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|| Phys-5206 ||
Contents
|| Electricity and Magnetism || 1. Capacitor in A.C circuit.
Related Physics
Capacitance, Kirchhoffs laws, Maxwells equations, A.C impedance, phase displacement.
Required Apparatus
1. Capacitor in plug-in box, 1 uF / 250 V (1) 2. Capacitor in plug-in box, 2.2 uF / 250 V (1) 3. Resistor in plug-in box 47 Ohms (1) 4. Resistor in plug-in box 100 Ohms (1) 5. Resistor in plug-in box 220 Ohms (1) 6. Connection box (1) 7. Difference amplifier (1) 8. Function generator (1) 9. Digital counter, 4 decades (1) 10. Oscilloscope, 20 MHz, 2 channels (1) 11. Multi-meter (1) 12. Screened cable, BNC, l = 750 mm (2) 13. Connecting cord, l = 100 mm, red (3) and l = 500 mm, red (5) 14. Connecting cord, l = 500 mm, blue (4)
Theoretical Background
If a coil of capacitor C and a resistor of resistance R are connected in a circuit (see Fig-1), the sum of the voltage drops on the individual elements is equal to the terminal voltage U
Where Q is the charge on the plate of capacitor and I is the current in the circuit. Noting the fact that
We have
If the alternating voltage U has the frequency = 2f and the waveform is Then the solution of above given differential equation is of the form
and Io is
Figure below shows measured values of Xc with increasing f for two different coils and shows that the impedance increases linearly with the frequency of the source.
Fig-2 Left: The impedance of capacitor decrease linearly with increasing frequency. Right: Impedances as a function of capacitance at constant frequency (f=10KHz). Also the phase displacement (tan () decreases with increasing frequency as shown below. Fig-3 phase displacement (() between terminal voltage and total current for capacitor as a function of frequency.
4 5 6
Fig-6 Impedance of (a) 1 uF capacitor and (b) 2uF capacitor as a function of the input frequency. To determine the total impedance of two capacitors connected in series and parallel combinations following circuits were used to compute the impedance frequencies where Xc equals R. Fig-7 circuit diagram for determining capacitance in (a) series and (b) parallel combination The capacitance for series and parallel combinations were computed with resistance of 200 ohm; Table-2 Total capacitance of capacitors connected in series and parallel using 200 ohm resistor. Sr. # Combination Impedance frequency F kHz 47 1 2 Parallel Series At XC 10 220 0 Exp(A VG) Cal. Capacitance
Following circuit was used to measure phase displacement as a function of a.c. frequency Fig-8 circuit diagram for measuring phase displacement as a function of frequency The above diagram is different from Fig-1 in that the channel B is being used to measure the terminal voltage and not the capacitor voltage. So that the display on the oscilloscope (A) shown total current phase and (B) the terminal voltage in the circuit. The two waves on the oscilloscope are not in phase with each other. And with increasing input frequency the phase displacement becomes bigger. The phase displacement can be measured directly
from the screen of the oscilloscope by carefully adjusting channel As signal so that the yaxis line crosses middle of the crust of channel As signal, at this point the horizontal axis of the oscilloscope will give values up to 3600 for a full cycle of the signal. We can compare the two signals along x-axis to get values of phase displacement ( between channel A and channel Bs signal. Table below shows observations for ( Vs f and tan(() Vs f. for 9mH coil with 50ohm in series with it. Table-2 ( Vs f and tan(() Vs f. for 2uF capacitor with 50ohm in series with it Sr.#. Input frequency (kHz) Phase displacement (deg) C1 (1uF) Phase displacement (deg) C2 (2uF) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Fig-9 phase displacement (() between terminal voltage and total current across R as a function of frequency.