CH601XL en Load Analysis v1 1

MartinPohl CZAWCH601XLZodiac LoadAnalysis
Page1 Version1.1/22.4.2010
CZECHAIRCRAFTWORKS
ZENAIRCH601XLZODIAC
LOADANALYSIS
Issuedby:
MartinPohl
eidg.dipl.(M.Sci.)Masch.-Ing.ETH
Date: 22.April2010
Adress:
Bubikerstrasse56
8645JonaSG
Switzerland
Version:
1.1
Contact:
Email:mpohl@pohltec.ch
Web:www.pohltec.ch/ZodiacXL


TableofContent
1 OVERVIEW................................................................................................................................................... 4
1.1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................. 4
1.2 REGULATIONS............................................................................................................................................... 4
2 DEFINITIONS ............................................................................................................................................... 5
2.1 AIRCRAFTPARAMETER................................................................................................................................ 5
2.2 FORMULARY ................................................................................................................................................. 7
2.3 3-VIEWDRAWING......................................................................................................................................... 8
2.4 WEIGHTS....................................................................................................................................................... 9
2.5 LIMITLOADFACTORS.................................................................................................................................. 9
2.6 CENTEROFGRAVITY ................................................................................................................................... 9
2.7 AIRSPEEDS .................................................................................................................................................. 10
2.8 V-N-DIAGRAM ............................................................................................................................................ 10
3 WING............................................................................................................................................................ 11
3.1 WINGGEOMETRY/WEIGHTS ................................................................................................................... 11
3.2 SPANWISELIFTDISTRIBUTION.................................................................................................................. 12
3.3 SHEARANDBENDINGMOMENT................................................................................................................. 14
3.4 SYMMETRICALFLIGHTCONDITIONS ........................................................................................................ 15
3.5 LIFT+DRAGCOMPONENTS....................................................................................................................... 16
3.6 WINGTORSION........................................................................................................................................... 19
3.7 UNSYMMETRICALFLIGHTCONDITIONS.................................................................................................... 20
3.8 GUSTLOADING........................................................................................................................................... 22
4 FUSELAGE .................................................................................................................................................. 23
5 HORIZONTALTAIL.................................................................................................................................. 24
5.1 SURFACELOADINGCONDITION................................................................................................................. 24
5.2 BALANCINGLOAD ...................................................................................................................................... 24
6 VERTICALTAIL........................................................................................................................................ 26
6.1 SURFACELOADINGCONDITION................................................................................................................. 26
7 CONTROLSURFACES.............................................................................................................................. 27
7.1 AILERON ..................................................................................................................................................... 27
7.2 WINGFLAP ................................................................................................................................................. 27
7.3 AILERON+ELEVATORTRIMTAB............................................................................................................. 28
8 CONTROLSYSTEM.................................................................................................................................. 29
9 ENGINEMOUNT........................................................................................................................................ 30
9.1 LOADSONENGINEMOUNT ......................................................................................................................... 30
10 GROUNDLOADS ..................................................................................................................................... 31
10.1 STATICGROUNDLOADCONDITIONS....................................................................................................... 31
10.2 LEVELLANDINGCONDITIONSTAIL-DOWNLANDINGCONDITIONS ...................................................... 32
10.3 SIDELOADCONDITIONS........................................................................................................................... 33
10.4 BRAKEDROLLCONDITIONS .................................................................................................................... 33
10.5 SUPPLEMENTARYCONDITIONSFORNOSEWHEEL................................................................................. 33
10.6 LIMITDROPTESTS................................................................................................................................... 34
10.7 GROUNDLOADDYNAMICTEST............................................................................................................... 34
10.8 RESERVEENERGYABSORPTION.............................................................................................................. 34
11 REVISIONS................................................................................................................................................ 35
12 REFERENCES........................................................................................................................................... 35

1 Overview
1.1 Introduction
TheCH601XLiscertifiedinmanycountriesunderdifferentregulations:e.g.asanUltralightAircraftin
Germany,asaLightSportAircraftintheUSAorasanExperimentalairplaneintheUK.
ThereforedifferentloadanalysisfortheZenair/CZAWCH601XLZodiacwerepreparedbydifferent
aviationauthorities.ChrisHeintz,ZenairAircraftanddesigneroftheCH601XL,preparedanextensive
loadandstressanalysisfortheCH601XL,whichshouldbeconsideredasthemasteranalysisforthe
ZenairCH601XL.
ThepresentloadanalysiswasspecificallypreparedforcertificationoftheCZAWCH601XLinSwitzer-
land,basedonEuropeanregulationsandonthelayoutoftheCZAWCH601XL.TheCZAWCH601XL
wasbuiltbyCzechAircaftWorksunderlicense-agreementwithZenairandhassomeminorchanges
comparedtotheoriginalZenairCH601XL:
Angleofincidenceincreasedby2(bettervisibilityduringcruiseflight)
1
Rotax912ULSengine(differentweightthanContinentalO-200orJabiruengine)
Compositemaingearlegs(insteadofaluminiumgearlegs)
Thisanalysiswasrevisedbytwoindependentaviationengineers.Neverthelessitisofinformalchar-
acteronlyandtheauthordoesnttakeanyresponsibilityifpartsoftheanalysisareincorrect.
1.2 Regulations
ThefollowingloadanalysisisbasedontheCertificationSpecificationsforVeryLightAircraftissued
bytheEuropeanAviationSafetyAgency(EASA)[Ref].
ReferencestoCS-VLAaregiventhroughoutthisentireloadanalysis.
CS-VLA1
CS-VLAisvalidforthefollowingtypeofaircraft:
Singleengine(spark)
Max.2seats
MTOWnotmorethan750kg
Stallingspeedinlandingconfigurationofnotmorethan45kts
Day-VFRonly
CS-VLA301(d)
SimplifiedstructuraldesigncriteriaaredefinedinCS-VLA,AppendixA,andarevalidforaircraftwith
conventionalconfigurations.
AMCVLA301(d)
Inthiscontextaircraftwithconventionalconfigurationmeans:
Forwardwingwithanafthorizontaltail
Winguntaperedorcontinuouslytaperedwithnomorethan30foreoraftsweep
Trailingedgeflapsmaybefitted,butnowinglets/tipdevices,T-/V-tail,slottedflapdevices.
TheCH601XLZodiacairplanesatisfiesallofthesecriteria.Thereforethesimplifieddesignloadcrite-
riaforconventionalverylightaircraftCS-VLA,AppendixA,canbeappliedandareusedthroughout
thisloadanalysis.
1
TodaythenewerZenairCH601XLs(anditssuccessorsCH650)providedbyZenairusethesameincreased
angleofincidenceandcompositegear(ZenairEurope).

