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EC321
SYLLABUS

RF SYLLABUS

UNIT I MICROWAVE TUBES: Limitations of Conventional tubes at Microwave frequencies, Klystron: Velocity modulation process. Bunching process, output power and beam loading, Multicavity Klystron amplifiers: beam current density, output current and output power of two cavity Klystron, reflex Klystron, Velocity modulation, Power output and efficiency. UNIT-II TRAVELLING WAVE AND CROSSED FIELD TUBES: Traveling Wave tubes, Microwave crossed field tubes: Cylindrical Magnetron, CFA and BWO (Qualitative analysis only). WAVE GUIDE TEES: Wave guide bends and twists, wave guide Tees, Tee junction parameters, fields and currents in tee junctions, theorems on Tee junctions, shunt or H-plane tee, series of Eplane Tee, Equivalent circuit of magic tee, applications of magic tee.

UNIT III
MICROWAVE PASSIVE COMPONENTS: Directional couplers, coupler parameters, directional couplers in use, applications of directional couplers, Ferrite Devices, Faraday Rotation Isolator, Circulator, Gyrator (elementary principles only), Attenuators, microwave resonators, rectangular and cylindrical cavity resonators.

UNIT IV
MICROWAVE SOLID-STATE DEVICES Microwave tunnel diode, Avalanche transit time diodes: Read diode, IMPATT diode, TRAPATT diode, GUNN effect diodes and modes of operation, Pin diodes, Varactor diodes. UNIT-V INTRODUCTION TO OPTICAL FIBRE Historical development, Elements of an Optical Fiber transmission link. Advantages of Optical Fibers, Applications of Optical Fiber, Ray Theory Transmission, Total internal reflection, Acceptance angle, Critical Angle, Numerical Aperture, Fiber types : Step Index, Graded Index : Modes of Propagation : single mode and multimode fibers, fiber materials, Fiber Fabrication

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EC 322

LINEAR ICs & APPLICATIONS

UNIT I
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS: Differential amplifier: Introduction, cascade Differential amplifier stages, level translators. Block diagram of Operational Amplifier, Ideal and practical Op-amp specifications, DC & AC characteristics, 741 Op-amp and its features, FET input. Op-Amp parameters, Input offset voltage and current, Input bias current, CMRR Frequency compensation, Slew rate and methods of improving slew rate. Negative feedback concept in Op Amps- Voltage series and shunt feedback amplifiers and their analysis, Cascaded M Op-Amps. UNIT II OP-AMP APPLICATIONS: Linear Applications: The summing amplifier, Difference and instrumentation amplifiers, Voltage to current and current to voltage conversion, Differentiators and integrators. Non Linear Applications: Comparators: Introduction, Zero-crossing detector, Schmitt Trigger, Comparator characteristics, Limitations of Op-Amps as comparators, voltage limiters, Window detector, Log and Antilog amplifiers, Precision rectifiers. UNIT III DC Amplifiers: Drift in amplifiers, Difference amplifier, Chopper stabilization, FET as a chopper UNIT IV CLIPPERS, CLAMPERS & CONVERTERS Clippers and Clampers, Peak detector, Sample and hold circuit. D/A conversion fundamentals, Weighted resistor summing D/A Converter, R-2R Ladder D/A converter and IC 1408 DAC. A/D conversion:, Parallel A/D converters, Ramp converters, Successive Approximation A/D converters, Dual slope converters, Tracking A/D converters, DAC & ADC Specifications. UNIT V APPLICATIONS OF SPECIAL ICS The 555 timer, 555 as Monostable and Astable Multivibrator and applications. Phase Locked Loops, Operating principles, Monolithic PLLs, 565 PLL applications- frequency multiplication, frequency tor and its design. ANALOG MULTIPLIERS Analysis of four quadrant multiplier (Gilbert cell) and variable transconductance multipliers, Applications of analog switches & multiplexers.

