Architecture and Programming of 8051 Micro Controllers Exemples

Architecture and Programming of 8051 Microcontrollers
6:Examples
Chapter 6 : Examples

6.1 Basic connecting of the microcontroller 6.2 Additional components 6.3 Examples
Introduction
The purpose of this chapter is to inform you about basic issues on microcontrollers that one should know in order to use them successfully in practice. That is why you will not find here some ultra interesting program or device schematic with amazing solutions. Instead of that, examples described in this chapter are more proof that program writing is neither privilege nor talent issue but ability of simple putting puzzle pieces together using directives. Device development mainly comes to the method test-correct-repeat. Of course, the more you are into it, the issues become more complicated as the puzzle pieces are put together by both children and first-class architects...
6.1 Basic connecting of the microcontroller
As seen on the above figure, in order to enable microcontroller to operate properly it is necessary to provide :

Power supply Reset signal Clock signal
Obviously, all this is about very simple circuits, but it does not have to be always like that. If device is used for handling expensive machines or for maintaining vital functions, everything becomes more and more complicated! This kind of solution is quite enough for the time being...
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Power supply Although this circuit can operate with different power supply voltage, why to test Marphys low?! Voltage of 5V is so common that it imposes itself. The circuit, shown on the figure, uses cheap voltage stabilisator LM7805 and provides high-quality voltage level and guite enough current to enable microcontroller and peripheral electronics to operate ( sufficient current in this case amounts to 1A)! Reset signal In order to operate properly, the microcontroller must see logic 0 (0V) on reset pin RS (It explains connection pin-resistor 10K-ground). Pushbutton which connects reset pin RS to power supply VCC is not necessary but it is almost always built in because it enables microcontroller safe return to normal operating conditions when the things go wrong. By activating this pin, 5V is brought to it, the microcontroller is reset and program starts execution from the beginning. Clock signal Although the microcontroller has built in oscillator, it cannot operate without two external condensators and quartz crystal which stabilize its frequency (microcontrollers operating speed).
Naturally, there are some exceptions too: if this solution cannot be applied for some reason, there are always alternative ones. One of them is to bring clock signal from special source through invertor. See the figure on the left.
6.2 Additional components

Regardless of the fact that microcontrollers are the product of modern technology, they are not so useful without being connected to additional components. Simply, the appearance of voltage on its pin means nothing if it does not perform certain operations (turn on/off, shift, display and similar). Switches and Pushbuttons There is nothing simpler than this! This is the simplest way of controlling appearance of some voltage on microcontrollers input pin. There is also no need for additional explanation of how these components operate.
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Nevertheless, it is not so simple in practice... This is about something commonly unnoticeable when using these components in everyday life. It is about contact bounce- a common problem with m e c h a n i c a l switches. If contact switching does not happen so quickly, several consecutive bounces can be noticed prior to maintain stable state. The reasons for this are: vibrations, slight rough spots and dirt. Anyway, whole this process does not last long (a few micro- or miliseconds), but long enough to be registered by the microcontroller. Concerning pulse counter, error occurs in almost 100% of cases!
The simplest solution is to connect simple RC circuit which will suppress each quick voltage change. Since the bouncing time is not defined, the values of elements are not strictly determined. In the most cases, the values shown on figure are sufficient. If complete safety is needed, radical measures should be taken! The circuit, shown on the figure (RS flip-flop), changes logic state on its output with the first pulse triggered by contact bounce. Even though this is more expensive solution (SPDT switch), the problem is definitely resolved! Besides, since the condensator is not used, very short pulses can be also registered in this way.
In addition to these hardware solutions, a simple software solution is commonly applied too: when a program tests the state of some input pin and finds changes, the check should be done one more time after certain time delay. If the change is confirmed it means that switch (or pushbutton) has changed its position. The advantages of such solution are obvious: it is free of charge, effects of
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disturbances are eliminated too and it can be adjusted to the worst-quality contacts. Disadvantage is the same as in case of using RC filter-pulses shorter than program delay cannot be registered. Optocouplers
Optocoupler is a device commonly used to galvanically separate microcontrollers electronics from potentionally dangerous currents and voltages in environment. Optocouplers usually have one, two or four light sources (LE diodes) on their input while on their output, opposite to diodes, there are the same number of elements sensitive to light (phototransistors, photo-thyristors or photo-triacs). The point is that there is no electrical contact between input and output, but the signal is transferred by light. For this isolation to make sense, electrical power supply of diodes and photo-sensitive elements must be independent. Being connected in this way, the microcontroller and expensive additional electronics are completely protected from high voltage and disturbances which in practice are the most common cause of destroying, damaging or unstable operating of electronic devices. Most frequently used optocouplers are those with phototransistors on their output. In case the model of optocouplers with internal base-to-pin 6 connection is on disposal (there are optocouplers without it), the base can be left unconnected. Optional connection, decreasing effects of disturbances by eliminating very short pulses, is on the figure marked with a broken line . Relays
Relays are elements connected to ouput pins of the microcontroller and used to turn on/off all that being out of board which has sensitive components: motors, transformators, heaters, bulbs, highvoltage components, antenna systems etc. There are various types of relays but all have the same
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operating principle: when a current flows through the coil, it makes or brakes machanical connection between one or more pairs of contacts. As it is case with optocouplers, there is no galvanically connection (electrical contact) between input and output circuits. Relays usually demand both higher voltage and current to start operating but there are also miniature versions which can be activated with a low current directly obtained from the microcontrollers pin. Below figure presents one solution specific to the 8051 microcontrollers. In this very case, darlington transistor is used to activate relays because of its high current gain. This is not in accordance with rules, but it is necessary in case of logic one activation since the current is then very low (pin acts as input)!
In order to be prevented from appearance of high voltage of self-induction caused by a sudden stop of current flow through the coil, an inverted polarized diode is connected in parallel to the coil. The purpose of this diode is to cut off the voltage peak. Light-emitting diode (LED) Light-emitting diodes are elements for light signalization in electronics. They are manufactured in different shapes, colors and sizes. For their low price, low consumption and simple use, they have almost completely pushed aside other light sources- bulbs at first place. They perform similar to common diodes with the difference that they emit light when current flows through them.
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It is important to know that each diode will be immediately destroyed unless its current is limited. This means that a conductor must be connected in parallel to a diode. In order to correctly determine value of this conductor, it is necessary to know diodes voltage drop in forward direction, which depends on what material a diode is made of and what colour it is. Values typical for the most frequently used diodes are shown in table below: As seen, there are three main types of LEDs. Standard ones get ful brightness at current of 20mA. Low Current diodes get ful brightness at ten times lower current while Super Bright diodes produce more intensive light than Standard ones. Color Infrared Red Red Red Orange Green Yellow Blue White Type Standard Super Bright Low Current Low Current Typical current Id (mA) 30 20 20 2 10 2 20 20 25 Maximal current Voltage drop Ud If (mA) (V) 50 1.4 30 1.7 30 1.85 30 1.7 30 2.0 20 2.1 30 2.1 30 4.5 35 4.4
Since the 8051 microcontrollers can provide only low input current and since their pins are configured as outputs when voltage level on them is equal to 0, direct connectining to LEDs is carried out as it is shown on figure (Low current LED, cathode is connected to output pin).
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LED displays Basically, LED displays are nothing else but several LEDs moulded in the same plastic case. Diodes are arranged so that different marks-commonly digits: 0, 1, 2,...9 are displayed by activating them. There are many types of displays composed of several dozens of built in diodes which can display different symbols.