2 Definitions
2.1 AircraftParameter
ParametersinitalictypearebasedontheoriginaldrawingsofZenithandCZAWandonaviationtech-
nologypublications.
Parametersinstandardtypearecalculatedvalues(formularyinafollowingsub-chapter).
Fuselage(B)
FuselageLength: L
B
= 6,1m
FuselageWidth(Cockpit): b
B
= 1,07m
Wing(W)
OverallWingSpan: b= 8,23m
WingSpanoneWing: b
W
= 3,58m
ChordatWingtip: c
1
= 1,42m
ChordatWingRoot: c
Root
= 1,60m
ChordatFuselageCenterLine: c
0
= 1,626m
OverallWingArea: A= 12,5m(incl.FuselagePartandFlaps/Ailerons)
OneWingArea: A
W
= 5,4m(incl.Flaps/Ailerons)
MeanGeometricalChord: c
mean
= 1,523m
MeanAerodynamicalChord: c
aero
= 1,525m
WingAspectRatio:
W
= 5,40
SweepAngleat25%Line:
25
= -0,72
Taperratio:
W
= 0,87
Anlgeofincidence:
W
= 3
Wingprofile: RibletWing GA35-A-415
Thicknesst
max
= 15,0%at35%(22,8cm)
Max.camberY= 3,3%at43%(5,0cm)
WingProfileLiftCurveSlope: d(c
a
)/d= 6,3rad
-1
WingLiftCurveSlope: d(c
A
)/d= 4,2rad
-1
MaximumLiftCoefficient: c
Lmax,Clean
1,82 [Ref.H.Riblett]
c
Lmax,FullFlaps
2,3 [Ref.H.Riblett]
WingProfileZeroLiftAngle:
L=0
= -3,34 [Ref.R.Hiscocks]
WingLiftAeroCenter: atwingchordstation(25%)
WingPitchingMomentCoeff.: c
m(c/4)
= -0,0587 [Ref.Zenithair]
AircraftAerodynamics
AircraftDragPolar: C
D
= 0,033+0,07C
L
[Ref.R.Hiscocks]
WingFlaps(F)
1FlapSpan: b
F
= 2,03m
FlapChord: c
F
= 0,335m
1FlapArea: A
F
= 0,68m(1Flaponly)
FlapDeflection:
F
= 0/-30
WingPitchingMoment: c
m(C/4)
= -0.18 [Ref.R.Hiscocks]
Ailerons(Ail)
1AileronSpan: b
Ail
= 1,50m
AileronChord: c
Ail
= 0,31m
1AileronArea: A
Ail
= 0,46m(1Ailerononly)
AileronDeflection:
Ail
= 11,5
AileronTrimTabSpan: b
AilTrim
= 0,538m
AileronTrimTabChord: c
AilTrim
= 0,072m
AileronTrimArea: A
AilTrim
= 0,039m
HorizontalTail(HT)
Elevator(Elev)
HTSpan: b
HT
= 2,3m
HTChord: c
HT
= 0,8m
HTArea: A
HT
= 1,84m(includingElevator)
HTAspectRatio:
HT
= 2,96
HTArm(at25%chord) d
HT
= 3,25m
HTProfile: NACA0012
Thicknesst
max
= 12%at30%(=100mm)
HTLiftCurveSlope: d(c
a
)
HT
= 3,27rad
-1
ElevatorSpan: b
Elev
= 2,2m
ElevatorChord: c
Elev
= 0,35m
ElevatorArea: A
Elev
= 0,77m
ElevatorDeflection:
Elev
= +30/-27
ElevatorTrimSpan: b
ElevTrim
= 0,897m
ElevatorTrimChord: c
ElevTrim
= 0,062m
ElevatorTrimArea: A
ElevTrim
= 0,056m
Rudder(R)
RudderSpan: b
R
= 1,42m
RudderChordTip: c
R1
= 0,37m
RudderChordBottom: c
R0
= 0,98m
RudderAspectRatio:
R
= 2,25
RudderArm(Wing->R) d
R
= 3,90m
RudderAreaSurface: A
R,Surface
= 0,52m(movingruddersurfaceonly)
RudderProfile: NACA0012
Thicknesst
max
= 45(tip)-105mm(root)
RudderDeflection:
R
= 20
FlightControlSystem
AileronControlStick: Pilot:330mm/Control:80or100mm
AileronWingBellCrank: ToStick:80mm/ToAileron:85mm
AileronRudderHorn: 100mm
ElevatorControlStick: Pilot:330mm/Control:120mm
ElevatorRudderHorn: 100mm
RudderPedals: Pilot:190mm/Control:65mm
RudderRudderHorn: 125mm
ControlCablesTension: 110N
EngineMount
AttachmentBolt: AN6
SeatBelts
AttachmentBolt: AN5-5A
ThicknessAttachmentPlate: 0,040=1mm
2.2 Formulary
Mostofthefollowingformulasareself-explanatoryandareallbasedonthegeometryoftheZodiac
CH601XL.
WingSpanoneWing:
2
B
W
b b
b

=
ChordatFuselageCenter:
W
Root
Root
b
b c c
c c
+ =
2
1
0

WingArea: b
c c
A
W

+
=
2
1 0
MeanGeometricalChord:
2
1 0
c c
c
mean
+
=
MeanAerodynamicalChord:
1 0
2
1 1 0
2
0
3
2
c c
c c c c
c
aero
+
+ +
=
WingAspectRatio:
1 0
2
c c
b
W
+
=
SweepAngleat25%Line:
|
|
|
\
|

=
2
arctan
4
1
1 0
25
b
c c
Straightwingleadingedge
WingTaperRatio:
0
1
c
c
W
=
WingProfileLiftCurveSlope:
2
) (
=
d
c d
a
WingLiftCurveSlope:
2
1 . 0
) (
+
=
W
W A
d
c d
WingProfileZeroLiftAngle: 4 . 1 2 . 3 100
0
+ =
=
c
X
c
Y
L
max.chamberYatpos.X

