Tue Apr 24 21:14:12 EDT 2007 CSA Database: ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts Query: marine

shrimp Record 1 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Males also have their time of the month! Cyclic disposal of old spermatophores, timed by the molt cycle, in a marine shrimp AU: Author Parnes, Shmuel; Raviv, Shaul; Shechter, Asaf; Sagi, Amir SO: Source Journal of Experimental Biology [J. Exp. Biol.]. Vol. 209, no. 24, pp. 4974-4983. Dec 2006. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Males; Marine crustaceans; Reproductive cycle; Spawning; Sperm; Spermatophores; Article Taxonomic Terms: Litopenaeus vannamei AB: Abstract That sexually mature females go through hormonally regulated reproductive cycles is a well-established phenomenon in sexually reproducing organisms. Males, on the other hand, are commonly regarded as being continuously ready to mate. `Programmed sperm degradation' on a periodic basis or an innate sperm `expiry date' have never been shown. This manuscript describes a newly discovered molt-dependent mechanism by which old sperm is periodically removed from the reproductive system of male Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp. Firstly, it is shown that the spermatophores of males held in captivity become progressively melanized, a process that eventually renders them impotent. Then, by using melanin specks as a color marker, it is demonstrated that this phenomenon can be delayed and even reversed as long as the males remain sexually active. Lastly and most importantly, it is shown that male shrimp go through reproductive cycles that are strictly associated with their molt cycles, which, in turn, are hormonally regulated. Intact intermolt spermatophores disappeared about 12 h premolt, and a new pair of spermatophores appeared in the ampoules the day after the males had molted. This phenomenon was observed in an almost constant portion of males, both those in an all-male population and those in mixed male/female populations, even during the times that the females of those populations were not vitellogenically active. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of males of any animal species exhibiting endogenous reproductive cycles, as do females, and of the finding that spermatozoa have a predetermined expiry date, a feature that may possibly contribute to male fitness. Record 2 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Morphological and biochemical changes in the muscle of the marine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei during the molt cycle AU: Author de Oliveira Cesar, JR; Zhao, B; Malecha, S; Ako, H; Yang, J SO: Source Aquaculture [Aquaculture]. Vol. 261, no. 2, pp. 688-694. 24 Nov 2006.

DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Actin; Animal appendages; Biochemical composition; DNA; Marine aquaculture; Marine crustaceans; Muscles; Nucleic acids; Shrimp culture; Article Taxonomic Terms: Litopenaeus vannamei; Penaeidae AB: Abstract Morphological changes and biochemical composition of abdominal muscles over the molt cycle were investigated in juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei. Eight molt stages were characterized and clear uropod images are presented. Molt frequency was highly correlated with the age of the shrimp. Juvenile shrimps appeared to molt faster at one month of age (4.6+/-0.5 days/cycle), slow to 11.8+/-1.7 days/cycle at three months of age, and reach a long molt cycle at six months (17.2+/-2.7 days/cycle). Myofiber cross-sectional images revealed specific morphological changes in abdominal muscle associated with each molt stage. Expanded fiber size was observed during intermolt stages. Water content and total soluble proteins were balanced throughout the molt cycle. Total DNA concentration increased in intermolt and premolt, while total RNA concentration remained stable except in late-premolt stages. SDS-PAGE analysis showed high levels of actin and myosin in postmolt, reaching a plateau in intermolt and declining in premolt. These results suggest the occurrence of muscle fiber rearrangement in both the premolt and postmolt stages. Abdominal muscle buildup occurs mostly during the intermolt stage. Record 3 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title AFLP-based genetic linkage map of marine shrimp Penaeus (Fenneropenaeus) chinensis AU: Author Li, Z; Li, J; Wang, Q; He, Y; Liu, P SO: Source Aquaculture [Aquaculture]. Vol. 261, no. 2, pp. 463-472. 24 Nov 2006. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Amplified fragment length polymorphism; Body size; Gene mapping; Genomes; Growth; Marine aquaculture; Marine crustaceans; New varieties; Quantitative trait loci; Shrimp culture; Article Taxonomic Terms: Fenneropenaeus chinensis; Penaeidae; Penaeus; Article Geographic Terms: INW, Huanghai Sea AB: Abstract This paper presents the genetic linkage map of the Chinese shrimp Penaeus (Fenneropenaeus) chinensis constructed with 472 AFLP markers. A hundred F sub(1) progeny from an intercross between a female from the new variety ''Yellow Sea No. 1'' and wild caught male used for the mapping study. Two separate maps were constructed for each parent. The female linkage map consisted of 197 marker loci forming 35 linkage groups and spanned a total length of 2191.1 cM, with an average marker space of 13.5 cM. The male map consisted of 194 marker loci mapped to 36 linkage groups and spanned a total length of 1737.3 cM, with an average marker spacing of 11.0 cM. The level of segregation distortion observed in this study was 12.2%. The estimated genome length of P. chinensis was 3150.3 cM for the female and 2549.3 cM for the male, respectively. The observed genome coverage was 69.6% for the female and 68.1% for the male map. The linkage maps constructed in this study provide basic information for further linkage studies on Chinese shrimp, and more importantly, the construction of the maps are part of the work of the genetic breeding programs which will be used for

growth discovered in the QTL analysis of P. chinensis. Record 4 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Experimental transmission and tissue tropism of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in two species of lobsters, Panulirus homarus and Panulirus ornatus AU: Author Syed Musthaq, S; Sudhakaran, R; Balasubramanian, G; Sahul Hameed, AS SO: Source Journal of Invertebrate Pathology [J. Invertebr. Pathol.]. Vol. 93, no. 2, pp. 75-80. Oct 2006. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Appendages; DNA; Eyestalks; Gills; Head; Hemolymph; Marine crustaceans; Mortality; Mortality causes; Muscles; Nucleotide sequence; Pathology; Polymerase chain reaction; Stomach; Stomach content; Symptoms; Tails; Tropism; Western blotting; Article Taxonomic Terms: Homarus americanus; Panulirus homarus; Panulirus ornatus; White spot syndrome virus AB: Abstract The susceptibility of two species of lobsters, Panulirus homarus and Panulirus ornatus to white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) was tested by oral route and intramuscular injection. The results revealed that these lobsters were as highly susceptible as marine shrimp when the WSSV was administered intramuscularly. The WSSV caused 100% mortality in both Panulirus homarus and Panulirus ornatus, at 168 and 120h, respectively, after intramuscular injection and failed to cause mortality when given orally. The presence of WSSV in moribund lobsters was confirmed by single-step and nested PCR, Western blot, histology, and bioassay test. It was found in eyestalk, gill, head muscle, tail muscle, hemolymph, appendages, and stomach. In lobsters with oral route infection, all tested organs except stomach and head muscle was negative for WSSV by nested PCR at 120h post-inoculation. The stomach and head muscle was positive by nested PCR at 120h p.i., but negative at 168h p.i. Western blot analysis was negative in all the tested organs of both species of lobster at 120h post-inoculation by oral route. Record 5 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Testing Three Models On The Adaptive Significance Of Protandric Simultaneous Hermaphroditism In A Marine Shrimp AU: Author Baeza, JA SO: Source Evolution [Evolution]. Vol. 60, no. 9, pp. 1840-1850. Sep 2006. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Bioenergetics; Body size; Breeding success; Evolution; Growth rate; Hermaphroditism; Marine crustaceans; Mortality factors; Ontogeny; Protandry; Reproduction; Reproductive behavior; Reproductive behaviour; Sex reversal; Spawning; Article Taxonomic Terms: Lysmata; Lysmata wurdemanni AB: Abstract Protandric simultaneous hermaphroditism, as reported for shrimps in

the genus Lysmata, is a sexual system in which individuals invariably reproduce as males first and later in life as simultaneous hermaphrodites. I tested three models (i.e., sex-dependent energetic costs, sex-dependent mortality rates and sex-dependent time commitments) in an attempt to explain the adaptive value of protandric simultaneous hermaphroditism in the shrimp L. wurdemanni. Specific assumptions and predictions of each model were evaluated using manipulative experiments. In the laboratory, males grew faster than simultaneous hermaphrodites of the same size and age, an indication that the female function incurs higher energetic costs of reproduction than the male function. Also, large SHPs were more successful in monopolizing food than small males. The sex-dependent growth rate and size-dependent resource holding power agree with predictions of the sex-dependent energetic cost model. The time that simultaneous hermaphrodites required for replenishing their sperm reservoirs after mating as males was much shorter (2 days) than the time required to brood one clutch of embryos (11 days). Also, small simultaneous hermaphrodites experienced heavier mortality due to predatory fishes than large ones. The sex-dependent reproductive time commitment and size-dependent mortality agree with predictions of the sex-dependent time commitment model. Conversely, I found no evidence that the sex-dependent mortality model explains protandric simultaneous hermaphroditism in the studied species. In contrast to model predictions, mortality due to predatory fishes suffered by simultaneous hermaphrodites was not greater than that suffered by males of the same body size. In L. wurdemanni, the relationship between sex-specific investment and reproductive success seems to change during ontogeny in a way that is consistent with an adaptive adjustment of sex allocation to improve age-specific reproductive success. Record 6 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Growth, survival and histological responses of the marine shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, to three dosage levels of oxytetracycline AU: Author Bray, WA; Williams, RR; Lightner, DV; Lawrence, AL SO: Source Aquaculture [Aquaculture]. Vol. 258, no. 1-4, pp. 97-108. 31 Aug 2006. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Marine crustaceans; Toxicity; Marine aquaculture; Exoskeleton; Drugs; Shrimp culture; Histology; Growth rate; Feed composition; Article Taxonomic Terms: Litopenaeus vannamei; Article Geographic Terms: USA AB: Abstract Toxicity of oxytetracycline (OTC) in prepared feed for penaeid shrimp was evaluated in a 42-day trial with Litopenaeus vannamei (initial mean weight, 10.3 g+/-0.504 S.D.). Four treatments consisted of: (1) 0.0 g/kg OTC (control feed), (2) 4.5 g/kg OTC (1x treatment, maximum recommended dose), (3) 13.5 g/kg OTC (3x treatment) and (4) 22.5 g/kg OTC (5x treatment). Each treatment consisted of 11 replicate tanks, with 8 shrimp per replicate. The test period was three times the recommended OTC label dosing period (14 days). This target animal safety study was conducted under GLP (Good Laboratory Practices) conditions, as part of submissions to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine for approval of

therapeutic use of OTC in penaeid shrimp feeds. Growth rate (weight gain) was found to be OTC-dose-related. There was no significant difference in mean weight gain between control and 1x OTC treatments (9.1 g and 9.2 g, respectively), but growth was strongly depressed in the 3x and 5x treatments (1.50 g and 4.02 g, respectively). There did not appear to be a dose response in mean percent survival of test shrimp (range: 93.2% to 98.9%). Abnormal soft exoskeletons (=shell, cuticle) were observed in 66.7% to 90.9% of shrimp in the 3x and 5x treatments after 42 days, compared with 0.0% and 9.1% in control and 1x treatments, respectively (from sample N=3 per tank=N=33 per treatment, 37.5% of individuals stocked). The high numbers of soft exoskeletons observed could be related to a deficiency of calcium/magnesium, principal shell components, due to divalent cation-chelating properties of OTC. Some dose-related histological changes were apparent in the hepatopancreas (HP) of experimental shrimp sampled after 42 days of OTC feeds. Only slight changes were apparent in the histological presentation of the HPs of the shrimp from the 0x (untreated control) and the 1x treatment levels. In contrast, shrimp sampled from the 3x and 5x OTC treatment levels showed generally reduced levels of lipid droplet storage in the HP, and some necrosis and sloughing of the HP tubule epithelium. The virtually complete absence of HP lipids and the presence of moderate atrophy of the proximal portion of the HP tubules, indicated by markedly reduced tubule epithelial cell height, were the principal characteristics of the HP of shrimp sampled from the 5x OTC group. Mitotic activity in E-cells, a measure of the regenerative capability of the HP, was constant across all experimental groups regardless of the OTC level in the experimental feed. Mean OTC consumed per shrimp in the 1x treatment was estimated to be 0.09813 g over 42 days, compared with 0.16850 g and 0.29687 g in the 3x and 5x treatments, respectively. Feeds containing OTC at higher levels (3x and 5x) were consumed at much lower rates than control and 1x treatments, indicating lower palatability and/or toxicity of extreme dosage levels. The 3x and 5x treatments consumed approximately 46% less feed than the control and 1x treatments. Record 7 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title The effects of selective breeding on the genetic structure of shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis populations AU: Author Li, Z; Li, J; Wang, Q; He, Y; Liu, P SO: Source Aquaculture [Aquaculture]. Vol. 258, no. 1-4, pp. 278-282. 31 Aug 2006. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Amplified fragment length polymorphism; Biopolymorphism; Breeding; Differentiation; Genetic diversity; Genetic structure; Growth; Heterozygosity; Marine aquaculture; Marine crustaceans; Population genetics; Selective breeding; Shrimp culture; Article Taxonomic Terms: Fenneropenaeus chinensis; Penaeidae AB: Abstract Seven AFLP primer sets were used to investigate the genetic structure of a wild base population and three generations of marine shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis selected for fast growth (F5-F7). More than 500 bands were generated in total. On average, each primer set detected 33.7 polymorphic markers. The expected average heterozygosity

ranged from 0.085 to 0.097. As time under selection increased, genetic diversity tended to reduce, the differentiation between generations became less, and the variation of genetic structure of the populations became smaller. Record 8 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Daily activity pattern of the marine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone 1931) juveniles under laboratory conditions AU: Author Pontes, Cibele Soares; Arruda, Maria de Fatima; Augusto de Lara Menezes, Alexandre; Pereira de Lima, Patricia SO: Source Aquaculture Research [Aquacult. Res.]. Vol. 37, no. 10, pp. 1001-1006. Jul 2006. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Activity patterns; Diurnal variations; Feed; Juveniles; Marine crustaceans; Shrimp culture; Temporal variations; Article Taxonomic Terms: Litopenaeus vannamei; Penaeidae AB: Abstract Lack of information on the daily activity patterns of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone 1931) might result in inadequate feed management strategies in shrimp farms. In order to provide information to improve feed management in shrimp farms, the daily activity of juvenile shrimp reared in glass aquaria was studied, using L. vannamei (7.57 plus or minus 1.01 g), equivalent to 33 shrimp m super(-2). Thirty-two shrimp were observed, half in light and half in dark phase, over 280 h in 15 min h super(-1) windows. Feed was provided once a day, at 10% of tank biomass. Swimming, exploration of substrate, inactivity and cleaning were recorded through instantaneous focal sampling. During the dark phase, swimming was predominant and alternated with exploration. In the light phase, inactivity was predominant, and again alternated with exploration. Cleaning occurred evenly in both the light and the dark. Substrate exploration, which characterizes the search for food, occurred in both dark and light phases, with a most intense peak 7 h after light phase onset, indicating this as the optimal feed offer. Record 9 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Experimental transmission of Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV) and extra small virus (XSV) in three species of marine shrimp (Penaeus indicus, Penaeus japonicus and Penaeus monodon) AU: Author Sudhakaran, R; Syed Musthaq, S; Haribabu, P; Mukherjee, SC; Gopal, C; Sahul Hameed, AS SO: Source Aquaculture [Aquaculture]. Vol. 257, no. 1-4, pp. 136-141. 30 Jun 2006. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Marine crustaceans; Shrimp culture; Viruses; Disease detection; Disease transmission; Mortality causes; Polymerase chain reaction; Intestines; Gills; Viral diseases; Prawn culture; Meat; Mortality; Freshwater environments; Muscles; Hemolymph; Virulence; Stomach; Intestine; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeidae;

Fenneropenaeus indicus; Macrobrachium rosenbergii; Nodavirus; Marsupenaeus japonicus; Penaeus monodon; Extra small virus AB: Abstract The susceptibility of three species of marine shrimp (Penaeus indicus, Penaeus japonicus and Penaeus monodon) to Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV) and extra small virus (XSV) was tested by oral route and intramuscular injection. The results revealed that these marine shrimp were not susceptible to these viruses which failed to produce mortality in shrimp. RT-PCR analysis revealed the presence of MrNV and XSV in different organs such as gill, abdominal muscle, stomach, intestine and hemolymph of three species of shrimp injected with viruses. These viruses were also found in different tissues of shrimp fed with WTD-infected prawn meat, but not in control groups fed with uninfected meat. The reinoculation studies using the inoculum of MrNV and XSV prepared from marine shrimp caused 100% mortality in the post-larvae of freshwater prawn and the moribund post-larvae showed positive for these viruses by RT-PCR. The results of present study indicate the possibility of marine shrimp acting as reservoir for MrNV and XSV and maintaining their virulence in tissue system of marine shrimp. Record 10 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Engineering analysis of the stoichiometry of photoautotrophic, autotrophic, and heterotrophic removal of ammonia-nitrogen in aquaculture systems AU: Author Ebeling, JM; Timmons, MB; Bisogni, JJ SO: Source Aquaculture [Aquaculture]. Vol. 257, no. 1-4, pp. 346-358. 30 Jun 2006. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Ammonia; Aquaculture systems; Biogeochemistry; Bioreactors; Carbonate sediments; Culture media; Intensive culture; Nitrogen; Oxidation; Pond culture; Recirculating systems; Water quality control; Article Taxonomic Terms: Algae; Bacteria; Penaeidae AB: Abstract In intensive aquaculture systems, ammonia-nitrogen buildup from the metabolism of feed is usually the second limiting factor to increase production levels after dissolved oxygen. The three nitrogen conversion pathways traditionally used for the removal of ammonia-nitrogen in aquaculture systems are photoautotrophic removal by algae, autotrophic bacterial conversion of ammonia-nitrogen to nitrate-nitrogen, and heterotrophic bacterial conversion of ammonia-nitrogen directly to microbial biomass. Traditionally, pond aquaculture has used photoautotrophic algae based systems to control inorganic nitrogen buildup. Currently, the primary strategy in intensive recirculating production systems for controlling ammonia-nitrogen is using large fixed-cell bioreactors. This option utilizes chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria, Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria (AOB) and Nitrite Oxidizing Bacteria (NOB), for the nitrification of ammonia-nitrogen to nitrite-nitrogen and finally to nitrate-nitrogen. In the past several years, zero-exchange management systems have been developed that are based on heterotrophic bacteria and have been promoted for the intensive production of marine shrimp. In this third pathway, heterotrophic bacterial growth is stimulated through the addition of organic carbonaceous substrate. At high carbon

to nitrogen (C/N) feed ratios, heterotrophic bacteria will assimilate ammonia-nitrogen directly into cellular protein. This paper reviews these three ammonia removal pathways, develops a set of stoichiometric balanced relationships using half-reaction relationships, and discusses their impact on water quality. In addition, microbial growth fundamentals are used to characterize production of volatile and total suspended solids for autotrophic and heterotrophic systems. Record 11 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Reproductive technologies for genetic improvement and marine shrimp production in controlled environments AU: Author Alok, D; Abeydeera, L; Van Der Steen, H SO: Source World Aquaculture [World Aquacult.]. Vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 50-59. Jun 2006. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Marine crustaceans; Aquaculture economics; Aquaculture development; Biotechnology; Seafood; Population genetics; Shrimp culture; Reproduction; Shrimp fisheries; Economics; Animal physiology; aquaculture techniques; Consumers; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeidae AB: Abstract The United States imported US$10.9 billion in 2003. Forty percent of the imported seafood, worth $4 billion, was comprised of marine shrimp. Globally, shrimp producers compete to provide a high value product at low cost. Shrimp breeding companies are competing to provide high value shrimp to farmers to meet requirements of not only the shrimp producers but also retailers and consumers. Genetic selection using modern molecular and quantitative tools has enormous potential but there is a lack of associated biotechnologies required for their optimal application in shrimp genetic improvement programs and commercial production of postlarvae (PL). Biotechnological application is a relatively new area in the shrimp industry especially with a respect to shrimp production in controlled environments. Record 12 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title An evaluation of nursery techniques and feed management during culture of marine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei AU: Author Zelaya, Oscar SO: Source Dissertation Abstracts International Part B: Science and Engineering [Diss. Abst. Int. Pt. B - Sci. & Eng.]. Vol. 66, no. 12, p. 6349. Jun 2006. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Indexing in process AB: Abstract These studies were conducted to evaluate various management practices for shrimp nurseries and possible effects on growout following nursing. Objectives of the nursery studies were to evaluate the influence of: (1) nursery stocking rates; (2) nursery duration and (3)

the use of dried feed, algae and newly hatched artemia; on survival, growth and feed conversion during the nursery phase and on survival, individual shrimp size and total production during the following grow out phase. The evaluation of feed management strategies was conducted with the objective of incorporating general aquaculture considerations into a management and feeding program and evaluating the effects and economic implications of three feeding schedules: (1) Early aggressive feeding schedule with high feed inputs early in the cycle to maximize early growth of the shrimp but then to minimize feed inputs during the end of the production when water duality is most unstable, (2) Late aggressive feeding schedule which minimized early feed inputs when natural productivity is high and maximize feed inputs late in the cycle when natural productivity is more likely to be limiting, and (3) Intermediate feeding (IF) which is intermediate to EAF and LAF. The experiments were conducted at the Claude Peteet Mariculture Center, Gulf Shores, Alabama. The studies included nursery phases and a growout phases. Six fiberglass tanks (3.0 x 1.5 x 0.9 m) located inside a greenhouse and sixteen round plastic tanks of 1 m super(3), located under a plastic cover, were used for the nursery phase of the experiments. Twelve 0.1-ha plastic lined production ponds were used for the grow out phase. Findings of the studies suggest that nursery densities in the range of 25 to 65 PL/L have no influence on subsequent growth and survival during grow out. However at a higher density (65pl/L), improved feed and culture systems were required. Postlarvae in the best performing nursery treatments also had higher yields and better size distributions during the growout phase. When comparing a nursery period of 14 and 21 days, it was found that a longer nursery period enhanced larger juveniles and improved nursery biomass loading, however under grow out conditions nursed juveniles did not differ significantly in production criteria from direct stocked shrimp. When evaluating type and combination of diets, in terms of final average weight and biomass loading results suggest that there is a clear advantage in supplementing dried feeds with artemia for 3 days. The use of algal paste did not produce better results than algae that grew naturally in nursery tanks. (Abstract shortened by UMI.) Record 13 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Oxytetracycline residues in cultivated marine shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei Boone, 1931) (Crustacea, Decapoda) submitted to antibiotic treatment AU: Author Nogueira-Lima, AC; Gesteira, TCV; Mafezoli, J SO: Source Aquaculture [Aquaculture]. Vol. 254, no. 1-4, pp. 748-757. 28 Apr 2006. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Disease control; Marine crustaceans; Shrimp culture; Husbandry diseases; Ponds; Bacterial diseases; Aquatic drugs; Vibriosis; Antibiotics; Feed composition; Pathogens; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeidae; Litopenaeus vannamei; Decapoda; Vibrio; Article Geographic Terms: Brazil AB: Abstract Shrimp culture is a very important economic activity in the world and the fastest growing industry in Northeastern Brazil. Problems with diseases are common in aquaculture and at the least seven species of

Vibrio bacteria have been documented infecting shrimps during different culture stages. Oxytetracycline (OTC) has been widely used against these pathogens. In the present study the distribution and residue depletion of OTC in Litopenaeus vannamei tissue were evaluated after 14 days of exposure to medicated feed containing 4 g/kg. Two trials were conducted: in indoor tanks under laboratory-controlled conditions and in cages installed in an outdoor commercial shrimp grow-out pond. Medicated animals were sampled periodically during the treatment period and thereafter. The tissue levels of OTC were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Although conditions were similar for both treatments, OTC peak concentrations differed. After 7 and 12 days of exposure to OTC, the maximum tissue residue levels were 17.21 and 4.38 mu g/g for shrimp reared in the laboratory and in the pond, respectively. The mean OTC tissue residue concentration observed for both experimental environments is within the limits of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determined for vibriosis treatment. Drug residue levels dropped quickly during the first 72 h after treatment termination, then slowly and steadily until a residue level of 0.1 mu g/g, considered a safe limit by the European Community requirements, was attained at day 16 of OTC withdrawal. After 25 days of OTC withdrawal no drug residues could be detected. However, a longer withdrawal period is recommended to ensure complete drug depletion. Record 14 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Temporal analysis of VP28 gene of Indian white spot syndrome virus isolate (WSSV) in different crustacean hosts AU: Author Yoganandhan, K; Syed Musthaq, S; Sudhakaran, R; Balasubramanian, G; Sahul Hameed, AS SO: Source Aquaculture [Aquaculture]. Vol. 253, no. 1-4, pp. 71-81. 31 Mar 2006. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Mortality; Proteins; Viral diseases; Hosts; Symptoms; Marine crustaceans; Freshwater crustaceans; Polymerase chain reaction; Shrimp culture; Prawn culture; Viruses; DNA; Nucleotide sequence; Genes; Haemolymph; Gills; Temporal variations; Habitat; Freshwater environments; Transcription; white spot syndrome; Hemolymph; Deoxyribonuclease; Article Taxonomic Terms: White spot syndrome virus; Decapoda; Penaeus indicus; Macrobrachium rosenbergii; Penaeidae; Paratelphusa hydrodromous; Metapenaeus monoceros; Fenneropenaeus indicus; Article Geographic Terms: India AB: Abstract Temporal analysis of VP28 gene of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) was carried out using RT-PCR and Western blot in different hosts (marine shrimp, Penaeus indicus and Metapenaeus monoceros, freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii and freshwater crab, Paratelphusa hydrodromous) with different habitats and response to WSSV for comparison. The VP28 gene from Indian WSSV isolate was sequenced and the sequence was deposited in GenBank (accession no. AY422228). RT-PCR analysis was used to detect the VP28-specific transcript in DNase treated total RNA from hemolymph and gill tissue from WSSV-infected P. indicus, M. monoceros, M. rosenbergii and P. hydrodomous before infection (0 h) and at different time intervals of post-infection. In P. indicus and M. monoceros, the WSSV caused 100% mortality at 72 h p.i. and transcript was detected at 12 h p.i. whereas in freshwater

crab the transcript was detected at 2 days p.i. with 100% mortality at 84 h p.i. The expression of this protein was also detected first in P. indicus and M. monoceros at 24 h p.i., and in P. hydrodomous at 72 h p.i. These observations correlate with the results of mortality data. Record 15 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title A needless diversification: A perspective on the unregulated introduction and culture of the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, in India AU: Author Raghavan, RP; Prasad, G SO: Source World Aquaculture [World Aquacult.]. Vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 8-12. Mar 2006. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Marine crustaceans; Aquaculture enterprises; Husbandry diseases; Pathogens; Symptoms; Bacterial diseases; Growth rate; Aquaculture regulations; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeidae; Litopenaeus vannamei; Penaeus monodon; White spot syndrome virus; Article Geographic Terms: ISW, India, Andhra Pradesh; ISW, India, Kerala AB: Abstract The giant tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon (Fabricius) popularly called the black tiger in the international markets, has been, and continues to be, the leading cultured species in India. Superior growth rate and a high market demand have made it a good candidate among the available marine shrimp species in India for commercial aquaculture. However, of late, the species has been observed to be vulnerable to several viral and bacterial pathogens that have resulted in the recurrence of diseases, such as vibriosis and White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) in many regions of India from Andhra Pradesh on the east coast to Kerala on the southwest coast, thereby devastating the shrimp culture industry in India and inflicting losses amounting to approximately US$21 million. It has been estimated that in 1994 alone, the losses due to disease outbreaks in the country totaled over US$17.6million (Subasinghe et al. 1995). It is in this context that industry sources are actively promoting the introduction of a non-native species, the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, as an alternative to P. monodon for commercial aquaculture operations in the country (Rajeev and Prasad 2003). Record 16 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Displacement pattern of marine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Crustacea, Decapoda, Penaeidae) in light and dark phases during a 24-hour period AU: Author Pontes, CS SO: Source Revista Brasileira de Zoologia [Rev. Bras. Zool.]. Vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 223-227. Mar 2006. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Marine crustaceans; Photoperiods; Diurnal variations; Behaviour; Biological rhythms; Swimming; Shrimp culture;

Article Taxonomic Terms: Litopenaeus vannamei AB: Abstract Litopenaeus vannamei daily behavior pattern is still poorly understood. With the aim of optimizing the management of shrimp farms through the study of this animal behavior, experiments were performed with juvenile (7.57 plus or minus 1.01), which were marked and kept in aquariums (30 l). To record activity, the aquariums were submitted to an artificial photoperiod (light and dark phases, 12h:l2 h), with 16 shrimp (33 m super(2)) monitored in each phase for 20 days, for 15-minute periods every hour. Food was provided at random times and a record kept of horizontal and vertical displacement (continuous focal), swimming and exploration behavior (instantaneous focal). The horizontal and vertical displacements of the shrimp were greater during the dark phase, with a predominance of the swimming behavior. Exploration of the substrate occurred in both phases, with a peak between five and seven hours after the lights were turned on. Record 17 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Displacement pattern of marine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) (Crustacea, Decapoda, Penaeidae) in light and dark phases during a 24-hour period AU: Author Pontes, Cibele S SO: Source Revista Brasileira de Zoologia [Rev. Bras. Zool.]. Vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 223-227. Mar 2006. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Biological rhythms; Diurnal variations; Food availability; Marine crustaceans; Photoperiods; Shrimp culture; Vertical distribution; Article Taxonomic Terms: Litopenaeus vannamei AB: Abstract Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) daily behavior pattern is still poorly understood. With the aim of optimizing the management of shrimp farms through the study of this animal behavior, experiments were performed with juvenile (7.57 +/- 1.01), which were marked and kept in aquariums (30 l). To record activity, the aquariums were submitted to an artificial photoperiod (light and dark phases, 12h:12 h), with 16 shrimp (33 m super(2)) monitored in each phase for 20 days, for 15-minute periods every hour. Food was provided at random times and a record kept of horizontal and vertical displacement (continuous focal), swimming and exploration behavior (instantaneous focal). The horizontal and vertical displacements of the shrimp were greater during the dark phase, with a predominance of the swimming behavior. Exploration of the substrate occurred in both phases, with a peak between five and seven hours after the lights were turned on. Record 18 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Characterization of pH, organic carbon and redox potential in pond soils of semi-intensive culture of marine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei AU: Author Vinatea, L; Malpartida, J; Andreatta, ER SO: Source

Boletim do Instituto de Pesca Sao Paulo [Bol. Inst. Pesca Sao Paulo]. Vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 25-30. 2006. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Acids; Cultures; Hydrogen Ion Concentration; Marine aquaculture; Marine crustaceans; Organic Carbon; Organic carbon; Pond culture; Productivity; Redox potential; Shrimp; Shrimp culture; pH; Article Taxonomic Terms: Litopenaeus vannamei; Penaeidae AB: Abstract Pond soils of semi-intensive culture of marine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei were studied in relation to pH, organic carbon (%) and redox potential (mV), and the mathematical relationship between them was also investigated. The mean values of the characteristics were as follows - pH: 6.73 plus or minus 0.49 (6.0 to 7.8; n=255), organic carbon: 1.51 plus or minus 0.53% (0.45 to 2.85%; n=255), and redox potential: -283.51 plus or minus 64.4 mV (-29 to -523 mV; n=1,215). It was verified that pH is directly proportional to redox potential (R super(2) = 0.52; p < 0.01) and inversely proportional to the percentage of organic carbon (R super(2) = 0.30; p < 0.05). No significant relationship was found between percentage of organic carbon and redox potential in pond soil (p > 0.05). It was concluded that the studied pond soils are highly reduced and slightly acid, but with appropriate amount of organic carbon for productivity. Record 19 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Development of a specific pathogen-free (SPF) population of the Chinese fleshy prawn Fenneropenaeus chinensis AU: Author Pantoja, CR; Song, X; Xia, L; Gong, H; Wilkenfeld, J; Noble, B; Lightner, DV SO: Source Aquaculture [Aquaculture]. Vol. 250, no. 3-4, pp. 573-578. 30 Dec 2005. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Marine crustaceans; Disease control; Shrimp culture; Aquaculture techniques; International cooperation; Pathogens; Bacterial diseases; Viral diseases; Nucleotide sequence; Aquaculture regulations; DNA; Parasites; Disease detection; Seed (aquaculture); Seed production; Polymerase chain reaction; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeidae; Fenneropenaeus chinensis; Hepatopancreatic parvo-like virus of shrimps; White spot syndrome virus; Article Geographic Terms: INW, China, People's Rep., Shandong Prov., Qingdao; USA, Arizona, Tucson; ISE, USA, Hawaii AB: Abstract A total of 36 gravid female shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis, captured off the coast of Qingdao, Peoples Republic of China, from April 20 through April 24, 2001, were examined by PCR for the presence of WSSV and HPV, the two most prevalent viral diseases affecting this species of shrimp in this region of China. Eight spawns, derived from 8 different females, were selected from shrimp where no WSSV or HPV had been detected. Nauplii obtained from 7 individual spawns and unhatched eggs from one other shrimp were transported to the University of Arizona, in Tucson, Arizona, USA, for larval rearing and production of postlarvae under quarantine protocols. The resultant postlarvae were kept in Primary Quarantine for approximately 2 months, while additional tests were performed to determine their specific pathogen-free (SPF) status according to criteria set by the United

States Marine Shrimp Farming Program (USMSFP). By the time the shrimp had reached an average weight of approximately 0.4 g, no USMSFP specific listed pathogens had been detected in any of the 7 hatches and the shrimp were released into Secondary Quarantine at the Oceanic Institute in Kailua-Kona, Hawaii for production of a F1 generation. This F1 generation may be used as a SPF founder population for propagation and selection programs. Record 20 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Use of formulated diets as replacements for Artemia in the rearing of juvenile American lobsters (Homarus americanus) AU: Author Tlusty, MF; Fiore, DR; Goldstein, JS SO: Source Aquaculture [Aquaculture]. Vol. 250, no. 3-4, pp. 781-795. 30 Dec 2005. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Feeding experiments; Rearing; Fatty acids; Growth rate; Lobster culture; Survival; Developmental stages; Juveniles; Diets; Feed composition; Aquaculture economics; Costs; Yield; Larval development; Article Taxonomic Terms: Homarus americanus; Artemia AB: Abstract American lobsters, Homarus americanus, have been successfully reared in hatchery operations for over a century, yet formulated diets have never been commercially produced. In recent years, commercial Artemia replacement (CAR) diets have been developed and marketed for use in aquaculture production of marine shrimp. Three separate experiments assessed the utility of rearing American lobsters on these shrimp CAR diets. First, survival and growth of stage IV American lobsters fed one of three CAR diets (Artemac 5, CAR1; Economac 4, CAR2; and Progression 3, CAR3) were compared to those of animals fed frozen adult n-3 fatty acid enriched Artemia. Survival to 3 months was highest for animals fed CAR3 (85%), while animals fed Artemia had the greatest weight gain (>6 % day super(-) super(1)). A cost/benefit ratio analysis showed that CAR2 was the most cost efficient for juvenile production because of its low overall purchase cost. Second, stage IV lobsters were fed either CAR2 or frozen adult n-3 fatty acid enriched Artemia exclusively, or in combination (2:5, and 5:2). Again, CAR2 was a cost effective feed to use, even as a partial replacement for Artemia. Survival was higher in diets that included CAR2, and feeding it two days per week compensated for low quality Artemia. Finally, 1.5 year old lobsters fed a gelatin-bound mix of 80% CAR2 and 20% frozen Artemia for five months survived and grew equally well compared to lobsters fed gelatin-bound frozen adult Artemia, and better than a custom formulated maintenance diet. The benefits of incorporating formulated feeds into American lobster rearing programs to increase the effectiveness of enhancement programs is discussed. Record 21 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Artificial food access and digestive tract filling of juvenil marine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) (Crustacea, Decapoda, Penaeidae)

during light and dark phases in 24-hour period AU: Author Pontes, CS; de F. Arruda, M SO: Source Revista Brasileira de Zoologia [Rev. Bras. Zool.]. Vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 1039-1043. Dec 2005. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Indexing in process AB: Abstract The few data on the marine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei behavior related to feed offer in trays can result inadequate feeding by the animal, feed wastage and unnecessary nutrient input, increasing feed costs and potential environmental pollution of that culture. In order to provide tools for improved feed management methods in shrimp farms, a behavioral study was conducted, using 64 Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles (7,57 plus or minus 1,01g), one animal per 33 m super(2). They were submitted to artificial photoperiods, half of them in reversed cycle, in order to register behavior during light and dark phases. The following variables were registered (continuous sampling) after feed exposition: a) latency to access the feeding tray, b) latency to start eating and c) digestive tract filling. The animals accessed the feeding trays and started consumption faster in the light phase hours. The digestive tract filling was higher half hour following feed offer, specially in the hours during the light phase. Record 22 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Evidence of a growth factor in some crustacean-based feed ingredients in diets for the giant tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon AU: Author Williams, KC; Smith, DM; Barclay, MC; Tabrett, SJ; Riding, G SO: Source Aquaculture [Aquaculture]. Vol. 250, no. 1-2, pp. 377-390. 14 Nov 2005. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Feeding experiments; Zooplankton; Marine crustaceans; Diets; Feed composition; Marine aquaculture; Commercial species; Nutritional requirements; Krill products; Chromatographic techniques; Wastes; Nutrition; Growth; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeidae; Penaeus monodon; Euphausia; Marsupenaeus japonicus; Article Geographic Terms: Australia AB: Abstract The essentiality of marine invertebrate meals in diets for marine shrimp is unresolved. Three experiments were carried out with juvenile Penaeus monodon of 3-6 g initial weight to address this issue. In a 6-week growth experiment, shrimp head meal (SHM) or whole dried krill Euphausia spp. were included in a basal diet at 5% increments from 0 to 15% without altering the gross nutritional specification of the diet and fed to five tank replicates of shrimp. Shrimp daily growth coefficient (DGC) improved curvilinearly (P<0.05) from 0.95% per day for the basal to 1.66 and 1.68% per day for the 15% SHM and 15% krill diets respectively. The same SHM and krill meals were extracted with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and the recovered insoluble and soluble fractions compared with the original meals when incorporated into a basal diet at rates equivalent to 20% of the original (Experiment 2). Diets were fed to six tank replicates of shrimp for 2 weeks. DGCs of shrimp fed diets with krill and the krill PBS-insoluble

fraction were identical (1.34% per day) and better than the krill PBS-soluble fraction (1.10% per day), SHM (1.15% per day) and both PBS-insoluble and -soluble SHM fractions (1.14 and 1.19% per day); all of these diets were better than the basal diet (0.92% per day). In Experiment 3, fresh shrimp waste was freeze-dried (SW) and then sequentially fractionated using PBS, followed by 6 M urea with subsequent dialysis and affinity chromatography, to produce three soluble fractions (PBS-soluble and PBS/urea soluble dialysed material of >3.5 kDa or <3.5 kDa) and an insoluble PBS/urea fraction. These fractions, individually, and when combined together, and the intact SW, were incorporated into a basal diet at amounts equivalent to 20% of the original product and evaluated against a commercial Marsupenaeus japonicus shrimp feed when fed to six tank replicates of shrimp in a 2-week experiment. The M. japonicus feed gave the best DGC (2.57% per day), and better than the SW diet (1.19% per day) which, with the diet containing the insoluble fraction (1.05% per day), were the only diets significantly better than the basal diet (0.79% per day). It is concluded that these crustacean meals contained a growth factor, which was present predominantly in the insoluble protein constituent of the meal. Record 23 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Double-Stranded RNA Induces Sequence-Specific Antiviral Silencing in Addition to Nonspecific Immunity in a Marine Shrimp: Convergence of RNA Interference and Innate Immunity in the Invertebrate Antiviral Response? AU: Author Robalino, Javier; Bartlett, Thomas; Shepard, Eleanor; Prior, Sarah; Jaramillo, Guillermo; Scura, Edward; Chapman, Robert W; Gross, Paul S; Browdy, Craig L; Warr, Gregory W SO: Source Journal of Virology [J. Virol.]. Vol. 79, no. 21, pp. 13561-13571. 1 Nov 2005. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Byproducts; Convergence; Double-stranded RNA; Evolution; Gene silencing; Immunity; Infection; Invertebrate immunity; Marine crustaceans; Models; RNA; RNA-mediated interference; Viral diseases; Virology; siRNA; Article Taxonomic Terms: Invertebrata; Litopenaeus vannamei AB: Abstract Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is a common by-product of viral infections and a potent inducer of innate antiviral immune responses in vertebrates. In the marine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, innate antiviral immunity is also induced by dsRNA in a sequence-independent manner. In this study, the hypothesis that dsRNA can evoke not only innate antiviral immunity but also a sequence-specific antiviral response in shrimp was tested. It was found that viral sequence-specific dsRNA affords potent antiviral immunity in vivo, implying the involvement of RNA interference (RNAi)-like mechanisms in the antiviral response of the shrimp. Consistent with the activation of RNAi by virus-specific dsRNA, endogenous shrimp genes could be silenced in a systemic fashion by the administration of cognate long dsRNA. While innate antiviral immunity, sequence-dependent antiviral protection, and gene silencing could all be induced by injection of long dsRNA molecules, injection of short interfering RNAs failed to induce similar responses, suggesting a size requirement for

extracellular dsRNA to engage antiviral mechanisms and gene silencing. We propose a model of antiviral immunity in shrimp by which viral dsRNA engages not only innate immune pathways but also an RNAi-like mechanism to induce potent antiviral responses in vivo. Record 24 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Dietary magnesium requirement and physiological responses of marine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei reared in low salinity water AU: Author Cheng, K-M; HU, C-Q*; Liu, Y-N; Zheng, S-X; QI, X-J SO: Source Aquaculture Nutrition [Aquacult. Nutr.]. Vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 385-393. Oct 2005. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Feeding experiments; Nutritional requirements; Diets; Feed composition; Marine crustaceans; Salinity effects; Magnesium; Shrimp culture; Calcium; Animal nutrition; Regression analysis; Zinc; Potassium; Article Taxonomic Terms: Litopenaeus vannamei; Penaeidae AB: Abstract An 8-week feeding experiment was conducted to determine the dietary magnesium (Mg) requirement and physiological responses of Litopenaeus vannamei in low salinity water of 2 g L super(-1). Casein-gelatin-based diets supplemented with seven levels of Mg (0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 3.2, 6.4 and 8.0 g kg super(-1)) were fed to juvenile shrimp. Prior to the experiment, the postlarvae were gradually acclimated to the low salinity media and fed with a basal diet (0.5 g Mg kg super(-1)) for 2 weeks. After 8 weeks of feeding, survival ranged from 80.11% to 85.65% with no significant difference among the treatments. Hepatopancreas Mg super(2+)-ATPase and Na super(+)/K super(+)-ATPase activities and muscle content of lipid and protein were not significantly affected by graded levels of Mg. The weight gain and mineral (calcium, potassium, sodium and total phosphorus) content of different tissues were significantly affected by dietary Mg levels, while there were no significant differences in ash and zinc content in tissues. The Mg content in tissues except hepatopancreas was maintained relatively constant regardless of dietary treatments. The dietary Mg requirement for optimal growth was 2.60-3.46 g Mg kg super(-1) by using the polynomial regression analysis based on growth. Record 25 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Evaluation of sublethal biomarkers in Litopenaeus vannamei on foodborne exposure to methyl parathion AU: Author Comoglio, L; Amin, O; Roque, A; Betancourt-Lozano, M; Anguas, D; Haro, BM SO: Source Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety [Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.]. Vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 66-74. Sep 2005. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Solvents; Pesticides; Parathion; Bioindicators;

Physiology; Biochemistry; Marine organisms; Food contamination; Toxicology; Food; Methyl parathion; biomarkers; Acetylcholine receptors; Adenosinetriphosphatase; Acetylcholinesterase; Ca super(2+)/Mg super(2+)-exchanging ATPase; Feeding; Exposure; Foods; Evaluation; Sublethal Effects; Weight; Shrimp; Feeding Rates; Food availability; Toxicity tests; Marine crustaceans; Ecotoxicology; Feeding behaviour; Article Taxonomic Terms: Litopenaeus vannamei AB: Abstract Sublethal effects of foodborne exposure to methyl parathion (0.62 and 1.31 mu g methyl parathion*g super(-) super(1) dry weight of food) on juveniles of Litopenaeus vannamei using integrated biochemical (acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and ATPases) and physiological (feeding rate (FR), egestion rate (ER), and hepatosomatic index (HI)) biomarkers were evaluated. The HI was significantly higher in controls than in pesticide treatments. The FR was significantly lower in controls than in pesticide treatments while no significant differences were detected in the ER. AChE activity was significantly higher in controls than in pesticide treatments (control=0.11+/-0.02; solvent control=0.11+/-0.03; 0.62=0.07+ /-0.01; 1.31=0.08+/-0.02 mu M*min super(-) super(1)*mgprotein super(-) super(1)). The total-ATPase activity was significantly lower in controls than in pesticide treatments (control=77.90+/-12.41; solvent control=83.69+ /-22.05; 0.62=110.03+/-22.17; 1.31=121.54+/-19.84 mu M P sub(i)*h super(-) super(1)*mgprotein super(-) super(1)). The Mg super(2) super(+)-ATPase activity was significantly higher in treatments than in controls (control=65.14+ /-10.76; solvent control=75.12+/-21.10; 0.62=100.53+/-20.97; 1.31=108.94+/-17.26 mu M P sub(i)*h super(-) super(1)*mgprotein super(-) super(1)). Finally, the results obtained for the Na super(+)/K super(+)-ATPase activity were significantly higher in control and in 1.31 than in solvent control and in 0.62 (control=14.06+/-2.63; solvent control=7.30+/-4.13; 0.62=7.60+/-3.81; 1.31=13.42+/-2.88 mu M P sub(i)*h super(-) super(1)*mgprotein super(-) super(1)). The results in this study showed that pulse exposures to methyl parathion via food could elicit measurable effects on the marine shrimp L. vannamei, indicating that foodborne exposure can be a reliable toxicological procedure and, if combined with pulse exposures, could also simulate more realistic exposure scenarios. Record 26 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Behavior of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) (Crustacea, Decapoda, Penaeidae) in relation to artificial food offer along light and dark phases in a 24 h period. AU: Author Pontes, CS; de F. Arruda, M SO: Source Revista Brasileira de Zoologia [Rev. Bras. Zool.]. Vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 648-652. Sep 2005. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Feeding behavior; Light effects; Exploratory behavior; Swimming behavior; shrimp culture; Photoperiods; Marine crustaceans; Feeding behaviour; Feeding experiments; Article Taxonomic Terms: Litopenaeus vannamei; Article Geographic Terms: Brazil AB: Abstract The few data on the marine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei behavior related to artificial food offer in feeding trays may result an inadequate feeding by the animal, increasing the cost/benefit relation

in shrimp culture and its potential environmental impact. In order to provide tools for optimizing feeding management in shrimp farms, a behavioral study was developed, using 64 L. vannamei juveniles (7.57 plus or minus 1.01 g). They were submitted to artificial photoperiods, half of them in reversed cycle, in order to register their behavior during light and dark phases. In established intervals, the following activities were registered before and after food exposition: exploration, swimming, feeding and inactivity (instantaneous sampling). Swimming occurred mostly during the dark phase. Feeding time was higher in the half hour following food offer, especially during light phase. Food offering worked out in both phases as an inductor of substrate exploration, making the shrimp more active in all the intervals following its introduction. Record 27 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Urinary amino acid excretion by marine shrimp, Penaeus monodon, in response to orally administrated intact protein and crystalline amino acids AU: Author Liou, CH; Lin, SC; Cheng, JH SO: Source Aquaculture [Aquaculture]. Vol. 248, no. 1-4, pp. 35-40. 29 Jul 2005. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Marine crustaceans; Urine; Shrimp culture; Feeding experiments; Amino acids; Excretion; Excretory products; Nutritive value; Nutritional requirements; Molecular structure; Diets; Catabolism; Feed composition; Proteins; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeidae; Penaeus monodon AB: Abstract Oral protein administration was conducted to gain more insight into the ability of the shrimp (Penaeus monodon) to utilize different protein sources and estimate the urinary amino acid excretion. Both intact protein diet and a corresponding crystalline amino acid diet were administrated orally after the cannulated shrimp were fasted for 24 h. Urine was then collected from the shrimp for 24 h. Each treatment had five replicates. Free amino acid concentrations in urine of shrimp fed the crystalline amino acid diet were significantly higher than those of shrimp fed the intact protein diet. The total amino acids lost in urine was about 6% of the total oral crystalline amino acids in the diet. The individual amino acids lost in urine as a percentage of the crystalline amino acids in the diet were 13.6% for His, 17.6% for Phe, and about 8-10% for Ile, Leu, Lys and Val, respectively. In addition to the high concentration of free amino acids in the plasma which might induce catabolism of the absorbed dietary amino acids, the high percentage of amino acids lost in the urine could be another explanation of poor utilization of crystalline amino acids by shrimp. Record 28 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title White spot syndrome virus in frozen shrimp sold at Massachusetts supermarkets AU: Author