The most commonly used are so called 7-segment displays. They are composed of 8 LEDs, 7 segments are arranged as a rectangle for symbol displaying and there is additional segment for decimal point displaying. In order to simplify connecting, anodes and catodes of all diodes are connected to the common pin so that there are common cathode displays and common anode displays. Segments are marked with the latters Ato G as shown on the figure on the left. When connecting, each diode is treated independently, which means that each must have its own conductor for current limitation. When connecting displays to the microcontroller, the greatest problem is a great deal of valuable I/O pins which they occupy, especially if it is needed to display several-digit numbers. Problem is more than obvious if for example it is needed to display two 6-digit numbers (a simple calculation shows that 96 output pins are needed)!The solution on this problem is called MULTIPLEXING. This is how optical illusion based on the same operating principle as filmcamera occurs. The principle is that only one digit is active but by quick changing one gets impression that all digits of a number are active at the same time.
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Referring to the previous example it would mean that firstly one byte representing units is applied on a microcontrollers port and only transistor T1 is activated at the same time. After a while, the transistor T1 is turned off, a byte representing tens is applied on a port and transistor T2 is activated. This process is being cyclicly repeated at high speed for all digits and corresponding transistors. When displaying any digit, a defeating fact that microcontroller is nevertheless only a machine made to understand only language of units and zeros is fully expressed. Namely, it does not know what units, tens or hundreds are, nor it knows how ten digits we are used to look like. Therefore, each number intended to be shown on display must be prepared in the following way: In special subroutine, a several digit number must be first separated in units, tens etc. Afterwards, each of these digits must be stored in specific byte. In order to make these digits familiar to us, masking is carried out. Basically, it is a simple subroutine by which binary format of each number is replaced by different combination of bits. For example, the digit 8 (0000 1000) is replaced by binary digit 0111 111 in order to activate all LEDs which represent digit 8 on display. The only diode, inactive in this case is reserved for decimal point. If a microcontrollers port is connected to display in a way that bit 0 activates segment a, bit 1 activates segment b, bit 2 segment c etc., the table below shows mask for each digit.
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Digits to display 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 dp 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 a 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
Display Segments c d 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
e 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1
f 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
g 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
Beside digits 0 to 9, some latters of alphabet : A, C, E, J, F, U, H, L, b, c, d, o, r, t can be displayed by appropriate masking. If common chatode displays are used all units in the table should be replaced by zeros and vice versa. In that case NPN transistors should be also used as drivers. Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD) These components are specialized for being used with the microcontrollers, which means that they cannot be activated by standard IC circuits. They are used for writing different messages on a miniature LCD.
Amodel described here is for its low price and great possibilities most frequently used in practice. It is based on the HD44780 microcontroller (Hitachi) and can display messages in two lines with 16 characters each . It displays all letters of alphabet, greek letters, punctuation marks, mathematical symbols etc. In addition, it is possible to display symbols that user makes up on its own. Automatic shifting message on display (shift left and right), appearance of the pointer, backlight etc. are considered as useful characteristics. Pins Functions There are pins along one side of the small printed board used for connection to the microcontroller. There are total of 14 pins marked with numbers (16 in case the background light is built in). Their function is described in the table bellow:
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Function Ground Power supply Contrast
Pin Number 1 2 3 4
Name Vss Vdd Vee RS R/W
Control of operating
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
E D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7
Data / commands
Logic State Description 0V +5V 0 - Vdd 0 D0 D7 are interpreted as commands 1 D0 D7 are interpreted as data 0 Write data (from controller to LCD) 1 Read data (from LCD to controller) Access to LCD disabled 0 Normal operating 1 Data/commands are transferred to From 1 to 0 LCD 0/1 Bit 0 LSB 0/1 Bit 1 0/1 Bit 2 0/1 Bit 3 0/1 Bit 4 0/1 Bit 5 0/1 Bit 6 0/1 Bit 7 MSB
LCD screen
LCD screen consists of two lines with 16 characters each. Each character consists of 5x8 or 5x11 dot matrix. This book covers 5x8 character display because it is commonly used. Contrast on display depends on the power supply voltage and whether messages are displayed in one or two lines. For that reason, variable voltage 0-Vdd is applied on pin marked as Vee. Trimmer potentiometer is usually used for that purpose. Some versions of displays have built in backlight (blue or green diodes). When used during operating, a resistor for current limitation should be used (like with any LE diode).
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If there are no characters on display or all of them are dimmed upon the display is on, the first thing that should be done is to check the potentiometer for contrast regulation. Is it properly adjusted? Same applies in case the operation mode is changed (writing in one or two lines). LCD Memory There are three memory blocks inside the display:

DDRAM Display Data RAM CGRAM Character Generator RAM CGROM Character Generator ROM
DDRAM Memory DDRAM memory is used for storing characters that should be displayed. The size of this memory is sufficient for storing 80 characters. One part of these locations is directly connected to the characters on display.
All functions quite simply: it is sufficient to configure display so that addresses are automatically incremented (shift right). Afterwards it sets starting value for the message that should be displayed (for example 00 hex).
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After that, all characters sent through lines D0-D7 will be displayed as a message we are used tofrom left to right. In this case, displaying starts from the first character in the first line on display since the address is 00 hex. If more than 16 characters are sent, they all will be also memorized but not visible. In order to display them, a shift command should be used. Virtually, everything looks as if LCD display is a window which moves left-right over memory locations with characters. In reality, that is how the affect of message movingon the screen is obtained (from left to right or vice versa). If cursor is on, it will appear at location which is currently addressed. In other words, characters will appear at cursors position while the cursor is automatically moved to the next addressed location. Since this is a sort of RAM memory, data can be written to and read from it. Disadvantage is that the contents will be lost forever upon the power is off. CGROM Memory A map with all characters that can be displayed are written by default. Each character has corresponding location.
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Addresses of CGROM memory locations match standard ASCII values of characters. It means that if in a program being currently executed by the microcontroller is written send letter P to port, the binary value 0101 0000 will appear on the port. This value is ASCII equivalent to the letter P. When this binary number is sent to LCD, a symbol stored on 0101 0000 location in CGROM will be displayed. In other words, the letter P will be displayed . This applies to all alphabet letters (upper- and lowercase), but not to numbers! If one carefully looks at the map with characters in this memory, it can be seen that addresses of all digits are shifted by 48 in comparison to the values of these digits (address of the digit 0 is 48, of digit 1 is 49, of digit 2 is 50 etc.). For that reason and in order to display digits correctly, each of them needs to be added a decimal number 48 prior to being sent to LCD.