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SYLLABUS :
EC323 UNIT -1 DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSFORM: Introduction to discrete time signals, discrete time systems, Linear convolution, correlation, solving difference equations, Introduction to DFT , Defnitions, Properties of the Discrete Fourier transform, Relationship of the DFT to other transform , Circular Convolution , Performing linear convolution & circular convolution using DFT, Linear convolution from circular convolution UNIT II FAST FOURIER TRANSFORM: Introduction to FFT, Decimation in time Radix -2 FFT algorithms, Decimation in frequency Radix -2 FFT algorithms, Computation of IDFT through FFT. UNIT III FIR FILTER DESIGN Introduction to FIR Filters, Amplitude and phase response of FIR filters, Linear phase FIR filters, Frequency sampling method of designing FIR filters, Design of FIR filters using windowing techniques ? Rectangular, Bartlett, Hamming, Kaiser Windows. UNIT IV IIR FILTER DESIGN Introduction to IIR Filters, Design of low pass butterworth filter design, Design of Low pass chebyshev filter design, frequency transformation in analog design UNIT V IIR FILTER DESIGN TRANSFORMATION METHODS IIR Filter design by bilinear transformation , IIR Flter design by impulse invariant transformation, Frequency transformation in the digital domain DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

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yllabus:

EC324

DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

UNIT-1 PULSE MODULATION: Quantization Process, Quantization Noise, Pulse Code Modulation: Encoding, Regeneration, Decoding, DELTA MODULATION: Its draw backs, Adaptive delta modulation, comparison of PCM and DM systems, noise in PCM and DM system, Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM). UNIT- II BASE BAND PULSE TRANSMISSION: Matched filter, Properties, Intersymbol interference, Correlative level coding, Nyquist?s criterion for distortion less base band binary transmission, Ideal Nyquist channel, Raised cosine spectrum, Duo binary signaling, Modified Duo binary signaling. UNIT-III DIGITAL MODULATION TECHNIQUES: Introduction, ASK, FSK, PSK, DPSK, QPSK, M-ary PSK, ASK, FSK, DIGITAL PASSBAND TRANSMISSION: Introduction, Pass band transmission model, Gram Schmidt Orthogonalization procedure, Geometric interpretation of signals, Coherent detection of signals in noise, Probability of error, Correlation receiver, detection of signals with unknown phase: Coherent BPSK, QPSK, BFSK, Non Coherent BFSK, DPSK. UNIT-IV INFORMATION THEORY: Uncertainty, Information, Entropy, Properties of Entropy, Source Coding Theorem, ShannonFano Coding, Huffman Coding, Discrete Memory less channels, Mutual information, Properties, Channel capacity, Channel coding theorem, Differential entropy and mutual information for continuous ensembles, Information capacity theorem. UNIT V LINEAR BLOCK CODES: Introduction, Matrix description of linear block codes, Error detection and error correction capabilities of linear block codes, Hamming Codes, Binary Cyclic Codes, Algebraic structure, encoding, syndrome calculation, BCH Codes. CONVOLUTION CODES: Introduction, encoding of convolution codes, time domain approach, transform domain approach, Graphical approach, tree and trellis diagram decoding using Viterbi algorithm

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EC325 TV & SATELLITE COMMUNICATION

UNIT-I
Monochrome Television: Basic television system, vision characteristics and scanning systems, composite video signal and television standards. Television cameras: Image Orthicon, Vidicon, Plumbicon, Silicon Diode Array Vidicon, comparison of TV camera tubes. Block diagram of broadcast TV transmitter, TV receiver.

UNIT-II
Colour Television: Colour fundamentals, Compatibility, Colour TV cameras, Colour TV Receiver Picture tubes: Trigun, PIL and Trinitron picture tubes. Colour TV transmission and Reception: NTSC and PAL systems, Cable television. Digital TV, DTH.

UNIT - III
Introduction and Orbital Aspects of Satellite Communication: A brief history of satellite communications, types of orbits, Keplers laws of planetary motion, locating the satellite in the orbit, locating the Satellite with respect to the earth, orbital elements, look angle determination, orbital perturbations, launch and launch vehicles, orbital effects in communication system performance. Space Craft: Introduction, Space craft Sub systems, attitude and Orbit Control system, Telemetry, tracking and command, Power Systems, Communication Subsystems, Spacecraft antennas.

UNIT - IV
Multiple Access Techniques: FDM / FM satellite systems, FDMA: SPADE FDMA satellite system, TDMA CEPT primary multiplex frame, CDMA: encoder, decoder, comparison between CDMA, FDMA & TDMA. Satellite Link Design: Basic transmission theory, system noise temperature and (G/T) ratio. Design of uplink and down link models, design of Satellite links for specified (C/N) ratio.

UNIT - V
Spread Spectrum Techniques: PN sequences, notion of spread spectrum communication, DSSS: DSSS with CBPSK, processing gain, probability of error, acquisition and tracking, FHSS: slow frequency hopping, fast frequency hopping. Acquisition and tracking, practical jammer types, THSS

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