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|| Physics Lab-I (Electricity, Magnetism and Optics) ||

|| Phys-5206 ||

Contents
|| Electricity and Magnetism || 1. Capacitor in A.C circuit.

Capacitor in A.C circuit with Oscilloscope.


Basic Principle
When a capacitor is connected in a circuit with a voltage source of variable frequency. The impedance, capacitance and phase displacements can be determined as functions of source frequency.

Related Physics
Capacitance, Kirchhoffs laws, Maxwells equations, A.C impedance, phase displacement.

Tasks of the Experiment


1. Determination of the frequency of a.c supply at which the impedance of a capacitor is equal to resistance of the resistor in series with it. 2. Determination of the capacitance of the capacitor. 3. Determination of the total impedance and capacitance of capacitors connected in parallel and in series 4. Determination of the phase displacement between the terminal voltage and total current as a function of frequency in the circuit.

Required Apparatus
1. Capacitor in plug-in box, 1 uF / 250 V (1) 2. Capacitor in plug-in box, 2.2 uF / 250 V (1) 3. Resistor in plug-in box 47 Ohms (1) 4. Resistor in plug-in box 100 Ohms (1) 5. Resistor in plug-in box 220 Ohms (1) 6. Connection box (1) 7. Difference amplifier (1) 8. Function generator (1) 9. Digital counter, 4 decades (1) 10. Oscilloscope, 20 MHz, 2 channels (1) 11. Multi-meter (1) 12. Screened cable, BNC, l = 750 mm (2) 13. Connecting cord, l = 100 mm, red (3) and l = 500 mm, red (5) 14. Connecting cord, l = 500 mm, blue (4)

Theoretical Background
If a coil of capacitor C and a resistor of resistance R are connected in a circuit (see Fig-1), the sum of the voltage drops on the individual elements is equal to the terminal voltage U

Where Q is the charge on the plate of capacitor and I is the current in the circuit. Noting the fact that

We have

Fig-1 capacitor and resistor in an a.c circuit.

If the alternating voltage U has the frequency = 2f and the waveform is Then the solution of above given differential equation is of the form

Where the phase displacement is given by

and Io is

where Xc = 1/ C = 1/2fL is the impedance of the capacitor which is a function of f . 3

Figure below shows measured values of Xc with increasing f for two different coils and shows that the impedance increases linearly with the frequency of the source.

Fig-2 Left: The impedance of capacitor decrease linearly with increasing frequency. Right: Impedances as a function of capacitance at constant frequency (f=10KHz). Also the phase displacement (tan () decreases with increasing frequency as shown below. Fig-3 phase displacement (() between terminal voltage and total current for capacitor as a function of frequency.

Experimental Setup, Procedure and Measurements


The experimental set-up for capacitor in a.c. circuit with oscilloscope is as shown in Fig-4 Fig-4 Experimental setup in laboratory Since normal voltmeters and ammeters generally measure only rms (root mean square) values and take no account of phase relationships, it is preferable to use an oscilloscope. The experiment is carried out with sinusoidal voltages, so that to obtain rms values, the peak-to-peak values measured on the oscilloscope (Up-p) are to be divided by . The voltage across the resistor is measured directly from the oscilloscope and the current can be determined from The phase displacement ( can also be measured from the oscilloscope by comparing the phases of terminal voltage and total current across the resistor but with different connection setup as shown in Fig-8. High gain settings are used to get accurate results. First we determine the frequency of a.c supply at which the resistance of resistor is equal to the impedance of the capacitor and calculate its inductance. Fig-5 shows the circuit diagram. Fig-5 circuit diagram for determining the frequency at which R = Xc Using a digital multi-meter the voltage drop across the resistor and the capacitor were measured. The frequency of a.c was varied till the voltage drop across the capacitor and the resistor coincides. These values of frequencies were used to computer the capacitance of the capacitor and compared the result with the values of capacitance given on the capacitor by manufacturer and difference was noted. Table-1 frequency where impedance and resistance equate and the capacitance of capacitor. Sr. # Resistors resistance R = Xc Ohm 1 2 3 Corresponding impedance Frequency f kHz Capacitance Actual Capacitance C Difference C C

4 5 6

Fig-6 Impedance of (a) 1 uF capacitor and (b) 2uF capacitor as a function of the input frequency. To determine the total impedance of two capacitors connected in series and parallel combinations following circuits were used to compute the impedance frequencies where Xc equals R. Fig-7 circuit diagram for determining capacitance in (a) series and (b) parallel combination The capacitance for series and parallel combinations were computed with resistance of 200 ohm; Table-2 Total capacitance of capacitors connected in series and parallel using 200 ohm resistor. Sr. # Combination Impedance frequency F kHz 47 1 2 Parallel Series At XC 10 220 0 Exp(A VG) Cal. Capacitance

Following circuit was used to measure phase displacement as a function of a.c. frequency Fig-8 circuit diagram for measuring phase displacement as a function of frequency The above diagram is different from Fig-1 in that the channel B is being used to measure the terminal voltage and not the capacitor voltage. So that the display on the oscilloscope (A) shown total current phase and (B) the terminal voltage in the circuit. The two waves on the oscilloscope are not in phase with each other. And with increasing input frequency the phase displacement becomes bigger. The phase displacement can be measured directly

from the screen of the oscilloscope by carefully adjusting channel As signal so that the yaxis line crosses middle of the crust of channel As signal, at this point the horizontal axis of the oscilloscope will give values up to 3600 for a full cycle of the signal. We can compare the two signals along x-axis to get values of phase displacement ( between channel A and channel Bs signal. Table below shows observations for ( Vs f and tan(() Vs f. for 9mH coil with 50ohm in series with it. Table-2 ( Vs f and tan(() Vs f. for 2uF capacitor with 50ohm in series with it Sr.#. Input frequency (kHz) Phase displacement (deg) C1 (1uF) Phase displacement (deg) C2 (2uF) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Fig-9 phase displacement (() between terminal voltage and total current across R as a function of frequency.

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