Since the time the first computer was made, it recognizes numbers but not letters. It means that on sending any character from keyboard to PC, from PC to printer or from microcontroller to other computer, through connection line are actually sent binary numbers instead of characters . A table that links all standard symbols and their number equivalents is called ASCII code. CGRAM memory Beside being able to display all standard characters, the LCD can display symbols that user defines on its own. It enables displaying cyrilic fonts as well as many other symbols which fit to the frame of 5x8 dots size. RAM memory (CGRAM) in size of 64 bytes enables the above. The size of registers of this memory is a standard one (8 bits), but only 5 lower bits are in use. Logic one (1) in every register represents a dimmed dot, while 8 locations considered jointly represent one character. It is best illustrated on the figure below:
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Symbols are usually defined at the beginnig of a program by simple writing zeros and units to registers of CGRAM memory so that they form desirable shapes. In order to display them it is sufficient to specify their address. Pay attention to the first coloumn in CGROM map of charactersthese are not addresses of RAM memory but symbols which are discussed here.In this example, display 0 means - display , display 1 means - display etc. LCD Basic Commands All data transferred to LCD through outputs D0-D7 will be interpreted as commands or as data, which depends on logic state on pin RS: RS = 1 - Bits D0 - D7 are addresses of characters that should be displayed. Built in processor addresses built in map of characters and displays corresponding symbols. Displaying position is determined by DDRAM address. This address is either previously defined or the address of previously transferred character is automatically incremented. RS = 0 - Bits D0 - D7 are commands which determine display mode. List of commands which LCD recognizesare given in the table below: Command Clear display Cursor home Entry mode set Display on/off control Cursor/Display Shift Function set Set CGRAM address Set DDRAM address Read BUSY flag (BF) Write to CGRAM or DDRAM Read from CGRAM or DDRAM
I/D 1 = Increment (by 1) 0 = Decrement (by 1)
RS RW D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 BF 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 I/D 0 0 1 D U 0 1 D/C R/L x 1 DL N F x CGRAM address DDRAM address DDRAM address 1 x S B x x
Execution Time 1.64mS 1.64mS 40uS 40uS 40uS 40uS 40uS 40uS 40uS 40uS
0 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 1 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
R/L 1 = Shift right 0 = Shift left
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Architecture and Programming of 8051 Microcontrollers S 1 = Display shift on 0 = Display shift off D 1 = Display on 0 = Display off U 1 = Cursor on 0 = Cursor off B 1 = Cursor blink on 0 = Cursor blink off DL 1 = 8-bit interface 0 = 4-bit interface N 1 = Display in two lines 0 = Display in one line F 1 = Character format 5x10 dots 0 = Character format 5x7 dots D/C 1 = Display shift 0 = Cursor shift
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What is Busy flag ? Comparing to the microcontroller, LCD is an extremly slow component. Because of that It was necessary to provide a signal which will indicate that display is ready to receive a new data or a command following the previous one has been executed. That signal is called busy flag and can be read from line D7. When the bit BF is cleared (BF=0), display is ready to receive. LCD Connection Depending on how many lines are used for connection to the microcontroller, there are 8-bit and 4bit LCD modes. The appropriate mode is determined at the beginning of the process in a phase called initialization. In the first case, the data are transferred through outputs D0-D7 as it has been already explained. In case of 4-bit LED mode, for the sake of saving valuable I/O pins of the microcontroller, there are only 4 higher bits (D4-D7) used for communication, while other may be left unconnected. Consequently, each data is sent to LCD in two steps: four higher bits are sent first (that normally would be sent through lines D4-D7), four lower bits are sent afterwards. With the help of initialization, LCD will correctly connect and interprete each data received. Besides, with regards to the fact that data are rarely read from LCD (data mainly are transferred from microcontroller to LCD) one more I/O pin may be saved by simpleconnecting R/W pin to the Ground. Such saving has its price. Even though message displaying will be normally performed, it will not be possible to read from busy flag since it is not possible to read from display.
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Luckily, solution is simple. It is sufficient to give LCD enough time to perform its task upon sending every character or command. Since execution of the slowest command is approximately 1.64mS, it will be quite enough to wait for approximately 2mS.
LCD Initialization Once the power supply is turned on, LCD is automatically cleared. This process lasts for approximately 15mS. After that, display is ready to operate. The mode of operating is set by default. This means that: 1. Display is cleared 2. Mode o DL = 1 Communication through 8-bit interface o N = 0 Messages are displayed in one line o F = 0 Character font 5 x 8 dots 3. Display/Cursor on/off o D = 0 Display off o U = 0 Cursor off o B = 0 Cursor blink off 4. Character entry o ID = 1 Addresses on display are automatically incremented by 1 o S = 0 Display shift off
Automatic reset is mainly performed without any problems. Mainly but not always! If for any reason power supply voltage does not reach ful value in the course of 10mS, display will start perform completely unpredictably. If voltage supply unit can not meet this condition or if it is needed to provide completely safe operating, the process of initialization by which a new reset enabling display to operate normally must be applied.
Algorithm according to the initialization is being performed depends on whether connection to the microcontroller is through 4- or 8-bit interface. All left over to be done after that is to give basic commands and of course- to display messages... Refer to the Figure below for the procedure on 8-bit initialization:
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It is not a mistake! In algorithm on figure, the same value is being transmitted three times in a row. In case of 4-bit initialization, the procedure is as follows:
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6.3 Examples
The schematic below is used in the several following examples:
Nothing special... Beside elements necessary for operating (oscillator with condensators and the simplest reset circuit), there are also several LEDs and one pushbutton which actually do not have any practical application and are used only to indicate program operating. All LEDs are polarized so that they are activated by logic zero (0) on the microcontrollers pin. LED Blinking This program does not demonstrate LEDs operating but the speed of operation of the microcontroller! Simply, in order to enable LED blinking be visible, sufficient amount of time must pass between on/off states. In this example time delay is solved using a subroutine called Delay. It is a triple loop where the program remains for approximately 0.5 seconds and decrements values in registers R0, R1 or R2. Upon return from subroutine, the state on the pin is inverted and procedure is repeated...
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;************************************************************************ ;* PROGRAM NAME : Delay.ASM ;* DESCRIPTION: Program turns on/off LED on the pin P1.0 ;* Software delay is used (Delay). ;************************************************************************ ;BASIC DIRECTIVES $MOD53 $TITLE(DELAY.ASM) $PAGEWIDTH(132) $DEBUG $OBJECT $NOPAGING ;STACK DSEG STACK_START: ;RESET VECTORS CSEG JMP ORG XRESET: MOV MOV LOOP: CPL LCALL SJMP Delay: F02: F01: MOV MOV MOV DJNZ DJNZ DJNZ R2,#20 R1,#50 R0,#230 R0,$ R1,F01 R2,F02 ;500 ms time delay ;25 ms P1.0 Delay LOOP ; State on the pin P1.0 is inverted ; Time delay AT DS 03FH 040H
AT 0 XRESET 100H SP,#STACK_START P1,#0FFh
;Reset vector
;Defining of Stack pointer ;All pins are configured as inputs
END
;End of program
Using Watch-dog Timer This program describes how the watch-dog timer should not operate! As a matter of fact watch-dog timer is properly adjusted (nominal time for counting is 1024mS), but instruction for its reset is intentionally left out so that this timer always wins the battle for time. As a result, the microcontroller is reset (state in registers remains unchanged), program starts execution from the beginning, number in register R3 is incremented by 1 and copied to port P1 afterwards. LEDs display this number in binary format...
;************************************************************************ ;* PROGRAM NAME : WatchDog.ASM ;* DESCRIPTION : After watch-dog reset, program increments number in ;* register R3 and shows it on port P1 in binary format. ;************************************************************************ ;BASIC DIRECTIVES $MOD53 $TITLE(WATCHDOG.ASM) $PAGEWIDTH(132) $DEBUG
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Architecture and Programming of 8051 Microcontrollers $OBJECT $NOPAGING WMCON WDTEN PERIOD 1024ms ;RESET DATA EQU EQU 96H 00000001B 11000000B
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; Watch-dog timer is enabled ; Nominal Watch-dog period in duration of ; is defined
VECTOR CSEG JMP CSEG ORG
AT XRESET 100H
0 ; Reset vector
XRESET:
ORL ORL MOV MOV INC
WMCON,#PERIOD WMCON,#WDTEN A,R3 P1,A R3 LAB
; Defining of Watch-dog period ; Watch-dog timer is enabled ; R3 is moved to port 1 ; Register R3 is incremented by 1 ; Wait for watch-dog reset ; End of program
LAB:
SJMP END
Timer T0 in mode 1 This program spends the most of its time in endless loop waiting for timer T0 to count up a full cycle. Once it happens, interrupt is generated, the routine TIM0_ISR is executed and logic zero (0) on port P1 is shifted right by one place. This is another way to demonstrate the speed of operation of the microcontroller since each shift means that counter T0 has counted off 216 pulses!