2.3 3-ViewDrawing

2.4 Weights
CS-VLA25(a)(b)
Compliancewitheachapplicablerequirement(structuralloadingandflightrequirements)ofCS-VLAat
bothmaximumandminimumweighthastobeshown.
(a)Maximumweighthastobehighestof:
Eachseatoccupied(2x86kg),atleastenoughfuelfor1hofflightwithmax.continuous
power(25L~20kg),whereasemptyweightisW
ZFW
=340kg(approx.):
W
max,1
= 340+2x86+20=532kg
Onepilot(86kg),fullfuel(180L=135kg):
. W
max,2
= 340+86+135=561kg
Designweight: W
max
= 600kg
(b)MinimumweightisZFW+onelightpilot(55kg)+hofflightwithmax.continuouspower:
W
min
= 340+55+10=405kg
CS-VLA321(b)(2)
2
Compliancewiththeflightloadrequirementsmustbeshown[]ateachpracticablecombinationof
weightanddisposableloadwithintheoperatinglimitationsspecifiedintheFlightManual.
AlthoughnotpartofAppendixA,thisrequirementcanbetakenasaguidelineforhowthefueldistribu-
tioninthewinghastobetakenintoaccountfortheloadcalculations.Mostcriticalcaseisatmaximum
weightandminimumfuel.
CS-VLAA7(a)
Basedonthesimplifiedcriteria(AppendixA)onlythemaximumdesignweightconditionmustbein-
vestigated.
2.5 LimitLoadFactors
CS-VLAA3/A7(b)(c)
Thelimitflightloadfactors(normalcatergory)are:
Positivemanoeuveringlimitloadfactor: n1=3,8
Negativemanoeuveringlimitloadfactor: n2=-1,9
PositivegustlimitloadfactoratvC: n3=3,8
NegativegustlimitloadfactoratvC: n4=-1,9
PositivelimitloadfactorwithflapsfullyextendedatvF: nflap=1,9
2.6 CenterofGravity
CS-VLAA7(d)
MeanC.G.: x
CG
= 25%=380mm(basedonMAC=1,52m)
ForwardC.G.: e
Fwd
= -5%=-76mm/304mm
RearwardC.G.: e
Aft
= +5%=76mm/456mm
2
CS-VLA321isnotpartofandnotrequiredunderCS-VLAAppendixA.
2.7 Airspeeds
CS-VLAA3/A7(e)(2)
Designspeed CS-VLA(min) CH601XL

Minimumdesignflapspeed: V
F,min
=70kts v
F
=70kts
Minimumdesignmaneuveringspeed: V
A,min
=95kts v
A
=95kts
Minimumdesigncruisingspeed: V
C,min
=107kts v
C
=107kts
Minimumdesigndivespeed: V
D,min
=151kts v
D
=156kts
Stallspeedclean: v
S
=44kts
Stallspeedfullflaps: v
S0
=38kts
Neverexceedspeed: v
NE
=140kts
2.8 V-n-Diagram

3 Wing
3.1 WingGeometry/Weights
ThewingoftheCH601XLismadeupofamainspar,arearsparand10wingribs.Two45L(12USG)
fueltanksareplacedinfrontofthemainspar,betweennoseribsNR4/NR5andNR5/NR7(extended
rangeversion,thestandardversionhas1x12USGtankperwing).
PositionofWingRibs
Yisthedistancebetweentheribandtheaeroplanecenterline[inmm].
Rib# #0 #f #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10
PositionY[mm] 0 507 862 1382 1902 2422 2982 3732 4122
WingDryWeightDistribution
Thedryweightofthewingissplitupinseveralsections(e.g.section8=betweenribs#8and#9).
Eachsectionweightincludesthecorrespondingwingstructure,primer,paintandallsystemsinstalled
(e.g.strobelighttransformer).
Section 0 f 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total
Wing (7kg) 4kg 6kg 6kg 6kg 6kg 5kg 6kg*)
+FuelTanks - - 1,5kg 1,5kg 1,5kg 1,5kg - - 45kg
FuelMinFuel - - 5kg 0kg 0kg 0kg - - 50kg
FuelMaxFuel - - 17kg 17kg 17kg 17kg - - 113kg

3.2 SpanwiseLiftDistribution
Ingeneralthespanwiseliftdistributioncanbedividedinto:
Baseliftdistribution
Liftdistributionduetowingtwist
Additionalliftdistributionduetoflapsand/orailerons
BaseLiftDistribution
AccordingtoSchrenk[Ref]thebaseliftloadatanyselectedspanwisestationisthearithmeticalmean
betweentheloadwhichisproportionaltothechordoftherealwingandtheloadwhichisproportional
tothechordofanellipticalwingwithequalwingarea.
Itcanbeassumedthattheliftdistributioniscontinuativeovertheentirewingspan,includingthefuse-
lage[Schlichting/Truckenbrodt,Ref].Theliftofthefuselageissubstitutedbytheliftofthe(fictive)wing
centerpiece.
Theformulasnumbering[inbrackets]correspondstothenumbersoftheresults-tableonanextpage.
Relativespanwiseposition:
2
b
y
y = [1]
Chordtaperedwing: y
b
c c
c y c
wing

=
2
) (
1 0
0
[2]
y y y c
wing
=
= 0503 , 0 627 , 1
2
23 , 8
42 , 1 627 , 1
627 , 1 ) (
Chordellipticalwing:
2
, 0
2
1 ) (
|
|
|
\
|
=
b
y
c y c
ell ell
[3]
with
1 0
, 0
c c
c
ell
+
=
970 , 0
42 , 1 627 , 1
, 0
=
+
=
ell
c
2
115 , 4
1 970 , 0 ) ( |
\
|
=
y
y c
ell

Meanchord:
2
) ( ) (
) (
y c y c
y c
ell wing
mean
+
= [4]
ThedrawingonthefollowingpageshowsthechordoftheoriginalCH601XL-wingc(wing),thechord
ofthesurrogateellipticalwingwithidenticalwingareac(0,ell)andthemeanvalueofthetwochord
linesc(mean).AccordingtoSchrenk[Ref],c(mean)isproportionaltothespanwiseliftdistribution.
OriginalChordandChordofSurrogateEllipticalWing
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
SpanwisePosition[mm]
C
h
o
r
d
[
m
m
]
c(wing)
c(0,ell)
c(mean)
Forthesakeofconvenience,thewingissplitupinseveralsectionstocalculatethespanwiseliftdis-
tribution(similartothewingdryweightdistribution).
Meanchordofonesection:
2
) ( ) (
1 +
+
=
i mean i mean
i
y c y c
c [6]
Widthofonesection:
i i i
y y y =
+1
[7]
Thewingliftforonespecificsectioncanbecalculatedbymultiplyingthetotalliftrequiredwiththeratio
betweenthesectionareaandthetotalwingarea:
Wingliftofonesection:
required total
W
i i
i
L
A
y c
L
,

= [8]
LiftduetoWingTwist
Theaileronsaretwisted2,5upalongthetrailingend,whichcorrespondstoawingtwistofclosely
1,25overtheaileronspan.Itisthereforeconservativetoconsiderawingwithouttwistforcalculation
ofthemaximumwingbendingmoment.
AdditionalLiftwithFlapsExtended
CS-VLAA9(b)(2)
Withflapsextendedtheliftcoefficientatthecorrespondingwingsectionisincreasedbyapprox.1,0.
Howeveritisobviousthattheshearandbendingmomentoneachwingisconsiderablylowerbecause
ofthereducedloadfactorofn=+1,9/0,0withflapsextended.Thereforethecasewithflapsextended
willnotbefurtherinvestigatedregardingshearandbendingmoment.
3.3 ShearandBendingMoment
Shearandbendingmomentofthewingareagaincalculatedforthesamediscretesectionsofthe
wing,startingfromwingtiptowingroot.Itisobviousthatthehighertheliftforcesthehigherthestress
onthewing.Onthecontrarytheinertiaforceofthewing(masses)actasarelievingfactorandunload
thestressonthewing.
WingLift
Shearduetoliftatrib:
i i i
L T T + =
+1
[9]
Bendingmomentduetoliftatrib:
i
i
i i i i
L
y
T y M M
+ + =
+ +
2
1 1
[10]
WingInertiaRelief
Winginertialreliefforceofonesection:
Fuel i Wing i i
W W W
, ,
+ = [13]
Inertiareliefatrib:
i
i i W T T + = +