Reville, C; Al-Beik, J; Meehan-Meola, D; Xu, Z; Goldsmith, ML; Rand, W; Alcivar-Warren, A SO: Source Journal of Shellfish Research [J. Shellfish Res.]. Vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 285-290. Jan 2005. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Genomes; Polymerase chain reaction; Aquaculture; Morbidity; Mortality; white spot syndrome; Importation; Indigenous species; Nucleotide sequence; Electrophoresis; Shrimp culture; Environmental impact; Mortality causes; Viral diseases; Husbandry diseases; Disease transmission; Article Taxonomic Terms: White spot syndrome virus; Penaeidae; Article Geographic Terms: USA, Massachusetts; USA, Massachusetts, Boston AB: Abstract One of the most damaging viral diseases affecting the shrimp aquaculture industry is white spot disease (WSD) caused by white spot virus (WSSV), which causes high morbidity and mortality rates in penaeid shrimp and other crustaceans. The rapid spread of WSSV within wild and cultured stocks of shrimp may be caused by unregulated processing, disposal of infected imported shrimp, or the use of contaminated broodstock. The risk of introducing this virus to cultured and wild shrimp and other native species of crustaceans in the United States warrants investigation. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of WSSV in frozen commodity shrimp sold at four stores in the Boston area belonging to different supermarket chains. Samples from two size classes were collected in two different batches a month apart. Polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify a portion of the WSSV genome using a commercial PCR kit (ShrimpCare, DiagXotics). WSSV positive samples were visualized by electrophoresis and amplified product of selected samples was sequenced. Results showed a range of 0% to 38.7% for WSSV prevalence rate in the test populations, with an overall prevalence of 4.7%. Significant (P < 0.001) differences in WSSV prevalence were observed between shrimp from the two batches purchased a month apart, the two size classes, and the four test stores. Country of origin seemed to dominate the results. Sequence analysis confirmed the presence of WSSV genome in PCR-positive samples. Results provide preliminary evidence that an appreciable proportion of the shrimp sold in Massachusetts' supermarkets are carrying WSSV, and this constitutes a substantial risk of importation of this virus into the local environment. Further investigation is necessary to determine the risk of release of this virus into native fresh and marine water environments in Massachusetts and throughout the United States. Record 29 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Growth, Processing Measurements, Tail Meat Yield, and Tail Meat Proximate Composition of Male and Female Australian Red Claw Crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus, Stocked into Earthen Ponds AU: Author Thompson, KR; Muzinic, LA; Yancey, DH; Webster, CD; Rouse, DB; Xiong, Y SO: Source Journal of Applied Aquaculture [J. Appl. Aquacult.]. Vol. 16, no. 3-4, pp. 117-129. 2005. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Crayfish culture; Pond culture; Aquaculture

economics; Aquaculture products; Food technology; Human food; Weight; Animal appendages; Muscles; Males; Females; Aquaculture enterprises; Growth rate; Yield; Body temperature; Food conversion; Article Taxonomic Terms: Cherax quadricarinatus; Article Geographic Terms: USA, Kentucky AB: Abstract Small (0.7 g) juvenile red claw, Cherax quadricarinatus, were stocked in earthen ponds (0.04 ha) in Kentucky and grown for 86 days so that measures of growth, survival, processing characteristics, and proximate composition of tail muscle in male and female Australian red claw crayfish could be obtained. A commercial marine shrimp was fed to all red in two separate feedings, each consisting of one-half of the total daily ration between 0800-0830 and between 1530-1600 hours for the duration of the culture period. Total weight and number of red claw from each pond were recorded at the harvest. Forty red claw from each sex were randomly sampled, chill-killed by lowering the body temperature in an ice-bath, and frozen (-20 degree C) for processing measurements and proximate composition. Red claw were removed from the freezer, thawed, individually weighed to the nearest 0.01 g, and then were hand-processed so that weights of chelae, tail, and tail muscle were obtained to the nearest 0.01 g. After 87 days, red claw had a final average individual weight of 59.6 g, weight gain of 8,413%, survival of 64.0%, yield of 903 kg/ha, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 4.63. When analyzed by sex, males had significantly (P < 0.05) higher final individual weight (71.05 g) compared to females (53.65 g); higher (P < 0.05) chelae weight (13.1 g for males compared to 6.84 g for females); higher tail weight (25.53 g for males compared to 20.38 g for females); higher tail muscle weight (18.99 g for males compared to 14.89 g for females); and higher cephalothorax weight (32.41 g for males compared to 26.44 g for females). There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in the percentage moisture, protein, lipid, fiber, and ash in the tail muscle of male and female red claw when analyzed either on a wet-weight basis and averaged 81.0%, percentage protein averaged 16.46%, percentage lipid averaged 0.16%, fiber averaged 0.1%, and percentage ash averaged 1.42%. Results from the present study indicate that red claw can be grown as a commercial aquaculture species in locations with limited growing seasons, and that male red claw grow larger, have larger chelae, and higher tail muscle weights compared to females so that it might be economically advantageous to stock all-male populations of red claw in ponds to achieve maximum production. Further research on growth and processing yields of red claw should be conducted to assist the industry. Record 30 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Monitoring Behavioral Responses to the Heavy Metal Cadmium in the Marine Shrimp Hippolyte inermis Leach (Crustacea: Decapoda) with Video Imaging AU: Author Untersteiner, H; Gretschel, G; Puchner, T; Napetschnig, S; Kaiser, H SO: Source Zoological Studies [Zool. Stud.]. Vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 71-80. Jan 2005. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Heavy metals; Velocity; Cadmium; Stress; imaging; Behavior; Subacute toxicity; Swimming; Bioaccumulation;

Marine crustaceans; Pollution effects; Toxicity tests; Pollution indicators; Audiovisual materials; Test organisms; Article Taxonomic Terms: Hippolyte inermis; Decapoda AB: Abstract In this study, the subacute toxicity of the heavy metal cadmium to Hippolyte inermis Leach was investigated. Subacute effects were evaluated using changes in the locomotory behavior (i.e., moving velocity and moving distance) as indicators. The locomotory activity was analyzed by means of real-time image analysis, using a video camera and a Pentium PC equipped with a standard low-cost frame grabber. For a sequence of 3000 images per treatment, where 10 shrimp were moving simultaneously, the trajectories were reconstructed as binary image sequences. The locomotory activity of the test organisms was analyzed under normal conditions (without heavy metal stress) and after application of a subacute Cd stress. Test animals were stressed by Cd of the following 3 concentrations: 1 (C sub(1)), 2 (C sub(2)), and 3.5 ppm (C sub(3)). Shrimp were exposed to the heavy metal concentrations for 12 h under static conditions. At initiation (0 h) of Cd exposure, the test animals showed a significant (p less than or equal to 0.05) decrease in the average swimming velocity at C sub(3). After 3 h of Cd exposure, the median moving velocity was for the first time highly significantly (p less than or equal to 0.01) reduced with the 1 ppm Cd treatment. Record 31 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title cDNA cloning and expression characterization of lysozyme gene in two freshwater prawn AU: Author Gao, Fengying; Ye, Xing; Bai, Junjie; Lao, Haihua; Wu, Ruiquan SO: Source Acta hydrobiologica sinica/Shuisheng Shengwu Xuebao [Acta Hydrobiol. Sin./Shuisheng Shengwu Xuebao]. Vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 615-620. 2005. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Freshwater crustaceans; Enzymes; Genes; Cloning; Gene expression; Amino acid sequence; Lysozyme; Freshwater environments; Nucleotide sequence; Open reading frames; Signal peptides; Hemocytes; Polymerase chain reaction; Article Taxonomic Terms: Macrobrachium rosenbergii; Macrobrachium nipponense AB: Abstract Total RNAs were isolated from haemocytes of Macrobrachium rosenbergii and M. nipponense. The cDNAs encoding lysozyme were amplified by RT-PCR. The amplified cDNA fragments were inserted into pGEM-T vector. Sequence analysis revealed that both of the two freshwater prawn lysozyme cDNAs contain an open reading frame (ORF) of 477nt, which encodes 158 amino acid residues, including 140 residues of mature peptide and 18 residues of signal peptide. The nucleotide and amino acid sequence identity between the two prawn cDNAs is 99.4% and 98.1%, respectively. The two prawn cDNAs possess high identity with marine shrimp cDNAs, too. Their nucleotide and amino acid sequence identity is above 83.0% and 80.0%, respectively. Record 32 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title

AU: SO:

DE:

AB:

Genotypic variations in tandem repeat DNA segments between ribonucleotide reductase subunit genes of white spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) Isolates from Vietnam Author Hoa, TT; Hodgson, RAJ; Oanh, DTH; Phuong, NT; Preston, NJ; Walker, PJ Source Diseases in Asian aquaculture 5: proceedings of the fifth Symposium on Diseases in Asian Aquaculture, 24-28 November 2002, Queensland, Australia. pp. 339-351. Jan 2005. Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Viral diseases; Shrimp culture; RNA; Genomes; Genotypes; Polymerase chain reaction; Disease detection; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus monodon; Article Geographic Terms: Vietnam Abstract White spot syndrome is a viral disease that affects most commercially cultivated marine shrimp species. The disease first emerged in East Asia in 1991 and has since spread throughout most shrimp farming regions of Asia and the Americas. Disease outbreaks usually result in high mortalities in affected ponds. However, shrimp may also be infected chronically with no signs of disease and often obtain the infection in hatcheries from infected broodstock. A wide range of other crustaceans can also act as apparently healthy carriers of infection. In this report, variations in the number of a 54 nucleotide tandem repeat sequence (TRS), located between genes encoding the large (RR1) and small (RR2) subunits of ribonucleotide reductase, were used as a WSSV strain-specific genetic marker. The marker was applied to examine the extent of variation among WSSV isolates from Penaeus monodon hatcheries and farms in different regions of Vietnam and to obtain a better understanding of the progression of infection in ponds during grow-out. Analysis of approximately 157 WSSV isolates showed common variations in the number of repeats, with some broodstock harbouring more than one genotype. In healthy ponds and in healthy broodstock or postlarval batches collected from hatcheries, WSSV genotypes containing 4-, 5-, 6- 7-, 8- and 9- TRS elements were detected with no evidence of any predominant genotype. However, amongst shrimp sampled from disease outbreak ponds, the 7-TRS genotype dominated. On the other hand, WSSV genotypes containing greater numbers of tandem repeat elements (i.e. 9-, 14- and 23-TRS) were found in unidentified species including a large crab, a small crab and wild shrimp, respectively. High repeat number genotypes (i.e. 23-TRS and 14-TRS) were not detected in cultured shrimp from the same pond. These results suggested that stocked postlarvae rather than invading wild crustaceans were the source of WSSV infection and disease. The results also suggest that genotype analysis in this TRS region will be a useful tool for tracking virulent strains of WSSV.

Record 33 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Recombinant expression of marine shrimp lysozyme in Escherichia coli AU: Author de-La-Re-Vega, E; Garcia-Orozco, KD; Calderon-Arredondo, SA; Romo-Figueroa, MG; Islas-Osuna, MA; Yepiz-Plascencia, GM; Sotelo-Mundo, RR SO: Source Electronic Journal of Biotechnology [Electron. J. Biotechnol.]. Vol. 7, no. 3, [np]. 15 Dec 2004. DE: Descriptors

Article Subject Terms: Lysozyme; Inclusion bodies; Promoters; Blood cells; Hemocytes; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus; Escherichia coli AB: Abstract Shrimp Lysozyme (Lyz) is a key component of the antibacterial response as part of the innate defense in Crustacea; however, it has not been possible to purify this protein because of the very low amount present in the shrimp blood cells (hemocytes). In an effort to produce enough protein to study its function and biochemical properties we have overexpressed Lysozyme from marine shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) in E. coli. A bacterial protein expression system based on the T7 polymerase promoter was used. Although Lyz was produced as insoluble protein in inclusion bodies, its refolding led to an active protein with a yield of similar to 10%. Details of the protein recombinant expression techniques applied to this shrimp protein are presented. Record 34 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Comparison of revealed and stated preferences for a new shellfish product: The case of freshwater prawns (Machrobrachium rosenbergii) AU: Author Gallardo, Rosa Karina SO: Source Masters Abstracts International [Masters Abst. Int.]. Vol. 42, no. 6, p. 2009. Dec 2004. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Consumers; Education establishments; Freshwater crustaceans; Inland water environment; Marine crustaceans; Marketing; Shellfish; Taste; Article Geographic Terms: USA, Mississippi AB: Abstract This study analyzed the willingness-to-pay for a new shellfish product, freshwater prawns, in different contexts, and using alternative methods that included revealed preference data and stated preference data. A grocery store experiment was done and a mail survey was sent out, both procedures were performed in two localities with different demographic characteristics. Results indicated that consumers showed an equal behavior toward marine shrimp and freshwater prawns. This emphasizes the importance advertising campaigns could play in making consumers more familiar with the product. Also, marketing efforts should focus on freshwater prawns' flavor attributes. Larger quantities of freshwater prawns are more likely to be sold in more populated and higher income urban locations than less populated, low-income rural locations. Finally, results did not show a consistent equivalence between the two alternative methods, which can be attributed to external factors that could affect the grocery store experiment. Record 35 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Reproductive readiness of the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei grown in a brackish water system AU: Author Parnes, S; Mills, E; Segall, C; Raviv, S; Davis, C; Sagi, A* SO: Source Aquaculture [Aquaculture]. Vol. 236, no. 1-4, pp. 593-606. 14 Jun

2004. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Marine crustaceans; Developmental stages; Spermatophores; Ovaries; Shrimp culture; Brackishwater aquaculture; Animal physiology; Sexual maturity; Reproduction; Brood stocks; Growth curves; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeidae; Litopenaeus vannamei; Penaeus AB: Abstract The reproductive readiness of the marine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (formerly Penaeus vannamei) cultured in brackish water was characterized by applying morphological, physiological, and molecular tools. The shrimp were cultured on two commercial shrimp farms in brackish water that was pumped from artesian wells that tap into a geothermal aquifer. The shrimp populations exhibited a bimodal growth curve with the females being significantly bigger than the males at the end of the growout period. Some male shrimp started to develop spermatophores about 6 months after the first post-larval (PL0) stage, and some with developed, normal-looking, white spermatophores were observed 8 months after PL0. The sperm count in these males was 10.110 super(6) plus or minus 5.810 super(6) cells per compound spermatophore, and 81.6 plus or minus 19.8% of the cells were spiked. Melanization of the males, which eventually affected about a third of the male population, first became evident before the appearance of white spermatophores. Female ovaries were transparent and appeared to be arrested in a previtellogenic stage. However, beyond a weight/age threshold of 20 g/8 months, some of the ovaries had become opaque and the vitellogenin gene was found to be expressed in the ovary-but not in the hepatopancreas-of 7 out of 10 females. A unique case of a 46.8 g female with a fully developed ovary that was found in the brackish-water-held broodstock is reported. Record 36 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Mortality of freshwater-acclimated Litopenaeus vannamei associated with acclimation rate, habituation period, and ionic challenge AU: Author McGraw, WJ; Scarpa, J* SO: Source Aquaculture [Aquaculture]. Vol. 236, no. 1-4, pp. 285-296. 14 Jun 2004. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Acclimation; Marine crustaceans; Survival; Osmoregulation; Salinity tolerance; Shrimp culture; Mortality causes; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeidae; Litopenaeus vannamei AB: Abstract The effect of acclimation time, habituation period, and final freshwater ion composition on the survival of freshwater-acclimated Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae was investigated. During each of three experiments, shrimp were acclimated from 30 ppt to freshwater (1 ppt TDS) utilizing various acclimation times (32, 40, 48, 72 h) with a constant or variable rate of salinity reduction. Shrimp were then held at the final acclimation salinity for 0, 1 or 2 days (habituation period) before being transferred to challenge ion treatment solutions. Ion treatment solutions derived from chloride-based chemicals were of the same total ion concentration, but either strongly monovalent or strongly divalent. An acclimation time of 72 h compared to 48 h, with no habituation period, increased shrimp

survival by 27%. A 1-day habituation period compared to no habituation after 48-h acclimation also increased mean shrimp survivals by 27%. Decreasing acclimation time at higher salinities (i.e., 30 down to 1 ppt) and increasing acclimation time at lower salinities (1 ppt) allowed successful freshwater acclimation of shrimp within 32 h. This demonstrates a critical period for freshwater acclimation of marine shrimp at lower salinities. The longer freshwater acclimation time and habituation period probably allowed shrimp to equalize hemolymph ions before transfer to ionically unbalanced challenge solutions. The survival of freshwater-acclimated shrimp can be improved by either extending the acclimation time from 48 to 72 h or providing a habituation period of 2 days after 48-h acclimation. However, growth at these ion concentrations still needs to be verified. Record 37 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Farming Artemia in a multi-cycle culture system in Northeastern Brazil AU: Author Camara, MR; Monteiro, PA; Reis, LG; Costa, MF SO: Source World Aquaculture [World Aquacult.]. Vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 40-42. Jun 2004. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Rearing; Food organisms; Diets; Crustacean larvae; Brine shrimp culture; Article Taxonomic Terms: Litopenaeus vannamei; Artemia; Article Geographic Terms: Brazil, Rio Grande do Norte AB: Abstract The brine shrimp Artemia sp. is found on a year-round and permanent basis in the State of Rio Grande do Norte (RN) in northeastern Brazil as a result of inoculations made in Macau, RN in April 1977 with cysts from a San Francisco Bay (California, USA) stock (Persoone and Sorgeloos 1980). Through the years, introduced Artemia dispersed to over 40,000 ha of solar saltworks in RN and became an important asset in the development of a local aquaculture industry (Camara 1990, 2001). The commercial production of farmed marine shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in northeastern Brazil has grown from 40,000 tons in 2001 to 60,128 tons in 2002. This expansion has required increasing quantities of land, postlarvae and feeds, among other resources. Brazilian demand for L. vannamei postlarvae, for example, grew from 0.5 billion in 1994 to 11.4 billion in 2002, and it was expected to exceed 16.4 billion in 2003. Accordingly, estimated consumption of Artemia cysts and biomass will reach 16.4 tons and 246 tons, respectively (Table 1). Farmed marine shrimp larvae in northeastern Brazil consume Artemia as live nauplii, hatched from encysted embryos. In terms of biomass, Artemia are used as live, frozen or dried product to feed juvenile and broodstock shrimp. Although all Artemia biomass and most cysts available in Brazil are harvested in local saltworks as a byproduct of the solar salt industry, there are growing concerns about the long-term sustainability of current harvesting practices. Not only are Artemia being collected in a reduced harvest area since several hundred hectares of saltworks have been converted to shrimp growout ponds, but the carrying capacities of salt ponds inhabited by Artemia are still largely undetermined. In this context the development of small-scale Artemia farming has been proposed as a complimentary means of reducing harvesting pressure in local saltworks (Camara 2003).

Record 38 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title The use of flow cytometry in the evaluation of cell viability of cryopreserved sperm of the marine shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) AU: Author Lezcano, M; Granja, C; Salazar, M* SO: Source Cryobiology [Cryobiology]. Vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 349-356. Jun 2004. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Sperm; Flow cytometry; Cooling; Aquaculture; Spermatophores; Thawing; Toxicity; Methanol; Iodine; Cryopreservation; Shrimp culture; Light microscopy; Evaluation; Cryobiology; Aquaculture techniques; DNA; Freezing storage; Article Taxonomic Terms: Litopenaeus vannamei; Penaeidae AB: Abstract Although the cryopreservation of penaeid prawn sperm or embryos has definite applications in the aquaculture industry, there is no protocol routinely used for this procedure. One of the main problems relies on the limitations for the determination of sperm cell viability. In this study, we evaluated the toxicity and cryoprotectant effect of four agents, at three different concentrations, in sperm suspension, spermatic mass, and complete spermatophore of the marine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Cells were frozen by fast and slow cooling rates. After thawing, they were analyzed by optical microscopy and flow cytometry, which was also utilized to determine spermatic viability by DNA staining with propidium iodine. Considering viability by morphotype analysis, the best result was obtained when the spermatic mass was frozen by slow cooling rate in the presence of methanol (61.6%). There was a positive correlation between morphotype analysis and flow cytometry, although the percentage of viable cells was always lower when determined by the later. These results show that flow cytometry is a valuable tool to evaluate sperm cell viability in decapod species and it is more sensitive technique than optical microscopy. Record 39 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Experimental test of socially mediated sex change in a protandric simultaneous hermaphrodite, the marine shrimp Lysmata wurdemanni (Caridea: Hippolytidae) AU: Author Baeza, JA; Bauer, RT SO: Source Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology [Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.]. Vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 544-550. Apr 2004. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Marine crustaceans; Life history; Sex reversal; Hermaphroditism; Biotic factors; Social behaviour; Social behavior; Article Taxonomic Terms: Lysmata wurdemanni; Hippolytidae AB: Abstract In Lysmata wurdemanni, individuals begin benthic life in a male phase (MP) but later change to a female phase (FP) with female external morphology, but with both male and female reproductive capacity

(protandric simultaneous hermaphroditism). Previous studies have demonstrated that the size (timing) of sex change varies considerably in natural populations. We experimentally tested for social mediation of sex change by rearing male-phase individuals (MPs) in both large and small social groups with different sexual and size composition. In the 'large group" experiment, speed of sex change was inversely related to the abundance of female-phase individuals (FPs) in the group (sex-ratio induction). Increased allocation to female function (more rapid change to FP) may occur when male mating opportunities are lower because the simultaneous-hermaphrodite FP can immediately reproduce as a female while maintaining male mating capacity. When FPs are abundant, delayed sex change might be adaptive because the costs of female reproduction are considerable. An MP may gain reproductively by increased growth before changing to FP at a larger size (fewer but much larger broods). Size-ratio induction of sex change by small MPs was suggested but not confirmed. Experimental results from 'small groups" (1-2 individuals) were qualitatively similar but not as conclusive as those from large groups. The number and complexity of social interactions in large groups may be necessary to stimulate labile sex change in this species. In L. wurdemanni, sex change may be influenced not only by abiotic factors related to breeding [Bauer (2002) Biol Bull 203:347-357] but also by social factors in certain demographic situations. Record 40 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Status And Issues In Inland Shrimp Farming Part 1 AU: Author Jory, DE SO: Source Aquaculture Magazine [Aquacult. Mag.]. Vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 65-68. Mar-Apr 2004. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Industries; Aquaculture enterprises; Aquaculture development; Shrimp culture; Marine crustaceans; Aquaculture techniques; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus monodon; Litopenaeus vannamei; Article Geographic Terms: Asia; Thailand; Latin America; South America; USA AB: Abstract The activity of inland culture of various marine shrimp species in areas away from the coast has been growing considerably in recent years. It has been common during the past several years with the black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) in Thailand and other Asian countries. More recently, it has expanded significantly in Asia with the introduction of the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) into several countries. This expansion has also taken place in the Western Hemisphere and there are now several inland shrimp culture operations in Ecuador, Mexico, Brazil, Panama and other Latin American countries, and in Alabama, Arizona, Florida, Georgia and Texas in the U.S. In this and the next column, the status of inland shrimp farming in various countries around the world is briefly discussed based on available information, and also some of the technical issues faced by the industry. Record 41 of 500 DN: Database Name

ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of the shrimp genus Penaeus s.l. derived from mitochondrial DNA AU: Author Lavery, S; Chan, TY; Tam, YK; Chu, KH SO: Source Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution [Mol. Phylogen. Evol.]. Vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 39-49. Apr 2004. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Phylogeny; Mitochondrial DNA; rRNA 16S; Cytochrome-c oxidase; Colonization; Geographical distribution; Nucleotide sequence; Cytochromes; Marine crustaceans; DNA; Evolution; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus; Melicertus; Fenneropenaeus; Marsupenaeus; Farfantepenaeus; Litopenaeus; Article Geographic Terms: IW, Pacific AB: Abstract Mitochondrial DNA sequences were used to reconstruct the phylogeny of the Penaeus s.l. genus of marine shrimp. This phylogeny was used to test the validity of hypotheses on the species groupings, in particular the subgenus/genus subdivision, and on the species' evolutionary history. Newly derived sequences of both 16S rRNA and COI genes from 19 species of Penaeus s.l. and one outgroup were combined with previous sequences from seven additional species to allow analysis of 26 of the 28 recognised (or nominated) species. Phylogenetic analyses do not support the validity of all the previously created six subgenera (or genera) but provide evidence for division of the genus into two previously unrecognised clades (Melicertus + Marsupenaeus and Penaeus s.s. + Fenneropenaeus + Farfantepenaeus + Litopenaeus). A key conclusion from a previous molecular study, that the subgenera Farfantepenaeus and Litopenaeus are paraphyletic, was rejected. The molecular data support an Indo-West Pacific origin of the genus, with a single relatively recent colonisation of the Western Hemisphere, and subsequent subdivision into two clades prior to the emergence of the Panamanian isthmus. Record 42 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title A Preliminary Assessment of Growth, Survival, Yield, and Economic Return of Australian Red Claw Crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus, Stocked at Three Densities in Earthen Ponds in a Cool, Temperature Climate AU: Author Webster, CD; Thompson, KR; Muzinic, LA; Yancey, DH; Dasgupta, S; Xiong, YL; Rouse, DB; Manomaitis, L SO: Source Journal of Applied Aquaculture [J. Appl. Aquacult.]. Vol. 15, no. 3-4, pp. 37-50. 2004. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Freshwater aquaculture; Crayfish culture; Pond culture; Rearing; Stocking density; Food conversion; Growth rate; Survival; Yield; Aquaculture economics; Disease control; Aquaculture techniques; Temperate zones; Article Taxonomic Terms: Cherax quadricarinatus; Article Geographic Terms: USA, Kentucky AB: Abstract Juvenile (mean weight 8.1 g) Australian red claw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus, were stocked in July at three rates of 12,000/ha,

18,000/ha, and 24,000/ha into two, 0.02-ha earthen ponds in a cool temperature region of the United States (Kentucky) and grown for 70 days. Red claw were fed a pelleted marine shrimp diet twice daily. Ponds had continual aeration provided. Dissolved oxygen and temperature were measured twice daily (0900 and 1530 hours); total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), nitrite, and alkalinity were measured twice weekly, and pH was measured daily. At harvest, there were no significant (P > 0.05) differences in final individual weight, percentage weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, percentage survival, yield, and economic return among all treatments and averaged 58.4 g, 805%, 3.04%/day, 7.47, 42.7%, 461 kg/ha, and -$2659/ha, respectively. There were no significant (P > 0.05) differences in the percentage of males and females harvested from the ponds among any stocking rate with males comprising 48.2% and females comprising 51.8%. Final individual weight of males and females was not significantly (P > 0.05) different among all treatments. These data indicate that there is no advantage to stocking red claw at rates below 24,000/ha in terms of growth, survival, yield, and economic return and that red claw can grow to marketable size in a cooler temperate region of the United States with a short (<110 days) growing season by stocking a larger-size (8 g) red claw. Record 43 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Factors Affecting Sediment Oxygen Demand in Commercial Channel Catfish Ponds AU: Author Steeby, James A; Hargreaves, John A; Tucker, Craig S SO: Source Journal of the World Aquaculture Society [J. World Aquacult. Soc.]. Vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 322-334. 2004. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Sediment chemistry; Oxygen demand; Dissolved oxygen; Fish ponds; Fish culture; Freshwater aquaculture; Sediment-water interface; Article Taxonomic Terms: Ictalurus punctatus; Article Geographic Terms: USA, Mississippi AB: Abstract Sediment oxygen demand (SOD) measured in 45 commercial channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) in Northwest Mississippi using in situ respirometry (N = 167) ranged from 63 to 1,038 mg/m super(2) per h. Mean SOD in this study (359 mg/m super(2) per h) was greater than that reported previously for catfish ponds but was similar to SOD in semi-intensive marine shrimp ponds. Nine variables were selected and measured to assess their relative importance in accounting for variation in SOD. Six variables were included in multiple regression models that explained slightly more than half of the variation in SOD. These variables were: dissolved oxygen concentration at the beginning of respirometry incubation; , particulate organic matter concentration in water above the sediment surface; organic carbon concentration at the immediate sediment-water interface (flocculent or F-layer) combined with the upper 2 cm of sediment (S-layer); organic carbon concentration in the mature (M) underlying sediment layer; water temperature; and total depth of accumulated sediment. Sediment oxygen demand was most sensitive to changes in dissolved oxygen concentration in the overlying water, particulate organic matter concentration in the water, and the concentration of organic carbon in the combined flocculent and upper sediment (F+S) layer. Models for SOD in this

research predict that the mass of sediment below the upper 2-cm surface layer on average contributes only ~20% of total SOD. Stratification and normal daily fluctuation of dissolved oxygen concentration in eutrophic culture ponds likely limit expression of sediment oxygen demand. Maintaining aerobic conditions at the sediment-water interface will minimize accumulation of organic matter in pond sediment. Record 44 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Protandric simultaneous hermaphroditism in the marine shrimp Lysmata californica (Caridea: Hippolytidae) AU: Author Bauer, RT; Newman, WA SO: Source Journal of crustacean biology [J. Crust. Biol.]. Vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 131-139. 2004. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Hermaphroditism; Protandry; Spawning; Reproductive cycle; Article Taxonomic Terms: Lysmata californica AB: Abstract To investigate the extent of protandric simultaneous hermaphroditism (PSH) in the genus Lysmata, observations were made on the sexual system of L. californica, a species from the warm-temperate eastern Pacific. Observations on a large number of female-phase individuals (FPs) from a museum collection indicated that FPs with broods containing advanced embryos spawn again (successively) soon after brood hatching. Female-phase individuals maintained in pairs went through successive cycles of embryo brooding concomitant with gonadal vitellogenesis, hatching, molting, and spawning. Time-lapse video observations confirmed that FPs are able to copulate as males and inseminate postmolt, prespawning FPs. Prespawning FPs maintained alone did not produce successful broods of embryos. Thus, FPs of L. californica are outcrossing simultaneous hermaphrodites. Size-frequency distributions of sexual phases showed that individuals develop first in the male phase (MP) and then change to the female phase. Individuals apparently change from MP to FP in a single molt, as shown by (a) otransitionalo individuals that were fully MP externally but whose ovotestes were full of vitellogenic oocytes and (b) a distinct change in the presence/absence and growth of pleopod characters from MP to FP. Female-phase individuals retain male gonopores from the MP phase, and relative growth of male ejaculatory ducts is similar in MPs and FPs. Pleopod flanges related to embryo attachment and incubation are somewhat masculinized in FPs of L. californica. The sexual system of L. californica is similar to that of L. wurdemanni from the Gulf of Mexico and L. amboinensis from the Indo-West Pacific. Protandric simultaneous hermaphroditism is probably widespread if not ubiquitous in the genus Lysmata. Record 45 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title A mu-class glutathione S-transferase from the marine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei: Molecular cloning and active-site structural modeling

AU: Author Contreras-Vergara, Carmen A; Harris-Valle, Citlalli; Sotelo-Mundo, Rogerio R; Yepiz-Plascencia, Gloria SO: Source Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology [J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol.]. Vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 245-252. 2004. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Glutathione transferase; Hepatopancreas; Amino acid sequence; Muscles; Gills; Substrate specificity; Detoxification; Hemocytes; Polymerase chain reaction; Article Taxonomic Terms: Litopenaeus vannamei AB: Abstract A cDNA clone coding for a mu-class glutathione S-transferase (GST) was isolated from a hepatopancreas cDNA library from the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. The deduced amino acid sequence (215 amino acids) has >50% identity to rodents and other mammals mu-class GSTs. Using RT-PCR, the shrimp GST transcript was detected in hepatopancreas, hemocytes, gills, and muscle, but not in pleopods. The shrimp GST sequence was computer modeled and found to fit the classical two-domain GST structure. Domain I, containing the glutathione (GSH) binding site, is more conserved compared to the flexible C-terminal domain II. Residue Q208 appears to be a key to substrate specificity by comparison with mammalian GST mutants. This position is commonly occupied by serine or threonine in mammalian mu-class GSTs, and shrimp Q208 may affect the affinity to substrates like aminochrome or 1,3-dimethyl-2-cyano-1-nitrosoguanidine. This is the first report of molecular cloning and structural modeling of a crustacean GST and provides new insights into the nature of the detoxification response on marine invertebrates. Record 46 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Rice-prawn and rice-shrimp culture in coastal areas of Viet Nam. AU: Author Hung, LT SO: Source Integrated agriculture-aquaculture. A primer. Agro-acuicultura integrada. Manual basico. no. 407, pp. 86-89. FAO documento tecnico de pesca [FAO Doc. Tec. Pesca]. 2004. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Agropisciculture; Rice field aquaculture; Prawn culture; Plant culture; Shrimp culture; Aquaculture systems; Aquaculture techniques; Stocking (organisms); Article Taxonomic Terms: Macrobrachium rosenbergii; Penaeus monodon; Oryza sativa; Article Geographic Terms: ISEW, Vietnam; Vietnam AB: Abstract A description is given of 2 systems of rice field aquaculture that farmers in coastal areas of southern Viet Nam use to increase their incomes - rice-freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) and freshwater prawn or marine shrimp (Penaeus monodon) monoculture in the dry season. The following aspects are covered: site selection; dike and trench construction; stocking; feeding; predator prevention; care and maintenance; harvesting; land preparation and transplanting for rice; fertilizing; and, pest control. CA: Corporate Author FAO, Rome (Italy); International Inst. of Rural Reconstruction, Silang, Cavite (Philippines); World Fish Cent., Penang (Malaysia)

Record 47 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Crustacean fishery resources of coastal West Bengal and their conservation issues AU: Author Roy, MKD; Nandi, NC SO: Source Journal of Environment and Sociobiology [J. Environ. Sociobiol.]. Vol. 1, no. 1-2, pp. 71-80. 2004. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Crustacean fisheries; Fishery resources; Fishery management; Resource conservation; Depleted stocks; Stock assessment; Underutilized species; Marine crustaceans; Commercial species; Trade; Fishery economics; Annual variations; Overexploitation; Coastal fisheries; Estuarine fisheries; Backwaters; Brackishwater environment; Article Taxonomic Terms: Decapoda; Article Geographic Terms: India, West Bengal; ISW, India, West Bengal AB: Abstract Coastal West Bengal, India comprising of three districts, namely, North 24-Parganas, South 24-Parganas and East Midnapore is dominated by mangroves, estuaries, backwaters and brackishwater bheries. All these ecosystems are very rich in fauna including the crustaceans, many of which are of commercial value. In the present communication, an inventory of a total of 34 species of commercially important prawns and crabs has been prepared along with a list of 13 species of ill-tapped/untapped crustaceans. Data for marine shrimp (both penaeid and non- penaeid) and crab production and their export from the state have been presented. The major threats to crustacean fishery of the State of West Bengal have also been discussed along with the conservation issues. Record 48 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Effects of Different Feeding Strategies on Production and Economic Returns for Freshwater Prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, Raised in Earthen Ponds in a Temperate Climate AU: Author Coyle, S; Tidwell, JH; Bright, LA; Yasharian, D SO: Source Journal of Applied Aquaculture [J. Appl. Aquacult.]. Vol. 16, no. 1-3, pp. 147-156. 2004. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Prawn culture; Pond culture; Freshwater crustaceans; Biomass; Stocking density; Feeding experiments; Diets; Nutritive value; Food conversion; Feed efficiency; Pellet feeds; Food additives; Proteins; Aquaculture techniques; Aquaculture economics; Costs; Article Taxonomic Terms: Macrobrachium rosenbergii; Article Geographic Terms: USA, Kentucky AB: Abstract This study compared the current recommended technology of "phase feeding" diets, increasing in nutrient density as the relative prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, biomass increased, compared to feeding a steam-pelleted, practical diet containing 32% protein

throughout the entire production period. Two treatments were evaluated. Treatment 1 was phase-feeding where prawn were fed unpelleted distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) for the first four weeks; fed a steampelleted prawn diet containing 28% protein for weeks 5-12; and fed an extruded marine shrimp diet containing 40% protein for weeks 13-18. In Treatment 2, prawn were fed a 28%-protein, steam-pelleted diet throughout the entire 18-week production period. Feeding rates in both treatments were based on a feeding table. There were three replicate 0.02-ha ponds for each treatment. All ponds were stocked at 87,500/ha and were provided with artificial substrate in the form of polyethylene "safety fence" oriented vertically at a rate to increase available surface area 50%. After 97 culture days, there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between treatments in terms of production, average individual weight, FCR, or survival which averaged 2,272 kg/ha, 28.4 g, 2.2, and 92%, overall. However, the percentage of prawns which reached over 30 g was increased approximately 20% in the phase-fed treatment. The added expense of the marine shrimp diet resulted in approximately a US $1.00/kg increase in the break-even price in the phase-treatment compared to feeding the diet containing 28% protein exclusively. There appears to be little benefit to feeding expensive marine shrimp diets to freshwater prawn; however, if the market being addressed requires, or pays, more for large animals, some added expense may be justified. Record 49 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Gonad maturation and vitellogenesis in a marine shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) grown in geothermal brackish water AU: Author Parnes, S; Segall, C; Raviv, S; Azulay, D; Goshen, T; Davis, C; Sagi, A SO: Source Israeli Journal of Aquaculture/Bamidgeh [Isr. J. Aquacult./Bamidgeh]. Vol. 55, no. 4, p. 233. Dec 2003. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Sexual maturity; Gonads; Vitellogenesis; Gene expression; Females; Polymerase chain reaction; Brackishwater aquaculture; Geothermal springs; Article Taxonomic Terms: Litopenaeus vannamei; Article Geographic Terms: Israel, Negev Desert AB: Abstract A unique case of the full development of female gonads was discovered during a routine check of Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp broodstock grown in geothermal brackish water at a commercial shrimp farm in the Negev. The gonads of the female were vitellogenic, based on morphological and physiological examinations. Using PCR and specific vitellogenin primers, we found that the vitellogenin gene, which was partially sequenced in our laboratory, was expressed in the female. We therefore decided to probe the issues of gonad maturation and the timing of vitellogenin gene expression in this marine shrimp when it is grown in geothermal brackish water from the Negev in southern Israel. Female shrimp were sampled from the farm at various times. Vg gene expression was not detected in young previtellogenic females using the same set of primers, however, it was detected after the females reached a certain size and age threshold, without clear signs of secondary vitellogenesis. Older female shrimp that grew in brackish water (2-3 ppt) and were fed a commercial pelleted diet could be manipulated to

start vitellogenic processes by transferring them to a marine-like environment (30 ppt, enriched diet). Most of these females developed a full vitellogenic ovary with clear expression of the vitellogenin gene in both the hepatopancreas and the ovary. Record 50 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Aquaculture development potential in Arizona: A GIS-based approach AU: Author McIntosh, D; Baldwin, TK; Fitzsimmons, K SO: Source World Aquaculture [World Aquacult.]. Vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 32-35. Dec 2003. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Marine crustaceans; Marine aquaculture; GIS; Aquaculture development; Fish culture; Freshwater fish; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeidae; Tilapia; Article Geographic Terms: USA, Arizona AB: Abstract Interest in aquaculture in the state of Arizona is on the rise. Currently, there are more than 30 licensed aquaculture operations in Arizona, including finfish producers, marine shrimp producers, research/educational facilities and distributors. Arizona aquaculture production in 2000 was 680 tons. Finfish including tilapia, bass, trout and catfish accounted for 590 tons, while other culture organisms, primarily marine shrimp, rounded out production. Record 51 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Guidelines for aquaculture effluent management at the farm-level AU: Author Boyd, CE SO: Source Aquaculture [Aquaculture]. Vol. 226, no. 1-4, pp. 101-112. 31 Oct 2003. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Aquaculture effluents; Pollution control; Wastewater treatment; Aquaculture regulations; Culture effects; Environment management; Water quality control AB: Abstract Pressure from environmental groups will force most governments to impose effluent regulations on aquaculture. Shrimp and fish producers are concerned that these regulations will be unnecessarily restrictive and expensive. Most pond aquaculture cannot be conducted without discharge. Fish and shrimp farms tend to be concentrated in specific regions, but typically they are sprawling operations where large volumes of relatively dilute effluents are released at many points. Effluents from pond aquaculture resemble non-point sources of pollution more than point sources. Thus, application of traditional effluent treatment methods to meet effluent standards, as done for point source pollution, will be difficult or impossible. Many involved in aquaculture believe that application of best management practices (BMPs) could be a reasonable and affordable way to improve the quality and reduce the volume of pond effluents. During recent years, several

organizations have suggested systems of BMPs for making pond aquaculture more environmentally responsible. These include international development organizations (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and International Finance Corporation), industry groups (Global Aquaculture Alliance, Australian Prawn Producers Association, Marine Shrimp Culture Industry of Thailand, and Alabama Catfish Producers), a research center (Coastal Resources Center, University of Rhode Island), and state agencies in the USA (Missouri Department of Natural Resources and Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services). The contents of BMP documents presented by the different groups are remarkably similar. Although the BMP approach is largely a 'paper list' at present, the topic is being discussed widely, and producers are becoming more aware of environmental issues. There is an obvious attempt by producers in Latin America, Asia, Australia, and the United States to improve production practices, and some producers are voluntarily adopting BMPs. Many shrimp producers in several nations have installed settling basins, and a few large shrimp farms monitor effluent quality. The Aquaculture Certification Council (ACC) plans to implement a certification program based primarily on compliance with BMPs during 2003. There also is considerable discussion among producers and governmental agencies in several nations regarding BMPs, and it is expected that regulatory programs based on BMPs will be forthcoming. Record 52 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Ex-situ bioremediation of shrimp culture effluent using constructed microbial mats AU: Author Paniagua-Michel, J; Garcia, O SO: Source Aquacultural Engineering [Aquacult. Eng.]. Vol. 28, no. 3-4, pp. 131-139. Aug 2003. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Ammonia; Nitrogen; Nitrate; Biochemical oxygen demand; Bioremediation; Effluents; Aquaculture effluents; Effluent treatment; Coastal zone; Nitrogen removal; Ocean dumping; Biotechnology; Wastewater treatment; Microbial mats; Artificial substrata; Pollution control; Coastal waters; Culture effects; Shrimp culture; Shrimp; Cultures; Nitrates; Wool; Oceans; Organic Loading; Article Taxonomic Terms: Litopenaeus vannamei; Article Geographic Terms: ISE, Mexico AB: Abstract In coastal countries, marine shrimp industry poses a problem with respect to the waste effluent disposal into the ocean as well as the nearby area. Constructed microbial mats offer an interesting alternative for shrimp culture effluents. The treatment concept relies on the immobilization of natural marine microbial consortium on glass wool to mitigate the levels of dissolved nitrogen from a shrimp culture effluent. Our results indicate that average efficiencies of ammonia nitrogen removal from shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) effluent was 97% and 95% for nitrate nitrogen, over a 20 days period of treatment. This treatment via constructed microbial mats is a technically feasible method for simultaneously reducing effluent nutrient loading (especially nitrate and ammonia) and for reducing organic loading (especially BOD sub(5)) of shrimp culture effluents.