;************************************************************************ ;* PROGRAM NAME : Tim0Mod1.ASM ;* DESCRIPTION: Program rotates "0" on port 1. Timer T0 in mode 1 is ;* used ;************************************************************************ ;BASIC DIRECTIVES $MOD53 $TITLE(TIM0MOD1.ASM) $PAGEWIDTH(132) $DEBUG $OBJECT $NOPAGING ;DEFINING OF VARIABLES ;STACK DSEG STACK_START: ;RESET VECTORS CSEG JMP ORG JMP AT DS AT 0 XRESET 00BH TIM0_ISR 03FH 040H
; Reset vector ; Timer T0 reset vector
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Architecture and Programming of 8051 Microcontrollers ORG XRESET: MOV MOV MOV MOV SETB MOV CLR LOOP1: SJMP TIM0_ISR: PORT1 RETI END ; Return from interrupt ; End of program 100H SP,#STACK_START TMOD,#01H A,#0FFH P1,#0FFH TR0 IE,#082H C LOOP1 RRC MOV A P1,A ; Defining of Stack pointer ; MOD1 is selected ; Timer T0 start ; Interrupt enabled ; Remain here
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; Rotate accumulator A through Carry bit ; Contents of accumulator A is moved to
Timer T0 in Split mode Similar to the previous example, the program spends the most of its time in a loop called LOOP1. Since 16-bit Timer T0 is split into two 8-bit timers, there are also two interrupt sources, therefore. First interrupt is generated after timer T0 reset. It executes the routine TIM0_ISR in which logic zero (0) bit on port P1 is rotated. Looking from outside, it seems that LEDs light shifts. Another interrupt is generated upon Timer T1 reset. It executes the routine TIM1_ISR in which the bit state DIRECTION is inverted. Since this bit determines direction of bit rotation then the direction of LED shifting is also changed. If at any moment a pushbutton T1 is pressed, logic zero (0) on output P3.2 will stop the Timer T1.
;************************************************************************ ;* PROGRAM NAME : Split.ASM ;* DESCRIPTION: Timer TL0 rotates bit on port P1, while TL1 determines ;* the direction of rotation. Both timers operate in mode ;* 3. Logic 0 on output P3.2 stops rotation on port P1. ;************************************************************************ ;BASIC DIRECTIVES $MOD53 $TITLE(SPLIT.ASM) $PAGEWIDTH(132) $DEBUG $OBJECT $NOPAGING ;DEFINING OF VARIABLES BSEG AT 0
;DEFINING OF BIT-VARIABLES SEMAPHORE: DIRECTION ;STACK DSEG STACK_START: ;RESET VECTORS AT DS 03FH 040H DBIT BIT 8 SEMAPHORE
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Architecture and Programming of 8051 Microcontrollers CSEG JMP ORG JMP ORG JMP ORG XRESET: MOV MOV MOV MOV MOV SETB SETB MOV CLR CLR LOOP1: SJMP AT 0 XRESET 00BH TIM0_ISR 01BH TIM1_ISR 100H SP,#STACK_START TMOD,#00001011B A,#0FFH P1,#0FFH R0,#30D TR0 TR1 IE,#08AH C DIRECTION LOOP1
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; Reset vector ; Timer T0 reset vector ; Timer T1 reset vector ; Defining of Stack pointer ; Defining of MOD3
; TL0 is turned on ; TL1 is turned on ; Interrupt enabled ; First rotation is to right ; Remain here ; Slow down rotation by 256 times ; Rotate contents of Accumulator to ; Carry bit
TIM0_ISR: DJNZ R0,LAB3 JB DIRECTION,LAB1 RRC A the right through SJMP LAB2 LAB1: RLC A the left through LAB2: MOV port P1 LAB3: RETI TIM1_ISR: DJNZ 256 times DJNZ of CPL MOV RETI END P1,A
; Rotate contents of Accumulator to ; Carry bit ; Contents of Accumulator is moved to ; Return from interrupt
R1,LAB4 R2,LAB4 SMER R2,#30D
; Slow down direction of rotation by ; If time is ran out, change direction ; rotation
LAB4:
; End of program
Simultaneous use of timers T0 and T1 One can take this program as extension of the previous one. The idea is the same but in this case true timers T0 and T1 are used. In order to demonstrate operation of both timers simultaneously, the Timer T0 reset is used to shift logic zero (0) on port while Timer1 reset is used to change direction of rotation. This program spends the most of its time in the loop LOOP1 waiting for interrupt caused by reset. By checking the bit DIRECTION, an information on direction of rotation of both bits in Accumulator and shifting LED on port is obtained.
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;************************************************************************ ;* PROGRAM NAME : Tim0Tim1.ASM ;* DESCRIPTION: Timer TO rotates bit on port P1 while Timer1 ;* changes direction of rotation. Both timers oper ;* ates in mode 1. ;************************************************************************ ;BASIC DIRECTIVES $MOD53 $TITLE(TIM0TIM1.ASM) $PAGEWIDTH(132) $DEBUG $OBJECT $NOPAGING ;DEFINING OF VARIABLES BSEG AT 0
;DEFINING OF BIT-VARIABLES SEMAPHORE: DIRECTION ;STACK DSEG STACK_START: AT DS 03FH 040H DBIT BIT 8 SEMAPHORE
;RESET VECTORS CSEG AT 0 JMP XRESET ORG JMP ORG JMP ORG XRESET: MOV MOV MOV MOV MOV SETB SETB MOV CLR CLR LOOP1: SJMP 00BH TIM0_ISR 01BH TIM1_ISR 100H SP,#STACK_START TMOD,#11H A,#0FFH P1,#0FFH R0,#30D TR0 TR1 IE,#08AH C DIRECTION LOOP1
; Reset vector ; Timer 0 Reset vector ; Timer 1 Reset vector
; Defining of Stack pointer ; Selecting MOD1 for both timers ; ; ; ; R0 is initialized TIMER0 is turned on TIMER1 is turned on Timer0 and Timer1 Interrupt enabled
; First rotation is to right ; Remain here
TIM0_ISR: JB DIRECTION,LAB1 RRC A the right through SJMP LAB2 LAB1: RLC A the left through
; Rotate contents of Accumulator to ; Carry bit ; Rotate contents of Accumulator to
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LAB2: MOV port P1 RETI TIM1_ISR: DJNZ of rotation CPL MOV LAB3: RETI END
P1,A
; Carry bit ; Contents of Accumulator is moved to ; Return from interrupt
R0,LAB3 DIRECTION R0,#30D
; If time is ran out, change direction ; Initialize R0 ; End of program
Using Timer T2 This example describes the use of Timer T2 configured to operate in Auto-Reload mode. In this very case, LEDs are connected to port P3 while the pushbutton used for forced timer reset (T2EX) is connected to pin P1.1. Program execution is similar to the previous examples. When timer ends counting, interrupt is enabled and subroutine TIM2_ISR is executed. Within it, logic zero (0) in accumulator is rotated and afterwards content of accumulator is moved to pin P3. At the end, flags which caused interrupt are erased and program returns to the loop LOOP1 where it remains until a new interrupt request is encountered... If pushbutton T2EX is pressed, timer is temporarily reset. Hence, this pushbutton resets timer while pushbutton RESET resets microcontroller.
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6:Examples
;************************************************************************ ;* PROGRAM NAME : Timer2.ASM ;* DESCRIPTION: Program rotates log. "0" on port P3. Timer2 determines ;* the speed of rotation and operates in auto-reload mode ;************************************************************************ ;BASIC DIRECTIVES $MOD53 $TITLE(TIMER2.ASM) $PAGEWIDTH(132) $DEBUG $OBJECT $NOPAGING ;DEFINITION OF VARIABLES T2MOD ;STACK DSEG STACK_START: ;RESET VECTORS CSEG JMP ORG JMP ORG XRESET: MOV MOV MOV MOV MOV CLR SETB SETB MOV CLR LOOP1: SJMP AT DS AT XRESET 02BH TIM2_ISR 100H SP,#STACK_START A,#0FFH P3,#0FFH RCAP2L,#0FH RCAP2L,#01H CAP2 EXEN2 TR2 IE,#0A0H C LOOP1 A P3,A TF2 EXF2 ; Defining of Stack pointer ; 16-bit auto-reload mod is prepared ; ; ; ; 16-bit auto-reload mod is turned on reset through pin P1.1 is enabled Timer2 is turned on Interrupt is enabled 03FH 040H 0 ; Reset vector ; Timer T2 Reset vector DATA 0C9H
; Remain here ; Rotate contents of Accumulator to ; Carry bit ; Move the content of Accumulator A to ; Erase flag TF2 of timer T2 ; Erase flag EXF2 of timer T2 ; Return from interrupt ; End of program
TIM2_ISR: RRC the right through MOV PORT3 CLR CLR RETI END
Using External Interrupt Here is another example of interrupt execution. This time, it is about external iterrupts generated when low logic level is present on pin P3.2 or P3.3. Depending on which input is active, one of two routines will be executed:
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6:Examples
Logic zero (0) on pin P3.2 starts interrupt routine Isr_Int0. The routine increments number in register R0 and copies it to port P0. Low level on pin P3.3 starts subroutine Isr_Int1which increments number in register R1 by 1 and copies it to port P1 afterwards. In short, each press on pushbuttons INT0 and INT1 will be counted and immediately shown in binary format on the appropriate port (LED which emitts light represents logic zero (0)).