1 [14]
Inertiareliefbendingmomentatrib:
i
i
i
i
i i W
y
T y M M
+ + = +
+

2
1 1 [15]
TotalShearandBendingMoment
Shearatrib: i
i it i
T T T

+ =
lim ,
[16]
Bendingmomentatrib: i
i total i
M M M

+ =
,
[17]
UltimateLoads
Ultimateshear:
it i ult i
T T
lim , ,
5 , 1 = [18]
Ultimatebendingmoment:
it i ult i
M M
lim , ,
5 , 1 = [18]
3.4 SymmetricalFlightConditions
CS-VLAA9(b)(1)(i)(ii)
Thecalculationofwinglift,winginertiarelief,shearandbendingmomentforthesymmetricalflight
conditionisperformedbyusinganexcelcalculationsheet.TheresultsforMTOW=600kgand20L
offuel(mostcritical/conservativeloadingwithhouroffueland5Lunusablefuel)areshownbelow.
Thedownforceofthehorizontaltailisassumedtobe5%ofthetotalwinglift.
InputParametersZodiacCH601XL
c0 [mm] 1626 Yellowfieldsareinputparameters!
c1 [mm] 1420
c(0,ell) [mm] 1939
b/2 [mm] 4122
A(w,total) [m] 12,6
LoadFactor [-] 3,8 5%ofwinglift
L(req,total) [N] 23476 TOW 600kg 22358 HT 1118 TOTAL 23476
f(corr.) [-] 1,00715

Rib/Section # 0 f 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
WingGeometry
1Y/(b/2) [-] 0,00 0,12 0,21 0,34 0,46 0,59 0,72 0,91 1,00
2Y [mm] 0 507 862 1382 1902 2422 2982 3732 4122
3c(wing) [mm] 1626 1601 1583 1557 1531 1505 1477 1439 1420
4c(ell) [mm] 1939 1924 1896 1827 1720 1569 1339 823 0
5c(mean) [mm] 1783 1763 1740 1692 1626 1537 1408 1131 710

WingLift(Flapsup)
6c(i) [mm] 1773 1751 1716 1659 1581 1472 1270 921
7dy(i) [mm] 507 355 520 520 520 560 750 390
8dL(i) [N] 1692 1171 1680 1624 1548 1553 1793 676
9T(i) [N] 11738 10046 8875 7195 5571 4022 2469 676
10M(i) [Nm] 22001 16479 13120 8942 5623 3129 1311 132

WingWeight
11Wing [kg] 7 4 7,5 7,5 7,5 7,5 5 6
12Fuel [L] 10 0 0 0
13dW(i) [N] -261 -149 -559 -279 -279 -279 -186 -224
14T-(i) [N] -2217 -1956 -1807 -1248 -969 -689 -410 -224
15M-(i) [Nm] -4117 -3059 -2391 -1597 -1020 -589 -281 -44

TotalShear/BendingMoment
16T(limit) [N] 9521 8089 7068 5947 4602 3333 2059 453
17M(limit) [Nm] 17884 13420 10729 7346 4603 2540 1030 88

18T(ultimate) [N] 14281 12134 10602 8920 6903 4999 3089 679
19M(ultimate) [Nm] 26826 20129 16094 11018 6905 3810 1545 132
Theresultingmaximumshearandbendingmomentatthewingrootarehighlightedinamber(limit)
andred(ultimate)color.
ForcomparisontheresultsfordifferentMTOWandfuelquantitiesaresummarizedinthefollowing
table.Theconsideredcasesare:
1. MTOW=600kg,minimumfuel(1/2h+unusablefuel):thereforetheloadinsidethefuselage
is260kg(usefulload)15kg(fuel)=245kg.
2. MTOW=600kg,fulltanks(180L):theremainingdryloadis260kg(usefulload)135kg
(fullfuel)=125kg.
3. Twostandardpersonsaboard(2x86kg)+fullinnertanks(90L)TOW=580kg.
4. Onepersonaboard(86kg)+minimumfuel(20L)TOW=440kg.
1 2 3 4
TOW [kg] 600 600 580 440
FuelQuantity [L] 20 180 90 20

T(limit) [N] 8089 5853 6776 5410
M(limit) [Nm] 13420 10070 11942 9025
T(ultimate) [N] 12134 8780 10164 8116
M(ultimate) [Nm] 20129 15105 17913 13538
Case1iscritical(MTOW=600kg,minimumfuel=20L).
3.5 Lift+DragComponents
Forastructuralanalysisoftheairplane,itisimportanttodeterminetheforcesactingonthewing.The
wingliftisbalancingtheweight/inertiaforcesoftheairplane,whereas(inhorizontal,steadyflight)the
dragisovercomebythethrustoftheengine.
Inordertobeabletoproperlyanalyzethestructureofthewing,theliftLanddragDarenormallycon-
vertedintotheirresultingforceR.InadditionthetangentialforceactingonthewingTiscalculated,
whichisthecomponentofRalongthewingaxis.
ItisnotobviousfromtheveryfirstinwhichdirectionthetangentialforceTispointingto.Adiscussion
ofresultsatdifferentairspeedsandloadfactorsisthereforeofhighimportance.
Lift,dragandthecorrespondingresultingforceaswellasthetangentialforceactingonthewingare
calculatedbyusingtheformulasbelow.Thewingforcesareallafunctionofairspeedandloadfactor.
Thereforedifferentcasesfromthev-n-diagramareconsidered,i.e.atthepointsA,D,GandE.
Theformulasnumbering[inbrackets]correspondstothenumbersoftheresults-tableonanextpage.
WingLift
Wingliftcurveslope:
2
1 , 0
) (
+
=
d
c d
L
[1]
Totallift % 105 = W n L
total
[2]
Thetotalliftincludesanassumed5%additionalliftforcounteractingthehorizontaltaildownforce.
Lift1wing:
A
A
L L
Wing
total Wing
1
1
= [3]
Liftcoefficient:
wing
Wing
L
A v
L
c
1
2
1
2
[4]
Angleofattack:
|
\
|
=
d
c d
c
L
L
) (
[5]
Thewingweight(i.e.theinertiaforcesofthewing)canbesubtractedfromthewinglift:
Inertiarelief1wing:
Wing wing
W n I
1 1
= [6]
Netshearload1wing:
Wing Wing wing
I L T
1 1 1
+ = [7]
WingDrag
Theinertiaforcesinthedirectionofthewingaxisaresmallcomparedtothewingdrag.Thereforethey
areneglectedinthiscalculation.
Dragcoefficient:

+ =
2
01 , 0
L
D
c
c [8]
Drag1wing:
Wing D
A v c D
1
2
2
=

[9]
ResultingForce
Resultingtotalforce:
2 2
D L R + = [10]
TangentialForce
AnglebetweenLandR:
|
\
|
=
L
D
arctan [12]
AnglebetweenRand
perpendicularofwing: = [13]
Forwardtangentialforceon1wing: ( ) sin
1
= R T
Wing
[14]
Ultimatetangentialforceon1wing:
Wing ult Wing
T T
1 , 1
5 , 1 = [15]
Theresultsfordifferentairspeedsandloadfactorsaccordingtothev-n-diagramaresummarizedinan
excel-tableonthenextpage.
LIFT+DRAGFORCES

AspectRatio 5,4
TotalWingArea A [m] 12,5
WingArea1Wing Aw [m] 5,4
MTOW W [kg] 600
Weight1Wing Ww [kg] 44

Airspeeds/LoadFactors
Speed vA VD
v [kts] 95 95 95 156 156 156
[m/s] 48,9 48,9 48,9 80,3 80,3 80,3
LoadFactor n [-] 1,0 3,8 -1,9 1,0 3,8 -1,9

WingLift
1 Liftcurveslope d(cL)/d 0,073 0,073 0,073 0,073 0,073 0,073
2 TotalLift(incl.5%HT-Load) L [N] 6178 23476 -11738 6178 23476 -11738
3 Lift1Wing Lw [N] 2669 10141 -5071 2669 10141 -5071
4 Liftcoefficient cL 0,338 1,284 -0,642 0,125 0,476 -0,238
5 Angleofattack [] 4,6 17,6 -8,8 1,7 6,5 -3,3
6 InertiaRelief1Wing Iw [N] -431 -1640 820 -431 -1640 820
7 NetShearLoad1Wing Tw [N] 2237 8502 -4251 2237 8502 -4251

WingDrag
8 Dragcoefficient cD 0,017 0,107 0,034 0,011 0,023 0,013
9 Drag1Wing Dw [N] 132 846 271 233 498 284

ResultingForce
10ResultingForce R [N] 2241 8544 4260 2249 8516 4260
11%ofL 100,2% 100,5% -100,2% 100,5% 100,2% -100,2%

TangentialForce
12AnglebetweenLandR [] 3,4 5,7 -3,6 5,9 3,3 -3,8
13AnglebetweenRandn_Wing [] 1,2 11,9 -5,2 -4,2 3,2 0,6
14FwdTangentialForceon1Wing T [N] 49 1763 -382 -166 472 42

15UltimateTangentialForce1Wing T,ult [N] 73 2644 -574 -248 707 63
ThemaximumultimateforwardtangentialforceF=2644Noccursatv
A
andn=3.8.
ThemaximumultimaterearwardtangentialforceF=-574Noccursatv
A
andn=-1.9.
3.6 WingTorsion
Thewingtorsion,whichactsateachwingsectionandwhichiscomputedrelativetothewingshear
center(definedat23%chord),consistsofthefollowingcomponents:
Aerodynamicwingmoment
Momentduetowingliftforce
Momentduetowingstructureweight
Momentduetofuelweight.
Aerodynamicwingmoment:
mean Wing c m c
c A v c M =
1
2
4 / , 4 /
2
with c
m,c/4
=-0,0587andc
m,c/4,flaps
=-0,25
A
1Wing
=5,4m,c
mean
=1,52m
Wingtorsionmoment:
Fuel Fuel Wing Wing Wing Lift c Torsion
W W L M M + =
4 /

with
Lift
=0,40,375=0,025m

Wing
=0,70,375=0,325m

Fuel
=0,3750,3=0,075m
Itisobviousthatthewingtorsiondependsonairspeedandloadfactor.Thereforecalculationsfordif-
ferentpointsoftheflightenvelope(A,D,EandG)havetobeperformed.
Theresultsaresummarizedinthefollowingtable:
WingTorsion Speed n M(T,wing) M(T,total)
Lift(1wing) 259,2kg [m/s] [-] [Nm] [Nm]
W(1wing) 44kg vF 36,0 1,0 -1630 -1603
Fuel(1wing) 90Liter 36,0 1,9 -1630 -1579
c(M,c/4) -0,0587 vA 48,9 1,0 -705 -678
c(M,c/4,flaps) -0,25 48,9 3,8 -705 -602
vD 80,3 1,0 -1901 -1874
80,3 3,8 -1901 -1798
Thecriticalcaseisatv
D
andn=1,0(highlightedinred).Theultimatetorsionmomentis:
Ultimatetorsionmoment: Nm Nm M M
Torsion ult Torsion
811 ' 2 874 ' 1 5 , 1 5 , 1
lim , ,
= = =
3.7 UnsymmetricalFlightConditions
CS-VLAA9(c)(3)
Accordingtoregulations(CS-VLAAppendixA)thewinghastowithstandacombinationof75%ofthe
positivemaneuveringwingloadingonbothsidesandthemaximumwingtorsionresultingfromaileron
input.
Portionofwingwithaileron:
A
w,ail
=2,3m
b
ail
=1,47m
Portionofwingwithoutaileron:
A
w.clear
=3,1m
b
clear
=1,57m
Ailerondeflections:

up
=+11,5

down
=-11,5
ThemethodofcalculationfortheeffectofailerondisplacementonwingtorsionisdescribedinCS-
VLAAppendixA.
Step1:Determinationofcriticalairspeed/ailerondeflection
Totalailerondeflectionatv
A
: = + = + = 23 5 , 11 5 , 11
down up A

C
: = = = 0 , 20 23
0 , 55
9 , 48
A
C
A
C
v
v
D
: = = = 0 , 7 23
3 , 80
9 , 48
5 , 0 5 , 0
A
D
A
D
v
v
K-factor:
30 , 1
0 , 55
3 , 80
1587 , 0
0973 , 0
0 , 55
3 , 80
2
0 , 20
01 , 0 0587 , 0
2
0 , 7
01 , 0 0587 , 0
2
01 , 0
2
01 , 0
2
2
2
2
2
0
2
0
=
=
|
\
|

