Long-Term Causes: Western Imperialism in China; Criticism of Confucian heritage/Wider New Culture Movement; Clash with Modernity; Failure

of the Republic; Anger at Warlords; Western dismissiveness of China; Japan's 21 Demands; Trigger Point(s): Treaty of Versailles negotiations go against China; Specifically, China's territories are not returned and instead given to Japan; May 4th Demonstrations;Strikes; Demonstrations; Violence used by the mob eg: government ministers attacked;China does not sign treaty of Versailles (or make peace with Germany for 4 years) Key Features: Development of literary culture; Outside look for alternative models for China (from Ghandi to Thomas Edison); Willingness to experiment; Anger at Western Imperialism; Unstable pluralism/parallel with Weimar period in Germany as pluralism allows development of groups dedicated to stamping out pluralism Long-Term Consequences: Disenchantment with the West; Emergence of Communist and Nationalist parties;Encouragement of radical and revolutionary ideas; Precedent of mob violence for political ends established; Is May the 4th a forerunner of the Cultural Revolution? In what ways is it similar? In what ways is it different?