;************************************************************************ ;* PROGRAM NAME : Int.ASM ;* DESCRIPTION : Program counts interrupts INT0 which are generated by ;* appearance of high-to-low transition signal on pin ;* P3.2 Result appears on port P0. Interrupts INT1 are ;* counted off at the same time. They are generated by ;* appearing high-to-low transition signal on pin P3. ;* This result appears on port P1. ;************************************************************************ ;BASIC DIRECTIVES $MOD53 $TITLE(INT.ASM) $PAGEWIDTH(132) $DEBUG $OBJECT $NOPAGING
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Architecture and Programming of 8051 Microcontrollers ;RESET VECTORS CSEG JMP AT 0 XRESET ; Reset vector
6:Examples
ORG 003H JMP Isr_Int0 ORG 013H JMP Isr_Int1 ORG XRESET: MOV P3.2 TCON,#00000101B 100H
; Interrupt routine address for INT0 ; Interrupt routine address for INT1
; Interrupt INT0 is generated by appearing ; high-to-low transition signal on pin ; Interrupt INT0 is generated by appearing ; high-to-low transition signal on pin
P3.3 MOV MOV MOV MOV MOV LOOP: SJMP IE,#10000101B R0,#00H R1,#00H P0,#00H P1,#00H LOOP ; Interrupt enabled ; Counter starting value ; Reset port P0 ; Reset port P1 ; Remain here ; Increment value of interrupt INT0
Isr_Int0: INC R0 counter MOV P0,R0 RETI Isr_Int1: INC R1 counter MOV P1,R1 RETI END
; Increment value of interrupt INT1
; End of program
Using LED display Following examples describe the use of LED display. Common chatode displays are used here, which means that all built in LEDs are polarized so that their anodes are connected to the microcontroller pins. It is not the way it should be but common way of thinking is that logic one (1) turns on something while logic zero (0) turns off something. That is why Low Current displays (low consumption) and their diodes (segments) are connected in series to resistors of relatively high resistance. In order to save I/O pins, four LED displays are connected to operate in multiplex mode. That means that all segments having the same name are connected to one output port each and that there is always one display active. By quick and synchronized activation of tranzistors and segmenats on displays, one gets impression that all digits emit lights simultaneously.
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6:Examples
Write digits on LED display This program is designed as warming up before real work starts. The single aim is to display something on any of displays. This time it is not multiplex mode, instead, digit 3 is displayed on only one of them (first one on the right). Since the microcontroller does not know how man writes number 3, a small subroutine called Disp is used (microcontroller writes it as 0000 0011). This subroutine performs as a mask for all digits in decade system (0-9). The principle of the operation is simple. A number that should be displayed is added to the current address and program jump is executed. Different numbers match different jump length. Precisely determined combination of zeroes and units appears on each of these new locations (digit 1 mask, digit 2 mask...digit 9 mask). When this combination is transferred to the port, display diodes are activated as to show desired digit.
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6:Examples
;************************************************************************ ;* PROGRAM NAME : 7Seg1.ASM ;* DESCRIPTION: Program shows number "3" on 7-segment LED display ;************************************************************************ ;BASIC DIRECTIVES $MOD53 $TITLE(7SEG1.ASM) $PAGEWIDTH(132) $DEBUG $OBJECT $NOPAGING ;STACK DSEG STACK_START: ;RESET VECTORS CSEG JMP ORG XRESET: MOV MOV MOV MOV LCALL MOV SJMP Disp: INC MOVC RET DB DB DB DB DB DB DB DB DB DB END A A,@A+PC 3FH 06H 5BH 4FH 66H 6DH 7DH 07H 7FH 6FH ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; Digit 0 mask Digit 1 mask Digit 2 mask Digit 3 mask Digit 4 mask Digit 5 mask Digit 6 mask Digit 7 mask Digit 8 mask Digit 9 mask End of program AT DS 03FH 040H
AT 0 XRESET 100H SP,#STACK_START P1,#0 P3,#20h A,#03 Disp P1,A LOOP
; Reset vector
; Defining of Stack pointer ; Turn off all segments on displays ; Activate display D4 ; Send number 3 on display ; Find appropriate mask for that number
LOOP:
; Subroutine for writing digits
Write and change digits on LED display Program in this example is only an extended verson of the previous one. There is only one digit active- the first one on the right side, and there is no use of multiplexing. Unlike the previous case, all decade digits are displayed (0-9). In order to enable digits to shift at rational rate, a soubroutine L2 which causes a small time delay is executed before each shift. Basically, the whole process is very simple and takes place in the main loop LOOP as follows: 1. R3 is copied to Accumulator and subroutine for masking digits Disp is executed. 2. Accumulator is copied to the port and displayed. 3. The contents of the R3 register is incremented.
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6:Examples
4. It is checked whether 10 cycles are counted or not. If it is counted, register R3 is reset in order to enable counting to start from 0. 5. Instruction labeled as L2 within subroutine is executed.
;************************************************************************ ;* PROGRAM NAME: 7Seg2.ASM ;* DESCRIPTION: Program writes numbers 0-9 on 7-segment LED display ;************************************************************************ ;BASIC DIRECTIVES $MOD53 $TITLE(7SEG2.ASM) $PAGEWIDTH(132) $DEBUG $OBJECT $NOPAGING ;STACK DSEG STACK_START: ;RESET VECTORS CSEG JMP ORG XRESET: MOV MOV MOV MOV MOV LCALL MOV INC CJNE R3 MOV L2: F02: F01: MOV MOV MOV DJNZ DJNZ DJNZ SJMP INC MOVC RET DB DB DB DB DB DB DB DB R2,#20 R1,#50 R0,#230 R0,$ R1,F01 R2,F02 LOOP A A,@A+PC 3FH 06H 5BH 4FH 66H 6DH 7DH 07H ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; Digit Digit Digit Digit Digit Digit Digit Digit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 mask mask mask mask mask mask mask mask ; 500 mS wait time ; 25 mS R3,#0 ; If it is, reset counter AT DS 03FH 040H
AT 0 XRESET 100H SP,#STACK_START R3,#0 P1,#0 P3,#20h A,R3 Disp P1,A R3 R3,#10,L2
; Reset vector
; ; ; ;
Defining of Stack pointer Counter starting value Turn off all segments on display Activate display D4
LOOP: ; Find appropriate mask for number in ; Accumulator ; Increment number in register by 1 ; Check whether the number 10 is in
Disp:
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Architecture and Programming of 8051 Microcontrollers DB DB END 7FH 6FH ; Digit 8 mask ; Digit 9 mask ; End of program
6:Examples
Write two-digit number on LED display It is time for time multiplex! This is the simplest example where the number 23 is displayed on two displays which represent units and tens,. It means that digit 3 should be dispalyed on the far right display and digit 2 on the display beside. The most important thing in the program is regular time synchronization. Since this is the simplest case where only two digits are used and since the microcontroller does nothing else but diaplays a number everything is very simple. Transistor T4 turns on display D4 and at the same time a bits combination corresponding to the digit 3 is set on the port. After that, transistor T4 is turned off and the whole process is repeated using transistor 3 and display 3 in order to display digit 2. This procedure must be continuosly repeated in order to make impression that both displays are activ at the same time.