|
\
|

=
|
\
|

|
\
|

=
C
C
m
D
D
m
v c
v c
K
Step2:Calculationofaerodynamictorsionmomentatv
D
:
K>1,thereforeailerondeflection
D
atv
D
iscriticalandmustbeusedincomputingwingtorsionloads
overtheaileronspan.
Modifiedc
m
,aileronup: 0237 , 0 5 , 3 01 , 0 0587 , 0 01 , 0
0 ,
= + = + =
up m up m
c c
Modifiedc
m
,ailerondown: 0937 , 0 5 , 3 01 , 0 0587 , 0 01 , 0
0 ,
= = =
down m down m
c c
Thetorsionmomentofthewingiscalculatedfortheinnersectionofthewingwithoutaileron(M
clear
)
andtheoutersectionofthewingwithdeflectedaileron(M
ail
).
Torsionmomentclear:
clear clear w D m clear
b A v c M =
,
2
0
2
Nm M
clear
128 ' 1 57 , 1 1 , 3 3 , 80
2
225 , 1
0587 , 0
2
= =
Torsionmomentaileron:
ail ail w D down up m ail
b A v c M =
,
2
/ ,
2
Nm M
up ail
316 47 , 1 3 , 2 3 , 80
2
225 , 1
0237 , 0
2
,
= =
Nm M
down ail
251 ' 1 47 , 1 3 , 2 3 , 80
2
225 , 1
0937 , 0
2
,
= =
Totalaerodynamicmoment:
ail clear
M M M + =
Nm M
up
444 ' 1 316 128 ' 1 = =
Nm M
down
379 ' 2 251 ' 1 128 ' 1 = =
Step3:Calculationoftotaltorsionmomentatv
D
and75%positivenormalload(n=3,8):
Wingliftat75%normalload(1wing): N N L L
wing
535 ' 7 046 ' 10 75 , 0 % 75
1 % 75
= = =
Winginertiareliefat75%normalload: N N W W
Wing
230 ' 1 ) 640 ' 1 ( 75 , 0 % 75
% 75
= = =
Fuelinertiareliefat75%normalload: N N W F
Fuel
885 ' 1 ) 513 ' 2 ( 75 , 0 % 75
% 75
= = =
Totaltorsionmoment:
% 75 % 75 % 75
F W L M M
Fuel Wing Lift T
+ =
Nm N m N m N m N M
down T
309 ' 2 885 ' 1 075 , 0 230 ' 1 325 , 0 535 ' 7 025 , 0 379 ' 2
,
= + =
Nm N m N m N m N M
up T
374 ' 1 885 ' 1 075 , 0 230 ' 1 325 , 0 535 ' 7 025 , 0 444 ' 1
,
= + =
Step4:Ultimateloads:
Ultimateasymmetrictorsionmoment: Nm M M
up T ult up T
463 ' 3 5 , 1
, , ,
= =
Nm M M
down T ult down T
061 ' 2 5 , 1
, , ,
= =
3.8 GustLoading
CS-VLA333(notrequiredforAppendixA)
ThegustloadingofthewingcanbecalculatedaccordingtoCS-VLA333(however,notrequiredfor
CS-VLAAppendixA).Gustloadsareconsideredasfollows:
atV
C
:gustsofU
de
=15.24m/s
atV
D
:gustsofU
de
=7.62m/s.
CriticalaircraftweightsareMTOW(W
max
=600kg)andminimumweight(W
min
=405kg).
Gustloadcalculation(CS-VLA333):
S
g
W
U K a v
n
de g

+ =
2
1
0
g
g
g
K
=
3 . 5
88 . 0
d
c d
c
S
W
L
mean
g
) (
2

=
Theresultsaresummarizedinthefollowingtable:
AcftWeight Airspeed Gust ug Kg ng(pos) ng(neg)
[kg] [m/s] [m/s]
MTOW 600 vC 55 Ude 15,24 12,48 0,6176 3,78 -1,78
Wmin 405 vC 55 Ude 15,24 8,42 0,5401 4,61 -2,61
MTOW 600 vD 55 Ude 7,62 12,48 0,6176 2,39 -0,39
Wmin 405 vD 55 Ude 7,62 8,42 0,5401 2,80 -0,80
Remarksforcase2(W
min
=405kg,vC=55m/s)
Incase2theloadlimitoftheflightenvelopeisexceeded.Thecalculationofthewingshearandbend-
ingmomentatW
min
=405kgandn=+4,61givesthefollowingresult:
Limitshearload: 5853N
Ultimateshearload: 8779N
Limitbendingmoment: 9783Nm
Ultimatebendingmoment: 14674Nm
TheloadsatW
min
=405kgandn=+4,61aremuchlowerthanatMTOW=600kgandn=+3,8.
Howeverthelocalsupportingstructurefordeadweightitemsneedstowithstandthelimitloadofn=
+4,61.
4 Fuselage
CS-VLAA9
ThefuselagehastobeloadtestedaccordingtoCS-VLA,similartothewingloadtests.Therequired
loadsonthefuselageareequaltotheloadscalculatedfortheenginemount,wing,horizontaltailand
verticaltail.
Anexampleoffuselageloadingisshownonthefollowingdrawing:
Therequiredultimateloadsare:
Engine: N N F 305 ' 4 870 ' 2 5 . 1
687 ' 1
= = (seechapter9EngineMount)
Cabinfloor: N
s
m
kg F
KAB
607 ' 9 806 , 9 ) 86 2 ( 8 . 3 5 . 1
2
= =
Fuselagetail: N F
VOP
270 ' 3 = (seechapter5HorizontalTail)
5 HorizontalTail
5.1 SurfaceLoadingCondition
CS-VLAA11(c)(1)
TheaveragelimitloadingofthehorizontaltailcanbecalculatedaccordingtoCS-VLAAppendixA,
Table2andFigureA4:
Simplifiedlimitsurfacedistributions:
2 2
1
8 , 120 68 , 24 109 , 0 8 , 4
m
kg
ft
lb
S
W
n w
HT
= = + =
Simplifiedlimitsurfaceloading: N g w A L
HT HT HT
180 ' 2 806 , 9 8 , 120 84 , 1
lim ,
= = =
Ultimatesurfaceloading: N L L
HT ult HT
270 ' 3 5 , 1
lim , ,
= =
Theloadmustbedistributedonthehorizontaltailasfollows:
5.2 BalancingLoad
Forcomparison/confirmationofthesimplifiedcriteria,adetailedcalculationforthebalancingloadis
performed.
Thehorizontaltailactswithadownwardforceagainsttheforwardnickmomentandkeepstheairplane
inbalance.InsteadofusingthesimplifiedcriteriaofCS-VLAAppendixA(Chapter3)thefollowing,
moredetailedanalysismaybeused:
L.............. WingLift
M
W
........... WingNickMoment
P.............. HorizontalTailLift
Wn.......... InertialWeightForce
x
CG
........... CenterofGravity(behindwingL.E.)
xA............ CenterofLift(behindwingL.E.)
xHT ......... ArmtoH.T.CenterofLift
3'270N
2126N
EquilibriumofmomentatwingL.E.: P x W n x L x M
HT CG A W
+ + = 0
Equilibriumofforces: P L W n + + = 0
ZeroLiftMoment:
Wing mean c m W
A v c c M
2
2
4 / ,
2
=