Record 53 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Relationship Between Vitellogenin and Vitellin in a Marine Shrimp (Penaeus semisulcatus) and Molecular Characterization of Vitellogenin Complementary DNAs AU: Author Avarre, J; Michelis, R; Tietz, A; Lubzens, E SO: Source Biology of Reproduction [Biol. Reprod.]. Vol. 69, no. 1, pp. 355-364. Jul 2003. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: cDNA; Nucleotide sequence; Gene expression; Vitellogenin; Ovaries; Yolk; DNA; Vitellogenesis; Sexual maturity; Polymerase chain reaction; Hepatopancreas; Moulting; Shrimp culture; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus semisulcatus AB: Abstract The source of yolk proteins in crustacean ovaries has been the subject of controversy for several decades, and both extraovarian and intraovarian synthesized proteins have been implicated. To offer a new insight into the relationship of vitellogenin (VTG) and vitellin (VT), a comparison of extraovarian VTG and ovarian VT of the marine shrimp Penaeus semisulcatus was performed at the protein and cDNA levels. Two cDNAs (7920 and 2068 nucleotides [nt]) were sequenced for VTG from the ovary and one cDNA (7920 nt) was sequenced from the hepatopancreas. VTG cDNA from hepatopancreas was similar to VTG cDNA from ovary. Although a VTG gene was also found in the males, similar to 7.8-kilobase transcripts were only detected in the ovary and hepatopancreas of females. The mRNA expression pattern was related to the stage of ovarian development and to the molt cycle, as determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction assay. VTG and VT apoproteins were composed of two and three major subunits, respectively, as shown by SDS-PAGE. N-terminal sequences of these subunits revealed the presence of a cleavage site at a consensus motif for a subtilisin-like endoprotease in VTG and VT and an additional cleavage site in VT revealed by an unidentified endoprotease. These results indicate that penaeid shrimps constitute a unique model for vitellogenesis, showing intraovarian gene expression and synthesis of yolk protein. Record 54 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Effect of different feeds and feeding technologies on prawn production AU: Author Coyle, S; Tidwell, J SO: Source World Aquaculture [World Aquacult.]. Vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 51-53. Jun 2003. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Feeding experiments; Prawn culture; Feed composition; Proteins; Yield; Fertilizers; Artificial substrata; Stocking density; Habitat improvement (physical); Body size; Feeding; Pellet feeds; Animal nutrition; Diets; Nutritional requirements; Costs; Aquaculture economics; Aquaculture techniques; Article Taxonomic Terms: Macrobrachium rosenbergii; Article Geographic Terms:

USA, Kentucky AB: Abstract The commercial culture of the freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, in the United States has increased considerably in recent years and estimated pond production now exceeds 600 hectares. Recent developments in prawn production technologies, such as added substrate, increased stocking densities, size grading and increased feed rates, have increased prawn production rates from 900-1,000 kg/ha five years ago to over 2,500 kg/ha, currently in research ponds. While prawns can receive substantial nutritional benefit from natural foods in ponds at relatively low prawn biomass densities (<1,000 kg/ha); at higher production rates prawn are likely to be more dependant on commercial feeds, especially the large high value individuals (>40-50 g). Prawns have typically been fed agro-industrial byproducts or low protein diets, which were used primarily to enhance natural pond productivity rather than to serve as a complete diet for the animals. Research has shown that, physiologically, freshwater prawns actually have nutritional requirements that are similar to penaeid shrimp, which are typically fed high protein, high quality diets. In prawn farming, feed costs are a relatively small proportion of total costs 5-15 percent. To be sure that maximum prawn production rates are being achieved by these new technologies, including substrates and grading, we must be sure that potential production rates are not constrained by suboptimal diets. In studies at Kentucky State University, we have used what we call phase feeding in recent years. In phase feeding, prawns are fed a 22 percent protein unpelleted organic fertilizer, DDGS (Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles) at 20kg/ha/day for the first month, followed by a 28 percent protein steam pelleted diet formulated similar to catfish feed for the next six weeks and finally, a 40 percent protein marine shrimp diet for the remaining four weeks of the production period. When these feeding and production technologies were changed, production rates increased from 900-1,000 kg/ha to over 2,500 kg/ha in our research ponds when combined with other management factors, such as added substrate and increased stocking density. While these changes in feeds and feeding have been effective, they have also been expensive 2, so we initiated a series of studies to evaluate the cost/benefit relationships of the different feeds and feeding scenarios. Record 55 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Minimum environmental potassium for survival of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) in freshwater AU: Author McGraw, WJ; Scarpa, J SO: Source Journal of Shellfish Research [J. Shellfish Res.]. Vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 263-267. Jun 2003. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Marine crustaceans; Potassium; Ions; Fresh water; Sodium compounds; Chlorides; Distilled water; Osmoregulation; Shrimp culture; Survival; Article Taxonomic Terms: Litopenaeus vannamei AB: Abstract The effect of three essential osmoregulatory ions (Mg super(2+), K super(+), and SO sub(4) super(2-)) on the short-term survival of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in freshwater (<1 ppt

total ion concentration) was examined in several experiments. Shrimp postlarvae (PL-18 and -28) were acclimated from seawater (32 ppt) to freshwater (700 ppm TDS; 280 ppm Cl super(-)) over 48 h and held for an additional 24 h before being placed in treatment solutions. Treatments consisted of various Mg super(2+), K super(+), and SO sub(4) super(2-) concentrations in Na super(+) and Ca super(2+) solutions that were all derived from chloride or sodium based chemicals added to distilled water. Ten shrimp were placed in triplicate 4-L plastic containers holding 2 L of treatment solutions for 24-48 h. Potassium was found to significantly (P < 0.05) increase shrimp survival, whereas Mg super(2+) and SO sub(4) super(2-) had no effect. Solutions with K super(+) exhibited an average increase in survival of 20% and 42% above solutions without K super(+) at 24 and 48 h, respectively. This study demonstrates the necessity of K super(+) in "freshwater" at a minimum concentration of 1 ppm for the survival of this euryhaline marine shrimp. The regulatory aspects involved in maintaining K super(+) in crustaceans under hypo-osmotic conditions are discussed. Record 56 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Effect of salinity on natural community and production of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone), within experimental zero-water exchange culture systems AU: Author Decamp, O; Cody, J; Conquest, L; Delanoy, G; Tacon, AJ SO: Source Aquaculture Research [Aquacult. Res.]. Vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 345-355. Mar 2003. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Salinity effects; Recirculating systems; Shrimp culture; Article Taxonomic Terms: Litopenaeus vannamei AB: Abstract Recent efforts have been made to culture marine shrimp in systems operating under low or zero-water exchange and with decreased water salinity. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of various salinity levels on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the natural community and, more particularly, ciliated protozoa, and compare this information with shrimp growth and survival. Tanks with 9ppt salinity were characterized by a higher pH, but also by a significantly higher concentration of chlorophyll a (Chl a) per weight of suspended matter (1.93 plus or minus 0.72 mu g Chl a/mg TSS) than tanks with 18ppt (1.29 plus or minus 0.68 mu g Chl a/mg TSS) or 36ppt (1.37 plus or minus 0.61 mu g Chl a/mg TSS) salinity. Concentrations of ciliates (max 6000 cells mL super(-1)) showed considerable fluctuations over the sampling period, reflecting the impact of water salinity, dynamic interactions between ciliates and their diverse roles within the shrimp production system. There was no significant difference between survival rates of shrimp reared at 9ppt, 18ppt or 36ppt, but decreasing salinity from 36ppt to 9ppt led to a significant decrease in final shrimp body weight (from 13.40 plus or minus 0.26 g to 10.23 plus or minus 2.72 g). Future work should address the potential of ciliates as an indicator of aquaculture water quality, as is currently being done in the wastewater industry, and the contribution of ciliates as food sources. Record 57 of 500

DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Results of the code of conduct for marine shrimp farming demonstration in Songkhla, Southern Thailand AU: Author Tookwinas, S; Songsangjinda, P SO: Source World Aquaculture [World Aquacult.]. Vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 9-11. Mar 2003. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Environmental impact; Environmental protection; Aquaculture regulations; Coastal zone management; Environment management; Environmental monitoring; Shrimp culture; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeidae; Article Geographic Terms: ISEW, Thailand AB: Abstract In the last decade, there has been environmental degradation of coastal areas as well as physical, biochemical, social and economic impacts of shrimp farming on the coastal environment. In response, the Thailand Department of Fisheries (DOF) has paid a great deal of attention to these issues to help minimize the impacts and maintain or sustain the shrimp farming industry. The shrimp farming industry includes not only the shrimp farms but also involves associated industries, such as hatcheries; feed, chemical and drug suppliers; processors and exporters. The DOF has developed a Code of Conduct for Sustainable Marine Shrimp Farming Industry in Thailand that was initiated in June 1998 with funding from the World Bank in two phases. The first phase, 1998 to 1999, was the commitment to an environmental management system among stakeholders and the development of guidelines. The second phase was the farm demonstration program, which was conducted in 2000. The farm practice manual was developed along the guidelines established in phase one. The results of the monitoring program at demonstration farms are presented here. Record 58 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Environmental impacts of shrimp farming in the Brazilian Northeast. AU: Author Gesteira, TCV; Paiva, MP SO: Source Arquivos de Ciencias do Mar [Arq. Cienc. Mar]. Vol. 36, pp. 23-28. 2003. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Environment management; Environmental impact; Shrimp culture; Marine aquaculture; Culture effects; Article Taxonomic Terms: Litopenaeus; Farfantepenaeus; Penaeus; Article Geographic Terms: ASW, Brazil, Northeast AB: Abstract With fisheries catches stable at the global level, aquaculture has become the most important alternative. Among all farmed marine organisms, penaeid shrimp are the most promising group for Brazilian mariculture. After the beginning of shrimp farming in the 1970's in the country, the Brazilian industry has gone through a series of crises until becoming the 7th largest world producer of farm-reared shrimp in 2002. In that year, the country harvested 60,128 Mt of marine shrimp. The Northeastern region accounted for 96.5% of Brazil's

total production. Shrimp farming has led to controversial debates between environmentalist and farmers. The major impacts of this activity are the destruction of mangrove forest, the salinization of aquifers, the pollution of nearby areas by farm effluents, the reduction in biodiversity during the catch of wild post-larvae and the escape of exotic species into the natural environment. All these impacts can be mitigated though good farming, as some of them are not relevant to shrimp culture. The construction of ponds in mangrove-covered lands and the collection of wild post-larvae are practices that are no longer part of this activity. Is clear that the survival of the farming business relies on the protection of the environment to which it is intimately linked. Record 59 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Marine Shrimp Papers At World Aquaculture 2002 AU: Author Jory, DE SO: Source Aquaculture Magazine [Aquacult. Mag.]. Vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 42-48. Jan-Feb 2003. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Marine aquaculture; World; Conferences; Article Taxonomic Terms: Decapoda AB: Abstract The World Aquaculture 2002 meeting was successfully held in Beijing, China last April. There were several excellent shrimp papers presented and covering topics like nutrition and feeds, health, genetic improvement, production and others. Here I briefly comment on some of the most relevant papers. If you are interested in additional information, refer to the Book of Abstracts, which should be available from the World Aquaculture Society Home Office (phone 225-388-3137; fax 225-388-3493 or by email at: wasmas[at]aol.com). Record 60 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Indian Aquaculture AU: Author Gopakumar, K SO: Source Journal of Applied Aquaculture [J. Appl. Aquacult.]. Vol. 13, no. 1-2, pp. 1-10. 2003. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Aquaculture development; Human food; Freshwater aquaculture; Marine aquaculture; Fish culture; Mussel culture; Oyster culture; Pearl oysters; Cultured organisms; Freshwater fish; Marine fish; Aquaculture techniques; Article Taxonomic Terms: Catla catla; Labeo rohita; Cirrhinus mrigala; Labeo calbasu; Perna viridis; Perna perna; Pinctada fucata; Penaeidae; Macrobrachium rosenbergii; Article Geographic Terms: India AB: Abstract Fish play an important role in the nutrition of people in India. Per capita availability of fish in the country is 9.5 kg with production at 5.8 million tonnes during 1999-2000. This production level makes

India the second largest aquaculture producing country in the world. China is the leading aquaculture producer. India cultures many different species including Indian major carps (catla, Catla catla; rohu, Labeo rohita; naini, Cirrhinus mrigala; and calbasu, Labeo calbasu), marine shrimp, freshwater shrimp, oysters, green and brown mussels, and pearl oysters for domestic and international markets. To meet the increased demand for fisheries products by 2010, India must increase its current level of production to 7-8 million tonnes per year. With marine fishery production/capture steady at 3 million tonnes per year, inland aquaculture production must increase from its current level of 2.5 million tonnes to 5 million tonnes by 2010. India must intensify culture production methods for this increased production values to be achieved. Record 61 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Bottom Soil and Water Quality Management in Shrimp Ponds AU: Author Boyd, CE SO: Source Journal of Applied Aquaculture [J. Appl. Aquacult.]. Vol. 13, no. 1-2, pp. 11-33. 2003. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Marine aquaculture; Shrimp culture; Pond culture; Sediment chemistry; Substrata; Physicochemical properties; Habitat improvement (fertilization); Feeding; Culture media; Water quality control; Aquaculture techniques; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeidae AB: Abstract Marine shrimp farming has become an important component of aquaculture. Water and soil conditions have a great influence on the efficiency of shrimp production, and a review of water quality and bottom soil management will be provided. After a shrimp pond has been drained for harvest, organic carbon analyses can indicate if organic matter concentrations are too low (< 0.5%) or too high (> 3 or 4%). Bottoms should be dried for 2 to 3 weeks to enhance oxidation of organic matter and other reduced substances. Soil pH should be measured and agricultural limestone applied to acidic pond bottoms. In soil with excessive organic matter, nitrogen fertilizers may be applied at 200 to 400 kg/ha to enhance microbial activity. Nitrate nitrogen is especially effective as a nitrogen source for treating pond bottoms because it also is a soil oxidant. Empty pond bottoms also may be tilled to 5 to 10 cm depth with a disk harrow to encourage oxidation. Once ponds have been filled with water, chemical fertilizer containing both nitrogen and phosphorus should be used to encourage natural productivity. Applications of 2 to 4 kg/ha of N and P sub(2)O sub(5) at 2- to 3-day intervals are usually adequate. Within 1 or 2 weeks, natural food should be abundant and postlarvae can be stocked. Fertilization with 1-2 kg N and 0.5-1 kg P sub(2)O sub(5)/ha at intervals of about 1 week should be continued for a few weeks. However, once feeding rates exceed 20 to 30 kg/ha per day, fertilization should be used cautiously because of the danger of causing excessive phytoplankton blooms. Mechanical aeration can be used to increase feeding rates and allow higher levels of shrimp production. Water exchange is widely used in shrimp farming, but water exchange often can be reduced to much lower levels than commonly applied. Suggestions on the use of better practices to minimize

possible adverse environmental effects of shrimp farming are provided. Record 62 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Transmission, Virulence, and Recovery Coefficients of White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) and Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV) Infections in Kona Stock Litopenaeus vannamei AU: Author Soto, MA; Lotz, JM SO: Source Journal of Aquatic Animal Health [J. Aquat. Anim. Health]. Vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 48-54. 2003. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Disease transmission; Viral diseases; Shrimp culture; Mortality; Virulence; Article Taxonomic Terms: Taura syndrome virus; White spot syndrome virus; Litopenaeus vannamei; Article Geographic Terms: ISE, USA, Hawaii, Hawaii I., Kona Coast; USA, Hawaii AB: Abstract We used an experimental procedure based on a mathematical epidemiology model to compare the transmission, virulence, and recovery coefficients of Litopenaeus vannamei (Kona stock) exposed to white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) or Taura syndrome virus (TSV). The procedure involved exposing 12 susceptible shrimp to a single WSSV- or TSV-infected shrimp cadaver for 14 h and then isolating the exposed shrimp individually for 5 d to determine the number of infections and deaths. The L. vannamei used in the experiments were from the original unselected, highly susceptible population of shrimp maintained by the U.S. Marine Shrimp Farming Program. Two experiments were conducted, the results from which were similar. The estimated transmission coefficients were 0.61 for the TSV exposures and 0.41 for the WSSV exposures. The estimated virulence coefficient was higher for the WSSV exposures (0.37) than for the TSV exposures (0.12). In contrast, the estimated recovery coefficient was higher for the TSV exposures (0.10) than for the WSSV exposures (0). For the WSSV-exposed shrimp, most animals died 24-48 h postexposure; for the TSV-exposed shrimp, most died 48-96 h postexposure. Record 63 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Concentrations of Major Ions in Waters of Inland Shrimp Farms in China, Ecuador, Thailand, and the United States AU: Author Boyd, CE; Thunjai, T SO: Source Journal of the World Aquaculture Society [J. World Aquacult. Soc.]. Vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 524-532. 2003. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Brackishwater aquaculture; Shrimp culture; Pond culture; Aquaculture techniques; Chemical analysis; Ions; Culture media; Brines; Fresh water; Ground water; Surface water; Article Geographic Terms: China, People's Rep.; Ecuador; Thailand; USA AB: Abstract

Culture of marine shrimp in inland areas has been done in Thailand for more than a decade and now is being attempted in many other nations. In Thailand, shrimp are cultured in ponds containing water of 2 to 5 ppt salinity prepared by mixing brine solution from coastal seawater evaporation ponds with freshwater. In other nations, the primary sources of low-salinity water for shrimp culture are saline ground water from wells and surface water. In some cases, granular salt has been applied to ponds to increase salinity. There have not been problems with shrimp stress and mortality from imbalances of major ion concentrations in inland shrimp culture in Thailand, but ionic imbalance has been problematic in the United States and Ecuador. The brine solution used in Thailand has proportions of major ions similar to those of seawater. Pond water prepared by mixing freshwater and brine solution usually is similar to seawater with respect to ionic proportions. Groundwater and surface water, as well as granular salt which may be added to ponds to raise salinity, may differ greatly from seawater in ionic proportions. During a recent study of inland shrimp farming techniques (Boyd, in press), it was possible to collect water samples from inland shrimp culture ponds in China, Ecuador, and Thailand and in Alabama, Arizona, Florida, and Texas of the United States. These samples were analyzed for salinity and concentrations of major ions to provide information on the characteristics of waters used for inland shrimp culture. Record 64 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Marine Byproducts for Aquaculture Use AU: Author Hardy, RW SO: Source Advances in Seafood Byproducts. 2002 Conference Proceedings. pp. 141-152. 2003. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Seafood; Fishery products; Byproducts; Fish meal; Fish oils; Nutritive value; Proteins; Amino acids; Fatty acids; Food additives; Feed composition; Fish culture; Shrimp culture; Article Geographic Terms: USA AB: Abstract Aquaculture production increased by more than 12% per year in the past 15 years and is expected to continue to do so for the foreseeable future, requiring more feeds and thus more fish protein and oil. The percentage of annual world fish meal and oil production used by the aquaculture feed industry was 10% and 6% in 1988 compared to ca. 43% and 75%, respectively, in 2000. Over 70% of the fish meal and oil consumed by aquaculture is used in feeds for four species groups, i.e., marine shrimp, salmonids, marine fish, and carp. Fish meal and oil fulfill specific roles in feeds for each species group, and thus marine byproducts can have different specifications for each. The amino acid profile of fish meal is optimum for aquaculture feeds, but supply and demand concerns will increasingly result in fish meal being combined with grain and oilseed proteins to produce blends suitable for growing fish. Thus, the protein and amino acid content and digestibility of fish meal and marine byproducts will become critically important as proteins from marine sources switch from a primary role in feeds to a specialty role as sources of essential amino acids that are limited in proteins from grains and oilseeds. Likewise, fish oils will switch from being a primary energy source in

diets to a specialty role in finishing diets to supply omega-3 fatty acids. Record 65 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Closed life-cycle culture of Penaeus orientalis Kishiouye 1918 in brackish water areas. AU: Author Quyen, NV SO: Source Fishries review [Fish. Rev.]. no. 2, pp. 24-26. 2003. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Marine crustaceans; Brackishwater aquaculture; Experimental culture; Shrimp culture; Pond culture; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus orientalis; Article Geographic Terms: ISEW, Vietnam AB: Abstract The experimental closed life-cycle culture of Penaeus Orientalis Kishiouye 1918 in brackish water areas was conducted in order to maintain and protect the genetic resource of Vietnam and to add to the structure of cultured shrimp species in Northern provinces. The research was carried out in two stages 1995-1996 and 1996-1997 in abrackish water pond of 2,000m super(2) area and water level at 1.5m. The first stage started with size PL 15 until shrimp weighs 25-30g, and stocking density was 10ind/m super(2). At the second stage shrimps from the fist stage were transferred to another pond and released with a stocking density of 1ind/m super(2). Spawner shrimp were kept separately and grown out in ponds. The experimental result showed that although living in unfavourable condition, Penaeus orientalis grew rather fast, reaching an average weight of 25.4g after three months of culture; after 11 months, female shrimp weighed 68.7g, while male shrimp weighed 37.5g. Penaeus Orientalis could sexually develop and ripen with high rate (80.5%) in brackish water ponds and reached maturity at 11 months old in the condition of artificial culture. The reproduction of cultured shrimp was lower than marine shrimp, meanwhile the quality of their eggs and larvae were similar to marine shrimp. Record 66 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Rice-prawn and rice-shrimp culture in coastal areas of Viet Nam. AU: Author Hung, LT SO: Source Integrated agriculture-aquaculture: A primer. Integration agriculture-aquaculture: principes de base et exemples. no. 407, pp. 86-90. FAO Document technique sur les peches [FAO Doc. Tech. Peches]. 2003. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Agropisciculture; Rice field aquaculture; Prawn culture; Plant culture; Shrimp culture; Aquaculture systems; Aquaculture techniques; Article Taxonomic Terms: Macrobrachium rosenbergii; Penaeus monodon; Oryza sativa; Article Geographic Terms: ISEW, Vietnam; Vietnam AB: Abstract

A description is given of 2 systems of rice field aquaculture that farmers in coastal areas of southern Viet Nam use to increase their incomes - rice-freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) and freshwater prawn or marine shrimp (Penaeus monodon) monoculture in the dry season. The following aspects are covered: site selection; dike and trench construction; stocking; feeding; predator prevention; care and maintenance; harvesting; land preparation and transplanting for rice; fertilizing; and, pest control. CA: Corporate Author FAO, Rome (Italy); World Fish Cent., Penang (Malaysia); International Inst. of Rural Reconstruction, Silang, Cavite (Philippines) Record 67 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Increasing cholesterol deposition in oocytes of eyestalk-ablated tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon) by feeding bioencapsulated live prey AU: Author Kian, AYS; Mustafa, S; Rahman, RA SO: Source Journal of aquaculture in the tropics [J. Aquacult. Trop.]. Vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 309-314. 2003. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Marine crustaceans; Crustacean culture; Shrimp culture; Oocytes; Cholesterol; Eyestalk extirpation; Ovaries; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus monodon; Article Geographic Terms: ISEW, Malaysia, Kota Kinabaly AB: Abstract Tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon, is the most widely cultured species of marine shrimp not only in Malaysia but the whole of Southeast Asia. Survival of the seed produced in hatcheries is highly variable even in specimens of the same population, suggesting a possible link with differences in egg quality. This study is a part of investigations of factors that influence the quality of egg and measures that could be taken to improve the quality. Three batches of females were subjected to unilateral eyestalk ablation and were fed different diets (D1-D3) while in captivity: D1 (squid + trash fish in 50:50 ratio), D2 (squid + trash fish + bloodworm, 50:25:25) and D3 (squid + trash fish + bioencapsulated bloodworm, 50:25:25). Live bloodworm were bioencapsulated using tricalcic phosphate. Broodstock were fed 3 times dally at 0800 h, 1300 h. Ration size was 10% body weight per day. Just when gonads were ripe, tiger prawn were sacrificed and gonad samples removed for cholesterol analysis. Notable quantitative differences in cholesterol were seen in the three batches, with values of 482 plus or minus 80 mg/100 g (D1), 569 plus or minus 95 mg/100 g (D2) and 615 plus or minus 95 mg/100 mg/100 (D3). Evidently, bioencapsulated bloodworm contributed to substantially increasing the cholesterol content of the intraovarian oocytes. Record 68 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Shrimp release into the sea. AU: Author Chiem, NV SO: Source

Fisheries review [Fis. rev.]. no. 7, pp. 36-37. 2003. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Ranching; Resource conservation; Stocks; Seed (aquaculture); Article Geographic Terms: ISEW, Vietnam AB: Abstract Based on the data collected from surveys regarding the marine shrimp stock of Vietnam in the period from 1975 to 1987, it can be estimated that there is 70-80 thousand tones of marine shrimp per year and the shrimp catch can be up to 30,000-32,000 tones a year. But recently, the decline of marine shrimp resources has great impacts on socio-economic conditions in many coastal areas. With the purpose to restore of natural balance, marine shrimp seed was released into sea to preserve shrimp resources. But it requires a supply of shrimp seeds, right zone for release, release density of 0.5-1 seed/m super(2). In some provinces such as Khanh Hoa, Binh Dinh, Nghe An, Quang Ninh about 100 millions of shrimp post larvae (PL 12-15) has been released for recent five years. Record 69 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Egypt and Saudi Arabia: shrimp culture AU: Author Feidi, I SO: Source INFOSAMAK international magazine/INFOSAMAK magazine specialise dans la peche et des industries de poisson [INFOSAMAK Int. Mag./INFOSAMAK Mag. Spec. Peche Ind. Poisson]. no. 3, pp. 45-47. 2003. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Marine aquaculture; Aquaculture enterprises; Aquaculture development; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus monodon; Article Geographic Terms: ISW, Saudi Arabia; MED, Egypt, Arab Rep.; ISW, Egypt, Arab Rep. AB: Abstract The world shrimp culture industry is now well developed and competitive, especially in terms of international trade. The main species cultured by far is Penaeus monodon. There has been an increase in demand for seafood products in the Arab world in general, and in the Arab states surrounding the marine waters of the Arabian Peninsula in particular. This growing local and international demand for seafood has led several Arab states to engage in marine aquaculture. Two Arab states in particular have shown significant progress in marine shrimp farming on a commercial basis - Egypt and Saudi Arabia. Both these states are considered the pioneers in commercialization of shrimp mariculture in the Arab region. Details are given of the various shrimp culture enterprises and their activities in these 2 countries, providing also some information on other mariculture attempts in other Arab states. Record 70 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Seawater irrigation system for intensive marine shrimp farming in Thailand AU: Author

Tookwinas, S; Yingcharoen, D SO: Source Fisheries Science [Fish. Sci.]. Vol. 68, suppl. 1, pp. 855-858. Nov 2002. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Marine aquaculture; Intensive culture; Shrimp culture; Irrigation water; Sea water; Culture media; Aquaculture techniques; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeidae; Article Geographic Terms: Thailand Record 71 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Culture And Nutrition Of Red Claw Crayfish - Part 2 AU: Author Webster, CD; Thompson, KR; Muzinic, LA; Rouse, DB; Manomaitis, L SO: Source Aquaculture Magazine [Aquacult. Mag.]. Vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 35-40. Sep-Oct 2002. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Crayfish culture; Nutritional requirements; Diets; Feed composition; Animal nutrition; Article Taxonomic Terms: Cherax quadricarinatus; Article Geographic Terms: USA, Kentucky AB: Abstract Kentucky State University - For the past 3.5 years, we have grown red claw indoors and in ponds at the Aquaculture Research Center, Kentucky State University in an attempt to learn about their culture habits. Very little information exists on their nutritional requirements. Since diet costs can be as much as 70% of the operating expenses for an aquaculture enterprise, it is imperative that the least expensive diet be formulated that meets the nutrient requirements of the species. Since producers may use an expensive marine shrimp diet to feed red claw, determination of nutrient requirements specific for red claw may allow for less expensive, yet nutritious, diets to be used, thereby reducing operating costs and potentially increasing profitability. Record 72 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Reducing the environmental impact of aquaculture AU: Author McIntosh, DM SO: Source Dissertation Abstracts International Part B: Science and Engineering [Diss. Abst. Int. Pt. B - Sci. & Eng.]. Vol. 63, no. 4, p. 2007. Oct 2002. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Environmental impact; Pollution effects; Water quality; Aquaculture effluents; Phosphorus; Pollution control AB: Abstract Aquaculture has great potential to help supply the nutritional needs of a growing population. To date, however, the benefits that aquaculture can have, have largely been overshadowed by the environmental degradation some segments of the industry have caused. The following body of work describes my efforts to help reduce the

environmental impacts of aquaculture. By integrating aquaculture production into traditional agriculture, the impact of farming on already limited water resources and the reliance on chemical fertilizers can be reduced. Recent expansion of the aquaculture industry in Arizona has made it possible to study the integration of olive groves with marine shrimp culture. In chapter 3, I describe the characterization and evaluation of the effluent from an inland, low-salinity shrimp farm as a potential source of irrigation water. I found that 0.41 kg of ammonia-nitrogen, 0.698 kg of nitrite-nitrogen, 8.7 kg of nitrate-nitrogen and 0.93 kg of total phosphorus (TP) were made available as fertilizer each day in the effluent water. Based on the results of this first study, I decided to conduct a farm trial to quantify the effects of these shrimp farm effluents on olive trees. This work is described in chapter 4. Trees in all treatment groups grew an average of 40.1 cm over the four month study period. While growth of trees irrigated with shrimp farm effluent did not improve in respect to the other treatments, our results do indicate that irrigating with low-salinity water had no noticeable negative effects. Chapter 5 describes work conducted in Idaho, as part of a larger study aimed at reducing the effluent loads of phosphorus (P) from high density, flow-through aquaculture facilities. Research steps were taken to establish a relationship between TP and the carbon 12/13 isotope ratio ([super] 13C) and/or the nitrogen 14/15 isotope ratio ([super]15N). Our findings suggest that both [super]15N and [super] 13C are good better proxies for P, after correcting for P retention. A linear regression of %P (corrected) on [super]13C and [super] 15N resulted in R2[super] values of 0.843 and 0.8622, respectively. This suggests that by tracking [super]15N and/or [super] 13C through a high-density, flow-through aquaculture facility over time I will be able to determine the residence time of P with a high degree of accuracy. Record 73 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Marine Shrimp Farming in the Western Hemisphere: Past Problems, Present Solutions, and Future Visions AU: Author Moss, SM SO: Source Reviews in Fisheries Science [Rev. Fish. Sci.]. Vol. 10, no. 3-4, pp. 601-620. Sep 2002. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Aquaculture; Aquaculture development; Aquaculture techniques; Technology transfer; Aquaculture statistics; Aquaculture economics; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeidae; Article Geographic Terms: Western Hemisphere AB: Abstract Shrimp aquaculture expanded significantly during the 1980s and now represents a multibillion dollar industry. In 2001, shrimp farmers in the Western Hemisphere produced an estimated 125,000 metric tons of product, representing about 10% of the world's supply of farmed shrimp. Despite this level of production, shrimp farmers have suffered significant economic losses over the last decade because of environmental problems associated with traditional farming practices and viral diseases that have plagued the industry. In an effort to improve shrimp performance, farmers are adopting biosecure approaches to shrimp culture that include reduced water exchange and the use of

high health seed. Although these efforts have had a positive impact on the industry, the risk of crop loss still exists. The long-term viability of shrimp aquaculture depends on appropriate technologies that are designed to mitigate negative environmental impacts and reduce the introduction and spread of pathogens. These technologies must be integrated into a holistic approach to shrimp culture that incorporates major advances used in terrestrial meat production with novel approaches to aquatic animal husbandry. With these technologies in place, the shrimp aquaculture industry could expand in an environmentally responsible manner, while simultaneously increasing production and profitability for the shrimp farmer. Record 74 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Extension methodologies for aquatic animal health management in rural pond culture. Lessons from Bangladesh AU: Author Islam, MdN SO: Source Primary aquatic animal health care in rural, small-scale, aquaculture development. Technical proceedings of the Asia Regional Scoping Workshop, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 27-30 September 1999. no. 406, pp. 287-296. FAO fisheries technical paper [FAO Fish. Tech. Pap.]. 2002. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Small scale aquaculture; Pond culture; Fish culture; Shrimp culture; Disease control; Development projects; Husbandry diseases; Article Geographic Terms: Bangladesh AB: Abstract Bangladesh has a long history of rural, small-scale aquaculture, most of it carp culture, either traditional, improved traditional or polyculture, although other species are cultured in both monoculture and polyculture. Freshwater prawn farming, integrated with rice cultivation and certain fish species, is also practised. Disease problems are occasionally observed, and these are mainly attributed to poor husbandry. However, a serious outbreak of epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) occurred in 1998, and viral infections of marine shrimp occurred in 1994 and 1996. These outbreaks served to highlight the importance of aquatic animal health management in Bangladesh. Intensification of traditional aquaculture systems, promoted by many extension projects, is considered to be the cause of many of the problems encountered. This paper describes ongoing aquaculture extension projects and the role of the government extension services in the provision of fish health management. CA: Corporate Author FAO, Rome (Italy); Department for Int. Development of the United Kingdom (DFID), (UK); Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific (NACA) Record 75 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Twin Meiosis 2 Spindles Form After Suppression of Polar Body 1 Formation in Oocytes of the Marine Shrimp Sicyonia ingentis AU: Author Hertzler, PL

SO: Source Biological Bulletin, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole [Biol. Bull. Mar. Biol. Lab. Woods Hole]. Vol. 202, no. 2, pp. 100-103. Apr 2002. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Meiosis; Biological development; Reproduction; Marine crustaceans; Oocytes Record 76 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Phytoplankton succession in intensive marine shrimp culture ponds treated with a commercial bacterial product AU: Author Yusoff, FM; Zubaidah, MS; Matias, HB; Kwan, TS SO: Source Aquaculture Research [Aquacult. Res.]. Vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 269-278. Mar 2002. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Aquaculture techniques; Phytoplankton; Community composition; Dominant species; Intensive culture; Pond culture; Shrimp culture; Silica; Nutrients (mineral); Carbon; Nitrogen; Phosphorus; Habitat improvement (fertilization); Ecological succession; Aquaculture; Succession; Diatoms; Nutrients; Article Taxonomic Terms: Oscillatoria; Chaetoceros calcitrans; Bacillariophyceae; Penaeidae; Bacteria; Cyanophyta; Chaetoceros AB: Abstract Succession of phytoplankton dominance was studied in shrimp culture ponds treated with commercial bacterial products. Diatoms were dominant and the cyanobacteria were absent in both treated and control ponds at the beginning of the culture period. After 34 days, the diatoms significantly decreased whereas cyanobacteria increased in both ponds. Chlorophyll a increased from a mean of 35.56 mg m super(-3) in the first phase to 186.00 mg m super(-3) in the final phase, and from 42.12 mg m super(-3) to 242.81 mg m super(-3) in the treated and control ponds respectively. Cyanobacteria were significantly higher in the control compared with the treated ponds during the final phase of the culture. Algal bioassay showed that the addition of nitrogen either alone or with silica to pond water significantly increased the specific growth rate of Chaetoceros calcitrans . The specific growth rate of Oscillatoria sp. significantly increased when a combination of nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon was added to the pond water. Addition of silica seemed to depress the growth rate of Oscillatoria sp. Nutrient enrichment should be minimized and the supply of nitrogen and silica should be adequate for promoting the growth of beneficial phytoplankton in aquaculture systems. Record 77 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Combining taste panels with focus groups to elicit consumer preferences toward a new shrimp product. AU: Author Wirth, FF; Garrido, LR; Davis, KJ; Otwell, WS SO: Source

Journal of Food Distribution Research. pp. 152-154. Mar 2002. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Marine crustaceans; Fishery products; Taste; Consumers; Marketing; Odour AB: Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate acceptability to consumers of the appearance, aroma, flavor, texture and overall likeability of freshwater-farmed marine shrimp versus domestically wild-harvested and imported farm-raised products, and to provide shrimp farmers with the consumer-preference information needed to develop successful direct marketing strategies. The shrimp clearly have market acceptance. CA: Corporate Author Florida Sea Grant Record 78 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Aquaculture growout systems--challenges and technological solutions. AU: Author Lee, C; O'Bryen, PJC SO: Source Reviews in Fisheries Science, 10(3/4):391-620, 2002 (Proceedings of a workshop held by the Oceanic Institute, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, February 12-15, 2001). 230 pp. 2002. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Freshwater aquaculture; Marine aquaculture; Shrimp culture; Fish culture; Aquaculture techniques; Aquaculture systems; Disease control; Water quality control; Aquaculture effluents; Environment management; Conferences; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeidae; Platichthys flesus; Paralichthys olivaceus; Anguillidae; Chanos chanos; Tilapia; Ictalurus punctatus; Dicentrarchus labrax; Sparidae; Scophthalmus maximus; Oncorhynchus mykiss; Seriola quinqueradiata; Salmonidae AB: Abstract The following papers are included in this proceedings: 1. Improved shrimp growout systems for disease prevention and environmental sustainability in Asia. Chen-Sheng Lee pp. 391-402. 2. Flatfish farming systems in the Atlantic Region. Nick Brown pp. 403-419. 3. Flounder culture and its challenges in Asia. Tadahisa Seikai pp. 421-432. 4. Technical innovations in eel culture systems. I. Chiu Liao, et al. pp. 433- 450. 5. Technical responses to challenges in milkfish aquaculture. Mao-Sen Su, et al. pp. 451-464. 6. Tilapia production systems in the Americas: technological advances, trends, and challenges. Wade O. Watanabe, et al. 7. Channel catfish farming in ponds: lessons from a maturing industry. John A. Hargreaves pp. 499-528. 8. Current and future technological trends of European seabass-seabream culture. John A. Theodorou pp. 529-543. 9. Rainbow trout--challenges and solutions. Gary Fornshell pp. 545-557. 10. Yellowtail culture development and solutions for the future. Makoto Nakada pp. 559-575. 11. Farming salmon: an example of aquaculture for the mass market. John Forster pp. 577-591. 12. General discussion on 'Aquaculture Growout Systems--challenges and technological solutions.' Cheng-Sheng Lee pp. 593-600. 13. Marine shrimp farming in the western hemisphere: past problems, present solutions, and future visions. Shaun M. Moss pp. 601-620. Thirteen papers are compiled here from a workshop convened to discuss technical solutions to challenges faced in the past by different aquaculture production systems, and to use the lessons learned to predict what technological improvements or

innovations will be needed in the future. Topics included disease prevention, environmental sustainability and a variety of region- and animal-specific issues. Marine shrimp, turbot, halibut, Japanese flounder, eel, milkfish, tilapia, carp, channel catfish, European seabass and seabream, trout, yellowtail, and salmon are covered. Record 79 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title An investigation of Artemia as a possible vector for white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) transmission to Penaeus indicus AU: Author Sahul Hameed, AS; Murthi, BLM; Rasheed, M; Sathish, S; Yoganandhan, K; Murugan, V; Jayaraman, K SO: Source Aquaculture [Aquaculture]. Vol. 204, no. 1-2, pp. 1-10. 21 Jan 2002. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Viral diseases; Food organisms; Biological vectors; Shrimp culture; Histology; Disease transmission; Polymerase chain reaction; Vectors; Article Taxonomic Terms: Artemia; White spot syndrome virus; Penaeus indicus AB: Abstract The pathogenicity of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) for different developmental stages of Artemia was carried out by immersion challenge and oral route in order to investigate the possibility of Artemia acting as a reservoir or carrier of WSSV to marine shrimp. The WSSV failed to infect the developmental stages of Artemia; there were no differences in mortality between control and challenged groups. The PCR detection for WSSV revealed no positive results for Artemia exposed to WSSV by immersion challenge and oral route. No mortalities were observed in the juveniles of Penaeus indicus fed with Artemia exposed to WSSV by immersion challenge and oral route, whereas 100% mortality was observed in P. indicus fed with WSSV-infected shrimp meat. The PCR analysis was WSSV-positive for P. indicus fed WSSV-infected shrimp meat, whereas it was negative for P. indicus fed Artemia exposed to WSSV. Histological studies agree with these observations. Record 80 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Susceptibility of Litopenaeus vannamei, Farfantepenaeus duorarum, to White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) and Infection of Menippe adina with WSSV AU: Author Soto, MA; Shervette, VR; Lotz, JM SO: Source Proceedings of the Fifty-Third Annual Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute. pp. 38-45. Proceedings of the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute [Proc. Gulf Caribb. Fish. Inst.]. no. 53. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Viral diseases; Animal diseases; Shrimp culture; Survival; Disease resistance; Article Taxonomic Terms: Farfantepenaeus duorarum; Menippe adina; White spot syndrome virus; Litopenaeus vannamei; Article Geographic Terms: ASW, USA AB: Abstract

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) can cause 100% cumulative mortality to farmed shrimp, and there is increasing concern over the possible introduction of this virus into wild shrimp and crab populations in the Gulf of Mexico. In this contribution, we compare the mortality rate of WSSV infected Farfantepenaeus duorarum to Litopenaeus vannamei. In addition, we demonstrate that the stone crab (Menippe adina) is susceptible to WSSV infection. We used an experimental procedure that is based on a mathematical epidemiology model to compare the survival of F. duorarum to L. vannamei from exposures to WSSV. The experimental procedure involved exposing 12 uninfected susceptible shrimp to a single infected shrimp cadaver for a specified period of time and then isolating the exposed shrimp individually to determine the number of deaths. Menippe adina were challenged by injection of a homogenate containing WSSV and exposed per os to WSSV infected tissue. The L. vannamei used in the experiment were obtained from the United States Marine Shrimp Farming Program, and F. duorarum and M. adina were obtained from the wild. The mean mortality rate from a WSSV exposure was 0.81 for L. vannamei, and 0.75 for F. duorarum. A statistical difference was not detected in final mean mortality rates between L. vannamei and F. duorarum. From the M. adina challenge, two of the four crabs injected with WSSV died, and both of those were found to be histologically positive for WSSV associated lesions. In addition to the WSSV inclusions, basophilic, intranuclear inclusions were found in hypertrophied nuclei of hepatopancreatic cells which may be caused by another pathogen. Our results suggest F. duorarum is as susceptible to mortality from WSSV as L. vannamei,, and that M. adina is susceptible to infections by WSSV. Record 81 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Preliminary Assessment of Nearshore Fishable Resources of Jamaica's Largest Bay, Portland Bight AU: Author Aiken, KA; Hay, B; Montemuro, S SO: Source Proceedings of the Fifty-Third Annual Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute. pp. 157-176. Proceedings of the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute [Proc. Gulf Caribb. Fish. Inst.]. no. 53. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Fishery surveys; Fishery resources; Coastal fisheries; Article Taxonomic Terms: Pisces; Crustacea; Mollusca; Article Geographic Terms: ASW, Jamaica, Portland Bight AB: Abstract Sampling of mangrove, seagrass (Thalassia, Syringodium and Halodule) and nearshore sandy habitats over 13 months in Jamaica's largest bay, adjoining the country's largest landing site, yielded 98 species, comprising 92 finfish species from 41 families, including three elasmobranchs families, plus eight crustacean species from six families, and two molluscan species. Adult, sub-adult and juvenile fishes were captured with two types of seines nets deployed in shallow waters of not more than 2m depth. A total of 18.16 kg of fishable species were taken comprising 2,389 individuals, confirming the small sizes taken. Most (69%) of the 92 finfish species came from mangrove-seagrass habitats, and were represented entirely by juveniles. The five most abundant fish species numerically were Anchoa lyolepis (dusky anchovy), Eucinostomus gula (silver jenny), Sardinella anchovia (Spanish sardine), Diapterus rhombeus (caipita mojarra), and

Haemulon sciurus (bluestriped grunt). Crustaceans comprised 7.1% with Callinectes spp. (blue swimming crab) the most abundant species, with molluscs contributing 2% of all species taken. Species richness for the total area is high (SR = 98), and not unlike that (SR = 87) found in the Florida Everglades by Thayer et al. (1987). Similarity in diversity between sample stations and areas were measured using Jaccard's coefficient of similarity, and preliminary results suggest diversity in adjoining bays was sometimes different from each other. Mangrove-seagrass complexes in eastern Portland Bight had higher species diversity than western, despite nearly identical ecology and physico-chemical characteristics. Portland Bight and the area just west of it was shown to possess important juvenile fishable resources which occupied shallow nearshore zones as well as deeper areas that are fished commercially. Two commercially important marine shrimp species (Penaeus schmitti and P. notialis, southern white and southern pink shrimps) were caught. Despite limited sampling, it was apparent that some areas functioned as critical nursery areas for many species and that the entire area as a whole, appeared to function as a giant nursery for many useful species. These fishable resources are inextricably linked with the larger body of resources landed at Old Harbour Bay beach, Jamaica's largest fish landing site, through movement from the Portland Bight area into deeper, exploited reef areas and through directly supporting the commercially fished reef species by providing forage species. The economic value of the fishable resources is thought to be so great that loss of these nursery areas through poorly planned development or other means, would affect the livelihoods of several thousand fishers, as well as equal numbers of directly dependent vendors and their respective families in adjoining parishes. This study was limited to very shallow waters, and thus, sampling of waters deeper than 2 m would be necessary for a more complete assessment. Record 82 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Preliminary characterization of a prototype minimal exchange super-intensive shrimp production system AU: Author Weirich, CR; Browdy, CL; Bratvold, D; McAbee, BJ; Stokes, AD SO: Source Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Recirculating Aquaculture. [np]. 2002. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Aquaculture development; Marine aquaculture; Shrimp culture; Intensive culture; Crustacean larvae; Rearing; Culture tanks; Water quality control; Recirculating systems; Aquaculture systems; Prototypes; Aquaculture economics; Article Taxonomic Terms: Litopenaeus vannamei; Article Geographic Terms: USA AB: Abstract Over the last two decades there has been a significant increase in US consumer demand for marine shrimp, while the nation's commercial catch has remained fairly constant. As a result, approximately 80% of shrimp consumed in the US are imported and of this amount it is estimated that over 50% originate from shrimp farms located in Asia. Although US demand for marine shrimp is high, its contribution to world farm-raised shrimp production is insignificant. Currently only a few facilities, focusing on the production of Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, exist in the US. In addition, of these

operations, located primarily in the states of Florida, Hawaii, South Carolina, and Texas, several produce only larval shrimp, which are sold and distributed mainly to foreign buyers. Clearly, expansion and development of the US farm-raised shrimp industry would provide many economic benefits including reduction of the nation's considerable trade deficit, which has resulted largely from imports of seafood products. Record 83 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Design and construction of a commercial biosecure, closed, recirculating shrimp production system AU: Author Lee, PG; Turk, PE; Lawrence, AL SO: Source Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Recirculating Aquaculture. [np]. 2002. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Marine aquaculture; Shrimp culture; Intensive culture; Raceway culture; Recirculating systems; Aquaculture systems; Disease control; Biofilters; Engineering; Design AB: Abstract Production losses from disease (i.e. viruses) have had a serious negative economic impact on marine shrimp farming world-wide. The need for specific-pathogen-free (SPF) broodstock that are either geographically or environmentally isolated from common diseases has become a priority. The latter is more difficult to accomplish because of possible sources of contamination from influent sea water, shared facilities and shared personnel. The establishment of commercial, environmentally isolated broodstock also necessitates the use of totally, closed recirculating water filtration systems to contain the costs of water replacement due to declining pH and nitrate accumulation. A commercial biosecure facility composed of 4-100 mt raceway systems has been designed and constructed. The system is composed of 4-3.3 m W X 33 m L X 1.3 m D concrete raceways housed in greenhouses. Each raceway has a central concrete partition and a 1.6 m deep settling basin at one end. All effluent water is drawn from a screen standpipe located in the middle of the settling basin. Filtered water is returned to the surface of the raceways along the central partition at 1-2 m intervals. In addition, a cleaning system consisting of notched 5 cm polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe located along the lateral walls and medial partition suspends uneaten feed and particulates off the bottom. Two of the raceways have a combination upflow bead (2.2 m super(3))/fluidized sand (1.44 m super(3)) biofilter system supplied with water from a 2-1 hp pumps (200 lpm). The other two raceways have a reciprocating biofilter (8.9 m super(3)) supplied by an airlift pump (500 lpm). All four raceways have protein skimmers and activated charcoal filters. The tanks and filters were all new construction and artificial sea salts were used to establish and maintain the salinity (5-25 ppt). Each raceway was designed to produce >100 shrimp m super(-2) for a total of 40,000 biosecure adult broodstock. In addition, the raceways were used to acclimate 5.5 x 10 super(6) postlarvae before they were stocked into production ponds. This research project was supported by Woods Brothers Shrimp Farm, Gila. Bend, AZ and a State of Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board Technology Development and Transfer grant (# 004952-079).

Record 84 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Microbial approaches to aquatic nutrition within environmentally sound aquaculture production systems. AU: Author Lee, CC; O'Bryen, P SO: Source World Aquaculture Society. 188 pp. 2002. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Marine aquaculture; Nutrition; Feeding; Nutritive value; Microorganisms; Food organisms; Food additives; Feed composition; Cultured organisms; Shrimp culture; Mollusc culture; Water quality control; Aquaculture systems; Recirculating systems; Conferences; Bacteria; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeidae; Mollusca AB: Abstract The following papers are included in this proceedings: 1. Dietary importance of microbes and detritus in penaeid shrimp aquaculture. Shaun M. Moss pp. 1-18. 2. Microbial ecology of Australian prawn aquaculture systems--sediments, water and water treatment. Linda L. Blackall; Justice C. F. Baiano pp. 19-30. 3. Role of bacteria in the nutrition of bivalve mollusks: intriguing results and research possibilities. Russell P. Herwig pp. 31-60. 4. Microbial communities and their use in aquaculture. Masachika Maeda pp. 61-78. 5. The nutrition and feeding of marine shrimp within zero-water exchange aquaculture production systems: role of eukaryotic microorganism. Olivier Decamp; Lytha Conquest; Ian Forster; Albert G.J. Tacon pp.79-86. 6. The microbial loop in aquaculture. Farooq Azam; Scott Haskell; Forest Rohwer pp.87-97. 7. Overlooked microbial agents in aquaculture: nanobacteria. Tatsuhior Fukuba, et al pp. 99-107. 8. Overlooked microbial agents in aquaculture: thraustochytrids. Koji Nagao, et al pp. 109-117. 9. Microbial intervention in aquaculture. Sarah Horowitz; Ami Horowitz pp. 119-131. 10. Human commensal enteric bacterium as a food additive to aquatic nutrition: application to processed feeds for the Japanese kuruma prawn, Marsupenaeus japonicus, and for the Japanese abalone, Haliotis discus. Toru Inuta, et al. 133147. 11. Development of the intestinal microflora in early life stages of flatfish. T. Harry Birkbeck and David W. Verner- Jeffreys pp. 149-160. 12. Digestion and microbial interactions in the rumen ecosystem. Burk A. Dehority pp. 161-182. 13. Workshop discussion and recommendations on microbial contributions to aquatic nutrition. Andrew Brittain, et al. pp. 183-187. Microorganisms play an important role in maintaining the health and stability of aquaculture production systems, as a source of dietary nutrients for the culture species, and through their ability to remove potentially toxic metabolites from the water column. The aim of a recent workshop was to better understand, monitor, and control the microbial floc within dynamic aerobic fermentors, and to further explore its potential as a source of nutrition and for biocontrol in aquaculture production. Leading experts on microbial ecology, water quality, pond dynamics, rumen ecosystems, wastewater treatment, and aquaculture production systems presented the papers that are compiled here along with a summary of discussion sessions. Record 85 of 500 DN: Database Name

ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Hepatopancreas and ovary are sites of vitellogenin synthesis as determined from partial cDNA encoding of vitellogenin in the marine shrimp, Penaeus vannamei AU: Author Tseng, Deng-Yu; Chen, Ying-Nan; Liu, Kuan-Fu; Kou, Guang-Hsiung; Lo, Chu-Fang; Kuo, Ching-Ming* SO: Source Invertebrate reproduction and development [Invertebr. Reprod. Dev.]. Vol. 42, no. 2-3, pp. 137-143. 2002. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Vitellogenesis; DNA; Genes; Hepatopancreas; Ovaries; Yolk; Protein synthesis; Article Taxonomic Terms: Litopenaeus vannamei AB: Abstract The site of yolk protein synthesis in crustaceans has long been a subject of controversy. A portion of the vitellogenin gene structure was reported recently in a freshwater giant prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) and black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon), in which the hepatopancreas was confirmed to be the extraovarian site of vitellogenin synthesis. The ovary is also frequently reported to be the site of yolk protein synthesis in penaeid shrimp. The same PCR product was obtained using cDNA from the hepatopancreas or the ovary as a template. The deduced amino acid sequence of Vg in P. vannamei showed high identities of 57% and 78% with those from M. rosenbergii and P. monodon, respectively. The same location of the intron in the sequenced region of genomic DNA was also found between these three species. It is therefore concluded that the hepatopancreas and ovary are sites of vitellogenin synthesis in P. vannamei. the partial structure of the vitellogenin gene is further presented. Record 86 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title reproductive ecology of a protandric simultaneous hermaphrodite, the shrimp Lysmata wurdemanni (Decapoda: Caridea: Hippolytidae) AU: Author Bauer, RT SO: Source Journal of crustacean biology [J. Crust. Biol.]. Vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 742-749. 2002. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Population number; Breeding seasons; Hermaphroditism; Spawning; Recruitment; Seasonal variations; Article Taxonomic Terms: Lysmata wurdemanni AB: Abstract The temporal pattern of population abundance, breeding, and recruitment of the marine shrimp Lysmata wurdemanni is described and analysed. A population inhabiting the rock jetty in Port Aransas, Texas, U.S.A., was sampled monthly for one year and then bimonthly in a second. Abundances were greatest in the summer, declining during the fall to zero values in early winter, with increases in the late winter and early spring. The disappearance of the population in early winter is attributed to its movement beneath the jetty or to some other location inaccessible to sampling. When the population reappeared in late winter to early spring, it contained a high proportion of larger (older) individuals. The breeding season was seasonal but extended.