;************************************************************************ ;* PROGRAM NAME: 7Seg3.ASM ;* DESCRIPTION: Program displays number "23" on 7-segment LED display ;************************************************************************ ;BASIC DIRECTIVES $MOD53 $TITLE(7SEG3.ASM) $PAGEWIDTH(132) $DEBUG $OBJECT $NOPAGING ;STACK DSEG STACK_START: ;RESET VECTORS CSEG JMP XRESET: LOOP: ORG MOV MOV MOV MOV LCALL MOV MOV MOV MOV LCALL MOV SJMP INC MOVC RET DB DB DB DB AT DS AT XRESET 03FH 040H 0 ; Reset vector ; Defining of Stack pointer ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; Turn off all segments on display Activate display D4 Write digit 3 on display D4 Find mask for that digit Put the mask on the port Turn off all segments on displays Activate display D3 Write digit 2 on display D3 Find mask for that digit Put the mask on the port Get back to the label LOOP
100H SP,#STACK_START P1,#0 P3,#20h A,#03 Disp P1,A P1,#0 P3,#10h A,#02 Disp P1,A LOOP A A,@A+PC 3FH 06H 5BH 4FH
Disp:
; ; ; ;
Digit Digit Digit Digit
0 1 2 3
mask mask mask mask
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Architecture and Programming of 8051 Microcontrollers DB DB DB DB DB DB END 66H 6DH 7DH 07H 7FH 6FH ; ; ; ; ; ; Digit Digit Digit Digit Digit Digit 4 5 6 7 8 9 mask mask mask mask mask mask
6:Examples
; End of program
Using 4-digit LED display In this example all four displays, instead of two, are active so it is possible to write numbers 0 9999. In this very case, the number 1 234 is displayed. After introductory initialization, program remains in the loop LOOP where digital multiplexing is performed.The subroutine Disp has the purpose to convert binary numbers into corresponding bit combinations for lighting segments activation on display.
;************************************************************************ ;* PROGRAM NAME : 7Seg5.ASM ;* DESCRIPTION : Program displays number"1234" on 7-segment LED display ;************************************************************************ ;BASIC DIRECTIVES $MOD53 $TITLE(7SEG5.ASM) $PAGEWIDTH(132) $DEBUG $OBJECT $NOPAGING ;STACK DSEG STACK_START: ;RESET VECTORS CSEG JMP ORG XRESET: LOOP: MOV MOV MOV MOV LCALL MOV MOV MOV MOV LCALL MOV MOV MOV MOV LCALL MOV MOV MOV MOV LCALL MOV AT DS 03FH 040H
AT 0 XRESET 100H SP,#STACK_START P1,#0 P3,#20h A,#04 Disp P1,A P1,#0 P3,#10h A,#03 Disp P1,A P1,#0 P3,#08h A,#02 Disp P1,A P1,#0 P3,#04h A,#01 Disp P1,A
; Reset vector
; Defining of Stack pointer ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; Turn off all segments on Activate display D4 Write digit 4 on display Find mask for that digit Put the mask on the port Turn off all segments on Activate display D3 Write digit 3 on display Find mask for that digit Put the mask on the port Turn off all segments on Activate display D2 Write digit 2 on display Find mask for that digit Put the mask on the port Turn off all segments on Activate display D1 Write digit 1 on display Find mask for that digit Put the mask on the port display D4 displays D3 displays D2 displays D1
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Architecture and Programming of 8051 Microcontrollers SJMP Disp: INC MOVC RET DB DB DB DB DB DB DB DB DB DB A A,@A+PC 3FH 06H 5BH 4FH 66H 6DH 7DH 07H 7FH 6FH ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; Digit Digit Digit Digit Digit Digit Digit Digit Digit Digit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 mask mask mask mask mask mask mask mask mask mask LOOP ; Return to the lable LOOP
6:Examples
END ; End of program
LED display as two-digit counter Things are getting complicated... Beside two digit multiplexing, the microcontroller performs other operations in the background too. In this case, contents of registers R2 and R3 are incremented in order to make counting 97, 98, 99, 00, 01, 02... visible on display. This time, transistors which activate displays remains on for 25mS. The soubroutine Delay is in charge for that. Even though digits are shifted much slower it is still not slow enough to make impression of simultaneous operating. After 20 alternate turning on and off both digits, number on displays is incremented by 1 and the whole procedure is repeated.
;************************************************************************ ;* PROGRAM NAME : 7Seg4.ASM ;* DESCRIPTION: Program displays numbers 0-99 on 7-segment LED displays ;************************************************************************ ;BASIC DIRECTIVES $MOD53 $TITLE(7SEG4.ASM) $PAGEWIDTH(132) $DEBUG $OBJECT $NOPAGING ;STACK DSEG STACK_START: ;RESET VECTORS CSEG JMP ORG XRESET: MOV MOV MOV MOV AT DS AT XRESET 100H SP,#STACK_START R2,#0 R3,#0 R4,#0 R4 ; Defining of Stack pointer ; Counter starting value 03FH 040H 0 ; Reset vector
LOOP: INC content of
;Hold before to increment the
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6:Examples
CJNE refreshed MOV MOV INC CJNE MOV INC CJNE MOV LAB1: MOV MOV LCALL MOV LCALL MOV MOV MOV LCALL MOV LCALL SJMP Delay: F01: MOV MOV DJNZ DJNZ RET INC MOVC RET DB DB DB DB DB DB DB DB DB DB END
R4,#20d,LAB1 R4,#0 P1,#0 R2 R2,#10d,LAB1 R2,#0 R3 R3,#10d,LAB1 R3,#0 P3,#20h A,R2 Disp P1,A Delay P1,#0 P3,#10h A,R3 Disp P1,A Delay LOOP R1,#50 R0,#250 R0,$ R1,F01
;counter until display is 100 times ; Turn off all segments on displays ; Increment Register with units by 1 ; Reset units ; Increment Register with tens by 1 ; ; Reset tens ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; Activate display D4 Copy Register with units to A Find mask for that digit Write units on display D4 25ms wait time Turn off all segments on displays Activate display D3 Copy Register with tens to A Find mask for that digit Write tens on display D3 25ms wait time
; 25 mS
Disp: A A,@A+PC 3FH 06H 5BH 4FH 66H 6DH 7DH 07H 7FH 6FH
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Digit Digit Digit Digit Digit Digit Digit Digit Digit Digit
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
mask mask mask mask mask mask mask mask mask mask
; End of program
Handling EEPROM Program writes data to on-chip EEPROM memory. In this case, data is hexadecimal number 23 which written to location with address 00. To ensure that number is correctly written, the same location in EEPROM is read 10mS later and compared with original value. In case the numbers are identical, F will be displayed on LED display. Otherwise, E will be displayed on LED display (Error).