c
m,c/4
=-0,0587,c
mean
=1,523m,=1,225kg/m,A
2
=12,5m
Forceonhorizontaltail:
HT
A CG W
x
G n x x M
P
+
=
) (
TheresultsforthebalancingloadsontheHTaresummarizedinthefollowingtable:
v CG n Pb v CG n Pb
[N] [N]
vD 0,0 -1190
vA fwd 1,0 -588 vD fwd 1,0 -1336
vA fwd 3,8 -997 vD fwd 3,8 -1746
vA fwd -1,9 -164 vD fwd -1,9 -912
vA aft 1,0 -316 vD aft 1,0 -1065
vA aft 3,8 35 vD aft 3,8 -714
vA aft -1,9 -680 vD aft -1,9 -1428

v CG n Pb v CG n Pb
[N] [N]

vC fwd 1,0 -706 vF fwd 1,0 -1167
vC fwd 3,8 -1115 vF fwd 1,9 -1298
vC fwd -1,9 -282 vF fwd 0 -1021
vC aft 1,0 -435 vF aft 1,0 -895
vC aft 3,8 -84 vF aft 1,9 -782
vC aft -1,9 -798 vF aft 0,0 -1021
Themaximumbalancingloadonthehorizontaltailappearstobeatv
D
,forwardC.G.andn=3,8.
UltimateHTbalancingload: N N P P
b ult b
619 ' 2 746 ' 1 5 , 1 5 , 1
,
= = =
TheresultingultimateloadislowerthantheresultfromthesimplifiedcalculationaccordingtoCS-VLA.
6 VerticalTail
6.1 SurfaceLoadingCondition
CS-VLAA11(c)(1)
TheaveragelimitloadingoftheverticaltailcanbecalculatedaccordingtoCS-VLAAppendixA,Table
2andFigureA4:
2 2
1
4 , 109 37 , 22 656 , 1
m
kg
ft
lb
S
W
n w
VT
= = =
VT VT VT
558 806 , 9 4 , 109 52 , 0
lim ,
= = =
VT ult VT
837 5 , 1
lim , ,
= =
Theloadmustbedistributedonthehorizontaltailasfollows:

7 ControlSurfaces
CS-VLAA11(c)(1)
TheaveragelimitloadingofthecontrolsurfacescanbecalculatedaccordingtoCS-VLAAppendixA,
Table2andFigureA5.
7.1 Aileron
2 2
1
8 , 84 33 , 17 095 , 0
m
kg
ft
lb
S
W
n w
Ail
= = =
Ail Ail Ail
383 806 , 9 8 , 84 46 , 0
lim ,
= = =
Ail ult Ail
575 5 , 1
lim , ,
= =
Theloadmustbedistributedontheaileronasfollows:
7.2 WingFlap
2 2
,
1
7 , 87 92 , 17
6 , 1
131 , 0
m
kg
ft
lb
c
S
W
n w
flap n
Flap
= = =
withc
n,flap
=1,2
Flap Flap Flap
585 806 , 9 7 , 87 68 , 0
lim ,
= = =
Flap ult Flap
878 5 , 1
lim , ,
= =
Theloadmustbedistributedonthewingflapasfollows:

7.3 Aileron+ElevatorTrimTab
2 2
,
1
8 , 142 18 , 29
8 , 0
16 , 0
m
kg
ft
lb
c
S
W
n w
tab n
Tab
= = =
withc
n,tab
=0,8
Tab AilTab AilTab
6 , 49 806 , 9 8 , 142 039 , 0
lim ,
= = =
N g w A L
Tab ElevTab ElevTab
4 , 78 806 , 9 8 , 142 056 , 0
lim ,
= = =
TailTab ult AilTab
74 5 , 1
lim , ,
= =
N L L
ElevTab ult ElevTab
118 5 , 1
lim , ,
= =
Theloadmustbedistributedonthetrimtabsasfollows:
Seewingflaploading
8 ControlSystem
CS-VLAA13(a)(2)
Theacceptablelimitpilotforcescanbeusedasrequirementforthecontrolsystemstrength.
CS-VLA397(b)
Theminimumandmaximumlimitpilotforcesareasfollows:
Aileronlimitforce(controlstick): 178..300N
Elevatorlimitforce(controlstick): 445..740N
Rudderlimitforce(pedals): 580..890N
Inadditiontheruddercontrolsystemmustwithstandasimultaneousforwardforceof1000Nonboth
pedals.
9 EngineMount
9.1 Loadsonenginemount
Eachofthefollowingtwoconditionsmustbeinvestigated:
A.Limittorque+positivemaneuveringflightload
CS-VLAA9(d)(2)
Maximumtorqueattakeoffpower: Nm M
eng
121 =
CS-VLA361(b)(1)(ii)
Limittorquefor4-stroke/4-cylinder: Nm M M
eng
242 0 . 2
lim
= =
Limitloadsresultingfromthemaximumpositivemaneuveringflightloadfactorn1:
g m m n T
prop eng eng
+ = ) (
1 lim ,

N kg kg n T
eng
870 ' 2 806 . 9 ) 12 65 (
lim ,
= + =
Ultimateloadinverticaldirection: N T T
eng ult eng
305 ' 4 5 . 1
lim , ,
= =
B.Lateral(side)limitload
CS-VLAA9(d)(3)
Lateral(side)limitload: g m m T
prop eng lat eng
+ = ) ( 47 , 1
lim ,

N kg kg T
lat eng
110 ' 1 806 . 9 ) 12 65 ( 47 , 1
lim ,
= + =
Ultimateloadinlateraldirection: N T T
lat eng ult lat eng
665 ' 1 5 . 1
lim , , ,
= =

10 GroundLoads
TherequirementsforgroundloadsarespecifiedinCS-VLA471499.
CS-VLA473(b)
Descentvelocity:
4
1
51 . 0
|
|
\
|

=
Wing
MTOW
vertical
S
g m
v
s
m
m
s
m
kg
v
vertical
39 . 2
3 . 12
806 . 9 600
51 . 0
4
1
2
2
=
|
|
|
|
\
|

=
CS-VLA473(c)
Remainingwingliftatlandingimpact: N kg L L
total D T
922 ' 3 806 , 9 600
3
2
3
2
/
= = =
ASTMF2245-045.8.1.1
Theloadfactorn
j
onthewheelsforthebasiclandingconditionscanbecomputedaccordingtoASTM-
requirements:
Dropheight: cm
m
kg
S
g m
h
drop
9 . 28
3 . 12
806 . 9 600
0132 . 0 0132 . 0
2
=
=
Totalshockabsorbertravel: cm d d d
shock tire
26 18 8 = + = + =
3
Shockefficiency: 5 . 0 = R fortireandspringshocks
Loadfactoronthewheels: 89 . 2
26 5 . 0
3
26
9 . 28
3
=
+
=
+
=
d R
d
h
n
drop
j

Limitlandingloadfactor: ( ) 8 . 3 / 56 . 3
3
2
89 . 2
3 1
= << = + = + = n n L n n
j

