fatigue, strain, striving, clumsiness, awkwardness, gracelessness, stiffness. Grimness; depression; paranoid humorlessness; loss of zest in life; cheerlessness; loss of ability to enjoy Dependence upon (?) the perceiver (?); it becomes his or her responsibility.

Meaninglessness

Meaninglessness; despair; senselessness of life.

Table 3: Some Characteristics of D-Cognition and B-Cognition D-Cognition B-Cognition Things are seen as dependent Things are seen as whole, on other things, as incomplete. complete. Some aspects only of things Things are attended to exclusively are attended to; simultaneous and seen intensely, with total attention is given to other, investment. related or causal factors. Something is seen as a Something is seen per se, in and by member of a class, an instance, itself, not in competition with and a sample. anything else. Things are seen as relevant to Things are seen as irrelevant to human concerns, in terms of human concerns. their usefulness, dangerousness, and the like. Things become less interesting; Things become richer by repeated familiarity leads to boredom. experiencing. Things are seen as discrete Dichotomies, polarities, conflicts and mutually exclusive, often between things are seen as with antagonistic interests. necessary and yet as transcended by a superordinate whole. Inner and outer worlds are Inner and outer worlds are perceived as being more perceived as being more similar. dissimilar. Objects are perceived as Objects are often perceived as normal, everyday, nothing out sacred, holy, and very special. of the ordinary. Serious things are seen as The world and self are often seen quite different from amusing as both amusing and poignant; the things; humor is hostile or comic and the tragic are fused; absent. humor is philosophical. The perceiver experiences not The perceiver becomes so the object alone but object-tied- absorbed that self disappears; with self; the ego is the experience is organized around the centering point of experience. object rather than the ego. Things are seen as means to Things are seen as ends in other things. themselves, as intrinsically interesting.