Most female-phase individuals (FPs) incubated broods of embryos continuously during the warmer months (spring through early fall). Spawning of a new brood occurred soon after hatching of the previous one, as shown by the significant positive correlation between the degree of embryonic development (nearness to hatching) in an FP and the degree of ovarian maturation (nearness to spawning) in its ovotestes. Male-phase individuals (MPs) changing to FPs were found throughout most of the year. Their relative abundance was greatest in late winter to early spring when a group of large MPs, far past minimum FP size, finally changed sex. Recruitment occurred primarily in the spring and summer in both years, although its timing and intensity varied between years. The observed pattern of breeding, recruitment, and population abundances of Lysmata wurdemanni is what might be expected of a primarily tropical species living in an area transitional between the tropical Caribbean and warm temperate Gulf of Mexico biogeographical provinces. The breeding pattern of this shrimp, with an unusual hermaphroditic sexual system, is not strikingly unusual or different from that of gonochoristic shallow-water carideans. Record 87 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title The use of commercial probiotics in the production of marine shrimp under no water exchange AU: Author Samocha, TM; Lawrence, AL; Horowitz, A; Horowitz, S SO: Source Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Recirculating Aquaculture. [np]. 2002. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Marine aquaculture; Intensive culture; Shrimp culture; Recirculating systems; Physicochemical properties; Biochemical oxygen demand; Sludge; Aquaculture effluents; Water quality control; Biogeochemistry; Microorganisms; Aquaculture techniques; Article Taxonomic Terms: Bacteria; Litopenaeus setiferus AB: Abstract The effect of a commercial bacterial supplement (probiotics) on the high density production of Penaeus setiferus in an outdoor tank system with no water exchange was studied, using high (45%) and low (20%) protein diets and high aeration. At alpha = 0.05, the 3 months study revealed no significant difference between tanks treated with the commercial bacterial supplement and those that were not, for the mean shrimp survival, shrimp final yield, and shrimp final weight. However, some differences were significant at alpha = 0.08. The probiotics treatment had no effect on the nitrogen cycle in the tanks. The commercial bacterial supplement was further tested for its microbial activity on shrimp sludge. No major differences were noted in respiration and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the treated and control sludge samples. However, at the end of the test, biological oxygen demand (BOD) in the treated sludge was lower than that of the untreated sludge. Thus, based on this work and other studies of probiotics' use in aquaculture, it appears that commercial bacterial supplements might have some advantage, but more studies are necessary to answer this issue unequivocally. Record 88 of 500

DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Fisheries Research Institute Collected Reprints SO: Source Fisheries Research Institute. Vol. 1, [vp]. 2002. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Fishery organizations; Documents; Fishery sciences; Fish physiology; Fish culture; Aquaculture development; Disease control; Microbiology; Marine ecology; Target strength; Tuna fisheries; Fishery resources; Commercial species; Article Taxonomic Terms: Bidyanus bidyanus; Sciaenops ocellatus; Anguilla japonica; Epinephelus coioides; Litopenaeus vannamei; Epinephelus malabaricus; Enterococcus faecium; Bacillus toyoi; Chanos chanos; Thunnus albacares; Thunnus alalunga; Article Geographic Terms: Taiwan; Asia AB: Abstract This issue contains reprints of the following articles: Regulation of pituitary gonadotropin II and growth hormone content by sex steroids and pituitary extract in the aquacultured Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica. By Shan-Ru Jeng, Guan-Ru Chen, Jong-Yih Lai, Yung-Sen Huang, Sylvie Dufour, Chang-Fong Chang. Effects of dietary protein level on growth performance, carcass composition and ammonia excretion in juvenile silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus). By Shuenn-Der Yang, Chyng-Hwa Liou, Fu-Guang Liu. Timing and factors affecting cannibalism drum, Sciaenops ocellatus, larvae in captivity. By I. Chiu Liao, Emily Y. Chang. Roles and contributions of fisheries science in Asia in the 21st century. By I. Chiu Liao. Effects of size difference and stocking density on cannibalism rate of juvenile grouper Epinephelus coioides. By Jinn-Rong Hseu. Hepatopancreas and ovary are sites of vitellogenin synthesis as determined from partial cDNA encoding of vitellogenin in the marine shrimp, Penaeus vannamei. By Deng-Yu Tseng, Ying-Nan Chen, Kuan-Fu Liu, Guang-Hsiung Kou, Chu-Fang Lo, Chang-Ming Kuo. Selectivity and accessibility of prey in captive juvenile red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus Linnaeus. By I. Chiu Liao, Emily Y. Chang. Inducing effects of hormones in metamorphosis-arrested grouper larvae. By Jinn-Rong Hseu, Hui-Fen Chang, Yun-Yuan Ting. Histological changes in the thyroid and digestive glands during spontaneous and artificially-induced metamorphosis of larvae of the grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus). By Ying-Mei Lin, Jinn-Rong Hseu, Tsung-Han Lee. Docosahexaenoic acid is superior to eicosapentaenoic acid as the essential fatty acid for growth of grouper, Epinephelus malabaricus. By Feng-Cheng Wu, Yun-Yuan Ting, Houng-Yung Chen. The exotic American eel in Taiwan: ecological implications. By Y.-S. Han, C.-H. Yu, H.-T. Yu, C.-W. Chang, I. Chiu Liao, W.-N. Tzeng. An evaluation of two probiotic bacterial strains, Enterococcus faecium SF68 and Bacillus toyoi, for reducing edwardsiellosis in cultured European eel, Anguilla anguilla L.. By C.-I. Chang, W.-Y. Liu. Technical innovation in eel culture systems. By I. Chiu Liao, Ya-Ke Hsu, Wu-Chang Lee. Technical responses to challenges in milkfish aquaculture. By Mao-Sen Su, Cheng-Sheng Lee, I. Chiu Liao. Aquaculture development strategies in Asia for the 21st century. By I. Chiu Liao. Determination of in situ target strength of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) aggregated around sub-surface fish aggregating devices by acoustics. By Long-Jing Wu, Wei-Cheng Su, Jiun-Chern Lin, Le-Min Chen. Geographic distribution and area demarcation on the fisheries resource of South Atlantic albacore. By Chi-Lun Wu, Shean-Ya Yeh. Record 89 of 500 DN: Database Name

ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Effects of acute salinity stress on oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion rates of the marine shrimp Metapenaeus monoceros AU: Author Pillai, BR; Diwan, AD SO: Source Journal of crustacean biology [J. Crust. Biol.]. Vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 45-52. 2002. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Salinity effects; Salinity tolerance; Ammonia; Excretion; Acclimation; Article Taxonomic Terms: Metapenaeus monoceros AB: Abstract The present investigation was undertaken to study the effect of an abrupt change in the salinity of the medium on the oxygen consumption and ammonia-N excretion of the marine penaeid shrimp Metapenaeus monoceros (Fabricius). Results showed that in both low-saline (5ppt)as well as high-saline (35ppt) acclimated shrimps the respiratory rates were significantly lower in midrange salinities (20ppt and 25ppt) and significantly higher in both low (5ppt, 10ppt, and 15ppt) and high (30ppt and 35ppt) salinities. A significant increase in ammonia-N excretion was observed when high-saline acclimated shrimps were abruptly exposed to different grades of low-saline media. Exposure to different grades of high-saline media on the other hand induced a significant decrease in ammonia excretion rate of low-saline acclimated shrimps. The O:N ratio (ratio of oxygen consumed to nitrogen excreted in atomic equivalents) showed a decreasing trend when the high-saline acclimated shrimps were abruptly exposed to low-saline media, indicating a shift towards protein dominated metabolism. A reverse trend could be observed in the O:N ratio when the shrimps were exposed to high-saline media indicating a shift towards lipid dominated metabolism in high salinities. Thus, there appears to be a shift in energy substrate utilization in these shrimps from protein dominated metabolism in low salinities (5ppt, 10ppt, 15ppt and 20ppt) to lipid/carbohydrate dominated metabolism in high salinities (25ppt, 30ppt and 35ppt). Record 90 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Seawater irrigation system for intensive marine shrimp farming in Thailand AU: Author Siri Tookwinas; Dhana Yingcharoen SO: Source SEAFDEC Asian aquaculture [SEAFDEC Asian Aquacult.]. Vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 3-4, 15-16. 2002. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Marine aquaculture; Intensive culture; Aquaculture systems; Irrigation; Development projects AB: Abstract The aim of the seawater irrigation system (SIS) is to clean up shrimp pond effluent and provide high quality seawater for shrimp farming. The system has 3 components: water intake; treatment reservoir and discharge system. There are criteria for site selection because shrimp farmers are required to form associations so they can work closely together. The construction site must be on the coastal area outside a

mangrove forest and located away from a production agricultural area. All construction sites must have undergone an environmental impact assessment, and should be located on the area listed in Thailand's Coastal Zone Management Plan. Five SIS projects, which cover a culture area of 6,500 ha with 1,300 farmers (families), were completed and operated. The Department of Fisheries has planned for another 28 projects, that will cover almost 44,000 ha of culture area. Record 91 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Effect of dietary shrimp head meal contaminated with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) on detection of WSSV in black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon Fabricius) AU: Author Pongmaneerat, J; Kasornchandra, J; Boonyaratpalin, S; Boonyaratpalin, M SO: Source Aquaculture Research [Aquacult. Res.]. Vol. 32, no. s1, pp. 383-387. Dec 2001. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Diets; Viral diseases; Disease detection; Polymerase chain reaction; Microbial contamination; Biological pollutants; Pathogens; Feed; Feeding experiments; Feeds; Detection; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus monodon; White spot syndrome virus AB: Abstract The effects of supplementary shrimp head meal contaminated with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV-SHM) in the diet on detection of WSSV in Penaeus monodon Fabricius were investigated. In Experiment I, 15 shrimp with a mean body weight of 18.2 g were fed to apparent satiation with each of four diets for 8 weeks. Diet 1 was the control diet containing no WSSV-SHM; Diets 2-4 contained wet-cooked WSSV-SHM (autoclaved at 115 degree C for 15 min), dry-cooked WSSV-SHM (oven-dried at 90 degree C for 1 h) and commercial SHM at a level of 10% in the diets, respectively. In Experiment II, five diets were used: Diet 1 as the control diet without WSSV-SHM, Diets 2-5 containing steamed WSSV-SHM (100 degree C for 15 min), oven-dried WSSV-SHM (60 degree C for 8 h), raw fresh WSSV-SHM and freeze-dried WSSV-SHM at 10% in each diet, respectively. Shrimp, weighing 10.8 g, were fed each diet for 6 weeks to satiation. In both Experiments I and II, the pooled hemolymph samples from five shrimps were taken with 2-week feeding interval and determined in triplicate for WSSV detection using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. In both Experiments I and II, PCR products from hemolymph samples showed the negative results for all dietary treatments. These results suggested that using commercial SHM and WSSV-SHM in diets had no adverse effects on WSSV infection in P. monodon . Record 92 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title The status of marine fish culture in China AU: Author Hong, W; Zhang, Q SO: Source

World Aquaculture [World Aquacult.]. Vol. 32, no. 4, vp 18-20,67. Dec 2001. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Aquaculture statistics; Marine aquaculture; Fish culture; Article Taxonomic Terms: Pisces; Article Geographic Terms: China, People's Rep. AB: Abstract China is the leading producer of aquaculture products in the world. Its combined production of 20.8 million metric tons of fish, crustaceans and molluscs in 1998 increased to 24 million mt in 1999. By far the largest part of the industry is freshwater fish production. In 1996 the total output of marine fish by aquaculture was only 182,000 tons. That increased to 306,700 mt by 1998, and was estimated to be 400,000 mt for the year 2000. Although marine fish production has more than doubled in five years, it is only about 4.0 percent of the total output of all cultured marine animals and plants. Thus, in the marine sector it lies a distant fourth in importance, still well behind seaweeds, molluscan shellfish and marine shrimp. Among all the cultured marine fish, the production of the large yellow croaker is the most important, with production in 2000 of more than 40,000 tons. Record 93 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in two species of freshwater crabs (Paratelphusa hydrodomous and P. pulvinata) AU: Author Sahul Hameed, AS; Yoganandhan, K; Sathish, S; Rasheed, M; Murugan, V; Jayaraman, K SO: Source Aquaculture [Aquaculture]. Vol. 201, no. 3-4, pp. 179-186. 1 Oct 2001. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Mortality; Gills; Heart; Eyestalks; Hemolymph; Experimental infection; Viral diseases; Haemolymph; Freshwater crustaceans; Article Taxonomic Terms: Paratelphusa hydrodromous; White spot syndrome virus; Paratelphusa pulvinata AB: Abstract The susceptibility of two species of freshwater crabs, Paratelphusa hydrodomous and P. pulvinata to white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) was tested by oral route and intramuscular injection. The results revealed that these freshwater crabs were as highly susceptible as marine shrimp. WSSV caused 100% mortality in both P. pulvinata and P. hydrodomous, at 60 and 84 h, respectively, after intramuscular injection. It also caused 100% mortality when given orally. The presence of WSSV in the moribund crabs was confirmed by PCR and histological analysis. It was found in gill, heart tissue, eyestalk, abdominal muscle and hemolymph. Record 94 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Reproductive biotechnology in finfish aquaculture. AU: Author Lee, CC; Donaldson, EMC SO: Source

Proceedings of a workshop, Honolulu, Hawaii, October 4-7. 320 pp. 2001. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Brood stocks; Animal nutrition; Sexual maturity; Induced breeding; Disease control; Aquaculture techniques; Conferences; Gametes; Embryos; Monosex culture; Endocrinology; Freezing storage; Sexual reproduction; Selective breeding; Genetics; Biological stress; Fish culture; Biotechnology; Article Taxonomic Terms: Pisces AB: Abstract The following papers are included in this report: 1. Effects of stress on fish reproduction, gamete quality, and progeny. C. B. Schreck, et al. pp. 3-24. 2. Effect of broodstock nutrition on reproductive performance of fish. M. S. Izquierdo, et al. pp. 25-42. 3. Genetics and broodstock management of coho salmon. J. M. Meyers, et al. pp. 43-62. 4. The environmental regulation of maturation in farmed finfish with special reference to the role of photoperiod and melatonin. N. Bromage, et al. pp. 63-98. 5. Endocrine manipulations of spawning in cultured fish: from hormones to genes. Y. Zohar and C. C. Mylonas pp. 99- 136. 6. Disease prevention and control for gametes and embryos of fish and marine shrimp. J. A. Brock and R. Bullis pp. 137-159. 7. Cryopreservation of finfish and shellfish gametes and embryos. N.-H. Chao and I. C. Liao pp. 161-189. 8. The role of aquatic biotechnology in aquaculture. C. L. Hew and G. L. Fletcher pp. 191-204. 9. Genetic improvement of aquaculture finfish species by chromosome manipulation techniques in Japan. K. Arai pp. 205-228. 10. Endocrine sex control strategies for the feminization of teleost fish. F. Piferrer pp. 229-281. 11. Monosex male production in finfish as exemplified by tilapia: applications, problems, and prospects. J. A. Beardmore, et al. pp. 283-301. 12. General discussion on 'Reproductive biotechnology in finfish aquaculture'. C.-S. Lee and E. M. Donaldson pp. 303-320. Record 95 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Assessment of toxicity and bioaccumulation of organotin compounds. AU: Author Kungolos, A; Hadjispyrou, S; Samaras, P; Petala, M; Tsiridis, V; Aravossis, K; Sakellaropoulos, GP SO: Source 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology. Ermoupolis, Syros I. Greece, Sep 03-06, 2001. Proceedings. Volume 1. Vol. 2, pp. 499-505. [Proc. Inter. Conf. Envir. Scie. Tech.]. 2001. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Freshwater crustaceans; Marine crustaceans; Antifouling substances; Chemical compounds; Toxicity tolerance; Bioaccumulation; Synergism; Water pollution; Heavy metals; Article Taxonomic Terms: Artemia franciscana; Daphnia magna; Article Geographic Terms: ANE, Belgium AB: Abstract The toxicity of four organotin compounds towards freshwater crustacean Daphnia magna and marine shrimp Artemia franciscana was investigated. Daphnia magna proved to be more sensitive than Artemia franciscana as a test organism in detecting tin toxicity. Tributyltin chloride proved to be the most toxic among all four organotin compounds. Furthermore, trialkyltin compounds were more toxic than dialkyltin compounds. LC sub(50) values for the effect of organotin compounds on Daphnia magna were also determined. Tributyltin chloride had an LC sub(50) value

equal to 0.00095 mg/L and dimethyltin dichloride had an LC50 value equal to 19.27 mg/L. The interactive effects between tin and cyanide and tin and beryllium on Artemia franciscana were also investigated. CA: Corporate Author Univ. of the Aegean, Syros (Greece) Dep. of Environmental Studies Record 96 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Detection of new hosts for white spot syndrome virus of shrimp using nested polymerase chain reaction AU: Author Hossain, MS; Chakraborty, A; Joseph, B; Otta, SK; Karunasagar, I*; Karunasagar, I* SO: Source Aquaculture [Aquaculture]. Vol. 198, no. 1-2, pp. 1-11. 15 Jun 2001. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Polymerase chain reaction; Aquaculture; Hosts; Shrimp culture; Prawn culture; Disease detection; Viral diseases; DNA; Article Taxonomic Terms: White spot syndrome virus; Metapenaeus dobsoni; Parapenaeopsis stylifera; Solenocera indica; Squilla mantis; Charybdis annulata; Charybdis cruciata; Macrophthalmus sulcatus; Gelasimus marionis nitidus; Metopograpsus messor; Macrobrachium rosenbergii AB: Abstract The presence of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) of shrimp in various marine crustaceans was studied by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The incidence of the virus in non-cultured crustaceans from shrimp farms was also studied. The results indicate that wild-caught asymptomatic marine shrimp such as Metapenaeus dobsoni, Parapenaeopsis stylifera, Solenocera indica and Squilla mantis carry WSSV. This virus could be detected in apparently healthy marine crabs Charybdis annulata, C. cruciata, Macrophthalmus sulcatus, Gelasimus marionis nitidus and Metopograpsus messor. The virus could also be detected in asymptomatic Macrobrachium rosenbergii cultured inland far away from coast. Detection of carrier animals required two-step nested PCR. Record 97 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Fisheries statistical report 2000 DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Fishery industry; Fishery statistics; Industrial products statistics; Trade; Article Geographic Terms: Belize AB: Abstract The capture fisheries industry of Belize contributes significantly to the economy of the country and has traditionally revolved around the lobster, conch and shrimp fisheries. The sector is characterized as a commercially artisanal industry except for the industrial shrimp trawl fishery. The artisanal fishing fleet is composed of open boats, sail sloops and canoes. The industry is considered to be lucrative and successful, mainly because of the good prices obtained on the foreign market and because most fishermen belong to one of the four main cooperatives. Presently, the fisheries sector ranks as the third foreign exchange earner in the country and has contributed 8% of the

GDP in 2000. Production and export statistics are provided for the lobster, conch, finfish, marine shrimp, aquarium fish and shark fishery sectors. CA: Corporate Author Belize Fisheries Dep. (Belize). Capture Fishery Unit Record 98 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Disease prevention and control for gametes and embryos of fish and marine shrimp AU: Author Brock, JA; Bullis, R SO: Source Aquaculture [Aquaculture]. Vol. 197, no. 1-4, pp. 137-159. 1 Jun 2001. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Disease detection; Disease control; Fish culture; Brood stocks; Shrimp culture; Infestation; Disease transmission; Disinfection; Microbial contamination; Gametes; Embryos; Marine organisms; Aquaculture; Eggs; Saprophytes; Aquatic bacteria; Gnotobiotics; Disinfectants; Fungi; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeidae AB: Abstract Disease prevention is a facet of the total quality management for gametes and embryos of fish and marine shrimp. Gamete health is strongly influenced by broodstock health and nutrition, the quality of the techniques used during gamete production, collection, storage and pre- to post-hatch conditions in embryo incubation. Poor quality gametes or unhealthy conditions during collection and incubation can result in embryo mortality and/or lead to the attack of the eggs by saprophytic bacteria and fungi. Gametes and embryos may also provide the means for vertical transmission of certain pathogens from brood animals to their offspring. There are a number of viruses of fish and shrimp which may transfer from broodstock to the offspring at the time of spawning. A few bacterial and fungal pathogens are also dispersed in this way. For the vertically transmitted biotic agents, the principal biological impact of the disease occurs typically well beyond egg hatching.Specific viruses, bacteria and fungi are the major infectious agents of concern for the gametes and embryos of fish and marine shrimp. Prevention of the diseases that stem from these agents involves primarily the application of the best management practices (BMPs) available for broodstock selection and maturation; gamete production, collection and storage; and pre- to post-hatch egg incubation. Specific techniques have been developed for the control of selected pathogens of high economic significance to fish and penaeid shrimp culture. Incomplete knowledge regarding BMPs that are unattainable because of system or other constraints and human error are important factors hindering the prevention of egg transmitted infectious diseases of the mass cultured fish and shrimp species. Using specific pathogens as examples, like a number of the measures applied by aquaculturists to eliminate or reduce the pathogen/disease risks associated with gametes and embryos of fish and marine shrimp, are discussed here. The tactics highlighted are the application of BMPs to maintain gamete and embryo health; the use of specific pathogen-free (SPF) broodstock; the testing and elimination of broodstock carriers of specific pathogens; chemical treatment of the broodstock to control a specific pathogen; the use of pathogen-free

culture water; chemical and/or physical disinfection of the culture water; chemical treatment of the gametes, the embryos or the early life stages; and mechanical rinsing with pathogen-free water of the eggs or the early larval stages. Record 99 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Yolk Synthesis in the Marine Shrimp, Penaeus vannamei AU: Author Quackenbush, LS SO: Source American Zoologist [Am. Zool.]. Vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 458-464. Jun 2001. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Yolk; Protein synthesis; Ovaries; Article Taxonomic Terms: Litopenaeus vannamei AB: Abstract Eyestalk neuroendocrine factors control specific yolk protein synthesis in the ovaries of the shrimp, Penaeus vannamei. A bioassay was developed to measure specific yolk protein synthesis in vitro. The eyestalk neuroendocrine complex may also produce a peptide capable of stimulation of yolk synthesis. Record 100 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Monoclonal antibodies against haemocyte molecules of Penaeus monodon shrimp react with haemolymph components of other crustaceans and disparate taxa AU: Author van de Braak, CBT; Botterblom, MHA; Taverne, N; van der Knaap, WPW; Rombout, JHWM SO: Source Developmental & Comparative Immunology [Dev. Comp. Immunol.]. Vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 279-283. May 2001. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Monoclonal antibodies; Hemocytes; Hemolymph; Antibodies; Immunology; Defence mechanisms; Blood cells; Haemolymph; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus monodon; Crustacea AB: Abstract In a previous study, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against different haemolymph molecules of the marine shrimp Penaeus monodon were produced and characterised. It was suggested that these mAbs could be used in studying haemocyte differentiation, behaviour and function in P. monodon. In the present study, the reaction of these mAbs on P. monodon was compared with other crustaceans and disparate taxa. The mAbs also reacted with haemolymph components of three freshwater crustaceans, a terrestrial isopod crustacean and with coelomic fluid of an annelid. No reactions were observed with haemolymph of an insect and a mollusc, nor with blood cells of two vertebrates. This comparative study shows reactivity of the mAbs with a wide range of crustaceans and related animals and suggests that well conserved molecules are recognised, which may indicate functional importance. Well-described mAbs can be used in studies of the crustacean defence system and may finally result in a better insight into this system.

Record 101 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Marine Shrimp Culture At Aquaculture 2001 AU: Author Jory, DE SO: Source Aquaculture Magazine [Aquacult. Mag.]. Vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 49-56. Mar-Apr 2001. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Aquaculture techniques; Aquaculture enterprises; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeidae AB: Abstract Aquaculture 2001, the International Triennial Conference and Exposition of the World Aquaculture Society (WAS), was recently held in Orlando, Florida on January 21-25, 2001. Several shrimp papers were presented at the Special Shrimp Session of the WAS Conference. The last such shrimp session was held in 1995 in San Diego, California, and this one was surely overdue. Here I summarize these papers. Readers interested in copies of the proceedings should contact the World Aquaculture Society 143 J. M. Parker Coliseum, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA wasmas[at]aol.com. Record 102 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Molecular Characterization and High Expression During Oocyte Development of a Shrimp Ovarian Cortical Rod Protein Homologous to Insect Intestinal Peritrophins AU: Author Khayat, M; Babin, PJ; Funkenstein, B; Sammar, M; Nagasawa, H; Tietz, A; Lubzens, E SO: Source Biology of Reproduction [Biol. Reprod.]. Vol. 64, no. 4, pp. 1090-1099. Apr 2001. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Marine crustaceans; Intestines; Aquatic insects; Developmental stages; Cytoplasm; Oogenesis; Molecular weight; Mucins; Hepatopancreas; Chitin; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeidae; Penaeus semisulcatus AB: Abstract Penaeoid shrimp oocytes nearing the completion of oogenesis are enveloped in an acellular vitelline envelope and possess extracellular cortical rods (CRs) that extended into the cortical cytoplasm. These cortical specializations are precursors of the jelly layer (JL) of the egg. In searching for highly expressed mRNAs during oogenesis in the marine shrimp (Penaeus semisulcatus ), two related cDNAs have been isolated that encode a mature protein of 250 amino acid residues. The deduced amino acid sequences revealed the presence of repeated cysteine-rich domains that are related to the chitin-binding domains of insect intestinal peritrophins. Similar cysteine-rich domains were reported in insect intestinal mucin, crustacean tachycitin, and invertebrate chitinases. The shrimp ovarian peritrophin (SOP) is glycosylated and can bind chitin when extracted from CRs. Its apparent molecular mass in SDS-PAGE is 29-35 kDa and 33-36 kDa, under

nonreducing or reducing conditions, respectively. SOP is a major protein of CRs and the JL, and was immunodetected in ovaries; purified CRs; fertilized eggs that were surrounded by a JL matrix; and in the cloudy, whitish flocculent material appearing in sea water immediately after spawning. Immunolocalization in tissue sections determined that SOP was present in oocyte cytoplasm and in extraoocytic CRs. Shrimp expressed SOP mRNA in ovaries at all oocyte developmental stages, whereas expression in the hepatopancreas was restricted to vitellogenic stages. SOP mRNA was abundant in the shrimp ovary and was detected before the presence of the corresponding protein. This is the first demonstration that a protein with similar features to insect intestinal peritrophins is a component of CRs and is therefore a main precursor of the JL of spawned shrimp eggs. Record 103 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Aquaculture research and training in the tropics AU: Author Appleford, P SO: Source World Aquaculture [World Aquacult.]. Vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 13-17. Mar 2001. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Training; Pearl oysters; Oyster culture; Tropical environment; Pearl culture; Shrimp culture; Tropical fish; Ornamental fish; Crayfish culture; Aquaculture techniques; Aquaculture development; Article Taxonomic Terms: Amphiprion; Cromileptes; Stenopus; Saccostrea; Lutjanus; Hippocampus; Pomacentrus; Cherax quadricarinatus; Plectropomus; Epinephelus; Pinctada maxima; Lates calcarifer; Penaeidae; Article Geographic Terms: Australia, Queensland AB: Abstract James Cook University (JCU) is the largest University in tropical Australia and is located adjacent to the Great Barrier Reef. The university is located in the middle of the aquaculture region of northern Queensland providing access to industry for collaborative research and graduate employment. Tropical Australia is the most productive aquaculture region in the country. The maximal exploitation of wild fisheries combined with the increasing demand for protein and healthy food, will ensure the continued growth of aquaculture within Australia, a major component of which will be tropical aquaculture. Northern Queensland is an ideal location to research and study tropical aquaculture with industries based in this region including pearl oysters (Pinctada maxima, Australia's most valuable aquaculture industry), marine shrimp/prawns (Penaeus sp., Metapenaeus sp.), redclaw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus), barramundi (Lates calcarifer) and aquarium fish. Research is underway to develop culture methods for new species of coral reef fish for the food (Plectropomus sp., Epinephelus sp., Cromileptes sp.) and ornamental (Hippocampus sp., Pomacentrus sp., Amphiprion sp.) markets, estuarine fish (Lutjanus sp.), and marine crustaceans (Scylla sp., Panulirus sp., Lysmata sp., Stenopus sp.) and bivalves (Pinctada spp., Saccostrea sp.). Record 104 of 500 DN: Database Name

ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Inland shrimp farming and the environment AU: Author Boyd, CE SO: Source World Aquaculture [World Aquacult.]. Vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 10-12. Mar 2001. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Saline water; Environmental impact; Inland waters; Soils; Irrigation water; Groundwater pollution; Environmental legislation; Marine organisms; Salinity; Aquaculture; Inland water; Ponds; Water quality; Legislation; Government regulations; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeidae; Penaeus monodon; Article Geographic Terms: Thailand AB: Abstract There is considerable interest in the farming of marine shrimp in inland areas where slightly saline water is available and even in some freshwater areas. Saline waters for inland shrimp ponds can be obtained in two ways. In some areas, aquifers containing naturally saline water exist, and ponds can be filled from wells developed in these aquifers. Where saline water is not available naturally, brine solutions from coastal salt farms or solid salt may be transported to the ponds and mixed with freshwater to provide enough salinity for shrimp culture. Historical documentation of inland shrimp farming is lacking, but some reliable information is available. In 1989, I visited a site near Mahasarakham in northeast Thailand where salty ground water was being used by a few farmers to produce Penaeus monodon. However, this practice never became established in the area. During the mid 1990s, shrimp farmers in central Thailand began to mix brine solution with irrigation water in inland ponds to culture shrimp. This practice became a major activity, and a 1997 survey reported that there were about 11,500 ha of inland shrimp farms in central Thailand. During the summer of 1998, the Thai government banned inland shrimp farming in response to concerns about salinization of soil and irrigation water. Considerable controversy over the ban remains, and the Thai government is now attempting to find a way to address the concern and still allow inland shrimp farming. Record 105 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Marine shrimp farming in northeastern Brazil AU: Author Nunes, AJP; Suresh, AV SO: Source World Aquaculture [World Aquacult.]. Vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 32-38. Mar 2001. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Environmental impact; Aquaculture economics; Aquaculture development; Shrimp culture; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeidae; Article Geographic Terms: Brazil AB: Abstract Brazil is the latest nation to experience a rapid growth in shrimp culture. After going through several stages of trial and error the industry is finally flourishing in the northeastern part of the country. The current phase of rapid growth is characterized by

expansion of surface area and intensification of production. It is also raising concerns related to the environmental and economic sustainability of the industry. Record 106 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Individual and combined effects of copper and lead on the marine shrimp, Palaemon adspersus Rathke, 1837 (Decapoda: Palaemonidae) AU: Author Bat, L; Bilgin, S; Guendogdu, A; Akbulut, M; Culha, M SO: Source Turkish Journal of Marine Sciences [Turk. J. Mar. Sci.]. Vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 103-117. 2001. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Marine crustaceans; Bioaccumulation; Copper; Lead; Heavy metals; Bioassays; Toxicity tests; Lethal effects; Synergism; Article Taxonomic Terms: Palaemon adspersus AB: Abstract The acute toxicity by single or combinations of copper and lead to the marine shrimp Palaemon adspersus Rathke, 1837 (Decapoda: Natantia) was evalulated by static bioassays, calculating the LT sub(50) (lethal time for 50%) and the LC sub(50) (lethal concentration for 50%). Each bioassay lasted up to 30 days and survival time has decreased with increasing concentrations of copper and lead in the environment. Copper was 4.25 times more toxic to Palaemon than lead. When tested in combinations of paired metals, the expected mortalities were not similar to those observed mortalities which suggested that paired metals acted interactively. Toxicities of mixtures of copper and lead were assessed also using the toxic-unit concept. The results of this study were compared with the other studies and discussed. Record 107 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Overview of Marine Ornamental Shrimp Aquaculture AU: Author Lin, J SO: Source Marine Ornamentals 2001: Collection, Culture & Conservation Program and Abstracts. [n.p.]. 2001. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Ornamental fish; Shrimp culture; Aquarium culture; Aquaculture techniques; Article Taxonomic Terms: Lysmata grabhami; Periclimenes petersoni; Periclimenes yucanicus; Stenopus; Lysmata rathbunae; Lysmata wurdemanni; Aiptasia padilla AB: Abstract Many species of marine shrimp, belonging to different taxonmic groups, are collected from wild for the aquarium trade. These species are strikingly colorful and relatively easy to maintain as adults in an aquarium environment. Several of these species have developed close symbiotic relationship with a variety of other animals. For example, some Lysmata species are facultative or obligatory cleaners of fish parasites and some (e.g., L. grabhami) live symbiotically with sea anemones. Direct and indirect impacts of collecting these shrimp have caused concerns. In recent years efforts have been made to understand

the biology of these shrimp and develop cultivation technology to reduce wild collection while sustaining the aquarium trade industry. Periclimenes petersoni and P. yucanicus are very small (therefore less popular in the aquarium trade) and their broodstocks are difficult to maintain (Creswell and Lin, 1997). The research and development have largely concentrated on the species of cleaner shrimp Lysmata and banded coral shrimp Stenopus and complete life cycle culture has been achieved for several species. Lysmata rathbunae and L. wurdemanni, two very similar species (often marketed together), have the additional value in controlling the glass anemone Aiptasia padilla. The anemone can proliferate quickly through asexual reproduction in an aquarium. They possess both spirocysts and nematocysts that used in selfdefense and prey capture and therefore are harmful to other tank inhabitants. Record 108 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Status and solution on proper user of littoral zone for aquaculture development in the Northern Coastal area of Vietnam. AU: Author Dung, V SO: Source Proceedings of Marine Fisheries Research. Tuyen tap cac cong trinh nghien cuu nghe ca bien. Vol. 2, pp. 392-401. 2001. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Marine aquaculture; Littoral zone; Surveys; Potential resources; Aquaculture development; Shrimp culture; Mollusc culture; Fish culture; Article Geographic Terms: ISEW, Vietnam AB: Abstract The paper presents result of the survey on marine littoral area for aquaculture, situation of marine shrimp, fishes and mollusc culture with productivities and yields in the period 1999 - 2000 in the northern coastal area of Vietnam. Among 26 species being cultured with different culture models, the number of fry with good quality has not been large enough for aquaculture. The quality of formulated feed produced by some sectors is not high. Culture knowledge of fishfarmers is still low and limited, and the control of environment, epidemic diseases in the intensive culture areas has not been carried out regularly. During 1998 -2000 the research station of Brackishwater Fisheries carried out the experimental culture of tiger shrimp in the system of reduced water exchange and obtained good results. The production in experimental ponds ranged from 820.6 to 1.806 kg/ha/crop and 1000 to 1668 kg/ha/crop in the close circulated-water shrimp culture system. This method gives more income and less disease. CA: Corporate Author Research Inst. for Marine Fisheries Record 109 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Progress in Larviculture Nutrition of Fish and Shellfish AU: Author Sorgeloos, P SO: Source NATO Science Series: Series A: Life Sciences. Vol. 314, pp. 116-118.

Modern Aquaculture in the Coastal Zone-Lessons and Opportunities. 2001. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Food organisms; Brine shrimp culture; Phytoplankton culture; Zooplankton culture; Animal nutrition; Fish culture; Shellfish culture; Larvae AB: Abstract Different species of microalgae, the rotifer Brachionus spp. and the brine shrimp Artemia spp. are essential live food in the farming of several species of molluscs (e.g. oyster, clam, scallop), crustaceans (e.g. marine shrimp, freshwater prawn, crabs) and fish (e.g. bass, bream, grouper, yellowtail, turbot, flounder, halibut). A brief overview is given of the latest developments in their production and use in industrial hatcheries. Record 110 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title ShrimpMap: A genetic approach to understand immune response and disease resistance in shrimp AU: Author Alcivar-Warren, A SO: Source Aquaculture 2001: Book of Abstracts. 11 p. 2001. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Viral diseases; Immunology; Genomes; Selective breeding; DNA; Genotypes; Disease resistance; Shrimp culture; Article Taxonomic Terms: White spot syndrome virus; Taura syndrome virus; Penaeus monodon; Marsupenaeus japonicus; Penaeidae; Litopenaeus vannamei AB: Abstract Viral diseases cause serious economic losses and threaten the sustainability of the shrimp industry worldwide. Two of these diseases are Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV) and White Spot Virus (WSV). To date however, little is known about the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the response of the shrimp immune system to viral attacks. In order to breed for resistance or tolerance to these diseases, it is important to first identify the genes responsible for these traits. To do this, a genetic (linkage) map for penaeid shrimp is needed. Genome mapping is the first step towards identification of the quantitative trait loci (QTL) responsible for economically important traits like high growth, resistance to diseases, susceptibility to environmental pollutants, and cold tolerance, among others. This paper will present a review of progress made to develop a genetic map for Litopenaeus vannamei (ShrimpMap). Published information on the status of genetic maps for Penaeus monodon and Marsupenaeus japonicus will also be reviewed. ShrimpMap is a collaborative effort supported by Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine and the US Marine Shrimp Program Consortium (USMSFP). The goals of ShrimpMap are to 1) develop highly polymorphic markers from penaeid shrimp, 2) construct a moderate-density genetic map for shrimp, and 3) map the QTL for TSV and WSV resistance. Three-generation reference families are being used for linkage mapping. Polymorphic Type I and Type II markers are used for genotyping. Type I markers include complementary DNAs (cDNAs) and/or expressed sequence tags (ESTs) obtained from L. vannamei challenged with TSV and WSV. Type II markers include microsatellites isolated from both L. vannamei and P. monodon genomic libraries. Information on the progress made to develop markers for genetic

analysis will be presented. Because we breed for TSV resistance, TSV was chosen as a model for understanding the immuno-regulatory mechanisms of shrimp to a viral attack and for developing Type I markers for QTL mapping. ESTs are isolated using either mRNA differential display (mRNADD) or cDNA library cloning. Hundreds of differentially expressed cDNAs have been isolated by mRNADD from RNA of juveniles before and after TSV challenge. A cDNA library using shrimp from the highest TSV-surviving family has also been cloned and thousands of clones identified. Preliminary mRNADD results showed that 59% of the cDNAs had no significant homology to other genes in the GenBank database and 41% were weakly or moderately similar to known or unidentified genes. Of the known genes, 7% were homologus to potential immuno-regulatory genes of other organisms and were used as probes for gene expression analysis by Northern blotting. Moreover, 35% of ESTs contained microsatellites and 86% of these had enough flanking sequences to develop primers. Allele amplification conditions are being optimized and polymorphic markers used for linkage mapping. Information from ShrimpMap will be valuable for studying the genetic mechanisms that regulate resistance to viral diseases in shrimp. Record 111 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Protein and energy requirements of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in freshwater AU: Author Anwar, MF; Scarpa, J SO: Source Aquaculture 2001: Book of Abstracts. 23 p. 2001. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Aquaculture techniques; Diets; Feed composition; Experimental culture; Feeding experiments; Growth rate; Biochemical composition; Body conditions; Bioenergetics; Shrimp culture; Freshwater aquaculture; Article Taxonomic Terms: Litopenaeus vannamei AB: Abstract Litopenaeus vannamei, an important marine shrimp of the western hemisphere, is usually cultured at salinities of 25 to 45 ppt. The ability of this species to tolerate freshwater makes it possible to expand its farming in inland waters or in indoor recirculating aquaculture systems. It is expected that a change in salinity necessitates the animal to readjust the osmotic balance at the expense of certain nutrients and energy. Under these altered conditions it is presumed that the requirement for protein and energy of the animal might change. Based on this presumption, a growth trial was planned to delineate protein and energy requirements of juvenile L. vannamei in freshwater. A 3 x 3 factorial experiment was designed to observe the growth of shrimp fed diets ranging from 30 to 40% crude protein and 3850 to 4200 kcal/kg gross energy levels. Nine practical diets with various protein to energy ratios will be fed to juvenile (<1 g) L. vannamei along with a commercial control diet for 6 to 8 weeks. Test animals (n=10/tank, 4 tanks/diet) will be acclimatized to freshwater and the diet for two weeks. Diets will be fed four times a day at the rate of 15% body weight /day. Growth in terms of body weight gain will be measured once a week. Daily feed consumption will be recorded to calculate the feed conversion ratio. Water quality parameters will be monitored on weekly basis. Initial and final carcass composition (protein and lipid) will be analyzed to support the growth. It is

expected that the study will provide useful information on possible modifications for practical diets of L. vannamei grown in freshwater. Record 112 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Current us marine shrimp farming program research at the Waddell Mariculture Center AU: Author Browdy, CL SO: Source Aquaculture 2001: Book of Abstracts. 88 p. 2001. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Aquaculture development; Marine aquaculture; Shrimp culture; Intensive culture; Brood stocks; Selective breeding; Induced breeding; Genetics; Biotechnology; Research; Aquaculture systems; Aquaculture techniques; Technology transfer; Article Geographic Terms: USA, South Carolina AB: Abstract The Waddell Mariculture Center maintains an integrated shrimp mariculture development program aimed at research, demonstration and transfer of shrimp farming technologies for application in South Carolina. The development and commercialization of shrimp maturation and hatchery technologies continues to be an important goal at the SC researchers and growers use healthy and genetically improved stocks based upon the US Marine Shrimp Farming Programs selective breeding efforts at the Oceanic Institute. research efforts are directed at the evaluation of the growth potential of these stocks under local conditions and on the study of the response of these stocks to challenge with and/or Broodstock nauplii postlarvae have been produced at to demonstrate production systems designed for local conditions, as a byproduct of basic research on shrimp reproductive biology and for supplementing industry seed supplies. Current studies are focusing on stabilizing microbial communities in larval culture systems to improve larval growth and survival Disinfection reduced hatchery hatchery efforts reduce hatchery Ongoing work is exploring improving larval survival, health and growth while reducing hatchery water usage. USMSFP disease control research in SC has supported the establishment of local diagnostic capabilities which are applied for screening local stocks and to respond to potential problems which may arise. A dedicated bioassay laboratory has been established at a remote facility separate from local water bodies. At this lab basic research on virus host relationships and factors affecting pathogenicity are carried out in controlled systems based on the individual challenge of large numbers of shrimp. Systems for estimation of lethal infective waterborne or injected dosages of have been developed and applied. The bioassay facilities support diagnostic tests on local, bait or commodity shrimp and basic research into the physiological responses of shrimp following infection. The has been a leader in the development of intensive shrimp culture technologies was among the first to successfully demonstrate intensive culture in zero exchange systems. Optimization of culture systems which do not rely on water exchange depends upon an understanding of the pond microbial community. Microbes play a major role in pond dissolved oxygen dynamics, natural food availability and mineral recycling rates. Basic and applied research is ongoing to measure pond microbial processes and to explore management regimes. Studies include manipulation of C/N to increase rates of waste degradation, augmentation of microbial

communities through addition of bacterial products and surface area enhancement to provide alternative habitat. These technologies are now being applied in super-intensive greenhouse enclosed raceway units which will offer new opportunities for expansion of the shrimp culture industry beyond current coastal earthen pond based systems. The present paper will provide a review of the current USMSFP supported research activities in these areas. Record 113 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Plankton alternatives to artemia for growth of marine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei larvae AU: Author DeMicco, E; Baca, B; Hubbard, R SO: Source Aquaculture 2001: Book of Abstracts. 180 p. 2001. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Mass culture; Crustacean larvae; Nauplii; Feeding experiments; Food organisms; Strains; Phytoplankton; Zooplankton; Diets; Feed composition; Food preferences; Survival; Article Taxonomic Terms: Algae; Brachionus plicatilis; Chaetoceros muelleri; Isochrysis; Nannochloropsis salina; Litopenaeus vannamei AB: Abstract The intensive use of brine shrimp, Artemia salina, in shellfish and fish larviculture has become problematic because of high cost, inconsistent availability, and potential for spreading disease. Screening of various algal species and methods for shrimp larviculture was performed by various workers (e.g., Aquacop) in the late 1980s and the present work is a continuation of some of that research, but with the goal of finding new combinations of planktonic feeds without the use of Artemia. Algal species commonly used in the larval culture of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) were tested, along with novel species never tried before, and using combinations of rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis, medium strain, also on various diets) to assess the feasibility of using different natural diets as substitutes for traditional, Artemia-augmented diets. Survival rates were promising for several non-Artemia diet combinations, and of interest were the dynamics of larval feeding and growth on algal diets. In the first basic screening test, six replicate tanks of Litopenaeus vannamei nauplius (stage 1-3) larvae were fed single-strains and seven combinations of Chaetoceros muelleri, Tahitian Isochrysis sp., and/or Nannochloropsis salina. Algal numbers were adjusted each day with the proper species to obtain a total level of 10,000 cells/ml. The former two traditional species were used, as well as the latter less successful species, not only to determine survivability, but to detect any differential feeding by protozoeal larvae. A pure diet of Chaetoceros produced the highest survival (61%), followed by the combination of all three species (58%). These two trials also produced the shortest period required to reach post-larval stages, 16 d from nauplii. Interestingly, differential feeding did occur where larvae favored Chaetoceros, over Isochrysis, over Nannochloropsis. The next trials are ongoing, and use novel algal species, some in combination with HUFA-enriched rotifers. As expected, higher rates of survival and more rapid development occurs. Some novel genera which grow well in warmwater mass culture and are being tested include Pavlova (Prasinophyceae), Rhodomonas (Cryptophyceae), Porphyridium