10.1 StaticGroundLoadConditions
Thestaticgroundloadreactionsarecalculatedforthemostforwardandmostrearwardcenterofgrav-
ity(C.G.).
Locationofnosewheel: mm l
N
530 = (forwardofwingleadingedge)
Locationofmainwheels: mm l
M
670 = (aftwingleadingedge)
MostforwardC.G.(20%=304mm)
1maingear: kg
l l
G C l W
R
M N
N
M
5 . 208
1200
304 530
2
600 . .
2
=
+
=
+
+
=
Nosegear: kg R W R
M N
183 5 . 208 2 600 2 = = =
3
BasedonanalysisbyChrisHeintz,Zenair
DistancenosegearC.G.: mm G C l a
N
834 304 530 . . = + = + =
DistancemaingearC.G.: mm G C l b
M
366 304 670 . . = = =
MostrearwardC.G.(30%=456mm)
1maingear: kg
l l
G C l W
R
M N
N
M
5 . 246
1200
456 530
2
600 . .
2
=
+
=
+
+
=
Nosegear: kg R W R
M N
107 5 . 246 2 600 2 = = =
DistancenosegearC.G.: mm G C l a
N
986 456 530 . . = + = + =
DistancemaingearC.G.: mm G C l b
M
214 456 670 . . = = =
10.2 LevelLandingConditions
Tail-downLandingConditions
CS-VLA479/481
TherequirementsofCS-VLA479(levellandingconditions)and481(tail-downlandingconditions)can
beconfirmedbydroptestsaccordingtoCS-VLA725ff.Therequiredairplaneweightanddropheight
arecalculatedinthefollowingsubchapter10.6.
Otherrequirements(CS-VLA485and493)havetobeconfirmedbyaloadtest(oranequivalent
stressanalysis).
CS-VLAAppendixC
AtablewithreactionsontheundercarriageforalllandingconditionscanbefoundinCS-VLAAppen-
dixC.Thefollowingcalculationsarebasedonthistable.
VerticalcomponentatC.G.: kg W n R
V
280 ' 2 600 8 . 3 = = =
ForeandaftcomponentatC.G.: kg W n R
H
570 600 8 . 3 25 . 0 25 . 0 = = =
Thestrengthofthemaingearwasprovenbydropandloadtests(refertorequirementsofsubchapter
10.6).Subsequentlyonlythereactionsonthenosewheelarecalculatedforthelevellandingwithin-
clinedreactions:
(1)Levellandingwithinclinedreactions(nosegearonly,forwardC.G.
4
)
Geometryforinclinedreactions:
Inclination: = =

14 ) 25 . 0 ( tan
1

Variables: ) 25 . 0 ( ) 14 cos( ' h b b + =
h=420mm
' ) ( ) 14 cos( ' b b a a + =
d=a+b
ForwardC.G.: b=457/a=707/d=1164mm
Verticalloadatnosewheel
5
: kg
d
b
W L n V
R
681
1164
457
600 )
3
2
56 . 3 (
'
'
) ( = = =
Dragloadatnosewheel: kg
d
b
W n D
R
52
'
'
25 . 0 = =
4
FordwardC.G.iscriticalfornosegear.
10.3 SideLoadConditions
CS-VLA485
Verticalloadateachmaingearleg: kg kg m F
vertical
600 / 400 33 . 1
2
1
= = (limit/ultimateload)
Sideloadmaingear(outward.): kg kg m F
outside
300 / 200 33 . 0 = =
Sideloadmaingear(inward): kg kg g m F
inside
450 / 300 5 . 0 = =
10.4 BrakedRollConditions
CS-VLA493
Verticalloadateachmaingearleg: kg kg m F
vertical
600 / 400 33 . 1
2
1
= = (limit/ultimateload)
Lateralrearwardbrakingforce
ateachmaingearleg: kg kg F F
vertical breaking
480 / 320 8 . 0 = =
10.5 SupplementaryConditionsforNoseWheel
CS-VLA499
CriticalstaticloadisatforwardC.G.: kg R
N
183 = (seesubchapter10.1)
Verticalloadatnosegear: kg kg R F
N vertical
618 / 412 183 25 . 2 25 . 2 = = =
Foraftloads(dragloads)
Rearwarddragloadatnosegear: kg kg R F
N aft
494 / 330 412 8 . 0 8 . 0 = = = (limit/ultimate)
Forforwardloads
Forwarddragloadatnosegear: kg kg R F
N fwd
247 / 165 412 4 . 0 4 . 0 = = =
Forsideloads
Sideloadatnosegear: kg kg R F
N side
433 / 288 412 7 . 0 7 . 0 = = =
5
FordwardC.G.iscriticalfornosegear.
10.6 LimitDropTests
CS-VLA473(d)
Energyabsorptiontestscanbeperformedtodeterminethelimitloadfactorcorrespondingtothere-
quiredlimitdescentvelocities(accordingtoCS-VLA725).
CS-VLA725(a)
Minimumdropheight: cm
m
kg
S
g m
h
drop
9 . 28
3 . 12
806 . 9 600
0132 . 0 0132 . 0
2
=
=
DeformationofwheelatT/D: cm d d d
Tire Gear
20 + =
Ratioofwinglifttoaircraftweight: 667 . 0
/
= =
m
L
L
D T
CS-VLA725(b)
Effectivedropweight:
(
(
+
+
=
d h
d L h
m m
drop
drop
eff
) 1 (
Effectivedropweight: kg m
eff
436
20 9 . 28
20 ) 667 . 0 1 ( 9 . 28
600 =
(
+
+
=
10.7 GroundLoadDynamicTest
CS-VLA726
Onedroptesthastobeperformedwithsameeffectivedropweight,butincreaseddropheight:
Ultimatedropheight: cm h h
drop ult drop
0 . 65 25 . 2
,
= =
10.8 ReserveEnergyAbsorption
CS-VLA727
Reserveenergydropheight: cm cm h h
reserve drop
6 . 41 9 . 28 44 . 1 44 . 1
,
= = =
Reserveenergydropweight: kg
d h
h
m m
drop
drop
reserve eff
355
,
=
(
(
+
=
Itisclearthatthegroundloaddynamictestalsocoversthereserveenergyrequirement.

11 Revisions
30.3.2010 Version1.0
22.4.2010 Version1.1 Severalminorcorrections
12 References
CertificationSpecificationsforVeryLightAirplanes(CS-VLA),EuropeanAviationSafetyAgency(EA-
SA),Amendment1,5March2009.
Acatalogofairfoilsforgeneralaviationuse,HarryCRiblett,1996.
DesignofLightAircaft,RichardPHiscocks,1996.
ZodiacCH601XLSAStressAnalysisandtests,ChrisHeintz,Nov.2005.
ASimpleApproximationMethodforObtainingtheSpanwiseLiftDistribution,NACATM948,Schrenk,
1940.
AerodynamikdesFlugzeuges,Teil1+2,HSchlichting+ETruckenbrodt,1967.

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