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6:Examples
;************************************************************************ ;* PROGRAM NAME: EEProm1.ASM ;* DESCRIPTION: Programming EEPROM at address 0000hex and displaying message ;* on LED display. ;************************************************************************ ;BASIC DIRECTIVES $MOD53 $TITLE(EEPROM1.ASM) $PAGEWIDTH(132) $DEBUG $OBJECT $NOPAGING WMCON EEMEN EEMWE TEMP THE END ERROR ;STACK DSEG STACK_START: ;RESET VECTORS CSEG JMP ORG XRESET: MOV MOV MOV ORL ORL MOV to MOV MOVX CALL MOVX to TEMP, CJNE label ERROR MOV MOV XRL XRL LOOP1: SJMP ERROR: LOOP2: DELAY: LOOP3: LOOP4: LOOP5: MOV MOV SJMP MOV MOV NOP DJNZ DJNZ DJNZ A,TEMP,ERROR A,#KRAJ P1,A WMCON,#EEMWE WMCON,#EEMEN LOOP1 A,#ERROR P1,A LOOP2 A,#0AH R3,A B,LOOP4 B,LOOP5 R3,LOOP3 ; If they are not identical,jump to ; Write letter F on display (correct) ; Write to EEPROM is disabled ; Access to EEPROM is disabled ; Remain here ; Write letter E on display (error) A,TEMP @DPTR,A DELAY A,@DPTR ; ; ; ; register TEMP and Accumulator Write byte to EEPROM 10ms wait time Read the same location and compare AT DS 03FH 040H DATA EQU EQU DATA EQU EQU 96H 00001000B 00010000B 030H 071H 033H ; Access to internal EEPROM is enabled ; Write to EEPROM is enabled ; Defining of Auxilary register ; Write "F" on display ; Write "E" on display
AT 0 XRESET 100H IE,#00 SP,#STACK_START DPTR,#0000H WMCON,#EEMEN WMCON,#EEMWE TEMP,#23H
; Reset vector
; All interrupts are disabled ; ; ; ; Choose location address in EEPROM Access to EEPROM is enabled Write to EEPROM is enabled Number written to EEPROM is copied
; Wait time
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Architecture and Programming of 8051 Microcontrollers RET END ; End of program
6:Examples
Receiving data via serial communication UART In order to enable successful serial communication using UART system, beside having correctly written program it is also necessary to meet certain rules of RS232 connection. It is about voltage levels issued by this standard. In accordance to it logic one (1) is represented by -10V in message, while logic zero (0) is transferred like +10V. The microcontroller converts data serial format without error but its power supply voltage is only 5V. It is not easy to convert 0V into 10V and 5V into -10V. Because of that, this operation is on both transmit and receive side left over to specialized IC circuit. In this example, MAX232 circuit manufactured by MAXIM is used because it is widespread, cheap and reliable. This example demonstrates message receiving which is sent from PC. Timer T1 generates boud rate. Since quartz crystal with frequency of 11.0592 MHz is in use it is not problem to obtain standard baud rate which amout to 9600 baud. Each received data is transferred to port P1 pins.
;************************************************************************ ;* PROGRAM NAME : UartR.ASM ;* DESCRIPTION: Each data received from PC via UART appears on the port ;* P1. ;* ;************************************************************************ ;BASIC DIRECTIVES $MOD53 $TITLE(UARTR.ASM) $PAGEWIDTH(132)
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Architecture and Programming of 8051 Microcontrollers $DEBUG $OBJECT $NOPAGING ;STACK DSEG STACK_START: ;RESET VECTORS CSEG JMP ORG routine JMP ORG XRESET: MOV MOV MOV MOV MOV MOV CLR CLR SETB LOOP: IR_SER: SJMP JNB MOV MOV CLR RETI END AT DS 03FH 040H
6:Examples
AT 0 XRESET 023H IR_SER 100H IE,#00 SP,#STACK_START TMOD,#20H TH1,#0FDH SCON,#50H IE,#10010000B TI RI TR1 LOOP RI,OUT A,SBUF P1,A RI
; Reset vector ; Starting address for UART interrupt
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
All interrupts are disabled Initialization of Stack pointer Timer1 in mode2 Baud rate is 9600 baud at frequency of 11.0592MHz Receiving enabled, 8-bit UART UART interrupt enabled Clear transmit flag Clear receive flag Start Timer1
; Remain here ; If any data is received, ; copy it to the port ; P1 ; Clear receive flag ; End of program
OUT
Data transmission via serial communication UART Program below describes how to use UART modul for data transmission. In concrete example, a series of numbers (0-255) are transmitted to PC at baud rate of 9600 baud. The circuit MAX 232 is used for voltage level converting.
;************************************************************************ ;* PROGRAM NAME : UartS.ASM ;* DESCRIPTION: Sends values 0-255 to PC. ;************************************************************************ ;BASIC DIRECTIVES $MOD53 $TITLE(UARTS.ASM) $PAGEWIDTH(132) $DEBUG $OBJECT $NOPAGING ;STACK DSEG STACK_START: AT DS 03FH 040H
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Architecture and Programming of 8051 Microcontrollers ;RESET VECTORS CSEG JMP ORG XRESET: MOV MOV MOV MOV MOV CLR CLR MOV SETB START: LOOP1: MOV JNB CLR INC CJNE LOOP: SJMP END AT 0 XRESET 100H IE,#00 SP,#STACK_START TMOD,#20H TH1,#0FDH SCON,#40H TI RI R3,#00H TR1 SBUF,R3 TI,LOOP1 TI R3 R3,#00H,START LOOP ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
6:Examples
; Reset vector
All interrupts are disabled Initialization of Stack pointer Timer1 in mode 2 Baud rate is 9600 baud at frequency of 11.0592MHz 8-bit UART Clear transmit bit Clear receive flag Reset caunter Start Timer 1 Move number from counter to PC Wait here until byte transmission is complete Clear transmit bit Increment value of counter by 1
; If 255 bytes are not sent return to the ; label START ; Remain here ; End of program
Write message on LCD display The most frequent LCD version which displays text in two lines with 16 characters each is used in this example. Since I/O ports are always valuable, a method in which only 4 lines are used for communication is applied here. In this way each byte is transmitted in two steps: first higher one, afterwards lower nible. You will see that, LCD needs to be initialized at the beginning (to be prepared for operating). Besides, specific parts of the program which are repeated are separated in special totalities (subroutines). All this may seem endlessly complicated at first sight, but the whole program basically performs several simple operations and displays Mikroelektronika Razvojni sistemi.
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6:Examples
************************************************************************* ;* PROGRAM NAME : Lcd.ASM ;* DESCRIPRTION : Program for testing LCD display.4-bit communication ;* is used.Program does not check BUSY flag but uses pro ;* gram delay between 2 commands. PORT1 is used for con ;* nection to the microcontroller. ;************************************************************************ ;BASIC DIRECTIVES $MOD53 $TITLE(LCD.ASM) $PAGEWIDTH(132) $DEBUG $OBJECT $NOPAGING ;Stack DSEG Stack_Start: Start_address CSEG ORG JMP ORG MOV MOV Inic: CALL AT DS EQU 0E0h 020h 0000h ;Reset vectors AT 0 Start_address Inic Start_address+100h IE,#00 SP,#Stack_Start LCD_inic ; All interrupts are disabled ; Initialize LCD
;************************************************* ;* MAIN PROGRAM ;************************************************* START: MOV appear on first CALL display. MOV CALL transmission. MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL A,#80h LCD_status A,#'M' LCD_putc A,#'i' LCD_putc A,#'k' LCD_putc A,#'r' LCD_putc A,#'o' LCD_putc A,#'e' LCD_putc A,#'l' LCD_putc A,#'e' LCD_putc A,#'k' LCD_putc A,#'t' LCD_putc ; First following character will ; location in first line on LCD ; Display character M. ; Call subroutine for character ; Display character i. ; Display character k. ; Display character r. ; Display character o. ; Display character e. ; Display character l. ; Display character e. ; Display character k. ; Display character t.