(Rhodophyceae), Ochromonas (Chrysophyceae), Pelagococcus (Pelagophyceae), Nannochloris (Chlorophyceae), and Micromonas (Prasinophyceae). These were selected as genera or representatives of classes (divisions) rarely used in aquaculture but which have unique and/or abundant fatty acids, polysaccharides, and vitamins. Record 114 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Biosecure, commercial, inland marine shrimp raceway production and environmentally isolated, SPF broodstock culture systems AU: Author Lee, PG; Zuercher, C; Davies, C; Lawrence, AL; Samocha, T; Woods, G; Turk, PE SO: Source Aquaculture 2001: Book of Abstracts. 363 p. 2001. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Raceway culture; Brood stocks; Spawning; Disease control; Recirculating systems; Aquaculture systems; Aquaculture equipment; Article Geographic Terms: USA AB: Abstract Production losses from disease have had a serious negative economic impact on marine shrimp farming worldwide. The need for specific-pathogen-free (SPF) broodstock that are either geographically or environmentally isolated from disease has become a priority (i.e. biosecurity). Establishment of commercial, biosecure broodstock necessitates use of totally, closed recirculating water filtration systems to contain the costs of water replacement due to declining pH and nitrate accumulation. First, a laboratory biosecure broodstock system (5,600 L) was constructed and operated. The system was composed of 2-1, 900 L shrimp culture tanks (artificial sea water), a 1 m super(3) bead filter, a 2.7 m super(3) submerged oyster shell biofilter, protein skimmer, 0.05 m super(3) activated carbon filter, ultraviolet sterilizer, denitrifying bioreactor and automated process control system. After acclimation, NH sub(4)-N, NO sub(2)-N and NO sub(3)-N remained below intended limits, 0.1, 0.05, and 15 ppm, respectively. Second, a commercial biosecure facility composed of 4-100 mt raceways was designed and constructed. The system was composed of 3.3 m W X 33 m L X 1.3 m D concrete raceways housed in a greenhouse; each raceway had a central concrete partition. Effluent was drawn from a screened standpipe located in the 1.6 m deep settling basin and flowed into a 1 m super(2) sump at the opposite end. One raceway design had a combination upflow bead (2.2 m super(3))/fluidized sand (1.44 m super(3)) biofilter system supplied with water drawn from the sump by 2-1 hp pumps (800 lpm). The other raceway design had a reciprocating biofilter (8.9 m super(3)) supplied by an airlift pump (800 lpm) also drawing from the sump. Filtered water was returned to the surface of the raceways. These raceways were operated in partial flow-through mode using low salinity groundwater and in a totally closed, recirculating mode. The accomplishments to date are: (1) Texas Parks and Wildlife granted the first shrimp quarantine certification in the coastal zone due to the indoor system's biosecurity, (2) shrimp were reared to adult size in indoor, environmentally isolated systems (40-45 g), (3) ultra-high intensity (100-300 shrimp m super(-2)) production was obtained in inland raceways with excellent survival (70-86%) and growth rate (1.2-1.5 g wk super(-1)), resulting in a harvest in less than 120 d, (4) inland raceways were used to acclimate >6.5 x 10 super(6) postlarvae

before stocking, (5) inland raceways were used to over-winter broodstock, (6) a pilot maturation laboratory at the inland commercial site was used to obtain commercial spawning (8-10% spawns/night), and (7) shrimp in an inland raceway from which no water was discharged (0% water exchange) reproduced naturally (no ablation) and postlarvae grew within the same raceway. These results prove the concept for biosecure, land-based shrimp production. Before this industry/university collaboration, there was no consistent inland production of shrimp; now, several new farms have been started in the desert southwest region. This research project was supported by Woods Brothers Shrimp Farm, Gila Bend, AZ and grants from the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board's Advanced Technology Program (#004952-068) and Technology Development and Transfer Program (# 004952-079). Record 115 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Research activities at the University of Arizona (UAZ) AU: Author Lightner, DV SO: Source Aquaculture 2001: Book of Abstracts. 375 p. 2001. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Stocking (organisms); Disease control; Disease resistance; Husbandry diseases; Disease transmission; Marine birds; Viral diseases; Polymerase chain reaction; Disease detection; Frozen products; Aquaculture products; Article Taxonomic Terms: Litopenaeus vannamei; Taura syndrome virus; White spot syndrome virus; Article Geographic Terms: USA, Arizona AB: Abstract Activities at UAZ during the FY 2000 reporting period in the U.S. Marine Shrimp Farming Consortium (USMSFC) were within Objectives 1 (Stock Improvement) and 2 (Disease Control). Under Objective 1, UAZ performed disease resistance evaluation challenge studies (to WSSV and TSV) on 101 domesticated families of Litopenaeus vannamei USMSFC and domestic industry breeding programs. Marked improvements in TSV resistance in selected stocks of L. vannamei were found relative to the reference Kona stock and some resistance to WSSV was found in a few selected families. Also within Objective 1, UAZ collaborated with the Oceanic Institute to develop a new SPF family from wild L. vannamei adults collected off Panama. In FY 2000 UAZ was most active in research, teaching, and service efforts within Objective 2. The annual Shrimp Pathology Short Course was well attended. With the 2000 class, 21 short courses and workshops in shrimp pathology and diagnostics have been given since 1989 and 629 students from 50 countries have been trained. Five chapters for the 2000 OIE Aquatic Animal Diagnostic Manual and Code were contributed by UAZ which also serves as an OIE Reference Laboratory. UAZ helped draft the new Aquaculture Rules for the Arizona Department of Agriculture, and provided diagnostic services to the shrimp culture industry, processing and reporting 428 case submissions in FY 2000. In research and development using molecular methods, UAZ further developed diagnostic and detection methods for IHHNV, WSSV, HPV, YHV, and TSV. Standard PCR methods for detection of WSSV, IHHNV, and HPV and RT PCR methods for TSV and YHV were further refined and the improved methods were applied to diagnostic testing and to research questions. A generic bacterial probe was developed for confirmation and

differentiation by hybridization of putative lesions due to bacterial pathogens such as rickettsia from lesions due to other causes. Real time PCR methods, capable of detecting and quantifying very small numbers of IHHNV and WSSV, were developed and applied to research questions and to limited use as a new diagnostic method for WSSV. In one study, real time PCR was used in conjunction with DNA probes by hybridization to investigate the relative WSSV load in the heads and tails of shrimp from an emergency harvest. Contrary to assumptions made in recent risk assessments, shrimp heads and tails were found to contain similar WSSV virus loads. Our ongoing survey of frozen commodity shrimp from U.S. retail sources continued in FY 2000, and a number of samples of Asian P. monodon were found to be positive for WSSV and/or YHV. A retail sample of L. vannamei from Central America was positive for WSSV and infectious to indicator shrimp. Studies in which captive sea gulls were fed TSV and WSSV infected shrimp confirmed that TSV remains present and infectious in gull feces for several days after ingestion, whereas with WSSV the infectivity is apparently lost after passage through the avian gut. The application of MABs, developed to TSV and WSSV to different types of antibody based diagnostic tests was investigated. Research on TSV from the Mexican 1999-2000 epizootic in cultured L. stylirostris L. vannamei suggested the emergence of a new strain of the virus. A new rickettsial pathogen of shrimp was isolated by UAZ and its characterization was begun in FY 2000. Record 116 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Family survival of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei to Taura Syndrome Virus in field and laboratory challenges AU: Author Moss, SM; Argue, BJ; Castille, FL; Arce, SM; Lotz, JM; Breland, VM; Lightner, DV; White, BL; Browdy, CL; Prior, SY; Lawrence, AL; Bowers, H; Bullis, RA SO: Source Aquaculture 2001: Book of Abstracts. 459 p. 2001. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Husbandry diseases; Disease resistance; Viral diseases; Selective breeding; Survival; Article Taxonomic Terms: Litopenaeus vannamei; Taura syndrome virus AB: Abstract Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV) occurs in the major shrimp farming regions of the Western Hemisphere and has caused catastrophic economic losses on shrimp farms. In response to TSV problems facing the U.S. shrimp farming industry, the U.S. Marine Shrimp Farming Program (USMSFP) established a selective breeding program to enhance TSV resistance in the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Resistance is assessed by exposing known families of L. vannamei to viable virus (either through feeding of infected tissue or by injection) under controlled, laboratory conditions. However, survival under these conditions may not be predictive of survival in commercial ponds. In addition, family survival may differ among labs because of procedural differences in the challenge test. The objective of this study was to compare family survival of juvenile L. vannamei after exposure to TSV in three USMSFP laboratories and one commercial shrimp farm where TSV was expected to be enzootic because of prior TSV-caused epizootics on the farm. Eighty families of specific pathogen free L. vannamei were produced at the Oceanic Institute. Of these, 65 families were selected for TSV

resistance and 15 families were unselected controls. Representative shrimp from all 80 families were evaluated at the Gulf Coast Research Laboratory (GCRL) where they were exposed to TSV in a per os challenge for 21 days, after which time percent survival by family was recorded. Also, 24 families were evaluated at the University of Arizona (UAZ) where they were exposed to TSV in a per os challenge for 14 days, and 28 families were evaluated at Waddell Mariculture Center (WMC) where they were infected with TSV by injection. In addition to laboratory challenges, 41 families were evaluated at Bowers Shrimp Farm (BSF) in Texas where they were reared in replicate ponds containing TSV-infected shrimp for eight weeks. Mean family survival at GCRL was 45.1% and ranged from 14.6-93.8%; family survival at UAZ was 21.0% and ranged from 0-82.9%; family survival at WMC was 61.3% and ranged from 20.0-93.8%; family survival at BSF was 24.4% and ranged from 7.3-57.0%. Regression of mean family survival was significant between GCRL and UAZ (r super(2) = 0.61, P < 0.001, n = 24), GCRL and BSF (r super(2) = 0.55, P < 0.001, n = 41), and UAZ and BSF (r super(2) = 0.68, P < 0.001, n = 16). However, regression of mean family survival was not significant between WMC and GCRL (r super(2) = 0.08, P = 0.14, n = 28). Family survival was similar in labs using a per os TSV challenge, despite procedural differences between labs. However, family survival was different when TSV was administered via injection. Importantly, these results indicate that per os laboratory challenges provide a tool to evaluate and compare TSV resistance among families of L. vannamei and to predict their performance in farm environments where TSV is enzootic. Record 117 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Shrimp research activities at the Oceanic Institute AU: Author Moss, SM; Argue, BJ; Arce, SM; Otoshi, CA; Calderon, FRO; Hennig, OL SO: Source Aquaculture 2001: Book of Abstracts. 460 p. 2001. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Husbandry diseases; Viral diseases; Disease resistance; Selective breeding; Survival; Research; Oceanographic institutions; Article Taxonomic Terms: Litopenaeus vannamei; Article Geographic Terms: USA, Hawaii AB: Abstract Through the U.S. Marine Shrimp Farming Program (USMSFP), the Oceanic Institute (OI) has established a selective breeding program to improve the performance of specific pathogen free Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. During the past year, representative shrimp from 80 full-sib families were stocked in OI's 337-m super(2) round pond and 58-m super(2) recirculating raceway for growout comparisons at a stocking density of 200 shrimp/m super(2). Of the 80 families that were evaluated, 60 families were selected 100% for growth, 15 families were unselected control families, and 5 families were inbred lines to evaluate inbreeding depression. After 14.5 weeks, shrimp in the round pond exhibited a mean harvest weight of 20.0 g plus or minus 4.4 (SD) and harvest weight ranged from 4.9 - 33.9 g. Mean survival was 75.5% plus or minus 17.9 (SD) and family survival ranged from 45 - 100%. After 16 weeks, shrimp in the recirculating raceway exhibited a mean harvest weight of 22.8 g plus or minus 4.6 (SD) and harvest weight ranged from 10.7 - 41.1 g. Mean survival was 72.6% plus or minus 11.7 (SD) and family survival ranged from 45 - 100%. In addition to growout

evaluations, families of L. vannamei that were selected for resistance to Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV) were challenged with TSV at the Gulf Coast Research Laboratory (GCRL) in Mississippi and at the University of Arizona (UAZ). Mean survival of representative shrimp from 79 full-sib families to TSV at GCRL was 38% and survival ranged from 8.3 - 81.3%. Mean survival of representative shrimp from 24 full-sib families to TSV at UAZ was 32.9% and survival ranged from 0 - 76.2%. There was a significant positive relationship between mean family survival to TSV between GCRL and UAZ (P < 0.001, r super(2) = 0.51, n = 24). In addition to shrimp research, OI worked jointly with UAZ over the past year to diversify the germplasm of the breeding program by developing new candidate SPF shrimp stocks from Panama. To date, six maternal families of F sub(1) Panamanian juvenile L. vannamei are being maintained at OI's secondary quarantine facility with the expectation that they will be included into the breeding program during the next year. Also, OI has supported the U.S. shrimp farming industry by providing shrimp to research institutions and the commercial sector. During the past year, 123,139 postlarvae, juvenile, and broodstock shrimp were distributed throughout the U.S. In addition, 274,500 sentinel shrimp were provided to USMSFP Consortium institutions and private farms for disease-related research and for biosecurity purposes. Record 118 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Closed systems for sustainable shrimp culture AU: Author Ogle, JT; Lotz, JM SO: Source Aquaculture 2001: Book of Abstracts. 489 p. 2001. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Rearing; Recirculating systems; Culture tanks; Filtration; Aquaculture systems; Aquaculture techniques; Article Taxonomic Terms: Litopenaeus vannamei; Article Geographic Terms: USA, Mississippi AB: Abstract The mainstream of shrimp research and production for the past two decades has been focused on pond production. Shrimp ponds which can be 0.5 to 120 acres in size with farms occupying 600 acres, have traditionally been constructed adjacent to estuarine water sources in wetlands and mangrove swamps. Although the ecological impacts of such operations have been pointed out, it has not been until recently that interest has grown in developing a more sustainable means for growing shrimp such as closed systems. Development of closed systems for shrimp culture have paralleled the development of pond culture in time but not in scope. Some of the earliest attempts at shrimp production utilize closed systems. There have been so few such ventures that they can all be discussed here. Closed systems for shrimp have typically been copied from the classical fish systems. Such systems use one tank for the animals, a second tank for solids removal, and a third tank for biological filtration. Additional components may include a tank for secondary solids removal, UV sterilization, aeration or oxygenation devices and protein shimmers. The external tank filtration can be run either in series or in parallel but all such systems require that water be removed from the culture tank and then returned by pumping. For marine shrimp which must molt to grow such systems are difficult to maintain. The molted exoskeletons will clog pump intakes

and screens. For that reason modern shrimp systems have become simpler with fewer external filters or pumps and relay on in tank filtration. At the GCRL a variety of closed systems have been used. The GCRL has operated a closed system for the maturation and reproduction of Penaeus vannamei almost continuously since 1985. The original design described in 1992 used submerged biofilters packed with clam shell. By 1994 those filters had been replaced with aerobic trickling filters packed with a plastic media and in 1996 the systems were standardized and further simplified. Since that time the systems have been operated for a year at a time with no water addition. The experience gained in evaluating different filters for the maturation system was applied to the grow out systems. A number of systems were built utilizing a variety of filters. The system currently in use by the GCRL consists of a tank with central aeration. That aeration mixes a suspended bacterial floc which purifies the water. Similar bacterial driven systems have recently been described for the pond production of marine shrimp. It is interesting that both pond and closed system research for shrimp production seem to be converging on s similar end point. The contribution of algal and bacterial processes and the effects of low protein feeds on the growth and survival of shrimp in these systems are current areas of interest to researchers as is genetic improvement. Coupling these high yield production systems with a temporally partitioned pond reclamation system offers the hope of long term 0% water exchange. Thus the development of closed systems will enable shrimp culture to move out of environmentally sensitive areas and reduce the consumption of protein, water and energy making them truly more sustainable for the future. Record 119 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Low density double cropping pond management strategy using Litopenaeus vannamei in South Carolina AU: Author Stokes, A; Browdy, CL; Richardson, J; Whetstone, J SO: Source Aquaculture 2001: Book of Abstracts. 612 p. 2001. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Experimental culture; Growth; Survival; Shrimp culture; Pond culture; Stocking density; Article Taxonomic Terms: Litopenaeus vannamei; Article Geographic Terms: ANW, USA, South Carolina AB: Abstract Each year, shrimp growers deal with a number of issues associated with producing shrimp in SC. The production season is limited to one crop per year due to temperature. In addition, SC shrimp growers use only high health shrimp and some years there is a shortage of postlarvae for optimum stocking dates. Growers are also concerned with the possibility of disease, hurricanes and lower end-of-the-season prices for their crop. In an attempt to minimize some of these production risks and improve marketing opportunities, biologists at the Waddell Mariculture Center (WMC) stocked a low-density production study focused on producing two crops of shrimp in 75 to 80 days each. This management strategy relied upon the superior growth performance of the US Marine Shrimp Farming Program selected stocks and higher growth rates, which can be achieved at low densities in earthen ponds. This strategy was to provide two crops of reasonably sized shrimp during a single growing season of 155 days. The first crop would provide a

mid-season cash flow when prices are generally higher and would also be harvest before hurricane season. By reducing stocking numbers and spreading stocking to two times per season, problems with seed availability would be minimized. At lower stocking densities, water quality deterioration is less likely in zero water exchange systems. Four 0.25HA ponds were stocked in the study. Two high-density ponds were stocked at a rate of 300,000shrimp/HA and managed for 155 days. The other two ponds were stocked at a low-density rate of 150,000shrimp/HA and managed for 80 and 75 days respectively prior to harvest. All ponds were stocked with high health postlarvae produced at the WMC. High and low density ponds were managed with no routine water exchange, with 24 and 12 hp aeration per HA respectively phased in according to oxygen demand. The shrimp were fed a 36% protein (with 2.5% squid) commercial shrimp diet according to a WMC feed management regime. The ponds were fertilized prior to stocking and filled using the puddle method. All water was filtered through a 185-micron mesh screen to minimize disease introduction. The high-density ponds had shrimp survival rates of 88 and 59%. Shrimp in the latter pond experienced mortality due to a black gill problem. Mean shrimp harvest size was 24g. Production averaged 5,221 KG/HA with a mean FCR of 1.9. The low-density ponds had a mean survival rate of 89% for the first and 86% for the second crop. Mean shrimp size was 17g and 15g respectively. Production averaged 2,263 KG/HA for the first and 1,863 KG/HA for second crop. The FCR for the low-density ponds was .9 for the first and 1.2 for the second crop. Mean harvest production for both low- density crops was 4,125KG/HA. Production results and costs will be analyzed and compared to determine risk and production benefits for both the high and low-density two crop production strategies in SC. Record 120 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Preliminary results on trace metal concentrations in cultured shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei AU: Author Alcivar-Warren, AA; Meehan, D SO: Source Aquaculture 2001: Book of Abstracts. 10 p. 2001. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Heavy metals; Bioaccumulation; Brood stocks; Aquaculture systems; Pond culture; Recirculating systems; Cultured organisms; Immunity; Sexual reproduction; Trace metals; Article Taxonomic Terms: Litopenaeus vannamei; Article Geographic Terms: ISE, USA, Hawaii AB: Abstract Heavy metals affect immune and reproductive system function, and a genetic component to heavy metal susceptibility has been reported for freshwater shrimp. However, limited information is available on trace metal concentrations in marine shrimp or on the molecular genetic mechanism(s) involved in susceptibility to heavy metal accumulation. In this study, frozen samples of whole shrimp were digested with a concentrated nitric acid digestion and trace metal analyses were performed for aluminum(Al), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), potassium (K), antimony (Sb), selenium (Se), silver (Ag) and vanadium (V). These fifteen metals were measured in whole body homogenates from 12 Litopenaeus vannamei broodstock maintained at the

Oceanic Institute, Hawaii. Six broodstock originated from a flow-through, dirt pond and six were from a closed, recirculating raceway. There were variable concentrations (ppm, mean (SD) of trace metals among and within collection sites. Analysis of variance showed no significant differences (P > 0.05) in trace concentrations of K, V, Cr, Ba, Pb, Se, Ni, Cu and Sb in shrimp maintained in either the dirt pond or the recirculating raceway. Trace concentrations of Al, Mn, Ag and Fe were significantly higher (P < 0.10) in shrimp from the dirt pond (17.13 (18.69, 1.12 (0.51, 0.10 (0.04 and 19.30 (17.62, respectively) than from the recirculating raceway (0.00, 0.49 (0.15, 0.05 (0.02 and 5.72 (0.95, respectively). Only Cd and Hg were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in shrimp from the recirculating raceway (0.16 (0.04 and 0.03 (0.00, respectively) than from the dirt pond (0.01 (0.01 and 0.02 (0.00, respectively). Record 121 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Review of Texas A&M U.S.D.A. Marine Shrimp Farming Program, 2000 AU: Author Lawrence, A; Samocha, T; Castille, F; Bray, W SO: Source Aquaculture 2001: Book of Abstracts. p. 353. 2001. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Research programmes; Shrimp culture; Marine aquaculture; Selective breeding; Nutritional requirements; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeidae; Article Geographic Terms: USA, Texas AB: Abstract In addition to the authors, collaborating scientists with the Shrimp Mariculture Project (SMP) research program included Drs. W.Neill, D.Gatlin and W.Grant, Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, and Dr. J.Dixon, Soil and Crop Sciences, of Texas A&M, Drs. D.McKee, J.Fox, E.Jones and J. Mott, Texas A&M at Corpus Christi and Dr. P.Lee, Marine Biomedical Institute, University of Texas, and scientists from the other USDA Marine Shrimp Farming Program. Three students completed Doctor of Philosophy degrees and seven students completed Master of Science degrees in 1999 and 2000. Collaborative research programs are ongoing with the commercial shrimp farms in Texas and the following companies: North American Agrisystems Archer, Daniels, Midland; Distributors Processing, Inc. (DPI); Seaboard; Solvay Duphar; Industria Organica; Ziegler Brothers, Inc.; Rangen, Inc.; and Baker Brothers. In addition to $323,000 from the USDA Marine Shrimp Farming Program, about $350,000 was received from other grants, about $450,000 from the State of Texas and a minimum of $1,500,000 of "in kind" support from private companies during 2000. For 2000, offspring of genetic crosses were received from Oceanic Institute reared to 4 to 5 gm size, and tagged. Populations of these tagged shrimp were sent to Harlingen Shrimp Farm and Bowers Shrimp Farm in Texas. The purpose was to evaluate these genetic crosses under commercial conditions in Texas. No class I shrimp diseases were observed at either the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Flour Bluff or Port Aransas research facilities for 2000. Vitamin requirements for Litopenaeus vannamei stylirostris were determined with no water exchange. Carotenoids were shown to increase survival in the presence of Class I pathogens. A simulation model for the nitrogen cycle with no water exchange was developed. Protein and energy requirements at different salinities and temperatures in the presence of no water exchange were determined. Fifteen papers were published and 59 oral presentations were given by

the Shrimp Mariculture Research Project staff in 1999 and 2000. Record 122 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Floating cages as an alternative for growing the marine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in open sea water AU: Author Lombardi, JV; Marques, HLA; Barreto, OJS; Gelli, VC; Pereira, RTL; de Paula, EJ SO: Source Aquaculture 2001: Book of Abstracts. 384 p. 2001. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Cage culture; Rearing; Polyculture; Algal culture; Experimental culture; Article Taxonomic Terms: Litopenaeus vannamei; Article Geographic Terms: Brazil, Sao Paulo, Ubatuba AB: Abstract Shrimp culture plays an important role in worldwide aquaculture. However this activity has some limitation for expanding, since the use of coastal lands is rigorously controlled by environmental protection laws, particularly in some States of Brazil. The aim of this study was testing floating cages as an alternative for rearing the marine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in open sea water, in order to attend principally to the requirements of fishermen communities. The experiment was carried out in the Aquaculture Research Centre of Sao Paulo State's Fishery Institute in Ubatuba - SP - Brazil (24 degree 26'S; 45 degree 04'W). Experimental cages (1.00 m x 1.00 m x 1.20 m) were constructed with a polyester/PVC mesh (5 mm) and fixed in PVC floating frames. Postlarvae of L. vannamei were reared during 60 days in nursery cages and so they were transferred to the growing cages. Since growth was very heterogeneous in the nursery phase, juveniles were grouped according to their different weight category and stocked in 6 growing cages in a density of 100 shrimps m super(-2). Commercial pellets 35% PB was supplied once a day, and shrimps were harvested after 103 days of growing phase. Macroalgae Kappaphycus alvarezii were also fixed in floating tubes and disposed inside 3 cages, in order to better use the available space in the water column. There were no negative interferences in culturing shrimps and algae inside the same cage. However, positive aspects must be better studied for testing the viability of using algae as shelters, shade providers, and bed for other organisms which could improve the natural food source for shrimp. The results has demonstrated that floating cages are a viable alternative for rearing L. vannamei in open sea water. Further, the association with algae seems to be feasible for best exploration of available space inside cages. Record 123 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Process control of pond sediment redox AU: Author Peterson, EL; Indran, G SO: Source Aquaculture 2001: Book of Abstracts. p. 525. 2001. DE: Descriptors

Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Pond culture; Ponds; Aeration; Redox reactions; Aquaculture systems; Aquaculture equipment; Article Taxonomic Terms: Metapenaeus endeavouri; Article Geographic Terms: Australia AB: Abstract Process control of pond aeration is currently under demonstration at two marine shrimp farms which are members of the Australian Prawn Farmers Association. The speed of paddlewheels and propeller-aspirators are automatically reduced when pond water is saturated by photosynthesis. The low-speed operation of paddlewheels and propellers does not erode pond levees, and so feed pellets are not smothered by silt if they are applied during daylight. The hypothesis is that the process control system will cause pond sediment to be more aerobic. Two adjacent one-hectare ponds were stocked with Metapenaeus endeavouri 30 PL/m super(2). Each was provided with four 2hp paddlewheels and four 2hp propeller-aspirators. "Pond A" was conventionally aerated at fill speed, day and night. Pond "B" was controlled to run at halfspeed during daylight. Each pond demanded 13 kW of electric power at ffill speed, but "Pond B" consumed only 2.5 kW during daylight hours. Sediments were probed across each pond a few weeks before harvest. Redox results are plotted, confirming the hypothesis that "Pond B" would be more aerobic, while "Pond A" would accumulate anaerobic sludge. Record 124 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Review of engineering for sustainable shrimp farming AU: Author Peterson, EL SO: Source Aquaculture 2001: Book of Abstracts. p. 526. 2001. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Pond culture; Ponds; Aquaculture engineering; Site selection; Aquaculture development; Article Geographic Terms: Australia AB: Abstract Investors get what they pay for when they fail to engage suitably qualified consultants. There are multi-disciplinary firms which have learned from successes and failures in many industries to provide investors with a facility which will be durable and efficient. Developers should allow more capital investment at the beginning, so that long-term costs of operation may be minimised. Advise on selecting an aquacultural engineering consultant is given by Mayo (1998). The present paper addresses issues which developers of shrimp farms should consider before they purchase property upon which they would build a marine shrimp farm. These issues should be addressed as a "schematic design" by an Engineer before heading into full scale development. These three factors are the foundation of a profitable farm: Access to waterway with sufficient tidal flushing to provide good water quality in and out; Land that is high enough above the tide to avoid acid sulfate soils and provide good drainage and Soil that has sufficient clay content so ponds do not leak, but also some aggregate content. There are other important factors which must be satisfied when choosing land to build a farm: Access to freshwater, power, and a nearby quarry to provide inexpensive sand and gravel. Topographic surveys should be completed and a schematic hydraulic design should be drafted for the candidate site. Key features to be

account for are as follows: Header dam to provide pumped storage and pre-treatment of water requirements. Gravity feed open channels to growout ponds, with screened control weirs. Hydrodynamically designed pond - square ponds are the rectangle shape which most closely approaches a circle. Round ponds are internally superior, but farm-layout may require that ponds be square. The worst ponds may be triangular and rectangular shapes having distorted aspect ratios far from 1:1. Corners should be filled in and rounded as much as practical. Pond levee banks should have a slope no steeper than 1:2, topped with road gravel, and slopes protected with gravel or geotextiles. Salt tolerant plants should be encouraged, and Open channel drains connected to pond outlet structures by culverts under levee banks - these channels should flow through sediment trapping pond before the final step. Record 125 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Effect of chronic Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV) infections on survival of the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei exposed to salinity stress AU: Author Lesber Salazar, A; Soto, AM; Lotz, JM SO: Source Aquaculture 2001: Book of Abstracts. p. 564. 2001. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Husbandry diseases; Viral diseases; Infectious diseases; Survival; Biological stress; Temperature effects; Temperature tolerance; Article Taxonomic Terms: Taura syndrome virus; Litopenaeus vannamei; Article Geographic Terms: USA, Mississippi AB: Abstract Taura syndrome virus (TSV) is one of the most important shrimp viruses affecting farmed shrimp in the Western Hemisphere. Infected shrimp go through an acute phase in which most mortality is observed. In the ensuing chronic phase shrimp remain infected but otherwise appear normal. If chronically infected shrimp resume normal functions they should be as likely to survive a stress test as naive shrimp. Therefore we undertook this study to determine if chronically infected shrimp can withstand salinity shock as well as naive shrimp. All shrimp were obtained from the SPF program of the United States Marine Shrimp Farming Program. Chronically infected shrimp were shrimp that had survived a previous TSV laboratory per os challenge. Two experiments were conducted that compared survival of chronically infected and naive L. vannamei subjected to different salinity shocks. In the first experiment, shrimp were transferred from tanks containing 24 ppt seawater individually into jars containing either 6, 12, 18, or 24 ppt seawater. The second experiment consisted of transferring chronically infected and naive shrimp from 24 ppt into seawater of 0, 3, 6, 12, and 24 ppt. Figures and show percent survival of chronically infected and naive shrimp from the different salinity shock treatments from experiments 1 and 2. In both experiments there was a statistically significant difference in survival between chronically infected and naive shrimp at the salinity shock of 6 ppt. (Pearson Chi-square test, alpha = 0.05). These results suggest that chronically infected shrimp are not as likely to resist stress as naive shrimp. Record 126 of 500

DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Penaeid shrimp culture: Think globally AU: Author Scarpa, J SO: Source Aquaculture 2001: Book of Abstracts. p. 579. 2001. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Historical account; Aquaculture development; Shrimp culture; Animal diseases; Aquaculture economics; World; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeidae AB: Abstract As for many aquacultural enterprises, shrimp farming accounted for a small share of the world market for many years. In 1975, farmed shrimp accounted for about 2% of the world market, but now accounts for 24.5% or 737,000 metric tons (1997). Within the United States, there are 42 farms producing about 1900 metric tons with a value of just under US $12 million (1997). This is a small share of the 320,000 metric tons that the U.S. imports yearly with a value of approximately US $3 billion. As can be seen, a majority of shrimp come from overseas, especially Central America, South America and Asia. How has this industry grown so rapidly? Primarily by advances in all facets of culture: hatchery to harvest. Early culture relied upon Mother Nature for postlarvae that were stocked in coastal ponds at low densities with little management (i.e., extensive aquaculture). As shrimp nutrition and pond culture was studied, feeds and aeration systems were developed leading to semi-intensive and intensive culture scenarios with production greater than 5,000 kg/ha. As in many agricultural systems, as densities increased the threat of disease becomes a reality. For shrimp farming this came in the form of a multitude of viruses (e.g., B.P., IHHN, Taura, Whitespot, Yellowhead) over the last two decades, for which there was little recourse but to sell at a small size or lose a crop. The disease threat has lead to a renewed effort in water reuse, or zero water exchange, for pond or tank culture, as well as efforts in health management, vaccines, and genetic selection. Efforts by the U.S. Marine Shrimp Farming Program have led to the development of Specific Pathogen Free broodstock and health management guidelines to limit the spread of viruses through infected broodstock, postlarvae, and poor culture practices. Record 127 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Relative susceptibility of Litopenaeus vannamei (Kona stock) to white spot syndrome virus and Taura syndrome virus AU: Author Soto, MA; Lotz, JM; Shervette, VR SO: Source Aquaculture 2001: Book of Abstracts. p. 602. 2001. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Disease resistance; Survival; Immunity; Viral diseases; Fish diseases; Article Taxonomic Terms: White spot syndrome virus; Taura syndrome virus; Litopenaeus vannamei AB: Abstract We used an experimental procedure that is based on a mathematical epidemiology model to study the survival rate of Litopenaeus vannamei from exposures to white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and Taura syndrome

virus (TSV). The experimental procedure involves exposing 12 susceptible shrimp to a single infected shrimp cadaver for a specified period of time, and then isolating the exposed shrimp individually to determine the number of infections and deaths. In this study, susceptible shrimp are exposed to the infected cadaver for 14 h and isolated for five days. The L. vannamei used in the experiments are from the original unselected population of shrimp (Kona stock) that have been maintained by the United States Marine Shrimp Farming Program. In experiment one, the mean survival rate from a WSSV exposure was 0.55, and from a TSV exposure was 0.52. In experiment two, the mean survival rate from a WSSV exposure was 0.60, and from a TSV exposure was 0.62. A statistical difference was not detected in final mean survival rates between the WSSV and TSV exposed groups from either experiment (chi-square test). In both experiments, for the WSSV exposed shrimp, most animals died between 24 and 48 h post-exposure, and for the TSV exposed shrimp, most animals died between 48 and 96 h post-exposure. Our results suggest the original unselected population of L. vannamei are as susceptible to TSV as to WSSV. Record 128 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title The nutrition and feeding of marine shrimp within biosecure zero-water exchange aquaculture production systems: A status report AU: Author Tacon, A; Dominy, W; Divakaran, S; Obaldo, L; Forster, I; Decamp, O; Cody, J; Conquest, L SO: Source Aquaculture 2001: Book of Abstracts. p. 630. 2001. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Recirculating systems; Nutrition; Artificial feeding; Water quality; Article Taxonomic Terms: Litopenaeus vannamei; Article Geographic Terms: ISE, USA, Hawaii AB: Abstract The paper describes the research activities of an ongoing USDA-ARS funded project implemented by the Aquatic Feeds and Nutrition (AQUAFAN) Program at the Oceanic Institute (OI) in Hawaii. The overall goal of the five-year project is to develop second generation feeds technology and management for the intensive culture of Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, that optimizes economic returns while minimizing deleterious effects on the environment. The paper presents the major findings of the project to date on the nutrition and feeding of L. vannamei in outdoor experimental zero-water exchange production systems, and in particular, focuses on the role of microorganisms within these production systems. Conventional pond or tank-based growout farming practices for marine shrimp generally employ the use of high quality (and therefore high cost) nutritionally complete, artificially compounded diets or aquafeeds for the duration of the production cycle; these aquafeeds are usually formulated to satisfy all of the known essential dietary nutrient requirements of the cultured species. However, studies conducted by the project at OI with shrimp reared under experimental, biosecure, zero-water exchange production systems have shown that shrimp can also derive a substantial portion of their nutrition from microorganisms endogenously produced within these culture systems. In fact, studies have shown that these production systems behave as living aerobic bioreactors, similar in many respects to an activated sludge wastewater treatment facility. The resident microorganisms also play

an essential role in biological waste treatment by harnessing and removing potentially toxic fecal wastes and metabolites from the culture system, and maintaining ecosystem health and stability. Particular emphasis is placed in this project on the development of a more holistic, or systems-oriented, approach to aquatic nutrition and health management, and on the need to reduce feed costs by developing and better tailoring new second generation feeds and feed management practices to the intended farming system and aquatic ecosystem, rather than just to the cultured shrimp. Record 129 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Implementation of the Thai Code of Conduct for Shrimp Farming: preliminary results from demonstration studies in Thailand AU: Author Tookwinas, S; Songsangjinda, P; Chankaew, K; Phillips, M; Yang, SS SO: Source Aquaculture 2001: Book of Abstracts. p. 643. 2001. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Policies; Aquaculture regulations; Aquaculture techniques; Manuals; Article Geographic Terms: Thailand AB: Abstract The mission statement on the environment policy basis for the Code of Conduct for Sustainable Marine Shrimp Farming in Thailand was signed in 1998 by government and shrimp farm industry representatives (Department of Fisheries, Marine Shrimp arming Association, Frozen Food Association, Canning Food Association, Aquaculture Business Club, Buyer and Seller Club, Animal Feed Mill Association) under initial support from the World Bank. Guidelines on the farming methods based on the Code of Conduct were prepared in a consultation workshop among the farming associations in various coastal locations, and with technical inputs from universities and the Department of Fisheries. Based on the guidelines, more locally specific manuals have been prepared in small local workshops with groups of volunteer shrimp farmers. These manuals have been prepared in Songkhla and Rayong provinces in early 2000. After preparation of the manuals, a trial has been started at these two locations to demonstrate intensive marine shrimp farming using the principles of the Code of Conduct. The trials were started in the early 2000 at two farming sites in Songkhla and Rayong. The pond preparation, shrimp fry stocking, culture technique, water management, feeding, chemical and drug usages, shrimp health management, effluent management, harvesting, social responsibility, training and documentation have been carried out following the Code of Conduct. A monitoring program for water quality in the culture pond, farming area, farm sanitation, effluent treatment, social conflict observation and documentation checking was carried out by staff of Department of Fisheries. Shrimp harvesting was done in October 2000. The yield is still high in comparison with previous crops (normal operation without using the Code of Conduct manual), although operational costs are less. The paper presents the results of the demonstration trials which indicate that implementation of the Code of Conduct can lead to more profitable farming. These favorable results provide a basis for further dissemination of management practices following the Code of Conduct for shrimp farming, which it is hoped will be widely accepted among the shrimp farmers in Thailand.

Record 130 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Studies on the chromosome of marine shrimps with special reference to different techniques AU: Author Zhang, X; Zhou, L; Xiang, J SO: Source Aquaculture 2001: Book of Abstracts. 712 p. 2001. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Karyotypes; Chromosomes; Analytical techniques; Shrimp culture; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeidae AB: Abstract Progress in penaeid genetics and biotechnology research has been slow because of a lack of knowledge on fundamental aspects of their biology. There has been relatively little research undertaken on the chromosome number, structure and composition in the penaeidae. One reason for this is due to the relatively small size and large number of chromosomes. This paper reports techniques for obtaining high qualitative somatic and meiotic chromosome from embryo to adult stages of marine shrimp. These techniques were successfully applied to study 16 species of penaeid shrimps: Penaeus chinensis (2n = 88), P. monodon (2n = 88), P. penicillatus(2n = 88), P. semisulatus(2n = 90), P. aztecus(2n = 88), P. setiferus (2n = 90), P. duorarum(2n = 88), P. japonicus (2n = 86), P. merguiensis (2n = 88), P. esculentus (2n = 88), P. vannamei(2n = 88), P. stylirostris (2n = 88), Trachypenaeus curvirostris (2n = 70 =42m+10sm+12st+6t), Metapenaeus ensis (2n = 78), Xiphopenaeus kroyeri(2n = 78) and Sicyonia ingentis(2n = 64). Among these species, 11 species are the first estimates of the number of chromosome. The somatic chromosomes were obtained from embryo, nauplius larvae, other larvae and adult tissues including antennal gland, branchia, ovaries and testis. The gastrula provided the best chromosomes, the embryos were treated in 0.04% colchicine for 1-1.5hr and then placed in 0.7%(w:w) KCl 30-50min and fixed with fresh Carnoy's solution (methanol: acetic acid =3:1) for 2hr, fixative was change twice in the course. Air-drying preparation stained with 2-5% Giemsa solution with a phosphate buffer (pH=7.0) were microscopically observed. Phase contrast and fluorescence microscopy proved to be useful tools for the purpose of observation. Meiotic chromosomes were prepared from testis lobes. The testis lobes contained both meiotic and mitotic cell, so diploid and haploid chromosome can be obtained, but the majority of the chromosomes in testis and ovaries were the "dot" shape. Record 131 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Successful intensive culture of Litopenaeus vannamei on a white spot syndrome virus-contaminated farm in Panama AU: Author Lawrence, AL; More, W; Bray, WA; Royo, M SO: Source Aquaculture 2001: Book of Abstracts. 753 p. 2001. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Vectors; Shrimp culture; Disease control; Viral diseases; Pond culture; Intensive culture; Article Taxonomic Terms:

White spot syndrome virus; Litopenaeus vannamei; Article Geographic Terms: ASW, Panama AB: Abstract Panama, like Ecuador, Thailand, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and numerous other shrimp producing countries worldwide, has been profoundly affected by White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV or "White Spot" virus). Indeed, shrimp culture production virtually came to a complete halt in 1999 and 2000 in Panama due to this virus. However, while white spot is the major reason for decimated production in Panama, IHHN virus and NHP (necrotizing hepatopancreatitus) are also present and affecting crop production. Eighty percent average survival of Litopenaeus vannamei was achieved in 18 intensive 0.1 ha lined ponds in Panama in a test designed to exclude viruses from soil, water, and postlarvae sources on a farm with concurrently stocked conventional earthen ponds known to be heavily contaminated with white spot virus. The test, conducted during the second half of 2000 under a Memorandum of Agreement between and Texas Agricultural Experiment Station and the oldest shrimp farm in the Western Hemisphere, Agromarina de Panama, owned by North American Agrisystems, Inc., of Houston, Texas, was conducted in newly constructed ponds beside existing contaminated earthen ponds. The zero water exchange, intensive ponds averaged 80% survival in contrast with 8.34% survival in 600 ha of traditional earthen ponds on the same farm harvested within 30 days of the intensive ponds. Additionally, two sources of postlarvae were stocked into the intensive ponds: domesticated high health postlarvae derived from the USDA Marine Shrimp Farming Program and wild broodstock-derived postlarvae. Both groups achieved 80% survival in the intensive ponds, but the growth of the USDA program stocks was 42.1% higher. The USDA program-derived stocks averaged production of 29,192 pounds per ha (per crop), while the wild broodstock derived stocks averaged 24,440 pounds per ha. Since a broad range of potential vectors have been implicated in white spot infectivity, including water-borne, soil-borne, and shrimp-borne, and through organisms ranging from copepods and crabs to many microorganisms, this test was designed to avoid most contamination from these venues, through water filtration to approximately 25 micron level, use of pond liners, and comparison of postlarvae sources. However, the test ponds were uncovered and adjacent to infected conventional earthen ponds. Results indicate that management techniques, including both design and operational considerations, can overcome white spot virus contamination even in the most heavily infected areas. Additionally, the superior growth potential of domesticated stocks, even in a virus-contaminated environment, was demonstrated. Record 132 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Aquafeed Extrudate Flow Rate and Pellet Characteristics from Low-Cost Single-Screw Extruder AU: Author Bandyopadhyay, S; Rout, RK SO: Source Journal of Aquatic Food Product Technology [J. Aquat. Food Prod. Technol.]. Vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 3-15. 2001. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Aquaculture techniques; Aquaculture equipment; Feeding equipment; Pellet feeds; Water content AB: Abstract

Extrudate flow rate and effects of extrusion variables on extrudate properties were studied in a laboratory (small-scale) single-screw, cooking extruder by extruding a marine shrimp feed mix. Response surface design was followed to examine the effect of screw speed (20-140 rev/min) L/D ratio (8-16), barrel temperature (60-100 degree C) and moisture content of feed mix (20-60%). All the variables were highly significant having positive linear relationship (r super(2) = 0.99) with the experimental flow rate Q sub(Exp). Q sub(Theo) calculation from the simplified flow model, however, over-predicted Q sub(Exp) within 9 to 89%. Prediction improved with increased L/D ratio, screw speed, mosture content, and barrel temperature. The combined effects on water stability, expansion ratio and true density of extrudate showed that L/D 12-14 and moisture content 30-35% were optimum for the three properties, and 92-94 rev/min was the optimum speed for water stability and true density. Barrel temperature showed optimum values within 68-94 degree C. The most desirable values of the properties were 90.3% water stability, 0.99 expansion ratio, and 1347.9 kg/m super(3) true density. Record 133 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Nutrition and Fish Health SO: Source Food Products Press, 10 Alice Street Binghamton NY 13904-1580 USA. 2001. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Disease resistance; Fish culture; Shrimp culture; Animal nutrition; Immunity; Fish diseases; Animal diseases; Article Taxonomic Terms: Pisces; Decapoda AB: Abstract Diseases are a major threat to the sustainability of the aquaculture industry. Because antibiotics have many drawbacks, increasing importance is being placed on understanding the mechanisms that make nutrition a key factor in host defense against pathogens. Nutrition and Fish Health is the first book to provide comprehensive information on nutrition as a means to improve fish health and defend against infection. Nutrition and Fish Health offers state-of-the-art information on diseases affecting cold-water and warm-water fish, as well as marine shrimp. Record 134 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Arrangement of aerators in an intensive shrimp growout pond having a rectangular shape. AU: Author Peterson, EL; Wadhwa, LC; Harris, JA SO: Source Aquacultural Engineering [Aquacult. Eng.]. Vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 51-65. 2001. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Sediments; Aeration; Modelling; Simulation; Recirculating systems; Ponds; Shrimp culture; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus japonicus; Penaeus monodon AB: Abstract

Simulations have been conducted to suggest general principles for the arrangement of aerators within a rectangular pond used for the growout of marine shrimp such as Penaeus monodon and Penaeus japonicus. Computational fluid dynamic models were produced for three schemes that were identified in a survey of Australian Prawn Farming Association members. These arrangements are 'in-line' (series), 'parallel' (side by side), and 'diagonal' (diverting apart). Model results were assessed on the basis of benthic shear stress by classifying regions of pond bottom as 'red zone' (excessive stress), 'green zone' (desirable), and 'dead spots' (sediment traps). A comparison of results indicates that conventional aerators should be arranged diagonally or in parallel. It is also apparent that low-speed operation would be advantageous. These recommendations are consistent with the long-established practice of establishing pond-wide circulation. Record 135 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Emerging technologies for reducing environmental impacts and improving biosecurity for shrimp aquaculture AU: Author Browdy, CL SO: Source 6th Asian Fisheries Forum Book of Abstracts. p. 29. 2001. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Culture effects; Environmental impact; Nutrients (mineral); Nutrient cycles; Biodegradation; Biogeochemical cycle; Aeration; Biofilters; Water filtration; Disease control; Aquaculture effluents; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeidae; Decapoda AB: Abstract The environmental sustainability of aquaculture in general and shrimp farming in particular has received increasing attention in recent years. Discharge of nutrient rich effluent from intensive culture systems can contribute to eutrophication of receiving waters potentially impacting both natural biota and local culture operations. Technical innovations have focused on reducing effluent volume and on discharge treatment. A growing volume of scientific research and industry experience confirms that water exchange may be reduced or eliminated. The pond microbial community plays a major role in pond dissolved oxygen dynamics, natural food availability and nutrient recycling rates. Based on an improved understanding of pond microbial ecology, techniques are emerging for community manipulation through supplementation of limiting nutrients, selective habitat expansion, and culture additions. With appropriate aeration rates and optimal pond carbon to nitrogen ratios, bacterial biomass may provide efficient, nontoxic decomposition of waste, reducing total nutrient discharge while improving natural productivity in the pond. Technologies for treatment of effluents include sedimentation, and mechanical and biological filtration. Efficiency and cost effectiveness of treatment can be improved through the reduction of exchange volumes and emphasis on drain harvest effluent. Infectious disease remains one of the most important risks constraining marine shrimp culture worldwide. Recent studies have demonstrated very high production rates in biosecure systems designed for and managed without water exchange and incorporating water reuse between crops, improving the outlook for controlling disease risks. Further research along

these lines will improve the outlook for more profitable and sustainable production technologies. Record 136 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Studies on water quality criteria of pesticides for farming black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon AU: Author Chen, Hon-Cheng SO: Source 6th Asian Fisheries Forum Book of Abstracts. p. 46. 2001. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Toxicity tests; Pesticides; Water quality; Pollution effects; Shrimp culture; Water Quality Control; Aquaculture; Shrimp; Water Pollution Effects; Toxicity; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus monodon; Article Geographic Terms: Taiwan AB: Abstract In establishing water quality criteria of pesticides for black tiger shrimp farming, only few pesticides were listed in the previous study. Nowadays, this marine shrimp has been extensively cultured in freshwater area where many kinds of pesticides were intensively used. Due to their highly harmful effects, the present paper continued to provide similar information on criteria with other important pesticides for protection of shrimp culture. Acute toxicity and chronic effects of pesticides on juvenile shrimp were carried out, a concentration that can support normal life of shrimp was drawn out as a biologically safe concentration and can be considered as a criterion. It is found that Malathion was the most toxic among many pesticides tested, followed by Toxaphene and Endosulfan, with Butachlor, BPMC and Diazinon being the least. Record 137 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Regional reviews and national management reports. Fourth Workshop on the Assessment and Management of Shrimp and Groundfish Fisheries on the Brazil-Guianas Shelf. Cumana, Venezuela, 2-13 October 2000. SO: Source FAO Fish. Rep. no. 651, 152 pp. 2001. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Marine fisheries; Shrimp fisheries; Finfish fisheries; Fishery management; Stock assessment; Conferences; Article Geographic Terms: ASW, Brazil; ASW, Venezuela; ASW, Guyana; ASW, French Guiana; ASW, Suriname; ASW, Trinidad and Tobago AB: Abstract This document assembles three reviews of the marine shrimp and groundfish fisheries of the Brazil-Guianas shelf (northern Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago and eastern Venezuela) and one on environmental aspects of the area. The resources reviews are based on technical reports prepared prior to and during the Workshop in Cumana, Venezuela and during previous meetings of the stock assessment experts of the WECAFC Ad Hoc Working Group on Shrimp and Groundfish Resources in the Brazil-Guianas Shelf. The document also contains ten Management Reports, prepared by fishery scientists for presentation at the Meeting of Fisheries Managers and Ministers of

the WECAFC Ad Hoc Working Group on Shrimp and Groundfish Resources in the Brazil-Guianas Shelf, held in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, from 26-29 March 2001. These Management Reports are the culmination of stock assessment work carried out since the establishment of the WECAFC Ad Hoc Working Group on Shrimp and Groundfish Resources in the Brazil-Guianas Shelf in 1988, in particular in the four Workshops sponsored by CFRAMP and FAO and WECAFC and funded by CIDA, DANIDA (GCP/INT/575/DEN) and Norway (GCP/INT/648/NOR). Each report contains a number of recommendations for fisheries management, further research and international co-operation in data collection and assessments. Annex 2 contains a list of references on shrimp and groundfish species and environmental issues of the area, used in the various Workshops. Abstracts of the various papers included in the document are cited individually in this issue of ASFA. CA: Corporate Author FAO/Western Cent. Atlantic Fishery Comm., Rome (Italy) Record 138 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Commercial tilapia and shrimp culture in Honduras. AU: Author Morales, L SO: Source Promotion of sustainable commercial aquaculture in Sub-Saharan Africa. Experiences of selected developing countries. Promotion de l'aquaculture commerciale durable en Afrique subsaharienne. Experiences de certains pays en developpement. no. 971, pp. 261-293. [FAO Fish. Circ./FAO Circ. Peches]. 2001. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Aquaculture systems; Aquaculture development; Aquaculture economics; Fish culture; Shrimp culture; Article Taxonomic Terms: Oreochromis; Article Geographic Terms: Honduras; ISE, Honduras, Fonseca Gulf AB: Abstract Two main aquaculture areas have been developed in Honduras: freshwater aquaculture and marine shrimp culture. Freshwater aquaculture includes tilapia culture projects countrywide. For marine species, only shrimp is cultured, on the Gulf of Fonseca coast (Pacific Ocean). As an employment source, aquaculture is an important activity inasmuch as a lot of local personnel are employed in farms or packing plants. The historical development and the current situation of tilapia and shrimp culture are given. Factors determinant of success or failure of these two cultures in Honduras are listed. CA: Corporate Author FAO Fisheries Dep., Rome (Italy) Fishery Development Planning Serv., Rome (Italy) Record 139 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Shrimp and prawn farming development in West Bengal: present status, constraints and strategy AU: Author Upadhyay, AS SO: Source