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6:Examples
MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV appear on first CALL display. MOV CALL transmission. MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV MOV CALL MOV CALL JMP
A,#'r' LCD_putc A,#'o' LCD_putc A,#'n' LCD_putc A,#'i' LCD_putc A,#'k' LCD_putc A,#'a' LCD_putc A,#0c0h LCD_status A,#'R' LCD_putc A,#'a' LCD_putc A,#'z' LCD_putc A,#'v' LCD_putc A,#'o' LCD_putc A,#'j' LCD_putc A,#'n' LCD_putc A,#'i' LCD_putc A,#' ' LCD_putc A,#'s' LCD_putc A,#'i' LCD_putc A,#'s' LCD_putc A,#'t' LCD_putc A,#'e' LCD_putc A,#'m' LCD_putc A,#'i' LCD_putc R0,#20d Delay_10ms DPTR,#LCD_DB A,#6d LCD_inic_status R0,#10d Delay_10ms START
; Display character r. ; Display character o. ; Display character n. ; Display character i. ; Display character k. ; Display character a. ; First following character will ; location in second line on LCD ; Display character R. ; Call subroutine for character ; Display character a. ; Display character z. ; Display character v. ; Display character o. ; Display character j. ; Display character n. ; Display character i. ; Display character . ; Display character s. ; Display character i. ; Display character s. ; Display character t. ; Display character e. ; Display character m. ; Display character i. ; Wait time (20x10ms) ; ; Clear display ; ; ; Wait time(10x10ms)
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6:Examples
;********************************************* ;* Subroutine for wait time (T= r0 x 10ms) ;********************************************* Delay_10ms: approximate MOV MOV MOV DJNZ DJNZ DJNZ RET R5,00h R6,#100d R7,#100d R7,$ R6,$-4 R5,$-6 ; 1+(1+(1+2*r7+2)*r6+2)*r5 ; ; ; ; ly. (if r7>10) 2*r5*r6*r7 $ indicates actual instruction.
;******************************************************************************* ******* ;* SUBROUTINE: LCD_inic ;* DESCRIPTION: Subroutine for LCD initialization. ;* ;* (is used with 4-bit interface, under condition that pins DB4-7 on LCD ;* are connected to pins PX.4-7 on microcontrollers ports, i.e. four higher ;* bits on a port are used). ;* ;* NOTE: It is necessary to define port pins for controlling LCD operating: ;* LCD_enable, LCD_read_write, LCD_reg_select,similar to port for connection to LCD. ;* It is also necessary to define addresses for the first character in each ;* line. ;******************************************************************************* ******* LCD_enable LCD_read_write LCD_reg_select LCD_port Busy BIT BIT BIT SET BIT EQU P1.3 P1.1 P1.2 P1 P1.7 00h ; ; ; ; ; Bit for activating pin E on LCD. Bit for activating pin RW on LCD. Bit for activating pin RS on LCD. Port for connection to LCD. Port pin where Busy flag appears.
LCD_Start_I_red charac
; Address of the first message ; ter in the first line on LCD
display. LCD_Start_II_red EQU charac display. LCD_DB: right/left DB blink off DB off DB DB DB cursor blink off DB DB DB
40h
; Address of the first message ; ter in the second line on LCD
00111100b 00101100b 00011000b 00001100b 00000110b 00000010b 00000001b 00001000b
; 0 -8b, 2/1 lines, 5x10/5x7 format ; 1 -4b, 2/1 lines, 5x10/5x7 format ; 2 -Display/cursor shift, ; 3 -Display ON, cursor OFF, cursor ; 4 -Increment mode, display shift ; 5 -Display/cursor home ; 6 -Clear display ; 7 -Display OFF, cursor OFF,
LCD_inic: ;*****************************************
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Architecture and Programming of 8051 Microcontrollers MOV MOV CALL beginning MOV CALL MOV lcall MOV CALL MOV CALL MOV in ;4-bit mode CALL MOV CALL MOV CALL RET LCD_inic_status_8: ;****************************************** PUSH B MOVC CLR CLR MOV memo ; rized ORL ORL ANL MOV SETB sig CLR display MOV reset DJNZ B,$ DJNZ B,$ DJNZ B,$ POP B RET ; during initialization B,#255d LCD_enable B,#11110000b A,#00001111b A,B LCD_port,A LCD_enable A,@A+DPTR LCD_reg_select LCD_read_write B,LCD_port LCD_inic_status A,#6d LCD_inic_status A,#4d LCD_inic_status A,#00d LCD_inic_status_8 A,#00d LCD_inic_status_8 A,#1d LCD_inic_status_8 A,#1d LCD_inic_status A,#3d DPTR,#LCD_DB A,#00d LCD_inic_status_8
6:Examples
; Triple initialization in 8-bit ; mode is performed at the ; (in case of slow increment of ; power supply when power on
; Change from 8-bit into ; 4-bit mode
; From this point program executes
; RS=0 - Write command ; R/W=0 - Write data on LCD ; Lower 4 bits from LCD port are
; Data is copied from A to LCD port ; EN=1 - EN high-to-low transition ; nal is generated ; EN=0 made on EN pin of LCD ; Time delay in case of improper
LCD_inic_status: ;**************************************************************************** MOVC A,@A+DPTR CALL LCD_status RET
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6:Examples
;**************************************************************************** ;* SUBROUTINE: LCD_status ;* DESCRIPTION: Subroutine for defining LCD status. ;**************************************************************************** LCD_status: PUSH MOV DJNZ DJNZ DJNZ CLR CALL SWAP DJNZ DJNZ DJNZ CLR CALL POP RET B B,#255d B,$ B,$ B,$ LCD_reg_select LCD_port_out A B,$ B,$ B,$ LCD_reg_select LCD_port_out B
; RS=O: Command is sent on LCD ; Nibles are swapped in accumulator
; RS=0: Command is sent on LCD
;**************************************************************************** ;* SUBROUTINE: LCD_putc ;* DESCRIPTION: Sending character to be displayed on LCD. ;**************************************************************************** LCD_putc: PUSH MOV DJNZ SETB CALL SWAP DJNZ SETB CALL POP RET B B,#255d B,$ LCD_reg_select LCD_port_out A B,$ LCD_reg_select LCD_port_out B
; RS=1: Character is sent on LCD ; Nibles are swapped in accumulator ; RS=1: Character is sent on LCD
;**************************************************************************** ;* SUBROUTINE: LCD_port_out ;* DESCRIPTION: Sending commands or characters on LCD display ;**************************************************************************** LCD_port_out: PUSH PUSH MOV ORL ORL ANL MOV SETB sig CLR display LCD_enable ; nal is generated ; EN=0 made on EN pin of LCD ACC B B,LCD_port B,#11110000b A,#00001111b A,B LCD_port,A LCD_enable ; Data is copied from A to LCD port ; EN=1 - EN high-to-low transition
; Lower 4 bits of LCD port are memo ; rized
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Architecture and Programming of 8051 Microcontrollers POP POP RET END B ACC ; End of program
6:Examples
Binary-decimal Conversion of number While operating with LED and LCD displays, it is often needed to convert numbers from binary to decimal numerical system. For example, if some register contains a number in binary format that should be displayed on three digit LED display it is necessary to convert it to decimal format. Simply, it has to be defined what should be displayed on the far right display (units), middle display (tens) and far left display (hundreds), respectively. Subroutine below solves this problem in case of conversion of one byte. Binary number is stored in Accumulator while digits of that number in decimal format are stored in registers R3, R2 and accumulator (units, tens and hundreds).
;************************************************************************ ;* SUBROUTINE NAME : BinDec.ASM ;* DESCRIPTION : Content of accumulator is converted into three decimal ;* digits ;************************************************************************ BINDEC: MOV DIV MOV MOV DIV MOV MOV DIV MOV RET B,#10d AB R3,B B,#10d AB R2,B B,#10d AB A,B ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; Store decimal number 10 in B A:B. Remainder remains in B Copy units to register R3 Store decimal number 10 in B A:B. Remainder remains in B Copy tens to register R2 Store decimal number 10 in B A:B. Remainder remains in B Copy hundreds to accumulator Return to the main program
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Architecture and Programming of 8051 Micro Controllers Exemples

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Architecture and Programming of 8051 Microcontrollers

6.1 Basic connecting of the microcontroller

Power supply Reset signal Clock signal