Fishing chimes [Fish. Chimes]. Vol. 20, no. 10-11, pp. 91-98. 2001. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Prawn culture; Marine aquaculture; Aquaculture enterprises; Aquaculture development; Article Geographic Terms: India, West Bengal; ISW, India, West Bengal AB: Abstract West Bengal, India with rich resources for aquaculture has vast potential for commercial farming of marine shrimp, freshwater prawns and other commercially important fish. The shrimp production through farming during 1999-2000 was 19,960 t. Securing the second position next to Andhra Pradesh, India 34,523 ha of area are presently being used for traditional farming. Various constraints that face the shrimp culture have been highlighted. Suggestions have also been reported for stepping up production of shrimp through aquaculture. Record 140 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Rice-prawn and rice-shrimp culture in coastal areas of Viet Nam AU: Author Hung, LT SO: Source Integrated agriculture-aquaculture: A primer. no. 407, pp. 81-84. FAO fisheries technical paper [FAO Fish. Tech. Pap.]. 2001. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Agropisciculture; Rice field aquaculture; Prawn culture; Plant culture; Shrimp culture; Aquaculture systems; Aquaculture techniques; Article Taxonomic Terms: Macrobrachium rosenbergii; Penaeus monodon; Oryza sativa; Article Geographic Terms: ISEW, Vietnam; Vietnam AB: Abstract A description is given of 2 systems of rice field aquaculture that farmers in coastal areas of southern Viet Nam use to increase their incomes - rice-freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) and freshwater prawn or marine shrimp (Penaeus monodon) monoculture in the dry season. The following aspects are covered: site selection; dike and trench construction; stocking; feeding; predator prevention; care and maintenance; harvesting; land preparation and transplanting for rice; fertilizing; and, pest control. CA: Corporate Author FAO, Rome (Italy); International Cent. for Living Aquatic Resources Management, Makati (Philippines); International Inst. of Rural Reconstruction, Silang, Cavite (Philippines) Record 141 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title African aquaculture: A regional summary with emphasis on Sub-Saharan Africa AU: Author Machena, C; Moehl, J SO: Source Aquaculture in the Third Millennium. pp. 341-355. 2001. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Aquaculture systems; Aquaculture development; Fish culture; Food fish; Fish consumption; Article Geographic Terms:

Africa AB: Abstract The African Region consists of 48 countries and five island nations, most of which are practising some form of aquaculture, often at a very low level. Over half the countries report producing less than 100 mt annually. The largest producer is Nigeria (17 700 mt) followed by Madagascar (5 100 mt) and Zambia (4 700 mt). The 1997 combined aquaculture production of the region was 40 300 mt. Aquaculture is estimated to be 95 percent small scale, with fish ponds integrated into the mosaic of agricultural activities. Mean yield is approximated as 500 kg/ha/yr, although the range is wide, from less than a hundred to more than 10 000 kg/ha/yr. A typical scenario would be a 300 m super(2) pond producing 15 kg a year relying on family labour and on-farm inputs. There is little reporting of production from the region's many reservoirs, although these are often exploited by nearby populations. Commercial finfish culture is fresh or brackish water, with Nigeria, Cote d'Ivoire, Zimbabwe, Kenya and South Africa being important producers. Commercial tilapia farms report pond yields of 10 to 15 mt/ha/yr, while Clarias yields can exceed 20 mt/ha/yr. Marine shrimp culture is concentrated in Madagascar, although a few farms are found in Seychelles, Mozambique and Kenya. Mussels, oysters, abalone and seaweed are also marine cultures in some countries. Fish consumption has been decreasing as supply decreases relative to a growing population: from 9 kg per capita in 1990 to 6 kg per person at present. The attributes of Sub-Saharan Africa include under-utilized water and land resources, available and inexpensive labour, high demand for fish and a climate that favours a year-round growing period. However, optimal use of these resources has frequently been curtailed by poor infrastructure and lack of production inputs. The potential for expansion is nevertheless considerable, but requires several enabling factors that include: a positive perception of aquaculture, sound policies at the national level, strong public institutions, availability of nutrient inputs, conducive investment policies to attract increased private-sector participation, and access to credit for commercial-scale enterprises. CA: Corporate Author Network of Aquaculture Cent. in Asia-Pacific, Bangkok (Thailand); FAO, Rome (Italy) Record 142 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Integrating aquaculture into rural development in coastal and inland areas AU: Author Haylor, G; Bland, S SO: Source Aquaculture in the Third Millennium. pp. 73-81. 2001. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Aquaculture development; Rural development; Resource management; Developing countries AB: Abstract Aquaculture has an important role in rural development. Three quarters of aquaculture production comes from low-income countries, the key region being Asia, within which Chinese production predominates. Integrating aquaculture into the rural economy can bring benefits, as well as environmental and social risks, especially in coastal areas. Lessons must be learnt from the case of uncontrolled expansion of

intensive marine shrimp production. In developing economies, peoples' livelihoods, which include aquaculture, benefit from participatory approaches, which build management capacity. In inland areas, fry nursing networks represent low-risk entry points for rural development, and fish-in-rice systems have wide application. In coastal areas, reforestation can benefit coastal defences and aquatic resource production, whilst integrated pond-dyke cropping systems in delta areas have demonstrated complementary resource and energy flows. In more developed countries, where the objective is the development of remote rural economies, the stability and environmental impact of aquaculture should be key considerations in any future planning. Effective rural development comes through sound governance, participation at all stakeholder levels, people-centred integrated sustainable development and a multi-sectoral agenda. Policy coherence must be a primary objective, developed through wide-ranging public involvement and, where necessary, through the promotion of effective representative organizations. Much greater emphasis on advocacy (outside of the subsector) is required to raise awareness of the role for aquaculture in rural development and to raise the stakes for institutional change. Regulation and policy should aim to internalise the external effects of aquaculture (e.g. the 'polluter pays' principle). Special attention is required to empower and link stakeholders to policy decisions. CA: Corporate Author Network of Aquaculture Cent. in Asia-Pacific, Bangkok (Thailand); FAO, Rome (Italy) Record 143 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Development of sediment toxicity test with tropical peneid shrimps AU: Author Moraes, RBC; Pfeiffer, WC; Guimaraes, JRD; Borges, ALN; Campos, AN SO: Source Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry [Environ. Toxicol. Chem.]. Vol. 19, no. 7, pp. 1881-1884. Jul 2000. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Toxicity testing; Sediments; Marine organisms; Bays; Bioassays; Sediment chemistry; Marine pollution; Estuaries; Sediment Contamination; Testing Procedures; Toxicity; Shrimp; Bioassay; Toxicity tests; Sediment pollution; Pollution effects; Pollution surveys; Test organisms; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus schmitti; Penaeus paulensis; Article Geographic Terms: ASW, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Guanabara Bay; ASW, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Sepetiba Bay; ASW, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Ilha Grande Bay AB: Abstract A methodology to test the toxicity of marine and estuarine sediments was developed using postlarval organisms of the marine shrimp Penaeus schmitti and P. paulensis. The tests were conducted in aquariums with a water feedback system and a sediment layer of 2 cm. The postlarvae exposure time to the sediments was 10, 28, and 52 d. The tested sediments were collected in contaminated sites of Guanabara and Sepetiba Bays and at the reference site of Ilha Grande inlet in Rio de Janerio, Brazil. The toxicity of the sediments was evidenced with exposures of 28 d or longer. The sediment from Saco do Engenho (Sepetiba Bay) was the most toxic, affecting the survival of both P. schmitti and P. paulensis. The sediment from Guanabara Bay was toxic to P. schmitti, affecting its survival after 28 d of exposure.

Record 144 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Tolerance of Macrobrachium rosenbergii to white spot syndrome virus AU: Author Sahul Hameed, AS; Charles, MX; Anilkumar, M SO: Source Aquaculture [Aquaculture]. Vol. 183, no. 3-4, pp. 207-213. 15 Mar 2000. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Aquaculture; Susceptibility; Disease resistance; Viral diseases; Shrimp culture; Prawn culture; Article Taxonomic Terms: White spot syndrome virus; Macrobrachium rosenbergii; Macrobrachium idella; Macrobrachium lamerrae; Penaeus indicus; Penaeus monodon AB: Abstract The susceptibility of Macrobrachium idella, M. lamerrae and M. rosenbergii to white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) was tested by immersion challenge, oral route and intramuscular injection. Their susceptibility to WSSV was compared with that of Penaeus indicus and P. monodon. The WSSV caused 43.3% and 53.3% mortality in M. lamerrae and M. idella, respectively, by immersion method and 53.3% and 66.7% mortality in M. lamerrae and M. idella, respectively, by oral route. This virus caused 100% mortality in M. idella, M. lamerrae, P. indicus and P. monodon when the animals were injected WSSV intramuscularly. Moribund animals were screened for the presence of WSSV by western blot or histopathology. The results indicated the susceptibility of marine shrimp and freshwater prawn to this virus except M. rosenbergii. This virus failed to produce mortality with any of the methods of infection applied in M. rosenbergii. The exact mechanism of tolerance of M. rosenbergii to WSSV is not known at present and the possibilities for this tolerance are discussed. Record 145 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Aqualculture AU: Author Lovell, RT SO: Source Marine and Freshwater Products Handbook. pp. 847-858. 2000. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Aquaculture development; Aquaculture enterprises; Fish culture; Marine aquaculture; Cage culture; Pond culture AB: Abstract Aquaculture is the fastest-growing food-producing industry in the world today. It will continue to grow as an industry and to provide a higher percentage of the world's needs for fishery products. Reasons for this are increasing demand for fish worldwide, especially in the more developed countries; diminishing supplies and increasing costs of sea-caught fish; greater consistency in supply and quality of cultured fish; utilization of resources unsuitable for other types of food production; and attractive investment opportunities in aquaculture. Fish farming has demonstrated extremely rapid growth during the last

two decades. Channel catfish farming in the United States is an example of the rapidly growing aquaculture industry. It has grown from almost obscurity in 1970 to an annual production of over 180,000 tons in 1993 (USDA, 1994). Farming of penaeid (marine) shrimp - primarily in Central and South America and Asia - is the fastest growing aquaculture enterprise worldwide, supplying approximately 25 percent of the world's consumption of shrimp. Ocean pen culture of salmon is a thriving industry in Norway, Chile, and areas of Western Europe, where it provides 90 percent of the salmon consumed in that area and is a valuable export commodity. High-value marine species, such as sea bream and turbot, are being cultured on a large commercial scale in Europe and Japan. Among the many marine and freshwater species emerging in commercial importance in the United States and around the world are redfish; hybrid, striped bass; and tilapia. Aquaculture is more than a science in its infancy; it is now recognized as a viable and profitable enterprise worldwide. Record 146 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Vibrio spp. and its bearing on marine shrimp larviculture. AU: Author Vieira, RHSdos F; Gesteira, TCV; Marques, LC; Martins, PCC; Monteiro, CM; Carvalho, Rde L SO: Source Arquivos de Ciencias do Mar [Arq. Cienc. Mar]. Vol. 33, pp. 107-112. 2000. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Vibriosis; Shrimp culture; Bacterial diseases; Mortality causes; Disease control; Crustacean larvae; Article Taxonomic Terms: Litopenaeus vannamei; Vibrio; Article Geographic Terms: Brazil, Northeast AB: Abstract Microbiological analyses were carried out at a larviculture facility in Northeastern Brazil in order to identify the agent causing increased mortality in larvae and postlarvae of the shrimp species Litopenaeus vannamei. Six samples were collected and processed from the different steps of culture process such as: water from the larviculture tanks, zoea, shrimp nauplii, shrimp postlarvae, cysts of artemia and nauplii of artemia, and subsequently studied. The standard plate counts (SPC) of aerobic bacteria performed with the water from the tanks yielded mean values of 3,29 x 10 super(5) CFU/g. These values were lower than those obtained from the samples of postlarvae, zoea and nauplii of artemia (>10 super(6 ) CFU/g). The MPN for Vibrio in the water sample was 40/100 ml while that for the remaining samples exceeded 1,100/100g (zoea, shrimp postlarvae and nauplii of artemia). The cysts of artemia had MPN values for Vibrio under 10/100g. Batch Ia, containing disencapsulated cysts of artemia, yielded SPC values of 1.76 x 10 super(4) CFU/g, while batch Ib with chorion yielded an estimated <10 super(3) CFU/g. Similar figures were obtained for batch 2, also with chorion. The following strains were isolated from the samples: Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio fluvialis and Vibrio spp. Susceptibility tests proved nalidixic acid and chloramphenicol to be the most effective antibiotics against this vibriosis. Record 147 of 500

DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Shrimp: Potential For Development of Marine Shrimp Farming in Florida AU: Author Jory, DE SO: Source Aquaculture Magazine [Aquacult. Mag.]. Vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 72-79. Jan-Feb 2000. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Bait culture; Rearing; Seed (aquaculture); Aquaculture development; Trade; Shrimp culture; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeidae; Article Geographic Terms: ASW, USA, Florida AB: Abstract Florida probably has the best shrimp culture potential in the continental U.S. This potential exists in three main areas: for the production of bait shrimp for its many avid sports fishermen; for production of penaeid shrimp postlarvae to supply growout farms in the state or elsewhere in the U.S. or overseas, and for growout to market size. This potential has important implications for Florida, because the U.S. imported more than $8 billion in seafood in 1998, mostly from Canada, Thailand, and China. Record 148 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Cryopreservation of spermatophores of the marine shrimp Penaeus indicus H. Milne Edwards AU: Author Diwan, AD; Joseph, S SO: Source Journal of Aquaculture in the Tropics [J. Aquacult. Trop.]. Vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 35-43. Feb 2000. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Cryopreservation; Spermatophores; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus indicus AB: Abstract Attempts on cryopreservation of spermatozoa have been made in penaeid shrimp Penaeus indicus. Viable spermatozoa was preserved successfully for a period of 60 days at -35 degree C and -196 degree C temperatures. Among several cryoprotectants used, a combination of DMSO (5%) and glycerol (5%), and DMSO (5%) and trehalose (0.25M) showed best viability rate (75 to 80%) in freeze thawed spermatozoa. Activational changes in spermatozoa during acrosome reaction after induction with egg water have been mentioned. The importance of cryogenic storage of spermatozoa is discussed. Record 149 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Taiwan's offshore potential: first symposium outlines country's cage culture SO: Source Fish Farming International [Fish Farm. Int.]. Vol. 27, no. 1, p. 26. Jan 2000. DE: Descriptors

Article Subject Terms: Cage culture; Shrimp culture; Aquaculture development; Environmental impact; Aquaculture enterprises; Article Geographic Terms: ISEW, Taiwan AB: Abstract The most devastating earthquake recorded in Taiwan's history did not discourage 200 participants from 15 countries from discussing current developments at the first international symposium on cage aquaculture in Asia, held in its aftermath at the beginning of November at Tungkang Marine Laboratory (TML) of the Taiwan Fisheries Research Institute. Although Taiwan has been at the forefront of intensive marine shrimp farming in Asia, its uncontrolled and rapid expansion has led to problems of land subsidence, over-abstraction of ground water and degradation of coastal zone waters. The result was self-pollution, disease and the eventual collapse of the industry in the early 1990s. However, the government fisheries agency has devoted time and resources to developing alternative, sustainable marine aquaculture practices. The strategy, which aims to switch production from inland to the sea, is now a top priority in the national aquaculture plan. Record 150 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title The role of suspended oyster culture on nitrogen cycle in Hiroshima Bay AU: Author Songsangjinda, P; Matsuda, Osamu; Yamamoto, Tamiji; Rajendran, N; Maeda, Hajime SO: Source Journal of Oceanography [J. Oceanogr.]. Vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 223-231. 2000. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Oyster culture; Off-bottom culture; Culture effects; Nitrogen cycle; Particulate organic nitrogen; Primary production; Marine molluscs; Biomass; Excretory products; Biogenic deposits; Faecal pellets; Biogeochemical cycle; Mollusc culture; Excretion; Harvesting; Phytoplankton; Article Taxonomic Terms: Crassostrea gigas; Article Geographic Terms: INW, Japan, Honshu, Hiroshima Prefect., Hiroshima Bay AB: Abstract The predominance of bivalves affects the cycle of materials in the coastal ecosystem. In the present study, the role of suspended oyster culture on the nitrogen cycle was demonstrated for the northern Hiroshima Bay. The nitrogen cycle was considered as two systems, (1) the primary production (PP) system and (2) the oyster culture (OC)system. The results show that about 26% of N productivity was supplied to process by cultured oysters in the OC system. This process varies seasonally due to the seasonal variations of PON, physiological activities and biomass of oysters. The N processing rates were found to be high in summer and low in winter. The biodeposition and excretion of N in the OC system are 3.0 and 2.1 ton N/d while the natural sedimentation rate and N regeneration in the PP system are 8.3 and 18.0 ton N/d which indicates that the PP system is a major system regenerating N in the water column. The release of total dissolved N from the bottom to the water column is about 8.3 ton N/d. The amount of N harvested as oyster product was about 1.3 ton N/d which is about 10% of daily N loading in north Hiroshima Bay. According to the N cycle developed in the present study, the results suggest the

significant role of suspended oyster culture on the nitrogen cycle in Hiroshima Bay. In addition, our results indicate that oyster production was efficiently harvested, suggesting that oyster culture could probably be used as a tool to remove N from Hiroshima Bay. Record 151 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Health management AU: Author Johnson, SK; Bueno, SLS SO: Source Freshwater Prawn Culture. pp. 239-257. 2000. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Prawn culture; Intensive culture; Disease control; Fish diseases; Article Taxonomic Terms: Macrobrachium rosenbergii; Macrobrachium nipponense AB: Abstract Intensive prawn farming is characterized by the confinement and husbandry of the population in artificially constructed production systems, such as hatchery tanks and grow-out ponds. Various biotic or abiotic factors within intensive systems challenge the health of cultured populations and failure to control them usually leads to feeble or even disastrous production results. Some suggest that infectious diseases, mainly viruses, have been responsible for the collapse of many marine shrimp farming ventures in the past few years. Important diseases have also been associated with freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) culture which could seriously affect commercial production but virus diseases that would threaten the industry on a large scale have not been reported. Recently, in a paper describing the culture of M. rosenbergii and M. nipponense in China, reported that, though they are not as serious as those for penaeids, diseases have already jeopardized the development of freshwater prawn culture. These authors particularly noted that mortalities of broodstock occurred during the overwintering period and that "white shrimp disease" occurred during the grow-out period. Apart from the obvious negative impact that diseases may pose to prawn production, some diseases comprise marketability of the final product by rendering poor flesh quality (muscular necrosis) or undesirable aesthetic changes (black spot or heavy fouling by epibionts). Though the body of literature concerning prawn disease contains many excellent scientific works, the composite is small in comparison to that available for many other aquaculture animals. This may be partly due to the growth in the importance of penaeid culture during the 1980s and 1990s, a circumstance that attracted the attention of most of the active crustacean health specialists. Before describing the specific diseases and other problems that have been found to affect freshwater prawns, relevant information on health and defence mechanisms diagnosis, prophylaxis and therapeutics has been reviewed in this chapter. Record 152 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Study on the endoplasmic reticulum variation during spermatogensis in Penaeus chinensis. AU: Author

Kang, Xianjiang; Wang, Suo'an; Du, Nanshan; Lai, Wei SO: Source J. Xiamen Univ. (Nat. Sci.)/Xiamen Daxue Xuebao. Vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 849-854. 2000. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Spermatogenesis; Ultrastructure; Developmental stages; Cell membranes; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus chinensis AB: Abstract The endoplasmic reticulum variation during spermatogenesis in the marine shrimp, Penaeus chinensis was studied. The spermatogium has more endoplasmic reticulum vesicles. In the spermatocyte I, endoplasmic reticulum vesicles are abundant. There are 1-3 big circular granules composed of endoplasmic reticulum vesicles. Some endoplasmic reticula fold at one side of the nucleus and 2 annular lamellae bodies form on the cytoplasm. In the spermatocyte II, endoplasmic reticula are less. At the early stage of spermatid, rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) appears around the nucleus and parallels the nuclear membrane. At middle stage of the spermatid, the RER becomes smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). There is developed RER in the cytoplasmic band of the main body of the sperm in male shrimp. The RER of the sperm in the thelycum of the female shrimp concentrates to form a granular shape. Record 153 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Marine shrimp culture development approach in Amphoe Muang Samut Sakhon, Changwat Samut Sakhon. AU: Author Malinee Smithrithee SO: Source Abstracts of Master of Science Theses (Fisheries Science) 1985-1990. p. 31. [Notes Fac. Fish. Kasetsart Univ.]. 2000. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Intensive culture; Extensive culture; Aquaculture development; Cost analysis; Economic analysis; Investments; Labour costs; Article Geographic Terms: Thailand, Amphoe Muang Samut Sakhon; Thailand, Changwat Smut Sakhon AB: Abstract One hundred and six shrimp farms were sampled from 1,100 farms from the shrimp in Amphoe Muang Samut Sakhon, Changwat Smut Sakhon (Thailand) in this study. The samples covered three types of culture, i.e., extensive, semi-intensive and intensive. In each type of culture the samples were further divided into three groups according to the farm size, namely small (< 50 rai), medium (50-100 rai) and large (> 100 rai). The results of cost and earning analysis revealed that the intensive farm had the highest production cost followed by semi-intensive and extensive which account for 71,020.46, 54,578.26 and 18,701.18 Baht per rai per year respectively. However, in term of the earning per rai intensive farm gave the highest earning 38,054.54 Baht followed by semi-intensive farm 7.580.74 Baht and extensive farm got loss for 14,679.18 Baht. The analysis on cost and earning of intensive farms showed that total cost per rai per Year of small, medium and large farms were 72,909.01. 68,129.88 and 68,5982.88 Baht respectively. Yield per rai per year of small medium and large farm were 525.11, 515.51 and 426.60 Kg. The net profit per rai was 36,173.99 Baht for small farm, 47,085.99 Baht for medium farm and 18.808.12 Baht for large farm. However, in terms of return from

investment the medium semi-intensive farm gave the highest profit of 91.18 percent of total cost followed by medium intensive farm which gave profit 69.11 percent of total cost. From the regression analysis of input and output, the labor cost had high correlation with the production for semi-intensive farm (R 2 = 0.276), for the intensive farm, stocking density, and total invested capital affected to the changes of production for 46.6 percent. There was not any input that affected the production for extensive farm. CA: Corporate Author Kasetsart Univ., Bangkok (Thailand) Fac. of Fisheries Record 154 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Western Central Atlantic Fishery Commission. Report of the Third Workshop on the Assessment of Shrimp and Groundfish Fisheries on the Brazil-Guianas Shelf. Belem, Brazil, 24 May - 10 June 1999. SO: Source FAO Fish. Rep. no. 628, 206 pp. 2000. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Marine fisheries; Shrimp fisheries; Conferences; Stock assessment; Fishery economics; Fishery resources; Fishery management; Article Geographic Terms: ASW, Brazil; ASW, French Guiana; ASW, Guyana; ASW, Suriname; ASW, Caribbean Sea, Trinidad and Tobago, Trinidad; ASW, Caribbean Sea, Trinidad and Tobago, Tobago AB: Abstract This document assembles the reports on the marine shrimp and groundfish fisheries of northern Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago and eastern Venezuela prepared for and during the third Workshop on the assessment of shrimp and groundfish fisheries on the Brazil-Guianas Shelf, held in Belem, Brazil, 24 May to 10 June 1999. Section 2 includes papers dealing with overviews of important shrimp and groundfish resources and their fisheries. Section 3 deals with fisheries management practices in the area in the context of the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries. Sections 4 and 5 contain papers on stock assessment methodology applicable in the region. Sections 6 to 18 deal with national or sub-regional assessments of selected shrimp and groundfish fisheries. Section 17 also deals with the bio-economics of shrimp fisheries in general and in particular with seasonality, risk and uncertainty. Section 19 is a report of a task group on snapper fisheries of the Brazil-Guianas Shelf, it includes a discussion on future management measures. Section 20 contains a report on a meeting where the results of assessments were presented to the fisheries managers and recommendations were drafted for follow-up activities. The names and addresses of the various authors can be obtained from the section headings and the list of participants in Section 22. There is an extensive list of references in Section 21. CA: Corporate Author FAO/Western Cent. Atlantic Fishery Comm., Rome (Italy) Record 155 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title (Present state of aquaculture in the northeastern region of Brazil). AU: Author

Pereira, JA; Silva, ALNda; Correia, Ede S SO: Source Aquaculture in Brazil: Basis for sustainable development. Aquicultura no Brasil: Bases para um desenvolvimento sustentavel. pp. 267-288. 2000. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Aquaculture; Aquaculture development; Fish culture; Shrimp culture; Aquaculture economics; Article Geographic Terms: ASW, Brazil; Brazil AB: Abstract The northeastern region of Brazil shows great potential for developing aquaculture. The main cultivated fish species are Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), red tilapia (hybrid of Oreochromis spp), tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) and carps (common and the Chinese). The main crustacean species are marine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. The aquaculture statistical data are very scarce, therefore it is difficult to present the real situation of the region. Aquaculture annual production in the region is about 11,000 tons of freshwater fishes, 15,000 tons of marine shrimp and 62 tons of freshwater prawns. Most of the production is sold on the domestic market, except for marine shrimp with 30% of the production exported to France, Spain, USA and Japan. The production capacity is about 233 million of freshwater fish fingerlings, 14 million of freshwater prawn post-larvae and 5,5 billion of marine shrimp post-larvae. All northeastern state universities offer courses in aquaculture, as well as research and extension in the area. The financial support is provided by Conselho Nacinal de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq), Fundacao Banco do Brasil (FBB), Banco do Nordeste (FUNDECI) and state foundations for science and technology. However, they are not enough to support the demand of the region. On the other hand, a research program should be organized in order to meet the real demand of the activity, as well as to provide an extension service to improve the aquaculture technology in the region. Record 156 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title (Present situation in the southern region of Brazil). AU: Author Poli, CR; Grumann, A; Borghetti, JR SO: Source Aquaculture in Brazil: Basis for sustainable development. Aquicultura no Brasil: Bases para um desenvolvimento sustentavel. pp. 323-351. 2000. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Aquaculture; Fish culture; Shrimp culture; Mollusc culture; Aquaculture economics; Research institutions; Article Geographic Terms: Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul; Brazil, Santa Catarina; Brazil, Parana AB: Abstract The southern states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and Parana (Brazil) display a large number of environments suitable for developing Aquaculture. Several organizations act in the region on education, extension classes, financial support and regularization, without focusing on the characteristics of the activity. This deficiency, plus the lack of data brought difficulties to the present work. Therefore, in order to make the work as representative as

possible of the aquaculture status in the southern region, information was gathered from institutions involved directly or indirectly in the area. The results show an increasingly developing activity in marine and continental waters; however, there are important issues that need to be addressed. Fish farming includes 29 species and is the most diverse group in southern Brazil aquaculture. The majority are native, but exotic species such as carps, tilapias, and trouts are still produced in larger scale. Total production sums up to 48,275 tons carried out in small production units, with an average production area smaller than 0.5 ha. Marine shrimp culture is being commercially implemented as small family projects introducing the species Litopenaeus vannamei. This species has shown better results than the native ones. The species production is carried out in Santa Catarina and Parana states and corresponds to 326 tons, with promising perspectives. Mollusc culture is responsible for a production of 8,034 tons. It is the most significant activity in mariculture and is typical in the coast of Santa Catarina. In spite of advanced development, it needs intervention in the production chain in order to solve problems that compromise the area. The document also presents the number of producers, production systems, installed larvicultures, treatment unity, and consumer sales price, among others. The data show a promising activity, operating commercially in the south part of the country since the beginning of the nineties as an alternative for sustainable use of sea and continental waters. Record 157 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Present status of marine shrimp and freshwater prawn hatcheries. AU: Author Ponnuchamy, R SO: Source Fishing chimes. Visakhapatnam [Fish. Chimes]. Vol. 19, no. 10-11, pp. 131-137. 2000. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Seed production; Hatcheries; Shrimp culture; Article Geographic Terms: ISW, India, Andhra Pradesh AB: Abstract The overall situation and the measures necessary to improve the quality of seed produced at marine shrimp hatcheries are described in this write-up. Project estimate for setting up a scampi hatchery, its operational aspects and problems are also highlighted, besides those relating to tiger shrimp for the benefit of entrepreneurs including new comers. Record 158 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Some Recent Issues and Innovations in Marine Shrimp Pond Culture AU: Author Fast, AW; Menasveta, P SO: Source Reviews in Fisheries Science [Rev. Fish. Sci.]. Vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 151-233. 2000. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Aquaculture development; Shrimp culture; Pond

culture; Husbandry diseases; Disease control; Biotechnology; Seed (aquaculture); Aquaculture techniques; Environment management; World; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeidae AB: Abstract World cultured shrimp production increased from 0.4 million metric tons (MMT) in 1990 to about 0.8 MMT in 1999, or about 25 to 30% of total shrimp supply. Increased production was well below 1.2 MMT predicted 10 years earlier. The primary reason for this shortfall was shrimp disease, which effected shrimp yields worldwide. The most serious diseases were viral, for which there are still few certain solutions. As a result of shrimp disease problems, pond culture practices changed to reduce disease incidence. These changes included: use of specific pathogen free (SPF) and specific pathogen resistant (SPR) shrimp seed; reduced or zero water exchange during pond growout; shrimp culture at inland locations away from coastal influences; use of water recycling and reuse growout systems; development of biosecure systems to prevent disease access during shrimp's entire culture cycle; development of probiotics and immunostimulants to reduce disease susceptibility; and genetic selection and improvements through closed, life-cycle culture. In addition, environmental awareness and concerns about shrimp culture sustainability became increasingly important with the informed public during the 1990s. This included concerns about habitat degradation and destruction, reduced biodiversity, and exotic shrimp introductions. Herein we review developments with these culture innovations and environmental issues that have occurred during the last 10 years. Record 159 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Progress in the development of shrimp cell cultures in Thailand AU: Author Kasornchandra, J; Khongpradit, R; Ekpanithanpong, U; Boonyaratpalin, S SO: Source Methods in Cell Science [Methods Cell Sci.]. Vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 231-235. Dec 1999. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Media (culture); Ovaries; Lymphoid cells; Cell lines; Cell culture; Laboratory culture; Lymphocytes; Culture media; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus monodon; Article Geographic Terms: Thailand AB: Abstract Primary shrimp cell cultures were developed from lymphoid organ and ovaries of black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, in double-strength Leibovitz's L-15 medium supplemented with 15% fetal bovine serum, 1% glucose, 5 g/L NaCl, 15% shrimp meat extract. The optimum conditions for primary culture in vitro were obtained in L-15 medium with an osmolality of approximately 730 plus or minus 10 mmol/kg, a temperature range of 25--28 degree C and incubation in a normal atmosphere. However, basal medium supplemented with 0.01% cholesterol could enhance good growth and cells performance initiated from lymphoid organ. Both epithelial-like and fibroblastic- like cells were observed from those organs within 2 days incubation. Within 3 days, 80% confluent monolayers were obtained from the lymphoid organ while cultures from other tissues required 5 days. Cultures were maintained for at least 43 days. Only cells from lymphoid organ could be subcultured and confluent monolayers achieved within 10 days

post-spilt. Healthy cultures of the lymphoid cells did not persist beyond the third passage. Application of these primary shrimp cell cultures for studying pathogenic viruses of shrimp in vitro will be discussed. Record 160 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title First results of the program of genetic selection of the marine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, in Colombia AU: Author Suarez, JA; Gitterle, T; Angarita, MR; Rye, M SO: Source Acuicultura '99. Aquaculture '99. Vol. 2, pp. 287-291. Nov 1999. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Aquaculture development; Article Taxonomic Terms: Litopenaeus vannamei; Article Geographic Terms: Colombia AB: Abstract Original Abstract: En el ano de 1993, la Asociacion Nacional de Acuicultores de Colombia, ACUANAL, gremio creado por los camaricultores desde la iniciacion de la industria y entidad que habia contribuido con la adopcion de medidas de apoyo muy utiles y pertinentes en sus respectivos periodos ya habia creado en 1993, el Centro de investigaciones de la Acuicultura de Colombia, CENIACUA, entidad que inicio sus actividades de investigacion de forma virtual y con timidas acciones, la cual, de forma paralela al gremio, buscaria encausar los esfuerzos de los empresarios y el posible apoyo del Estado. Record 161 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Nutritive value of protein and lipid fractions for red crab (Pleuroncodes planipes) and white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) AU: Author Goytortua-Bores, E; Rocha-Meza, SG; Civera-Cerecedo, R SO: Source Acuicultura '99. Aquaculture '99. Vol. 1, pp. 246-257. Nov 1999. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Diets; Feed composition; Animal nutrition; Nutritive value; Feeding experiments; Shrimp culture; Rearing; Yield; Aquaculture techniques; Article Taxonomic Terms: Pleuroncodes planipes; Litopenaeus vannamei AB: Abstract The red crab Pleuroncodes planipes is a very abundant crustacean in Baja California, Mexico and previous nutritional studies have demonstrated that red crab meal (RCM) is a good alternative ingredient for fish or soyprotein meals used in marine shrimp feeds. The inclusion of RCM in the diet increases the growth of L. vannamei and P. californiensis, even when 100% of the fish or soy meals have been replaced. The diets used in these studies were isoproteic and isolipidic, and their amino acid profile was not significantly different, so it is plausible to think that red crab contains a growth promotor. The major objectives of the present research were to obtain two fractions from red crab (protein concentrate and lipid extract),

to include them in practical diets in order to determine their effect on the growth of Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles, and to elucidate the nature of the growth promotor. For these purposes, fresh red crab was submitted to a Soxhlet extraction with petroleum ether. Then the remaining solvent in the liquid and solid phases was evaporated under vacuum and at room temperature under a hood, respectively. The two fractions obtained were included in different diets and evaluated in a feeding trial with juvenile white shrimp. Eight isoproteic (40%) and isolipidic diets (6.5%) were prepared: the reference diet (DR) contained fish meal as main protein source and fish oil as lipid source. The fish meal was partially replaced with red crab meal (diet DHL), freezed dried red crab (diet DLL), red crab protein concentrate (diet DCPL), fish protein concentrate (diet DCPP). The fish oil from the DR was replaced by red crab lipid extract (diet DELL), replacement of fish meal and fish oil of the DR by red crab protein concentrate and lipid extract (diet DCP+EL), and a last diet with fish protein concentrate and red crab oil (diet DAL). Record 162 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Lipid accumulation in the ovaries of a marine shrimp Penaeus semisulcatus (De haan) AU: Author Ravid, T; Tietz, A; Khayat, M; Boehm, E; Michelis, R; Lubzens, E SO: Source Journal of Experimental Biology [J. Exp. Biol.]. Vol. 202, no. 13, pp. 1819-1829. Jul 1999. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Lipids; Haemolymph; Vitellogenesis AB: Abstract By the end of oocyte development, the ovaries of Penaeus semisulcatus have accumulated almost equal amounts (approximately 16 mg lipid g super(-1) protein) of phospholipids and triacylglycerols. The phospholipids consist mainly of phosphatidylcholine (75-80%) and phosphatidylethanolamine (20-25%). Approximately 30% of the total fatty acid content of both phospholipids and triacylglycerols is made up of polyunsaturated fatty acids. In fractions obtained by centrifugation of ovarian homogenates, most of the increase in levels of ovarian lipids during ovarian maturation was associated with an increase in triacylglycerol levels in the floating fat fraction and of phospholipids in the infranatant fraction. The presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the ovaries indicates the occurrence of lipid transport to the ovary during oocyte maturation. The gradual decrease in the relative abundance of polyunsaturated fatty acids as the ovaries matured supports previously published results suggesting intra-ovarian synthesis of saturated and mono-unsaturated fatty acids. Most of the lipids found in the female haemolymph (64.8%) were recovered in the high-density lipoprotein fraction after density ultracentrifugation. The haemocyanin fraction recovered from this stage of fractionation contained substantial amounts of lipid (16.8%) that could be removed by further sequential centrifugation at a higher NaBr density, leaving less than 0.9% of the total haemolymph lipids associated with this fraction. While 16.2% of the lipids were recovered from the very high-density lipoprotein fractions, these lipoproteins carried only 64-89 mu g lipid mg super(-1) protein compared with 538.9 mu g lipid mg super(-1) protein in the high-density lipoprotein fraction, indicating that the high-density

lipoproteins are more likely to be the main transporters of lipids to the ovary. However, the contribution of very high-density lipoproteins to lipid transport cannot be ruled out at this stage. In this study, we present two models for lipid transport to the ovary based on the abundance of phospholipids and triacylglycerols in the haemolymph and on the amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids accumulated within the ovary during vitellogenesis. Record 163 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title The aggie mariculture program AU: Author McKee, DA SO: Source World Aquaculture [World Aquacult.]. Vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 24-26. Jun 1999. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Aquaculture enterprises; Shrimp culture; Education establishments; Fish culture; Article Geographic Terms: ASW, USA, Texas AB: Abstract Corpus Christi, Texas has a long and rich history in the aquatic sciences and mariculture. The University of Corpus Christi developed a marine biology program in the early 1950's, which is still strong today. In the late 1960s, Texas delved into marine shrimp culture research with pioneering work undertaken by Corny Mock and Harry Cook at the Galveston Laboratory. In 1968, Texas A&M University excavated shrimp grow-out ponds at the Barney M. Davis Power Plant near Corpus Christi. Eventually that project grew to include a research facility in Port Aransas that continues as The Texas A&M University System Shrimp Mariculture Research Laboratory, assisting in the development of commercial shrimp farming worldwide. In addition to Texas A&M facilities, the Fisheries and Mariculture Laboratory of The University of Texas- Port Aransas and the Coastal Conservation Association/Marine Development Center, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department-Corpus Christi are active in mariculture development, adding much to the knowledge of marine fish and shrimp culture. Record 164 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Zooplankton and Phytoplankton in Marine Shrimp Pond between Rearing AU: Author Rungsupa, S; Poonsuk, K; Niyomthamm, V SO: Source Proceedings of the 37th Kasetsart University Annual Conference. pp. 246-251. May 1999. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Pond culture; Zooplankton; Phytoplankton; Article Taxonomic Terms: Rotifera AB: Abstract Group/genera and density of zooplankton and phytoplankton in 4 shrimp ponds at Trat Province were studied. Three ponds were shrimp rearing pond the other control pond had no shrimp. The studied period of 130 days was started from the first rearing day which sampling plankton by

filtered rearing water with 32 micron mesh size and preserved with 4% formalin. Group/genera, density and most observed time between rearing pond and control pond was compared. Average density of Rotifer in rearing pond was 1.51 - 4.71x10 super(6) individuals/cu.m control pond was 0.25 x 10 super(6) individuals/cu.m . Average density of blue green algae in rearing pond was 8.26 - 36.4 x 10 super(6) cells/cu.m control pond was 2.69 x 10 super(6) cells/cu.m . Average density of dino-flagellate in rearing pond was 8.86-26.9 x 10 super(6) cells/cu.m control pond was 1.25 x 10 super(6) cells/cu.m and average density of diatom was 0.13 - 9.86 x 10 super(6) cells/cu.m control pond was 0.006 x 10 super(6) cells/cu.m. The first maximum group found was Rotifer, the second order was blue green algae, dinoflagellate and diatom. Blue green algae was only one group that growth in the opposite direction compared to the other group. Record 165 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Intraspecific Genetic Diversity in the Marine Shrimp Penaeus vannamei: Multiple Polymorphic Elongation Factor-1 alpha Loci Revealed by Intron Sequencing AU: Author France, SC; Tachino, N; Duda, TF Jr; Shleser, RA; Palumbi, SR SO: Source Marine Biotechnology [Mar. Biotechnol.]. Vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 261-268. 1999. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Genetic diversity; Population genetics; Genotypes; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus vannamei; Litopenaeus vannamei AB: Abstract Intron sequences from the elongation factor-1 alpha (EF1 alpha) gene from the marine shrimp Penaeus vannamei reveal extensive variation even among inbred populations of hatchery-raised shrimp. Among 44 individuals analyzed, we found 13 alleles varying by up to 7.5% sequence differences, and including several allele-diagnostic insertions and deletions. High heterozygosity contrasts with low genetic variation at allozyme loci, but we observed up to four alleles per individual, suggesting that we have identified two separate, polymorphic loci. We partitioned the observed alleles into two groups representing hypothetical duplicated loci. However, the alleles are so similar to one another that a phylogenetic analysis does not cluster them into monophyletic groupings. A possible explanation is that concerted evolution is acting to homogenize genetic variation among these two putative loci. Record 166 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Estimation of the carrying capacity for marine shrimp farming area at Kung Krabaen Bay AU: Author Siri Tookwinas SO: Source Thai marine fisheries research bulletin [Thai Mar. Fish. Res. Bull.]. Vol. 7, pp. 17-25. 1999.

DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Aquaculture development; Overexploitation; Environmental impact; Culture effects; Article Geographic Terms: ISEW, Thailand, Chanthaburi, Thamai, Kung Krabaen Bay AB: Abstract The carrying capacity for marine shrimp farming area at Kung Krabaen Bay, Thailand, was estimated in 1994 by the mass balance model. The maximum water quality criteria in Kung Krabaen Bay in terms of total ammonia was 0.039 mg/1, safe for aquatic organisms. In 1994 the carrying capacity for marine shrimp farming was estimated at 167.09 ha, which was just equivalent to the farming area in 1994 (142.76 ha). However, the shrimp farm around the bay has been expanded to 170.62 ha in 1997. Therefore, it can be concluded that the shrimp farming area is over the carrying capacity of the bay. Mitigation measures should be taken in order to reduce the impact on coastal environment. Record 167 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title The Potential for Macrobrachium rosenbergii Culture in Arid Regions AU: Author Brooks, GB SO: Source Dissertation Abstracts International Part B: Science and Engineering [Diss. Abst. Int. Pt. B - Sci. & Eng.]. Vol. 59, no. 8, p. 3789. Feb 1999. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Prawn culture; Freshwater crustaceans; Crustacean larvae; Polyculture; Agriculture; Irrigation water; Wastewater aquaculture; Pond culture; Arid environments; Aquaculture techniques; Article Taxonomic Terms: Macrobrachium rosenbergii; Article Geographic Terms: USA, Arizona AB: Abstract Recent declines in the availability of large marine shrimp reinvigorated the market for the freshwater prawn M. rosenbergii. Simultaneously, pressures to find more lucrative and water efficient crops are increasing in arid regions. The integration of a highly valuable crop such as Macrobrachium with irrigated agriculture could be of benefit to arid land farmers. Using a specific farming region in Arizona as a model of arid land systems, the objectives of my research were to: (1) Determine if the physical conditions for prawn culture occur in Arizona. (2) Investigate the feasibility of inland larvae culture. (3) Raise to maturity and spawn M. rosenbergii. (4) Assess the utility of a new species evaluation protocol. To meet these objectives, I reviewed physical conditions in Central Arizona and compared them to known requirements for culture of M. rosenbergii, developed a model larvae culture method and stocked postlarvae from the larvae culture experiments into ponds where they could grow to maturity and spawn. After spawning, the larvae were collected and the fecundity of the adult females determined. My results suggest M. rosenbergii likely can be cultured seasonally in ponds filled with surface water within the representative region. Constraints to culture include high source water pH, hardness, alkalinity, contaminants and low winter water temperatures. Larvae culture is possible within the representative region. However, successful mass culture will require refinement of techniques used in my study. Constraints to culture include high ambient pH of surface waters, periodic high hardness and

alkalinity levels and low winter temperatures. Improved filtration techniques in the incubator and a consistent availability of Artemia for food are also issues of concern. Prawns hatched and grown in Arizona spawned readily, were as fecund as other cultured stocks and produced viable larvae up through stage 2. the protocol I used was appropriate for evaluating a species for aquaculture at a new location. Overall, M. rosenbergii shows potential as a candidate for integration with irrigated agriculture systems within arid farming regions. Record 168 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Bio-Modulation of the Non-Specific Immune Response in Marine Shrimp with Beta-Glucan AU: Author Dugger, DM; Jory, DE SO: Source Aquaculture Magazine [Aquacult. Mag.]. Vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 81-86. Jan-Feb 1999. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Pathogenic bacteria; Antibiotics; Immunology; Disease control; Viral diseases; Therapy; Reviews; Immunostimulants; Immune response AB: Abstract The development of commercial culture of marine shrimp species has not occurred without incidences of both infectious and non-infectious diseases. In recent years several disease outbreaks have caused major problems and decimated the shrimp farming industries in several countries, including the top producing countries during the last ten years (China, Thailand, Indonesia, Taiwan and Ecuador). Virus diseases, for example, have severely affected the shrimp farming industries of many countries, causing significant production and economic losses. We now know there are 20 distinct viruses, or groups of viruses, which we are certain can infect penaeid shrimp. Other pathogens are also very important in marine shrimp farming, particularly various infectious bacteria. Shrimp farmers will undoubtedly need new weapons to fight back, and immunostimulants particularly betaglucans - are one of the potential weapons shrimp farmers may use effectively in their fight against shrimp diseases. Record 169 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Water Quality and Phytoplankton Communities in Intensive Shrimp Culture Ponds in Kung Krabaen Bay, Eastern Thailand AU: Author Tookwinas, S; Songsangjinda, P SO: Source Journal of the World Aquaculture Society [J. World Aquacult. Soc.]. Vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 36-45. 1999. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Water quality; Phytoplankton; Intensive culture; Article Geographic Terms: ISEW, Thailand, Kung Krabaen Bay AB: Abstract

Water quality and phytoplankton communities were studied in 20 intensive shrimp culture ponds and in the inlet and drainage canals at Kung Krabaen Bay, Eastern Thailand during the first shrimp crop of 1992. The grow-out ponds were categorized into two groups: low stocking density (<60 PL/m super(2)) and high stocking density (>60 PL/m super(2)). The results showed that there were no significant differences in water quality between the two stocking density groups. Phytoplankton collected using a 60- mu m mesh net consisted of 79 genera with concentrations ranging from 1,822 to 72,527 cells/L from the first month up to the time of shrimp harvesting. Water quality deteriorated in high and low stocking density shrimp ponds, which had an influence on abundance and diversity of net phytoplankton communities. Biochemical oxygen demand and ammonia-nitrogen were most closely related to abundance of net phytoplankton communities during the shrimp grow-out period. Salinity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen appeared to play an important role in phytoplankton community variation in inlet and drainage canals. Phytoplankton community structure in drainage canals showed more variation than in ponds. The management implications of the results and recommendations for further studies are also considered. Record 170 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Composition and Abundance of Macrobenthos in Intensive Tropical Marine Shrimp Culture Ponds AU: Author Shishehchian, F; Yusoff, FM SO: Source Journal of the World Aquaculture Society [J. World Aquacult. Soc.]. Vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 128-133. 1999. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Community composition; Zoobenthos; Shrimp culture; Pond culture; Abundance; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus monodon AB: Abstract The macro and meio-faunal benthic communities in shrimp ponds play a major role as natural food for shrimps. Earlier works indicated that penaeid shrimps are omnivores feeding mainly on live prey. Recent literature on shrimp feeding behavior in nature and in culture ponds shows that the diet of penaeid shrimp consists of crustaceans, fish, mollusks, polychaetes, radiolarians, sponges, nematodes, foraminifers, rotifers, copepods, insects, vegetable matter, algae, mud and sand particles. However, the significance of each food item has not yet been determined. Benthos forms one of the major food sources for shrimp in intensive and semi-intensive culture, in addition to artificial feed. Despite its importance as food, little information is available about the variation, composition and abundance of macrobenthos in culture of Penaeus monodon. Hence, this study was conducted to determine the composition and abundance of macrobenthos in P. monodon pond culture, the variation in macrobenthic community within the culture period, and the relation of this variation, with the fullness of the shrimp gut. The pond facilities were located at 2 degree 49' North and 101 degree 22' East on Carey Island, Peninsular Malaysia. Record 171 of 500

DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Chemoreception studies in relation to feeding responses in the marine shrimp H. Milne Edwards (Penaeus indicus) and Miers (Metapenaeus dobsoni) AU: Author Fernandez, CH SO: Source Naga [Naga]. Vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 20-21. 1999. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Feeding behaviour; Chemoreception; Chemical stimuli; Shrimp culture; Marine aquaculture; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus indicus; Metapenaeus dobsoni AB: Abstract A study of chemoreception in relation to feeding and other factors involved showed that feeding behavior in shrimps can be triggered by chemical stimuli. However, Peneaus indicus and Metapenaeus dobsoni differ significantly in their chemotactic response to different stimuli. Record 172 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Application of water quality data to estimate the cultured oyster biomass in Hiroshima Bay AU: Author Songsangjinda, Putth; Matsuda, Osamu; Yamamoto, Tamiji; Rajendran, N; Maeda, Hajime SO: Source Fisheries science. Tokyo [Fish. Sci.]. Vol. 65, no. 5, pp. 673-678. 1999. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Oyster culture; Growth; Mortality; Water quality; Biomass; Modelling; Article Taxonomic Terms: Crassostrea gigas; Article Geographic Terms: INW, Japan, Honshu, Hiroshima Prefect., Hiroshima Bay AB: Abstract The cultured oyster biomass was estimated using biomass model, which was composed of the variables of growth, mortality, oyster fresh meat weight (FMW) and oyster numbers. Oyster growth and mortality were estimated using multiple linear equations composed of water quality variables. Results of the present study showed that actual growth was best modeled using an equation composed of difference values between two successive months of chlorophyll a, salinity and dissolved oxygen. The cumulative mortality estimated by the equation, which was composed of the variables FMW, annual minimum values of temperature, DO and chlorophyll a, also well simulated the observed mortality. The cultured biomass of oysters in different oyster culture areas (Atada, Miyajima, Hiroshima and Ondo) were estimated according to the culture techniques (Ikisu, Yokusei and Nokoshi). The results showed that the cultured biomass in all areas increased up to the maximum at the beginning of harvest season, and dropped sharply due to harvesting. The estimated growth and cumulative mortality of oyster were not much different between areas, indicating that a difference of oyster biomass in each culture area was significantly depended on the number of cultured oysters. Thus, this approach provides quantitative information of the cultured biomass of oysters in Hiroshima Bay which

has been difficult to monitor directly in the culture area. Record 173 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title On farm quality assurance for shrimp production in Thailand AU: Author Tookwinas, S; Boonyaratpalin, M; Choongam, C; Poongern, J SO: Source Papers presented at the Bangkok FAO Technical Consultation on Policies for Sustainable Shrimp Culture. Documentos presentados a la Consulta Tecnica FAO/Bangkok sobre Politicas para el Cultivo Sostenible del Camaron. no. 572, suppl., pp. 111-122. [FAO Fish. Rep./FAO Inf. Pesca]. 1999. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Intensive culture; Culture effects; Water quality control; Aquaculture regulations; Article Geographic Terms: ISEW, Thailand; ISW, Thailand AB: Abstract Intensive marine shrimp farming has been practised in Thailand for some 10 years during which period shrimp culture expanded rapidly along the coastal provinces of the country. Aquatic pollution due to effluent discharges and encroachment of culture areas into various ecosystems have been associated with the deterioration of coastal environment and mangrove destruction. Drug (and antibiotic) residues in shrimp flesh have also been found from time to time, causing in a few cases the rejection of products by importers. Mass mortalities caused by water pollution and diseases have occurred in many culture areas which have led to decrease in production and crop failures. Department of Fisheries (DOF) has had many programmes for marine shrimp farming sustainability. First, mobile units for technical services and disease inspection at farming sites have been organized and deployed by coastal aquaculture stations and centres. Water quality, red tide and farm sanitation monitoring programmes have been organized and scheduled in line with EU regulations. DOF has been appointed by the Government as the competent authority for export quality control of fisheries products to the EU markets. Raw materials as well as finished products are being inspected for quality and safety to consumers. Environmentally sustainable farming systems such as water recirculation, semi-closed water systems and biological treatment procedures have been studied and demonstrated by DOF. It is hoped that these measures could help in ensuring the sustainable farming of marine shrimp and producing high quality products. CA: Corporate Author FAO, Rome (Italy) Record 174 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Study on number and karyotype of a marine shrimp Trachypenaeus curvirostris AU: Author Zhou, Linghua; Zhang, Xiaojun; Xiang, Jianhai SO: Source Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica/Haiyang Yu Huzhao [Oceanol. Limnol. Sin./Haiyang Yu Huzhao]. Vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 250-254. 1999.

DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Marine crustaceans; Chromosomes; Karyotypes; Article Taxonomic Terms: Trachypenaeus curvirostris AB: Abstract The chromosomal number and karyotype in a marine shrimp Trachypenaeus curvirostris which is an important commercial species for the Chinese fisheries were studied using the materials of testicular tubules, embryos and nauplius larvae. The shrimps were collected from the coastal areas of Shilaoren, Qingdao, Shandong Province in April to July, 1990, 1994 and 1997. This tissue treatment process is as follows. Embryos: They were collected in a beaker and immersed with colchicine solution. 1-1.5 hours later, the embryos were treated by hypotoniclysis firstly with seawater (50%) for 20 min and then with KCl solution (0.075 mol/L) for 10-20 min. Another method is to undertake the hypotonic treatment with sodium citrate solution (0.3%) for 20-30 min. Nauplius: They were placed in a beaker and immersed with colchicine solution. 2-2.5 hours later the larvae were hypotonized with KCI solution for 20-30min. Adult shrimp: Colchicine was injected (1.5 mu g per body weight g) into the muscle of the first or the second abdominal segment, and kept alive in seawater for 4-6 hours. Individual shrimps were then sacrificed, the testis dissected out and cut into 2-3mm p ieces.They were hypotonic with KCI solution (0.075mol/L) for 20-30min. All tissues were fixed with fresh Carnoy's solution (methanol:acetic acid = 3:1) three times. Chromosome preparation and observation: Embryo, larvae or pieces of testicular tubules were placed on a clean slide and spread using a forcep. The samples were stained with 5% Giemsa solution (pH = 7.0). The spread plates were observed and photographed with an Olympus microscope. Classification of chromosome was based upon the methods of Levan et al (1964). The testicular tubules from the shrimp were used was the experimental materials for determining chromosome complements of meiotic bivalents. The somatic cells from the embryos and nauplius larvae were applied for both of karyotypes and the number of diploidy chromosome was determined. The results indicate that the chromosomal number of shrimp Trachypenaeus curvirostris is: n = 35 (2n=70). According to Levan's standard, the chromosomal karyotype of Trachypenaeus curvirostris is 2n = 42M + 10SM + 12ST + 6T. No sex-chromosome in the complements was observed. Record 175 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Separation of shrimp haemocytes (Penaeus monodon) and the opsonic effect of serum on phagocytic activity AU: Author Ekpanithanpong, U; Supamattaya, K; Boonyaratpalin, S SO: Source Asian fisheries science. Metro Manila [Asian Fish. Sci.]. Vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 337-342. 1999. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Marine crustaceans; Haemolymph; Phagocytosis; Serum; Immunity; Disease resistance; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus monodon AB: Abstract Two cell types of shrimp (Penaeus monodon) haemocytes were separated by continuous gradient centrifugation. Granular haemocytes and hyaline cells were demonstrated in vitro for their phagocytic activity using glutaraldehyde-fixed sheep red blood cells (SRBC super(f)). The

phagocytic activity of granular haemocytes was two times greater than that of hyaline cells. Haemocytes opsonized by shrimp serum increased phagocytic activity compared to the normal one, suggesting that opsonin in serum is one of the factors that play a role in the enhancement of shrimp phagocytosis. Record 176 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Characterization of antioxidant systems, oxidation status and lipids in brain of wild-caught size-class distributed Aristeus antennatus (Risso, 1816) Crustacea, Decapoda AU: Author Mourente, G; Diaz-Salvago, E SO: Source Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, B [Comp. Biochem. Physiol., B]. Vol. 124B, no. 4, pp. 405-416. 1999. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Marine crustaceans; Enzymes; Antioxidants; Enzymatic activity; Oxidation; Lipids; Polyunsaturated fatty acids; Brain; Article Taxonomic Terms: Aristeus antennatus; Article Geographic Terms: ANE, Spain AB: Abstract The objectives of the study were to characterize the enzymic antioxidant system (free radical scavenging enzymes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidases, glutathione transferase and glutathione reductase), dietary antioxidants (vitamin E), the oxidation status (malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and the fluorescence intensity of lipid-soluble fluorescent products (LSFP)) and lipid composition (lipid classes and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) as pro-oxidants) in neural tissues from males and females of wild-caught size-class distributed blue and red marine shrimp Aristeus antennatus, trawled off the south coast of Spain. Moreover, the mechanisms that may result in the deposition of age-pigments in relation to the physiological age of this species in its natural environment were investigated. Three different size classes were defined for males and four for females, and differences were observed for the different variables measured between sexes. The proportion of polar lipids (primarily phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine) predominated over that of neutral lipids, increasing significantly in males but decreasing in females. However, cerebrosides increased significantly from size-age class I to III in males but no significant differences were observed in females. The fatty acid composition showed increases in monounsaturated fatty acids (particularly 18:1 and 24:1 isomers) and dimethyl acetals, but decreases in PUFA (primarily 22:6(n-3)) with increasing size-age in both sexes. The concentration of MDA (nmol g super(-1) brain) did not present any marked trend with size-age in both sexes. In contrast, fluorescence intensity showed increasing trends in both sexes with increasing size-age, when expressed as % fluorescence brain super(-1) ( lambda sub(ex/em) 350-445 nm and lambda sub(ex/em), 400-455). However, when expressed as % fluorescence mg super(-1) brain total lipid, only males presented an upward trend with size-age ( lambda sub(ex/em) 400-455). The concentration of vitamin E (ng mg super(-1) brain) did not show significant differences between different size-age classes within the same sex and showed a molar ratio of one molecule of vitamin E per approximately 200 molecules of PUFA in brain membranes. The antioxidant enzyme activities showed clearer patterns

with increasing size-age in males than in females, with catalase and glutathione transferase presenting downward trends and superoxide dismutase and total glutathione peroxidase showing upward trends. The fluorescence analysis of brain LSFP was not a useful tool to separate the population into different size-age classes, although the different patterns encountered between sexes for the variables measured points to males as better subjects for this type of study. Record 177 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title (Reproduction control of marine shrimp). AU: Author Alfaro Montoya, J SO: Source UNICIENCIA. Heredia [UNICIENCIA]. Vol. 15-16, pp. 87-92. 1999. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Aquaculture techniques; Biotechnology; Hormones; Sex determination; Induced breeding; Eyestalk extirpation; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeidae; Article Geographic Terms: ISE, Costa Rica AB: Abstract The current knowledge on shrimp sex determination, hormonal control of maturation, fertilization, and techniques for commercial gamete production and spawning in Costa Rica, is reviewed. It was found that controlled reproduction of shrimp is a commercial activity, however the genetic model for sex determination and sex reversal have not been established. Embryo cryopreservation and in vitro fertilization have not been developed. Eyestalk ablation is still the only hormonal technique for female maturation, but serotonin treatment could be an alternative. The advance on spermatophore production is a new contribution for the controlled reproduction of shrimp. Record 178 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Using multiple-use criteria for coastal zone planning for marine shrimp culture in Thailand. AU: Author Siri, Tookwinas; Kwanruethai, Thanomkiat; Warraporn, Prompoj SO: Source Proceedings of an International Workshop on the Rehabilitation of Degraded Coastal Systems, 19-24 January 1998. no. 20, pp. 101-110. Special publication. Phuket Marine Biological Center. Phuket [Spec. Publ. Phuket Mar. Biol. Cent.]. 1999. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Site selection; Coastal zone; Marine aquaculture; Article Geographic Terms: ISW, Andaman Sea; ISEW, Thailand AB: Abstract Seventeen coastal zone characteristics were selected as criteria in a compatibility analysis used to evaluate sites suitable for marine shrimp culture in the Gulf of Thailand and along the Andaman coast. Suitability of sites for shrimp culture was judged on a scale of 1-4 related to degree of compatibility. Results showed that the most suitable area for marine shrimp culture was in the southern Gulf of

Thailand with an area of 39,809 ha. The second most suitable area was on the south-west coast of Thailand with an area of 6,195 ha, and the third most suitable area was on the north eastern Gulf of Thailand with an area of 16,111 ha. The central Gulf of Thailand, especially in Samutpakarn, Samutsakorn, Samutsongkarm and some parts of Petburi provinces are not suitable for marine shrimp culture. It has been estimated that suitable areas for shrimp farms can be found in 17 coastal provinces with a total area of 62,894 ha. CA: Corporate Author Phuket Marine Biological Cent., (Thailand) Record 179 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Cryopreservation of spermatophores of the marine shrimp, Penaeus indicus H. Milne Edwards. AU: Author Diwan, AD; Joseph, S SO: Source Indian J. Fish. Vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 159-166. 1999. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Spermatophores; Shrimp culture; Freezing storage; Sperm; Marine crustaceans; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus indicus; Article Geographic Terms: ISW, India AB: Abstract Attempts on cryopreservation of spermatozoa have been made in penaeid shrimp, Penaeus indicus. Viable spermatozoa could be preserved successfully for a period of 60 days at -35 C and -196 C. Among several cryoprotectants used, a combination of DMSO (5%) and glycerol (5%), DMSO (5%) and trechalose (0.25M) showed best viability rate (75 to 80%) in freeze, thawed spermatozoa. Activational changes in spermatozoa during acrosome reaction after induction with egg water have also been recorded. The importance of of cryogenic storage of spermatozoa is discussed. Record 180 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Studies of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers on genomic DNA polymorphism in six species of marine shrimp. AU: Author Song, Linsheng; Xiang, Jianhai; Zhou, Linghua; Zhang, Shoulin; Liu, Ruiyu SO: Source Oceanol. Limnol. Sin./Haiyang Yu Huzhao. Vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 62-67. 1999. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Population genetics; Phylogenetics; Chemotaxonomy; Marine crustaceans; Genetic diversity; Genomes; DNA; Biopolymorphism; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus chinensis; Parapenaeopsis tenella; Metapenaeus joyneri; Trachypenaeus curvirostris; Article Geographic Terms: INW, China, People's Rep., Shandong Prov., Jiaozhou Bay AB: Abstract Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was applied to study the polymorphism of genomic DNA of six marine shrimps in different

families or genus Penaeus chinensis, Parapenaeopsis tenella, Metapenaus joyneri, Trachypenaeus curvirostris, Exopalaemon carinicauda and Crangon affinis, which were collected from Jiaozhou Bay, Qingdao in Oct. 1996. Amplifications with 20 primers under predetermined optimal reaction conditions (samples were first heated at 94 degree C for 5 min. And followed by 45 cycles of 1 min at 94 degree C, 1 min at 36 degree C, and 2 min at 72 degree C, then held at 72 degree C for 10 min.) gave 282 reproducible amplified fragments ranging between 230 and 2800 bp. The amplified fragments were scored as present (1) or absent (0) for each DNA sample and an index of degree of band sharing (F) was calculated by using Nei and Li' s matching coefficient method. The value of (1-F) was used to evaluate genetic distances between species. The phylogenetic trees were constructed with the method of bootstrap on the basis of the presence and absence of the amplified polymorphic DNA fragments, and with the methods of UPGMA and NJ on the basis of genetic distances. The results from the three methods of cluster analysis are similar in general, and the relationships indicated by the phylogenetic trees show the difference between orders, families, genus and species. The results and in good overall agreement with classical taxonomy. It is suggested that random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) approaches are as useful in providing markers for marine animal genetics as they have been for other species. Record 181 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title In situ grazing capacity of zooplankton grazing on phytoplankton in marine shrimp ponds. AU: Author Zhao, Wen; Liu, Guocai SO: Source Acta ecologica sinica/Shengtai Xuebao. Beijing [Acta Ecol. Sin./Shengtai Xuebao]. Vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 217-222. 1999. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Zooplankton; Phytoplankton; Grazing AB: Abstract A direct counting method was used to estimate in situ grazing capacity of zooplankton grazing on phytoplankton in the marine shrimp ponds located in Haiyiang city, Shandong Province. The results showed that the total clearance rate of zooplanktonic community is 80.38ml /(L times h), i. e. 11.13 mu l/(ind times h),the total grazing rate is 10.50 mu gC /L times h), i. e. 1.25ngC/(ind times h). Zooplankton grazed most effectively on phytoflagellates such as Cryptomonas ovata, Navicula sp., Platymonas cordiformis and Cyclotella sp. etc. On the basis of numbers per liter, the selective feeding rates on them were 92.68%, 72.46%, 36.22% and 32.56%, respectively in 6 hours, and the relevant selection indices were 0.7331, 0.6717, 0.4345 and 0.3913. As far as the abundance of the major algal species, 35.72% of it was grazed by zooplankton in the period of 6 hours. Record 182 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Development of a bath challenge for the marine shrimp Penaeus vannamei Boone, 1931

AU: Author Roque, A; Turnbull, JF; Escalante, G; Gomez-Gil, B; Alday-Sanz, MV SO: Source Aquaculture [Aquaculture]. Vol. 169, no. 3-4, pp. 283-290. 1 Dec 1998. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Mortality; Pathogenic bacteria; Vibriosis; Bacterial diseases; Therapy; Aquaculture; Disease control; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus vannamei; Vibrio parahaemolyticus AB: Abstract Despite the major financial losses caused by vibriosis in shrimp culture, no reliable laboratory model has yet been developed for this disease. A reproducible experimental model is therefore urgently required for further study. In this study, a bath challenge technique was developed for juveniles of the marine shrimp Penaeus vannamei. Four different treatments were applied to the shrimp: (1) shrimps were wounded on the third abdominal segment and were immediately exposed to a bath of Vibrio parahaemolyticus afterwards; (2) shrimps were only wounded; (3) shrimps were only exposed to V. parahaemolyticus; and (4) control, shrimps were neither wounded nor challenged. The experiment was repeated four times to verify the reproducibility of the technique. All the mortalities occurred within four days and the cumulative mortalities were significantly different between treatments: varying from 37 to 52% for the first treatment, 12 to 22% for the second, 0 to 13% for the third, and 0 to 3% for the control. Record 183 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Genetic markers: A basic tool for genetic seletion programs in shrimp aquaculture AU: Author Alcivar-Warren, A SO: Source Abstracts of the First Annual Northeast Aquaculture Conference and Exposition. p. 74. Nov 1998. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Genetics; Hybrid culture; Shrimp culture; Aquaculture techniques; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus vannamei AB: Abstract Marker-assisted approaches for selective breeding of aquaculture species may lead to controlled genetic manipulation that can strategically enhance the growth performance and disease resistance characteristics of the species. In shrimp, due to the lack of controlled breeding programs within the industry, limited information is available on the optimization of economically important quantitative traits. Currently, a selective breeding program is being developed by the U.S. Marine Shrimp Farming Program (USMSFP) based on cultured specific-pathogen free (SPF) and resistant (SPR) Penaeus vannamei stocks which originated from populations of various geographic regions in Mexico and Ecuador. The breeding program relies not only on heritability estimates for fast growth and resistance to Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV) disease but also on using genetic markers to assist in broodstock management and ensure the best quality of the program. Record 184 of 500

DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Karyotype of the marine shrimp Penaeus indicus (Crustacea, Decapoda) established by using an image analysis system AU: Author Morelli, M; Le Dean, L; Vonau, V; Diter, A SO: Source Ophelia [Ophelia]. Vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 83-95. Nov 1998. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Chromosomes; Nauplii; Imaging techniques; Developmental stages; Crustacean larvae; Analytical techniques; Karyotypes; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus indicus AB: Abstract A cytogenetic study was carried out in the shrimp Penaeus indicus using semi-automatic image analysis, a technique for chromosome morphometric measurements newly applied in crustaceans. The chromosomal analysis of nauplii revealed a modal diploid chromosome number of 2n = 88, confirmed by the modal haploid chromosome number of n = 44 found in adult testis. The chromosome pairing, automatically performed by a software application, revealed variations in the karyotypic formula, not only due to differences of chromosome condensation between metaphases. In eight metaphases karyotyped were counted 27 to 35 metacentric (M), 8 to 15 submetacentric (SM), and 1 to 4 subtelocentric (ST) pairs. No telocentric chromosome or secondary constrictions were observed. No sex chromosomes could be identified. Record 185 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Post-harvest management and spoilage of tropical shrimps (Penaeus notialis) AU: Author Hodari-Okae, MA; Plahar, WA; Annan, NT SO: Source Report and proceedings of the sixth FAO Expert Consultation on Fish Technology in Africa. Kisumu, Kenya, 27-30 August 1996. Rapport et contributions de la sixieme Consultation d'experts FAO sur la technologie du poisson en Afrique. Kisumu, Kenya, 27-30 aout 1996. no. 574, pp. 38-44. [FAO Fish. Rep./FAO Rapp. Peches]. 1998. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp fisheries; Fishery industry; Processing fishery products; Curing; Drying; Quality control; Fish spoilage; Storage effects; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus notialis; Article Geographic Terms: Ghana AB: Abstract Traditional shrimp processing sties and marketing centres in Ghana were surveyed to evaluate the effectiveness of traditional methods of processing and storage. Smoking and sun-drying were found to be the only methods used in shrimp processing in this country. The most common marine shrimp species (Penaeus notialis) was smoked in traditional ovens. Drying involved spreading the shrimps in the open sun on mats, sea sand or bare ground. Improper and unhygienic management, handling, storage and marketing procedures were found to lead to massive economic and financial loss to the processors and retailers alike as a result of high contamination of the shrimps. The beetle Dermestes frischii was found to infect the shrimp in large quantities, resulting in considerable quantitative and qualitative

losses. Packaging is done by loading the fish in sacks and paper-lined baskets in large quantities such that stacking during transporation leads to fragmentation and spoilage. Various bacteria and fungi were isolated in the processed shrimp, although no pathogen of public health significance was isolated. With storage, both microbial counts increased correlating with a decrease in sensory quality. The process of sun-drying exposed shrimps more to deterioration due to oxidation, with resultant increase in free fatty acids as compared to the smoking process. CA: Corporate Author FAO, Rome [Italy] Record 186 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Delivery of Bioencapsulated Oxytetracycline to the Marine Shrimp Penaeus monodon AU: Author Roque, A; Turnbull, JF; Gomez-Gil, B SO: Source Journal of the World Aquaculture Society [J. World Aquacult. Soc.]. Vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 249-251. Jun 1998. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Disease control; Shrimp culture; Fish diseases; Bacteriocides; antibiotics; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus monodon; Artemia; Vibrio AB: Abstract Post larvae of shrimp Penaeus monodon were fed Artemia sp. enriched with oxytetracycline (OTC). The amounts of this antibiotic in the Artemia sp., the shrimp, and the water of the experimental system were measured by radial diffusion bioassay. The results indicated that 11% of the OTC was taken up by the Artemia sp. After 8 d of being fed OTC-enriched Artemia sp., the shrimp were found to contain 3.12 mu g OTC/shrimp, which is twelve times greater than the average minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) cited in the literature for sensitive strains of Vibrio spp. The recommended therapeutic dose for treatment of bacterial infections is four times the MIC. Record 187 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Requirements of juvenile marine shrimp, Penaeus monodon (Fabricius) for lysine and arginine AU: Author Millamena, OM; Bautista-Teruel, MN; Reyes, OS; Kanazawa, A SO: Source Aquaculture [AQUACULTURE]. Vol. 164, no. 1-4, pp. 95-104. 1 May 1998. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Juveniles; Animal nutrition; Nutritional requirements; Amino acids; Lysine; Arginine; Feeding experiments; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus monodon AB: Abstract Feeding experiments were conducted using amino acid test diets to determine the dietary requirements of juvenile Penaeus monodon for lysine and arginine. Two sets of the test diets were prepared. The natural protein was supplied by casein and gelatin. Crystalline l

-amino acids were added to provide an amino acid profile similar to shrimp muscle protein except for the test amino acid. One set of experimental diets contained graded levels of lysine at 1.18-3.28% of the diet and another set contained arginine at 0.6-3.0% of the diet. The amino acid mixture was pre-coated with carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and diets were further bound with CMC, cornstarch, and K-carrageenan to prevent leaching losses of amino acids. Shrimp postlarvae, PL20, with mean weight of 21 plus or minus 0.5 mg, were randomly distributed at 10 shrimp per tank in 40-l fiberglass tanks and reared on the diets for 50-56 days. Growth, survival and feed conversion efficiency were determined at termination of feeding trials and signs of nutritional deficiency noted. Lysine and arginine requirements were determined from relationships between weight gains and dietary lysine and arginine levels as analyzed by the broken-line regression method. The requirement of juvenile P. monodon for lysine was estimated to be 2.08% of the diet or 5.2% of dietary protein while the requirement for arginine was 1.85% of the diet or 5.3% of dietary protein. This information is crucial in formulating cost-effective practical diets for juvenile tiger shrimp. Record 188 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Recent developments in penaeid broodstock and seed production technologies: improving the outlook for superior captive stocks AU: Author Browdy, CL SO: Source Aquaculture [AQUACULTURE]. Vol. 164, no. 1-4, pp. 3-21. 1 May 1998. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Pond culture; Brood stocks; Seed (aquaculture); Seed production; Aquaculture techniques; Stock assessment; Reviews; Hatcheries AB: Abstract Pond culture of marine shrimp currently accounts for about 30% of world supply and production continues to expand. The future success of shrimp farming will depend upon increasing supplies of healthy, high quality seed for stocking ponds. In many areas, fry are still collected from the wild for stocking into ponds. To stabilize seed supplies and expand to new areas, hatchery production technologies have improved slowly over the past 20 years. Challenges associated with disease control and reducing reliance on natural feeds are being met through research efforts in the private and public sectors. Improved hygiene and biosecurity, development of probiotics and immunostimulants and improvement of artificial feeds promise better postlarval fitness while reducing cost and improving reliability of production. However, much of this production continues to rely on nauplii derived from wild gravid spawners collected at sea. Although techniques for captive maturation and spawning have been well defined, serious gaps remain in the basic understanding of the hormonal control of reproduction, the process of vitellogenesis in penaeid shrimp and the mechanical and physiological processes involved in fertilization. Presently, in areas with readily available indigenous stocks of species of choice, there is a generally accepted perception among hatchery managers and growers that performance of nauplii and postlarvae derived from wild matured spawners is superior to captive matured or pond reared animals. As we approach the 21st century, wild stocks are facing increasing pressure and shrimp farming continues to

expand into new areas, away from traditional sources of wild seed. New viral disease epidemics continue to arise and spread quickly across entire regions, significantly impacting industry viability. Research and development efforts aimed at closing the life cycle of several commercially important species are underway. While significant limitations remain, encouraging results illustrating the potential for disease control, disease resistance and improved growth have been reported. The development of healthy, genetically improved shrimp stocks represents a tremendous economic opportunity while potentially improving the outlook for long term industry sustainability. The present paper is a review of recent developments in penaeid broodstock and seed production technologies focusing on current limitations while defining the significant potential offered by emerging developments. Record 189 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Male viability determinations in Penaeus vannamei: evaluation of short-term storage of spermatophores up to 36 h and comparison of Ca-free saline and seawater as sperm homogenate media AU: Author Bray, WA; Lawrence, AL SO: Source Aquaculture [AQUACULTURE]. Vol. 160, no. 1-2, pp. 63-67. 1 Apr 1998. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Sea water; Gonads; Spermatophores; Sperm; Shrimp culture; Freezing storage; Temperature tolerance; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus vannamei AB: Abstract Short term storage up to 36 h was evaluated for male gonad tissue of the marine shrimp, Penaeus vannamei , for use in sperm gross morphology evaluations. Additionally, seawater was compared with Ca-free saline solution as the medium for tissue storage and for sperm homogenization. A baseline sample of P. vannamei males (48.3 g plus or minus 2.75 s.d., n =9) was taken with freshly ejaculated spermatophores and evaluated for sperm counts and percent morphologically abnormal sperm. Baseline values of mean sperm of 52.00 x 10 6 plus or minus 8.24 s.e. and mean abnormal sperm of 32.09% plus or minus 9.93 were obtained. Thirty additional males were sacrificed and their carapace sections (without hepatopancreas and tail section) were placed into either seawater or a Ca-free saline solution in an incubator at 15 degree C for 3, 6, 12, 24 and 36 h. There were no significant differences in either sperm counts or percent abnormal sperm observed at each time period ( proportional to =0.05) indicating that either seawater or Ca-free saline can be used as the homogenate medium and as the storage medium for gonadal tissue to be used in gross morphology determinations. In addition, samples taken at each time interval were compared with the baseline sample. There were no significant differences between the freshly ejaculated spermatophores and spermatophores stored up to 36 h at 15 degree C for either total sperm counts or percent abnormal determinations. Record 190 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Nutritional Requirements of the Freshwater Prawn Macrobrachium

rosenbergii: Comparisons with Species of Penaeid Shrimp AU: Author D'Abramo, LR SO: Source Reviews in Fisheries Science [Rev. Fish. Sci.]. Vol. 6, no. 1-2, pp. 153-163. Mar 1998. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Prawn culture; Nutritional requirements; Amino acids; Fatty acids; Vitamin C; Crustacean larvae; Article Taxonomic Terms: Macrobrachium rosenbergii; Penaeidae AB: Abstract The nutritional requirements of the freshwater shrimp Macrobrachium rosenbergii are reviewed and compared with those reported for several species of marine shrimp genus Penaeus. Most of the information has been derived from experiments with juveniles. A comparison of essential amino acid proportions [A/E ratios] between M. rosenbergii and penaeid species suggests only minor, if any, differences in requirements of essential amino acids exist. Qualitative and quantitative fatty acid requirements of the freshwater shrimp are reflective of the lower n-3/n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratio found in the body tissue. In contrast to marine shrimp, both classes of n-6 and n-3 PUFAs with more than 20 carbon atoms [>20C] are equally effective in producing maximum weight gain responses. The dietary requirement for PUFAs appears to be lower than that of penaeid shrimp. Absence of dietary 18 degree C n-3 or n-6 PUFAs does not affect growth but is associated with a reduction in the weight of the midgut gland expressed as a percent of whole body weight. There is still a level of uncertainty about whether M. rosenbergii requires dietary phospholipid, particularly phosphatidylcholine. A requirement may be age dependent, as suggested for larval and juvenile forms of penaeid species. A combination of dietary phytosterols is equally effective as cholesterol in satisfying a dietary sterol requirement of 0.6% for juvenile M. rosenbergii. Penaeid species require sterols, but dietary phytosterols are not as effective as cholesterol in promoting growth. M. rosenbergii and penaeid shrimp appear to use the same biosynthetic pathway for the production of the carotenoid astaxanthin from dietary beta -carotene and canthaxanthin. The freshwater prawn obtains most, if not all, of its dietary energy requirement from carbohydrates and lipids, thus sparing protein. Protein sparing is maximized when the dietary lipid: carbohydrate ratio is 1:4. Using water-stable sources of dietary vitamin C, a vitamin C requirement for M. rosenbergii has been identified and estimated to be 100 mg/kg. The levels of different ingredients used in the manufacture of diets will ultimately depend on relative digestibilities and nutrient requirements as influenced by the age of the animal and the system used for culture. Record 191 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Isolation and identification of Mycobacterium peregrinum from the Pacific white shrimp Penaeus vannamei AU: Author Mohney, LL; Poulos, BT*; Brooker, JH; Cage, GD; Lightner, DV SO: Source Journal of Aquatic Animal Health [J. Aquat. Anim. Health]. Vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 83-88. Mar 1998. DE: Descriptors

Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Pathogenic bacteria; Carapace; Microbial contamination; Microbiological analysis; New records; Lesions; Cultured organisms; Human diseases; Processing fishery products; Bacterial diseases; Seafood; Article Taxonomic Terms: Mycobacterium peregrinum; Penaeus vannamei AB: Abstract Mycobacterium peregrinum was isolated from multifocal, melanized nodular lesions in the carapace of the cultured marine shrimp Penaeus vannamei. This is the first identification of this species of Mycobacterium in shrimp. The lesions appeared to be the result of opportunistic infections in otherwise healthy animals. The presence of M. peregrinum in cultured shrimp has a direct negative impact on the marketability of shrimp because it causes obvious black lesions. The potential for accidental infections of shrimp farm or packing plant workers from handling infected shrimp is of concern since nodular skin lesions induced by the bacterium are difficult to treat. Record 192 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Simultaneous hermaphroditism in the marine shrimp Lysmata wurdemanni (Caridea: Hippolytidae): An undescribed sexual system in the decapod Crustacea AU: Author Bauer, RT; Holt, GJ SO: Source Marine Biology [Mar. Biol.]. Vol. 132, no. 2, pp. 223-235. 1998. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Marine crustaceans; Hermaphroditism; Body size; Reproductive behaviour; Videotape recordings; Article Taxonomic Terms: Lysmata wurdemanni; Article Geographic Terms: ASW, USA, Texas, Port Aransas AB: Abstract Simultaneous hermaphroditism with outcrossing, a previously unconfirmed sexual system in decapod crustaceans, is documented in the shrimp Lysmata wurdemanni, using time-lapse video observations on mating in pairs of "female-phase" (FP) individuals. Copulations between FPs resulted in successful spawning and development of embryos. However, female-phase hermaphrodites maintained in isolation were unable to self-fertilize spawned eggs. All smaller individuals possessed characters typical of caridean males, including male gonopores, appendices masculinae, ejaculatory ducts, and cincinnuli on the first pleopods. However, the gonad of these male-phase (MP) individuals was an ovotestis with an undeveloped ovarian partion. FPs, which spawn eggs and incubate embryos, also had male gonopores and an ovotestis terminating in ejaculatory ducts containing sperm. In FPs, male pleopod characters were absent or reduced, and a female incubatory character, expanded pleopod flanges, showed a greater relative size. Smaller size classes of the population were composed only of MPs while larger size classes consisted of both MPs and FPs. "Transitionals," individuals with MP characters but an ovotestis containing vitellogenic oocytes, were rare and overlapped completely in size with FP and larger MP individuals. It is suggested that not all MPs transform into FP hermaphrodites. Social interactions may mediate MP change into FP hermaphrodites in L. wurdemanni. The social system of L. wurdemanni and other Lysmata may determine the exact form of the sexual system in these species.

Record 193 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Multidrug- and metal-resistant strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from Penaeus monodon of the coastal waters of deltaic Sundarban AU: Author Choudhury, P; Kumar, R* SO: Source Canadian Journal of Microbiology/Revue Canadienne de Microbiologie [CAN. J. MICROBIOL./REV. CAN. MICROBIOL.]. Vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 186-189. Feb 1998. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Pathogenic bacteria; Biological resistance; Therapy; Article Taxonomic Terms: Klebsiella pneumoniae; Penaeus monodon; Article Geographic Terms: ISW, India, West Bengal, Sundarbans AB: Abstract Marine shrimp of the species Penaeus monodon were collected from the coastal region (Haroa) of the deltaic Sundarbans of West Bengal, India during the premonsoon period in 1996. Klebsiella pneumoniae was isolated from the alimentary canal and gills of the shrimp as the sole isolate. All 10 isolated strains were resistant to erythromycin (30 mu g/mL), ampicillin (100 mu g/mL), furazolidone (100 mu g/mL), and penicillin (100 IU). These strains were able to grow in the presence of silver (Ag super(+)), cobalt (Co super(2+)), cadmium (Cd super(2+)), nickel (Ni super(2+)), lead (Pb super(2+)), copper (Cu super(2+)), and zinc (Zn super(2+)) at concentrations up to 10 mM. All the strains showed similar plasmid profiles, ranging in sizes from 1.8 to 120 kb. Resistance to lead, cobalt, nickel, and copper was encoded by a 3.5-kb plasmid of K. pneumoniae. Synthesis of a 14-kDa periplasmic protein was increased when they were grown in presence of 10 mM Cu super(2+). Record 194 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Structure and polymorphism of ribosomal RNA genes in the marine shrimp Penaeus vannamei AU: Author Bagshaw, JC; Quiel E., JA SO: Source Aquaculture [AQUACULTURE]. Vol. 159, no. 3-4, pp. 333-343. 1 Jan 1998. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Genetic variance; Marine aquaculture; Shrimp culture; RNA; Biopolymorphism; Aquaculture techniques; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus vannamei AB: Abstract We have examined the structure and polymorphism of the genes that encode ribosomal RNA in the Pacific whiteleg shrimp, Penaeus vannamei. We have found that the rRNA genes are polymorphic within and between individual shrimp and between selectively bred families. The polymorphism suggests the presence of repeated DNA sequence elements in the intergenic spacer region upstream from the promoter for transcription of the rRNA genes. In other organisms, such repeated

elements have been shown to serve as alternative promoters or enhancers for transcription. If the same is true in P. vannamei, the observed polymorphism might be linked to traits important for shrimp aquaculture. Record 195 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title The design, management and production of a recirculating raceway system for the production of marine shrimp AU: Author Davis, DA; Arnold, CR SO: Source Aquacultural Engineering [Aquacult. Eng.]. Vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 193-211. 1998. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Aquaculture systems; Recirculating systems; Raceway culture; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus setiferus; Penaeus vannamei AB: Abstract Despite continuing problems with disease outbreaks and environmental concerns over effluent pollution and land usage, world shrimp farming continues to expand. Although traditional pond production systems will continue to be the dominant driving force in aquaculture expansion, there is continued interest in alternate production systems. The use of high density, water reuse systems is one alternative to conventional pond production systems which addresses restrictions associated with environmental regulations and user conflicts of coastal land and water usage. This paper reports on techniques which have been developed for the production of marine shrimp in recirculating raceway systems and typical results which have been observed over a 6-year production period. Both bait shrimp (Penaeus setiferus) and food shrimp (P. vannamei) have been produced with final biomass loads as high as 10 kg/m super(3) utilizing 100-120-day and 160-175-day production cycles, respectively. Results from multi-phase growouth are most promising and indicate that this may be a suitable mechanism to optimize biomass loading of the culture system. Although the economic viability of recirculating production systems for bait and food size shrimp have yet to be proven, the consistent results of production, low water usage and ease of waste management are encouraging and warrant further economic and marketing evaluations. Record 196 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Pond water aeration systems AU: Author Boyd, CE SO: Source Aquacultural Engineering [Aquacult. Eng.]. Vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 9-40. 1998. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Aeration; Intensive culture; Ponds AB: Abstract During the past decade, pond aeration systems have been developed which will sustain large quantities of fish and invertebrate biomass.

These aeration systems are modifications of standard wastewater aeration equipment. Aeration-performance testing has been important in selecting design features to provide cost-effective yet efficient aquaculture pond aerators. Paddlewheel aerators and propeller-aspirator-pumps are probably most widely used. Amounts of aeration vary from as little as 1-2 kW ha super(-1) in some types of fish culture to as much as 15 or 20 kW ha super(-1) in intensive culture of marine shrimp. Calculations suggest that about 500 kg additional production of fish or crustaceans can be achieved per kW of aeration. Aerators usually are positioned in ponds to provide maximum water circulation. This practice can result in erosion of pond bottoms and inside slopes of embankments, and accumulation of sediment piles in central areas of ponds where water currents are weaker. Recent studies suggest that the use of heavy aeration to provide the greatest possible production is less profitable than moderate aeration to improve water quality and enhance feed conversion efficiency. Automatic devices to start and stop aerators in response to daily changes in dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations are improving, but they are expensive and not completely reliable. Augmentation of natural supplies of DO in ponds often is necessary to prevent stress or mortality of fish and crustaceans when DO concentrations are low. Several procedures have been used in attempts to increase DO concentrations in ponds. These methods include exchanging part of the oxygen-depleted pond water with oxygenated water from a well, pond, or other source, application of fertilizer to stimulate oxygen production by photosynthesis of aquatic plants, additions of compounds which release oxygen through chemical reactions, release of pure oxygen gas into pond waters, and aeration with mechanical devices which either splash water into the air or release bubbles of air into the water. Water circulation devices also enhance DO supplies in ponds by mixing DO supersaturated surface waters with deeper waters of lower DO concentration. This reduces the loss of oxygen from ponds by diffusion. Record 197 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Iran promotes aquaculture development AU: Author Rana, K; Bartley, DM SO: Source FAO aquaculture newsletter. Rome [FAO Aquacult. Newsl.]. no. 19, pp. 26-30. 1998. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Aquaculture development; Stocking (organisms); Fishery management; Inland fisheries; Freshwater aquaculture; Article Geographic Terms: Iran AB: Abstract Recent developments in the aquaculture sector in Iran are outlined. Aquaculture development in the country started in the early 1970s, with various re-stocking programmes for the Caspian Sea and other inland water bodies. The Iranian Fisheries Company SHILAT is involved in developing national programmes for development, management and conservation of aquatic resources for fisheries and aquaculture. The culture of carp, trout and marine shrimp currently form the basis of Iranian aquaculture. To promote aquaculture as an independent economic activity, Iran has taken several initial steps to encourage private sector involvement, which include: making the private sector solely

responsible for fingerling production for ongrowing; providing low interest loans; subsidizing feed ingredients for feed production; providing low price fisherlings from state hatcheries; granting 25 year tax exemption for farms; providing low priced or free land with service, such as roads and canals for shrimp farms; and, mounting effective public promotion initiatives to increase fish consumption. The current situation and capacity are outlined, indicating also potential for future development. Record 198 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Assessment of tropical shrimp aquaculture impact on the environment in tropical countries, using hydrobiology, ecology and remote sensing as helping tools for diagnosis AU: Author Fuchs, J; Martin, JLM; Populus, J SO: Source Ifremer, Issy-les-Moulineaux (France). 263 pp. 1998. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Site selection; Aquaculture effluents; Aquaculture development; Developing countries; Remote sensing; Environmental impact; GIS; Socioeconomic aspects; Aquaculture; Sustainable development; Socio-economic aspects; Productivity; Article Geographic Terms: Asia, Mekong R.; New Caledonia; Indonesia AB: Abstract The STD3 project titled "Assessment of tropical shrimp aquaculture impact on the environment in tropical countries using hydrobiology, ecology and remote sensing as helping tools for diagnosis" was initiated in 1994, with the aim to study the sustainability of marine shrimp aquaculture in tropical areas, mainly Indonesia and Vietnam, through the following tasks :(i) improve site selection and study the impact of aquaculture on marine environments presenting a variable sensitivity to organic sewage, (ii) analyse the socio-economical aspects and profitability of the aquaculture industry and of common resources (iii) use remote sensing and geographical data bases for diagnosis and monitoring of site degradation (iv) reinforce the capacity of Asian scientists through training. The study concerned the spatial structure and seasonal influence of these ecosystems, the temporal variation during the course of the project (3 years) and the relation between the ecological structure and farm productions. An evaluation of the relationship existing between productivity and characteristics of each ecosystem has been conducted by correlating ecological indicators data (concentration of total suspended matter, particulate organic matter, chlorophyll, percentage of pheopigments in total pigments and cyanobacteria and sulfate-reducing bacteria in water and sediments) with the average production of the farms. Lastly, all geographic data originated from the various compartments of the study have been geo-referenced and loaded into a geographical information system. CA: Corporate Author IFREMER Paris, Issy-les-Moulineaux (France) DRV/RA Record 199 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts

TI: Title The use of commercial probiotics in the production of marine shrimp under no water exchange AU: Author Samocha; et al. SO: Source Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Recirculating Aquaculture. pp. 373-376. 1998. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Antibiotics; Prophylaxis; Shrimp culture; Recirculating systems CA: Corporate Author Virginia Sea Grant Record 200 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Shrimp plasma HDL and beta -glucan binding protein (BGBP): comparison of biochemical characteristics AU: Author Yepiz-Plascencia, G; Vargas-Albores, F; Jimenez-Vega, F; Ruiz-Verdugo, LM; Romo-Figueroa, G SO: Source Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, B [Comp. Biochem. Physiol., B]. Vol. 121B, no. 3, pp. 309-314. 1998. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Serological studies; Proteins; Haemolymph; Lipids; Nutritional requirements; Article Taxonomic Terms: Litopenaeus vannamei; Penaeus californiensis AB: Abstract A high density lipoprotein (HDL) and beta -glucan binding protein (BGBP) have been found in the hemolymph of marine shrimp. These proteins are involved in the transport of lipid and the recognition of foreign matter, respectively. Similarities in the color of the proteins and the molecular mass were noted. For a detailed comparison, HDL and BGBP were purified from two shrimp species, Penaeus vannamei and Penaeus californiensis, and their biochemical characteristics determined. Both proteins from each of the shrimp species are monomeric with approximately the same molecular mass in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ( approximately 100-112 kDa) and contain carbohydrate and lipid. The amino acid composition is similar and there is a high degree of similarity in the N-terminus. Furthermore, they are recognized by antibodies prepared independently. These results reveal that BGBP and HDL in shrimp hemolymph are the same protein, suggesting that there is a close relationship between the ability to respond to foreign matter and the diet as a provider of essential nutrients. Record 201 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title The national prawn fry production and research centre in Kedah, Malaysia AU: Author Anon. SO: Source

Aquaculture Asia. Bangkok [Aquac. Asia]. Vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 34-36. 1998. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Fish culture; Shrimp culture; Hatcheries; Research institutions; Fry; Seed production; Aquaculture development; Developing countries; Aquaculture techniques; Article Geographic Terms: Malaysia, Malaya, Kedah AB: Abstract An account is given of the activities of the National Prawn Fry Production and Research Centre in Kedah, Malaysia, which was set up with the following objectives: 1) to develop and refine hatchery technology for brackishwater fish and crustacean species with culture potential; 2) to mass produce fish and shrimp fry for supply to small scale farmers and also for stock enhancement programme; and, 3) to provide training in brackishwater aquaculture to ensure effective transfer of technology to the target groups for sustainable aquaculture development. Current research projects include: 1) Refinement of hatchery technology for marine shrimp; 2) Development of hatchery technology for marine fish; 3) Larviculture of mudcrab and swimming crab; 4) Breeding and culture of cephalopods; 5) Feed formulation; and, 6) Alternate use of shrimp ponds. Details of major achievements made are outlined. Record 202 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title The environmental impact of marine shrimp farming effluents and carrying capacity estimation at Kung Krabaen Bay, eastern Thailand AU: Author Tookwinas, S SO: Source Asian fisheries science. Metro Manila [Asian Fish. Sci.]. Vol. 11, no. 3-4, pp. 303-316. 1998. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Pond culture; Aquaculture effluents; Culture effects; Pollution effects; Environmental impact; Biochemical oxygen demand; Carrying capacity; Ammonia; Bays; Aquaculture; Nitrogen; Effluents; Canals; Water quality; Nutrients; Bacteria; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeidae; Article Geographic Terms: ISEW, Thailand, Chanthaburi, Thamai District, Khung Kraben Bay; Thailand, Chanthaburi, Thamai District, Khung Kraben Bay AB: Abstract Water quality parameters in marine shrimp farms around Kung Krabaen Bay, East Thailand, were surveyed from 1989-1994. The average transparency was 0.425m plus or minus 0.024 in shrimp ponds, 0.680m plus or minus 0.012 in the water supply canal, 1.008m plus or minus 0.110 in Kung Krabaen Bay and 1.635m plus or minus 0.530 in the surrounding coastal areas. Total ammonia-nitrogen was 0.120 mg/l plus or minus 0.0012 in shrimp ponds, 0.032 mg /l plus or minus 0.002 in the water supply canal, 0.017 mg/lc} .001 in the bay, 0,012 mg/l/ plus or minus 0.001 in coastal waters and 0.401 mg/l plus or minus 0.002 in discharge canals. Total bacterial plate count was 19,003 CFU /ml plus or minus 15.4 in the bay and 23,801 CFU/ml plus or minus 17.33 in the discharge canal. Total area of the farms engaged in intensive marine shrimp farming at Kung Krabaen Bay was around 142.76 ha. The total effluent discharge loading into the bay was around 67,400 ton/ha /crop. The BOD and ammonia loading were 699.60 kg/ha/crop and 12.81 kg/ha/crop, respectively. Carrying capacity of Kung Krabaen Bay, which

has a total water surface area of 640 ha, was estimated using a mass balance model. Ammonia-nitrogen in receiving water or in the bay was set as the optimum safe concentration for sea water standard at 0.1 mg/l. The carrying capacity for intensive marine shrimp farming loading at Kung Krabaen Bay can be allowed up to 543.93 ha. The water balance model for carrying capacity and water quality prediction in the bay were discussed in detail. Record 203 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Catch of marine shrimp with single and double trawling in the Piacabucu/AL and Pirambu/SE municipalities AU: Author Santos, MCF; Ivo, CTC SO: Source Boletim tecnico cientifico do CEPENE. Rio Formoso [Bol. Tec. Cient. CEPENE]. Vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 17-34. 1998. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Fishery biology; Population dynamics; Trawling; Fishing effort AB: Abstract The indexes of the prawn fisheries in the Sao Francisco mouth from 1986 to 1988 were analyzed. The increase in the fishing effort was considerable after the replacement of single by double trawl; production increased in 15.0% and 74.2% in Pontal do Peba and Pirambu, respectively; CPUE (Kg/hour of trawling) of the fleet based in Pontal do Peba was higher between April and August but in Pirambu no such tendency was verified; the fishing power index (FPI) of double trawl was slighthy superior to single trawl and the conversion fishing power index from single to double was of 1,19. Record 204 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Studies on the mating ability and spermatophore regeneration in marine shrimp Penaeus chinensis. AU: Author Wang, Qingyin; Li, Jian; Sun, Xiutao; Kong, Jie; Yang, Conghai SO: Source Oceanol. Limnol. Sin./Haiyang Yu Huzhao. Vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 22-28. 1998. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Marine crustaceans; Males; Sexual behaviour; Spermatogenesis; Regeneration; Cultured organisms; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus chinensis; Article Geographic Terms: China, People's Rep. AB: Abstract This paper deals with the mating ability and spermatophore regeneration of marine shrimp Penaeus chinensis under laboratory conditions. Unmated cultured shrimp with body lengths of 13.5-15.7 cm were used in the experiments. Initial observations were made in 1987, and supplementary experiments were carried out in 1994 and 1995. Unmated male and female shrimp were stocked separately in indoor tanks and employed for experiments after one week acclimation. Female:male = 5:1 and 2:1 were arranged to test the effects of different sex ratio

on mating ability and spermatophore regeneration in male P. chinensis. The daily mating rate is defined as the number of mated females divided by that of males in the tank. The accumulated mating rate (AMR), is used to indicate the average mating ability of the males in each trial, is obtained by summing up the daily mating rate of the trial during the mating season. Main results were as follows. (1) In laboratory conditions, the natural mating ability of male P. chinensis might attain 3-4 times, but depended on the relative number of the males and females available for mating selection. (2) The average time needed for males to regenerate new spermatophores after mating and again with mate females was around 3 days. Some male shrimp might regenerate new spermatophores and mating was observed again in the very next day. (3) The finding that in the 5 day frequent mating period, AMR in the two trials of female:male = 5:1 were 2.60, while AMR in the two trials of female:male = 2:1 were only 1.13 and 1.43, respectively, indicated that in this period, more females were available for mating selection, and so might induce and/or promote the male's mating ability and spermatophore regeneration. (4) There were no significant differences between the AMR sub(S) obtained from the whole mating season for trials of female:male = 5:1 and those of female:male=2:1, which indicated that the potential mating ability of male P. chinensis was determined by its biological characteristics. Even though higher ratio of female might induce more mating of the male in the short term, it could not enhance the male's potential mating ability. 5. The factors which influenced the mating ability and spermatophore regeneration of male P. chinensis were the shrimp's state of health, temperature, sex ratio, male's maturity, light intensity, Stocking density, etc., while molting of the female is an absolute necessity for P. chinensis to mate. (DBO) Record 205 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Sustainability and Environmental Issues AU: Author Boyd, CE; Tucker, CS SO: Source Pond Aquaculture Water Quality Management. pp. 601-624. 1998. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Aquaculture; Pond culture; Marine aquaculture; Water quality control; Water use; Environmental impact; Culture effects; Aquaculture effluents; Aquaculture economics; Resource management; Environment management; Coastal zone management; Fishing and fisheries; Coastal areas; Food (see also Animal foodstuffs); Sociology; Economics; Resources; Environmental management AB: Abstract It is popular to talk about sustainability of agricultural and industrial activities. The word sustainability is used so often and in such varied contexts that it is essentially meaningless. In business terms, a sustainable project is one that can continue to make a profit for a long time. However, in environmental and socioeconomic considerations, sustainable projects are those that do not cause serious environmental and social impacts and do not deplete the resource base. Factors usually included in discussions of sustainable agriculture are land use, water use, energy consumption, feed utilization, environmental effects, and socioeconomic impacts. These same factors should be included in considerations of sustainability in aquaculture. One view of sustainable aquaculture is that it uses

minimum inputs, but this is not a practical view because low-input aquaculture is seldom very profitable. Sustainable aquaculture should involve the wise use of resources, good environmental stewardship, and avoidance of negative social impacts, but inputs do not necessarily have to be minimal or profits low. Aquaculture has grown rapidly during the second half of the 20th century. This expansion was possible because of the growing demand for fisheries products and the failure of the global catch fishery to keep up with the demand. According to data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the annual catch of fish, shrimp, and other fisheries products has stabilized at between 80 and 90 metric million tons. Most authorities think that there is little chance of increasing the catch from natural sources, and the only hope of supplying the increasing demand is through aquaculture. Since 1984, there has been a consistent growth of aquacultural production of 8-14% per year (Anonymous 1996), and the current annual production of near 20 metric million tons is around 18% of total world fisheries production. The growth of shrimp farming has been particularly rapid during the past decade, and 30% of the shrimp placed on the world market today come from aquaculture. Nevertheless, it appears doubtful that aquacultural production can continue to increase fast enough to meet the rising demand for fisheries products (Csavas 1993). The situation described above will ensure a good market for aquacultural products, so the future should be promising. However, recent environmental and social complaints related to aquaculture could greatly influence its future course. These issues originated mainly from concerns over the expansion of marine shrimp farming in the coastal zone, but they apply to aquaculture in general. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss sustainability issues related to aquaculture and to suggest some possible courses of action. Record 206 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Preliminary development of a biosecure shrimp production system AU: Author Browdy, CL; Smyth, T; Bratvold, D SO: Source Aquaculture '98 Book of Abstracts. p. 71. 1998. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Pond culture; Aquaculture systems; Disease control; Bacterial diseases; Water quality control; Water filtration; Disinfection; Chlorination; Substrata; Biomass; Pathogenic bacteria; Phytoplankton; Oxygen consumption; Nitrification; Ammonia; Article Taxonomic Terms: Chaetoceros gracilis; Article Geographic Terms: USA AB: Abstract The US Marine Shrimp Farming Program has developed fast growing, high health and genetically improved shrimp stocks, disease diagnosis and control protocols, and environmentally friendly growout technologies to provide a basis for the profitable controlled production of healthy shrimp. Nevertheless, outbreaks of viral disease continue to cause crop failures in Texas and South Carolina. The present study explores strategies for more biosecure growout technologies. The tested system reduced the likelihood of pathogen contamination by disinfection of intake water and physical exclusion of some possible vectors which could carry disease. A greenhouse structure erected over a 0.1 ha pond was covered with a plastic roof and walls of fine mesh shade cloth to

allow air exchange. The sediment was dried and limed. A 5.5% bleach solution was poured over a small section of the sediment near the drain that did not dry completely. Incoming seawater was disinfected with chlorine at a CT of 1200 to 2000 min x ppm by pumping sand filtered seawater and a concentrated chlorine solution into a raceway contact chamber and then into the pond over a nine-day period. Disinfection success was assessed by colony forming units (CFU) on nutrient media and direct bacterial counts by fluorescence microscopy. At least 99% of the bacteria and yeast present in the filtered seawater were destroyed by this disinfection procedure. However, CFU were abundant on all plates from the sediment site, indicating a lack of sediment disinfection, despite significant residual chlorine in the overlying water column, and likely contamination of the interstitial water with water column water during the sampling process. These results suggest the difficulty in achieving sediment disinfection, however, destruction of pathogens may not require complete disinfection. The microbial community was monitored throughout the season. The following parameters were measured weekly: bacterial abundance, phytoplankton and zooplankton abundance and biomass, oxygen consumption and nitrification rates, and total ammonia concentration. Chlorinated water additions ceased on Day 9, and residual chlorine concentrations dropped rapidly. This was followed by a sharp increase in water column bacterial abundance. Two days after residual chlorine reached undetectable levels, the pond was fertilized and inoculated with a pure culture of Chaetoceros gracilis (Day 13). The initial modest C. gracilis bloom (Day 16) was followed by a large bacterial bloom and then a large mixed algal bloom (Day 30), of which C. gracilis was a small component. The initial very large fluctuations in phytoplankton and appeared to reach more normal fluctuation levels by Day 50. The initial bloom and stabilization of nitrifying bacteria lagged about 20 days behind the other measured groups, making nitrifiers the last group to stabilize. The biosecure pond was stocked at a density of 100/M super(2) on Day 16. Survival was 70%, mean size at harvest was 13g, for a production rate of 9109 kg/ha/crop. Feeding trays were used to monitor consumption but feed was offered at a constant rate from stocking to harvest. Overall the food conversion ratio was 2.2:1. The study provided hands on experience in designing and managing a biosecure production strategy providing useful basic information for future development efforts. Record 207 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Environmental impact assessment for a shrimp farm project in Tanzania: A case study AU: Author Lin, CK; Hambrey, JB; Szyper, J SO: Source Aquaculture '98 Book of Abstracts. p. 330. 1998. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Marine aquaculture; Environmental impact; Culture effects; Man-induced effects; Eutrophication; Marine pollution; Coastal waters; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus; Article Geographic Terms: Tanzania AB: Abstract In recent years the marine shrimp farming has been expanding rapidly along the coasts of many Asian and Latin American countries, causing alteration or deterioration of many natural habitats and resources as

well as socio-economics of coastal communities. Eventually, the adverse environmental impact has repeatedly led to unsustainable shrimp culture in most of so-called advanced shrimp culture countries. For sustainable development of any large-scale project in aquaculture, integrated environmental impact assessment should be regarded as a standard requirement. In the race for finding new territory for shrimp farming, African continent is a new frontier. A great potential for shrimp farming development exists along the coasts of East Africa, where physiographical conditions are favorable and natural shrimp stocks abound. However, the technical preparedness and environmental awareness for large-scale aquaculture projects are relatively under developed in this part of the world. Special attentions are needed to promote and develop aquaculture in harmony with the environment and socio-economic settings. We will present a preliminary Environmental Impact Assessment for a proposed shrimp farming project in Tanzania. The environmental impact assessment of this project was not only aimed to safeguard the environment around the proposed shrimp farming area, but also to establish a model to serve the future shrimp farming expansion in Tanzania and possibly in other parts of African continent. Record 208 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Recent trends in aquaculture feed manufacturing in the Asian region AU: Author Merican, ZO SO: Source Aquaculture '98 Book of Abstracts. p. 364. 1998. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Feed preparation; Shrimp culture; Fish culture; Economics; Marketing; Distribution; Aquaculture development; Industrial production; Article Geographic Terms: Thailand; Malaysia; Taiwan AB: Abstract In the early 1990's, there was an expansion in the manufacture of feeds for the marine shrimp to meet the demands of the expanding shrimp aquaculture industry. Asian multinational companies, mainly from Thailand, Taiwan and Malaysia also expanded and set up feed mills near the marine shrimp culture areas. Besides feed for the marine shrimp, feeds for several species of freshwater and marine finfish are available. These include extruded floating and pellet feeds for the culture of tilapia, catfish, carp, common carp, crucian carp, gourami, mudfish, flatfish, rockfish, freshwater prawn, yellowtail, trout, seabass and grouper. Since 1993, most of the marine shrimp producers have suffered production losses due to a multitude of problems. This decline has resulted in the closure of several less efficient local feed manufacturers and the consolidation of others. Feed manufacturers have shifted to the production of feed for freshwater and marine finfish and towards the integration of feed production with marine shrimp farming. There are also changes in their research and development priorities as well as the technical field services provided to farmers. The paper will present information on the feed manufacturing activities and production volumes based information from official and industry sources. It will also discuss the marketing and distribution network, some aspects of feed technology and raw material utilisation as well as the future roles of the industry in the development of aqauculture in the region.

Record 209 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Comparative field survival trial between selectively-bred and wild white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, in Honduras AU: Author Moss, S; Wigglesworth, J; Arce, S; Espinoza, G; Pruder, G; Norris, J SO: Source Aquaculture '98 Book of Abstracts. p. 377. 1998. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Comparative studies; Survival; Natural populations; Cultured organisms; Selective breeding; Article Taxonomic Terms: Litopenaeus vannamei; Article Geographic Terms: Honduras AB: Abstract The use of high health and genetically improved shrimp stocks provide significant opportunities to advance the shrimp aquaculture industry by improving growout performance. Through the U.S. Marine Shrimp Farming Program, the Oceanic Institute (OI) has established a selective breeding program to enhance disease resistance to Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV) and improve growth, using specific pathogen free (SPF) white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei. The performance of selectively-bred shrimp will be evaluated by comparing survival of P. vannamei obtained from three different sources: 1- postlarvae produced from hatchery-reared nauplii obtained from OI's breeding program, 2postlarvae produced from hatchery-reared nauplii obtained from gravid females collected from the wild in El Salvador, and 3- postlarvae produced from hatchery-reared nauplii obtained from captive broodstock from Panama. Shrimp will be stocked into 12 0.25-ha ponds (4 replicates/treatment) at a commercial shrimp farm in Honduras that previously experienced outbreaks of TSV. Initial stocking density will be 20 shrimp/m2 and % survival will be determined after about eight weeks. In addition, disease challenge tests will be performed on postlarvae and juvenile shrimp from the three different sources. Postlarvae will be exposed to four different concentrations of a TSV-challenge filtrate, whereas juveniles will be fed TSV-contaminated shrimp tissue. Results from the pond trial and disease challenge tests will be discussed. Record 210 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Culture of the marine shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, in freshwater AU: Author Scarpa, J; Vaughan, DE SO: Source Aquaculture '98 Book of Abstracts. p. 473. 1998. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Freshwater aquaculture; Shrimp culture; Culture media; Experimental culture; Water hardness; Magnesium; Acclimation; Recirculating systems; Article Taxonomic Terms: Litopenaeus vannamei AB: Abstract The Pacific white shrimp accounts for 85-90% of production in the Western Hemisphere. In the last few years, viral disease outbreaks have caused erratic production and crop failures at some farms. While

disease resistant and high health strains are being developed for the industry, alternative culture systems are also being explored. One such alternative system is the use of freshwater to grow a marine species. This was tested on the Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, because preliminary investigations established that the shrimp could withstand a freshwater environment. Experiments were performed to examine environmental factors known to affect acclimation of marine species to freshwater and the grow-out performance of the shrimp. The environmental factors were tested on postlarval shrimp because this is the common stage for grow-out facilities to utilize for stocking their ponds. It was determined that: 1) postlarval shrimp could survive direct transfer from 28-30 ppt salinity to 10 ppt salinity with no mortality and 5 ppt salinity with 20% mortality, but could not survive direct transfer to similar to 0 ppt salinity, 2) freshwater-acclimated postlarval shrimp could survive freshwater diluted with distilled water to 1/2 strength with 10% mortality and to 1/3 strength with 33% mortality, indicating that a hardness level of greater than 150 mg/L as CaCO sub(3) may be necessary for culture waters, 3) magnesium, but not calcium, added to low-hardness freshwater increased survival of freshwater-acclimated postlarval shrimp, 4) the longer postlarval shrimp spent in freshwater after initial acclimation (acclimation time) increased survival of those shrimp when transferred to low-hardness freshwater, 5) postlarval shrimp acclimated to freshwater could survive total ammonia-nitrogen concentrations of 3.75 mg/L up to 24 hrs, although lethargy was apparent, and 6) shrimp could be grown to 15 grams whole weight in similar to 4 months in freshwater recycle systems. It is apparent that the Pacific white shrimp can be acclimated and grown to a commercial size in certain freshwaters. However, there are a host of factors that need to be understood before marine shrimp culture in freshwater becomes standard. Future research areas include further delineation of nutritional and environmental requirements of these shrimp in freshwater. Record 211 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Commercial scale application of sustainable aquaculture practices on a shrimp farm in South Carolina AU: Author Stokes, AD; Whetstone, JM; Browdy, CL; Hopkins, JS; Sandifer, PA; Cox, WA; Rhodes, RJ SO: Source Aquaculture '98 Book of Abstracts. p. 522. 1998. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shellfish culture; Shrimp culture; Aquaculture techniques; Aquaculture enterprises; Article Taxonomic Terms: Decapoda; Article Geographic Terms: ANW, USA, South Carolina AB: Abstract Sustainable aquaculture practices developed over the past 5 years, at the Waddell Mariculture Center to minimize negative impacts of effluent to coastal estuaries, were applied at a commercial shrimp farm in South Carolina. One of the primary goals of the Waddell Mariculture Center's sustainable aquaculture research is to significantly reduce or discontinue water exchange as a method of reducing phytoplankton density. With dense phytoplankton blooms, resulting from the addition of large amounts of feed in intensive shrimp ponds, an alternative method of removing phytoplankton was

developed for intensive shrimp management systems. Because very little of the feed goes into shrimp tissue, feed becomes as a significant nutrient source causing dense algal blooms. The use of shellfish to reduce phytoplankton densities could potentially reduce pumping costs and provide an additional crop for sale while reducing the potential negative impact of pond effluent on receiving waters. Sustainable aquaculture may also help growers avoid specific permit restrictions regarding farm effluent. Two ponds, .45ha in size, were stocked with marine shrimp. The two shrimp ponds were connected to a third pond, .41ha in size, by a piping system that was designed to recirculate water among the three ponds. The third pond was stocked with hard clams, Mercenaria mercenaria, at a rate of 865,000/ha. and oysters, Crassotera virginica, at a rate of 1,200/ha. The clams, 12-15mm, were planted directly on the sandy pond bottom. One rigid polyethylene shellfish culture bag was stocked with clams and placed on the sandy pond bottom for comparison. The oysters, 25mm singles, were divided and sealed in two rigid polyethylene shellfish culture bags. One bag was placed on the pond bottom and the other suspended in mid water. Water recirculation rates through the shellfish pond was adjusted according to phytoplankton density in the pond. The commercial bivalve production pond demonstration is still ongoing and will be harvested in the fall of 1997. Few dead shell have been found during sampling, therefore, survival rates are expected to be high. The clams that were bottom planted increased in size by 12.4mm in 287 days while the clams in the culture bag increased in size by 5.3mm during the same period. Because of the poor growth performance in the bag, this practice was discontinued and the bag clams bottom planted. After 342 days in the shellfish production pond, the clams average 34.5 mm. The oysters placed on the pond bottom increased in size by 26.9mm in 320 days. The oysters placed at mid water increased in size by 24.5mm during the same time. Record 212 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Impact of a bloodworm substitute on maturation, spawning and nauplius production of Penaeus vannamei AU: Author Sylvester, J; Sato, VT; Garvey, J; Kawahigashi, D; Smith, CB SO: Source Aquaculture '98 Book of Abstracts. p. 528. 1998. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Brood stocks; Sexual maturity; Nauplii; Diets; Feeding experiments; Spawning; Article Taxonomic Terms: Glycera; Artemia AB: Abstract Bloodworms (Glycera spp.) are commonly used in the maturation of marine shrimp. It often represents the highest cost feed item of a commercial hatchery. In testing potential substitutes a number of system problems were discovered at the Kahuku Shrimp Company. This paper describes trials that were conducted to evaluate enriched adult brine shrimp as a bloodworm substitute and problems encountered in the production of broodstock in a greenhouse system. The Kahuku Shrimp Company requires approximately 400,000 post larvae weekly to support the production of 2000 to 3000 pounds of 100-200 count shrimp per week. Through 1994 hatchery production varied between 100,000 and 250,000 post larvae per week with occasional spikes exceeding 400,000. By the spring of 1995 the low and inconsistent production along with a

need to reduce operating costs led to trials testing the standard diet with bloodworms against two levels of substitution with enriched Artemia. Broodstock in Trial #1 were obtained from commercial suppliers. Broodstock in Trial #2 were produced at the Kahuku Shrimp Company. Broodstock were maintained according to standard protocols. Normal feeding (100% Bloodworm) consisted of bloodworms, squid and maturation pellets. Test diets consisted of 50% and 100% replacement of bloodworms with enriched Artemia (San Francisco Bay Brand Omega Enriched Brine Shrimp, #65129). Mated females were placed in individual spawning tanks. Nauplii were counted to determine fecundity, fertilization rate and to determine stocking into larval rearing tanks. Results from Trial #1: Trial #1 data suggests that the 50:50 diet results in production similar to the 100% bloodworm diet. A 100% substitution with enriched Artemia resulted in drastically reduced production. The 50:50 diet produced fewer spawns but more nauplii on a per spawn basis. Duplicate maturation trials using in-house broodstock were terminated within seven weeks because of low production. This phenomenon was observed in previous and subsequent maturation efforts with P. vannamei, P. stylirostris and P. setiferus. This suggests that the growout environment can have detrimental effects on the reproductive performance of shrimp and that broodstock source and history can be important factors in evaluating broodstock performance and changes in management protocols. Record 213 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title The relationship between water quality and phytoplankton in intensive marine shrimp ponds, Chanthaburi, eastern Thailand AU: Author Tookwinas, S SO: Source Aquaculture '98 Book of Abstracts. p. 547. 1998. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Pond culture; Intensive culture; Phytoplankton; Article Taxonomic Terms: Decapoda; Algae; Article Geographic Terms: ISEW, Thailand AB: Abstract Five experimented ponds of average area 0.84 ha were stocked with shrimp fry (PL15) 49.7 PL/m super(2). The culture period was 162.6 days with food conversion ratio of 1.70. Most of water quality parameters was increased along the culture period progression. Only alkalinity, water depth and total phosphorus were significantly different at p<0.05. The Shannon's diversity index of phytoplankton range from 0.131 to 1.692 in pond A1, 0.466 to 1.335 in pond A3, 0.435 to 0.899 in pond A4, 0.665 to 1.039 in pond B1 and 0.233 to 1.128 in pond C2. The results from cluster analysis of sampling data shown the Bray-curtis similarity of phytoplankton communities at the level 36%, phytoplankton in pond A1 could be devided into eight main clusters. In pond A3, at the level 50%, phytoplankton could be divided into six main clusters. In pond B1, at the level 46%, phytoplankton could be divided into six main clusters. In pond C2, at the level 50%, phytoplankton could be divided into six main clusters. The linkage of water quality data of phytoplankton communities structure data indicated that the variation of phytoplankton communities were correlated with the variation of salinity were correlated with the variation of salinity, depth, transparency, total ammonia and total nitrogen at the maximum harmonic rank correlation (HRC) of 0.174.

However, the individual parameters are considered able to explain variation of phytoplankton was total nitrogen (HRC = 0.105), salinity (HRC = 0.082), and transparency (HRC = 0.052). Record 214 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title An environmentally isolated, closed, recirculating marine shrimp culture system AU: Author Turk, PE; Zuercher, C; Lawrence, AL; Lee, PG SO: Source Aquaculture '98 Book of Abstracts. p. 552. 1998. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Recirculating systems; Aquaculture systems; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus vannamei AB: Abstract Production losses from disease (i.e. viruses) have had a serious negative economic impact on marine shrimp farming world-wide. The need for specific-pathogen-free (SPF) broodstock that are either geographically or environmentally isolated from common diseases has become a priority. The latter is more difficult to accomplish because of possible sources of contamination from influent sea water, shared facilities and shared personnel. The establishment of commercial, environmentally isolated broodstock also necessitates the use of totally, closed recirculating water filtration systems to contain the costs of water replacement due to declining pH and nitrate accumulation. A prototype 5,600 L system has been constructed and operated for 15 months. The system is composed of 2-1,900 L shrimp culture tanks, a 1 m super(3) bead filter, a 2.7 m super(3) submerged oyster shell biofilter, a protein skimmer, a 0.05 m super(3) activated carbon filter, ultraviolet sterilizers and a denitrifying bioreactor. The tanks and filters were sterilized before construction and freshly prepared artificial sea water was used. Two populations of the marine shrimp Penaeus vannamei were reared to adulthood in the system, using a combination of commercial and research pelleted feeds as well as thawed, raw squid and bloodworms. Biofilter acclimation was extremely slow because the initial stocking of 200 g of shrimp postlarvae supplied all of the bacteria introduced into the system. As a result, the nitrite peak required over 60 d to disappear and denitrification required a preconditioning period of >150 d. After acclimation, ammonia-nitrogen, nitrite-nitrogen and nitrate-nitrogen concentrations remained below the intended limits, 0.1, 0.05, and 15 ppm, respectively. Record 215 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Behavioral (feeding) responses of the crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, to natural dietary items and common components of formulated crustacean feeds AU: Author Kreider, JL; Watts, SA SO: Source Aquaculture '98 Book of Abstracts. p. 571. 1998. DE: Descriptors

Article Subject Terms: Diets; Feed; Feed composition; Feeding behaviour; Crayfish culture; Article Taxonomic Terms: Procambarus clarkii AB: Abstract Crayfish are primarily raised in earthen ponds with a forage-based feeding system that relies on the growth of cultivated crops such as rice, and volunteer terrestrial and semi-aquatic plants such as alligator weed and other detritus to provide food. Their variable diets include nearly all taxonomic groups within the plant and animal kingdoms. In recent investigations, supplemental and formulated feeds have been suggested to intensify the crayfish aquaculture industry. Despite the potential for the use of formulated feeds in crayfish culture, little is known about the dietary and nutritional requirements of crayfish. Similarly, little is known about crayfish feeding behavior, i.e., the ability to detect and locate food. Chemical stimuli have been shown to elicit feeding responses in crustaceans such as the marine lobsters Homarus americanus and H. gammarus, the marine shrimp Palaemonetes pugio, and the semi-terrestrial fiddler crab Uca pugilator. Numerous studies have indicated that amino acids are the most stimulatory chemicals for eliciting feeding behavior in crustaceans considered to be largely carnivorous, and that sugars are the most stimulatory chemicals for eliciting feeding behavior in crustaceans considered to be largely herbivorous. Peptides have also been well documented in stimulating important behavioral activities, including feeding, in aquatic animals. Moreover, mixture interactions, which can be either synergistic or suppressive, have been observed to alter the level of feeding responses shown by crustaceans in a number of chemoreception studies. Carr and Derby observed that two stimulatory chemicals presented in a single solution evoke a much stronger response than that predicted by additive effect calculations based on the individual stimulatory activity of the two chemicals. We have examined the behavioral (feeding) response of Procambarus clarkii to natural dietary items (zooplankton, live fishes, dead fishes, and fish eggs) and common components of formulated feeds used in the aquaculture industry (soybean meal, fish meal, corn meal, alfalfa meal and vitamin C). The feeding response by P. clarkii was determined using an ordinally ranked, whole-animal bioassay that included the following behaviors: (1) movement of the maxillipeds for longer than three seconds, (2) increased movement of the walking legs with dactyl "probing", (3) movement of walking legs to the mouth, and (4) orientation of the entire body towards the odor source. Feeding behavior was determined in response to intact items, bathwater containing aqueous leachates from intact items, water and methanol fractions of bathwater eluted through a C sub(18) resin flash chromatography column, and size fractions of bathwater containing either molecules less than or equal to 10,000 d or molecules >10,000 d. All fractions tested were significantly stimulatory. Zooplankton was the most stimulatory of the natural dietary items tested, followed by fresh-killed fishes, live fishes and fish eggs. Soymeal was the most stimulatory of the feed components, followed by fish meal, alfalfa meal and corn. The C sub(18) water fraction of the soybean meal bathwater before size fractionation (containing molecules both < and >10,000 d) was the most stimulatory of the common feed components and more stimulatory than the C18 water fraction of zooplankton. Proximate analysis indicated that the compounds present in this soybean fraction were ca. 51% soluble carbohydrate, 4% soluble protein and 45% unknown (assumed to be insoluble carbohydrates, insoluble proteins and ash). We hypothesize that the primary compounds in soybean meal responsible for eliciting a feeding response in P.

clarkii are soluble carbohydrates and/or glycoproteins. Record 216 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Results of a no-water exchange management strategy utilizing new and recycled water for the intensive culture of marine shrimp AU: Author Holloway, JD; Richardson, JR II; Hopkins, JS; Browdy, CL SO: Source Aquaculture '98 Book of Abstracts. p. 247. 1998. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Marine aquaculture; Shrimp culture; Intensive culture; Recirculating systems; Waste utilization; Physicochemical properties; Water quality control; Comparative studies; Pond culture; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus AB: Abstract A research focus of the Waddell Mariculture Center, with support and funding from the S.C. Sea Grant Consortium, has been the development of production systems which discharge little or no water and recycle waste material. Water exchange practices are usually not based on nutrient monitoring, but on fluctuating environmental conditions or a set schedule. Without routine water exchange with the estuary, the pond system should be able to assimilate, digest, mineralize and deposit much of the nutrient mass to pond sediments or release it as gas. According to Hopkins et al. (1996), ponds with a no-exchange management strategy discharged more BOD, ammonia nitrogen and phosphorus during the drain harvesting process than did the ponds with routine water exchange. However, the ponds with water exchange released more total suspended solids and as reported by Hopkins et al. (1993), the total load of nutrients discharged through the whole production process is higher when routine water exchange is utilized. Based on these observations, the objective for the 1997 production season was to intensively culture shrimp in recycled water retained from the 1996 production season and compare this to intensive shrimp culture in ponds with new, first season water. Production methods were similar to those used in 1996. Sludge removal and partial water recirculation with a "filter" pond was utilized in the recycled water treatment, while the first season water treatment had no sludge removal or water recirculation. Production characteristics were similar for both treatments. There was a trend towards larger harvest size in the ponds with recycled water but the total production and survival were similar for both treatments. Water quality parameters were monitored throughout the season and most parameters measured were similar between treatments. However, dissolved oxygen was higher in ponds with recycled water, while total suspended solids and salinity were higher in ponds with first season water. These results indicate that marine shrimp can be produced intensively with no water exchange from the estuary, and produced intensively in water retained from the previous growout season with no major water quality differences. Record 217 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title The economic feasibility of environmentally-friendly shrimp aquaculture waste management techniques

AU: Author Rhodes, RJ; Stokes, AD; Whetstone, JM SO: Source Aquaculture '98 Book of Abstracts. pp. 436-437. 1998. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Wastewater aquaculture; Economic feasibility; Shrimp culture; Pond culture; Clam culture; Intensive culture; Waste disposal; Crustaceans (Decapod) (Shrimps and prawns); Waste management; Wastewater disposal; Aquaculture; Economics; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeidae; Mercenaria mercenaria; Article Geographic Terms: ANW, USA, South Carolina; USA, South Carolina AB: Abstract High coastal land costs and a short grow-out season have stimulated the development of intensive production techniques for marine shrimp in South Carolina (SC). While intensive shrimp aquaculture techniques can minimize land costs, intensification has been accompanied by increases in water use for pond flushing into adjacent receiving streams, a technique discouraged by SC aquaculture permitting policies. In response, applied research has been conducted in SC to develop commercial techniques that minimize potential negative environmental impacts of marine shrimp farming. Based upon data from a demonstration project at a SC commercial shrimp farm, an economic feasibility analysis study was conducted to estimate the incremental private costs and benefits of using a treatment pond with bivalves, mainly Mercenaria mercenaria, for waste management of shrimp pond effluent from the farm's grow-out ponds. Projected revenue sources include the sale of bivalves and pond sludge. Projected costs include bivalve depuration expenses and a substantial increase in labor costs. The feasibility analysis also includes the comparison of the projected net present value (NPV) of an environmentally-friendly waste treatment system of this marine shrimp farm compared to the NPV for such a commercial farm without a treatment system. If government regulations mandate that marine shrimp farms not produce any significant pond discharge, the generation of revenue from waste treatment by-products will be critical in offsetting the fixed and variable costs of effluent treatment techniques and perhaps in maintaining the long run financial viability of South Carolina's small shrimp farming industry. Record 218 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Freezing of viable embryos and larvae of marine shrimp, Penaeus semisulcatus de Haan AU: Author Diwan, AD; Kandasami, K SO: Source Aquaculture Research [Aquacult. Res.]. Vol. 28, no. 12, pp. 947-950. Dec 1997. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Aquaculture techniques; Shrimp culture; Freezing storage; Storage effects; Developmental stages; Nauplii; Embryos; Larvae; Cryopreservation; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus semisulcatus AB: Abstract Although sperm cryopreservation has been carried out successfully in a number of commercially important aquatic species, particularly in some teleost fish and also shellfish, the technology is still not at the

stage of advanced commercial application that is seen in domestic mammals. Cryopreservation of eggs and embryos, of aquatic animals however, is a virgin field in cryobiology and has not yet received any appreciable amount of attention. The first successful attempt at the cryopreservation of embryos of sea urchin was reported. Later Zell (1978) and Erdahl & Graham (1980) have reported preliminary attempts to freeze the eggs of rainbow trout. Studies have been carried out to cryopreserve the embryos of Japanese medaka Oryzias letipes Schlegel, rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum and zebra fish Brachydanio rerio Weber & de Beaufort. In recent years some attempts have also been made to cryopreserve the embryos and nauplii of shrimp Penaeus indicus H Milne Edwards. From a review of the literature it appears that studies on the cryopreservation of embryos and larvae of fish and shellfish is still in a rudimentary phase and much remains to be done. The present study was carried out with a view to developing a method for the successful freezing of viable embryos and larvae of marine shrimp, using the experimental protocol now described. Record 219 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Disused shrimp ponds: Options for redevelopment of mangroves AU: Author Stevenson, NJ SO: Source Coastal Management [Coast. Manage.]. Vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 425-435. Oct-Dec 1997. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Pond culture; Shrimp culture; Environmental impact; Nature conservation; Habitat improvement; Mangrove swamps; Coastal zone management; Shrimp; Aquaculture; Construction; Ponds; Hydrology; Diseases; Management Planning AB: Abstract Associated with the rapid increase in the production of cultured marine shrimp has been large-scale conversion of mangroves to shrimp ponds. Production in many regions has proved to be unsustainable, largely due to inappropriate construction methods, poor environmental conditions, overstocking, and disease. A number of shrimp ponds consequently are unproductive and lie idle. Accurate assessments of pond disuse are difficult to obtain; however, unofficial estimates have suggested that as many as 70% of ponds may be disused after a period in production. Pond construction, shrimp culture, and pond disuse lead to alterations to the physical and chemical properties of soil, hydrological conditions, and the flora and fauna composition of the pond area. The case for restoration, or rehabilitation to a sustainable use, is strong. Consideration must be given to the causes of production failure, the environmental conditions remaining following disuse, the needs and preferences of pond owners and coastal managers, and technical constraints. Record 220 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Genetic susceptibility of cultured shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) to infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus and Baculovirus

AU: SO: DE:

AB:

penaei: Possible relationship with growth status and metabolic gene expression Author Alcivar-Warren, A; Overstreet, RM; Dhar, AK; Astrofsky, K; Carr, WH; Sweeney, J; Lotz, JM Source Journal of Invertebrate Pathology [J. Invertebr. Pathol.]. Vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 190-197. Nov 1997. Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Gene expression; Disease resistance; Mitochondrial DNA; Gene regulation; Shrimp culture; Disease control; Infectious diseases; Fish diseases; Bacterial diseases; Viral diseases; DNA; Article Taxonomic Terms: Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus; Baculovirus; Penaeus vannamei; Infectious hypodermal and hematopoetic virus; Baculovirus penaei Abstract Offspring of four crosses (I, II, III, and IV) of Penaeus vannamei from known high- and low-growth families were challenged with infectious hypodermal and hematopoetic necrosis virus (IHHNV) and Baculovirus penaei (BP) to compare their susceptibility to these viral agents and examine the genetic component involved in disease resistance or susceptibility. Family crosses were made using broodstock from five families developed by the U.S. Marine Shrimp Farming Program. The prevalence of IHHNV infection was highest in cross I and lowest in cross III. Cross I was developed using male and female broodstock from the low-growth family 1.6, and cross III was developed using a female from the high-growth family 1.3 and a male from the low-growth family 1.6. The prevalence of BP infection at Day 4 was highest (100%) in cross IV, which was developed using a female from the low-growth family 1.4 and a male from the high-growth family 1.5. The reciprocal cross, cross III, had the lowest (68%) prevalence at Day 4 postexposure. Both crosses I and II had 88% prevalence of infection at Day 4. Despite 100% prevalence of BP infection in cross IV at 4 days, animals from this cross and cross II exhibited high survival by Day 18 (85 and 77%). On the other hand, crosses I and III (with 88 and 68% prevalence at Day 4, respectively) showed low survival at Day 18 (19 and 24%). On the basis of prevalence of infection and mortality rates, it was concluded that the susceptibility to BP in penaeid shrimp is governed by the genetic background of the parental crosses. The random amplified polymorphic DNA polymorphisms for crosses I, II, III, and IV, were 43, 45, 53, and 51%, respectively, showing no clear relationship between IHHNV and BP prevalence of infection and levels of nuclear genetic diversity. Though the mtDNA haplotypes in offspring from the different crosses were the same, major differences were observed in both steady-state levels and patterns of expression of the mitochondrial 12s rRNA in offspring obtained at various early developmental stages from each of the four crosses. The possible relationship among disease susceptibility, growth status, and expression of mitochondrial 12s rRNA is discussed in the context of a complex nuclear-cytoplasmic genetic system involved in the regulation of gene expression.

Record 221 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Effect of host size on virulence of Taura Virus to the marine shrimp Penaeus vannamei (Crustacea: Penaeidae) AU: Author

Lotz, JM SO: Source Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. Vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 45-51. Jul 1997. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; mortality causes; husbandry diseases; disease resistance; viral diseases; pond culture; aquaculture; mortality; ponds; husbandry; host-pathogen interactions; Article Taxonomic Terms: taura syndrome virus AB: Abstract Taura Disease (Taura Syndrome), caused by Taura Virus (Taura Syndrome Virus), is the most important disease of the farmed penaeid shrimp Penaeus vannamei in the Western Hemisphere. One possible tactic to offset Taura Virus-induced mortalities is for culturists to use larger shrimp for stocking ponds. This study consisted of 4 experiments designed to test the hypothesis that P. vannamei becomes more tolerant of Taura Virus infections as it becomes larger. Experiments were done in either 100 1 glass aquaria or 4000 1 cylindrical fiberglass tanks. All shrimp used in experiments were Specific-Pathogen-Free Penaeus vannamei derived from the United States Marine Shrimp Farming Program Population 1. The Taura Virus in all experiments originated from infected farm-reared shrimp collected during a 1995 Taura Virus outbreak in Texas, USA. Experimental shrimp were inoculated with virus either per os by allowing shrimp to feed on triturated infected shrimp tissue or intramuscularly by injection of a cell-free suspension of infected shrimp tissue into the abdominal musculature. In the 4 experiments 9 to 14 d survival ranged from 0 to nearly 60%. Analysis of each of the 4 experiments by logistic regression revealed a consistent trend for larger shrimp to be more likely to succumb to infection; however, the effect was only statistically significant in 2 of the 4 experiments. The results of the experiments tailed to support the hypothesis that P. vannamei increases its tolerance to Taura Virus as it increases in size from 1 to 30 g. Record 222 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Aquafarmer Information Sheet: Prevention of Black Gill Disease in Marine Shrimp AU: Author Silva-Krott, I; Brock, J; Lankamer, D SO: Source Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquaculture. no. 126, 2 pp. Jul 1997. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Gills; Pathogenic bacteria; Fungal diseases; Fouling organisms; Mortality causes; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeidae; Article Geographic Terms: ISEW, Pacific, Marianas, Guam AB: Abstract Recent studies in Guam indicate two types of black gill disease may occur in marine shrimp ponds. The first type occurs during grow-out phase of shrimp culture. Fouling organisms, protozoa and bacteria settle on gill surfaces and cause inflammation of tissues which then turn black. The fouling organisms may become numerous and problematic when shrimp are weak and environmental conditions not good. Gill fouling causes slow growth and lowered survival of shrimp. The second type of black gill occurs in shrimp after harvest. This makes shrimp look unattractive to buyers and lowers product value. Black gills may

be caused by unhealthy animals at harvest time and poor post-harvest handling. In most cases, this problem can be solved by proper handling of shrimp during and after harvesting. Record 223 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Iran aims to be big in shrimp AU: Author Nash, C DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; aquaculture development; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus semisulcatus; Penaeus indicus; Penaeus monodon; Article Geographic Terms: Iran AB: Abstract Shilat, the government administration responsible for fisheries in Iran, has financially encouraged development of marine shrimp farming using Asian technologies adapted by the Institute of Fisheries Research (IFRTO). More than 200,000 hectares of low-quality agricultural land have been allocated for shrimp farming in the southern provinces. Iran is a late entrant into marine shrimp farming. The first feasibility study and development project, in 1989, was funded jointly by United Nations Development Programme and Shilat, and was carried out with the help of Asian experts contracted through the UN Food & Agriculture Organization (FAO). Construction began in 1991 on a national shrimp culture development centre in Kolahi, near Bandar Abbas. It included a five-million post-larvae (PI) capacity shrimp hatchery, 6ha of grow-out ponds, a laboratory, plus a programme for manpower training. Record 224 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title The effect of host size on virulence of Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV) to the marine shrimp Penaeus vannamei (Crustacea: Penaeidae) AU: Author Lotz, JM SO: Source Journal of Shellfish Research. Vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 320. Jun 1997. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: disease resistance; body size; shrimp culture; Viral diseases; Aquaculture; viruses; Article Taxonomic Terms: taura syndrome virus AB: Abstract Taura Syndrome (TS), is the most important disease of the farmed penaeid shrimp Penaeus vannamei in the Western Hemisphere. One possible tactic to offset Taura Syndrome Virus-induced mortalities is for culturists to use larger shrimp for stocking ponds. The study consisted of 4 experiments designed to test the hypothesis that P. vannamei becomes more tolerant of TSV infections as they become larger. Experiments were done in either 100-L glass aquaria or 4000-L cylindrical fiberglass tanks. All shrimp used in experiments were Specific-Pathogen-Free Penaeus vannamei derived from United States Shrimp Farming Program Population 1. The TSV in all experiments originated from infected farm-reared shrimp collected during a 1995 TS outbreak in Texas, USA. Experimental shrimp were inoculated with virus

either per os by allowing shrimp to feed on macerated infected shrimp tissue or intramuscularly by injection of a viral suspension into the abdominal musculature. In the four experiments 9-14 d survival ranged from 0% to nearly 60%. Analysis of each of the 4 experiments by logistic regression revealed a consistent trend for larger shrimp to be more likely to succumb to infection; however, the effect was only statistically significant in 2 of the 4 experiments. The results of the experiments failed to support the hypothesis that P. vannamei increases its tolerance to TSV as it increases in size between 1 g and 30 g. Record 225 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Aquaculture and the capture fisheries - Balancing the scales AU: Author New, MB SO: Source World Aquaculture [WORLD AQUACULT.]. Vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 11-30. Jun 1997. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: aquaculture economics; capture fishery economics; aquaculture statistics; fishery statistics; commercial species; economics AB: Abstract Six years ago I gave the keynote address at World Aquaculture '91, the annual meeting of the World Aquaculture Society, held in Puerto Rico. That paper, entitled "Turn of the millennium aquaculture: navigating troubled waters or riding the crest of the wave?", was one of the first attempts to predict the global requirements for aquaculture production up to the year 2025. It also was a pioneering attempt to analyse FAO aquaculture production data in graphic form. Since then there have been many similar analyses and prognoses. It is now standard practice for the FAO Fisheries Department to introduce its own annual aquaculture and fisheries statistical tables with graphic summaries. A helpful development is that FAO has also started to publish its own analyses of production trends, not only in its official documents but also in its newsletter, for popular consumption. In discussing global aquaculture output and comparing it to capture fisheries production I have chosen to concentrate on the differences between 1985 and 1994 (the most recent year for which detailed FAO statistics are currently available). Those who want to examine the trials and tribulations which occurred between 1985 and 1994 (for example, the rise and fall in marine shrimp production in China) will need to look at FAO data in more detail. I simply want to highlight the differences between the situation in 1985 and in 1994. I will also attempt to project the requirements for aquaculture production into the early part of the next century and mention some of the issues which we must face to meet the challenges. Except where specifically mentioned, I will be excluding the production of aquatic plants and concentrating on the production of commodities for direct human consumption. Since the aquaculture production of China forms such a large proportion (57.2 % by weight in 1994) of the global output and therefore skews the picture for the rest of the world, I will also present some data with and without China. Record 226 of 500

DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Tension leg tested in Taiwan AU: Author Lisac, D SO: Source Fish Farming International. Vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 10. May 1997. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: fish culture; aquaculture development; cage culture; Article Geographic Terms: Taiwan AB: Abstract Taiwan was a forerunner in intensive marine shrimp farming in Asia and the major producer in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The uncontrolled rapid expansion in the number and size of the farms, however, soon led to a degradation of the coastal zone, causing self-pollution and disease, resulting in the collapse of this industry. Government fisheries agencies have since devoted much time and resources to developing alternative sustainable marine aquaculture practices. The establishment of modern offshore fish farming technology is a top priority in the national aquaculture plan. The configuration of Taiwan's coastline does not offer many sites for traditional cage farming, and any appreciable production can take place only in the open sea environment - in rearing facilities that can also withstand the rigours of seasonal monsoons. Record 227 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Threonine requirement of juvenile marine shrimp Penaeus monodon AU: Author Millamena, OM; Bautista, MN; Reyes, OS; Kanazawa, A SO: Source Aquaculture. Vol. 151, no. 1-4, pp. 9-14. May 1997. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: nutritional requirements; amino acids; threonine; shrimp culture; diets; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus monodon AB: Abstract The threonine requirement was determined for juvenile marine shrimp. Penaeus monodon postlarvae, PL20, were stocked in 30-l fiberglass tanks at ten shrimp per tank arranged in a completely randomized design with six replicates per treatment. They were fed amino acid test diets (40% protein) with casein-gelatin as natural protein sources and supplemented with crystalline L-amino acids to simulate the amino acid profile of shrimp muscle except for threonine. Graded levels of threonine were incorporated to obtain 0.72, 1.0, 1.28, 1.56, 1.84, and 2.12 g per 100 g diet or 1.8, 2.5, 3.2, 3.9, 4.6, and 5.3% of dietary protein. Relationship of weight gain with dietary threonine level was analyzed by the quadratic regression method to derive the threonine requirement. Results showed that the quantitative threonine requirement for growth is 1.4% of the diet or 3.5% of dietary protein. This requirement for growth conforms with the threonine level in the shrimp muscle. Record 228 of 500 DN: Database Name

ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Steps to keeping shrimp healthy AU: Author Getchell, R SO: Source Fish Farming News [FISH FARM. NEWS]. Vol. 5, no. p. 5. Apr 1997. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: fish diseases; shrimp culture; brood stocks; seed (aquaculture); viral diseases; breeding; hatcheries AB: Abstract ITHACA, NY - The world's shrimp farmers have been caught in a game of "Twister" trying to keep one step ahead of shrimp diseases like white spot, yellow head, and Taura syndrome. Part of the reason is that the industry is based on wild-caught broodstock, whose disease status is unpredictable and therefore difficult to sustain for the long-term. However, the US Marine Shrimp Farming Program (USMSFP) is addressing this challenge by developing reliable sources of quality seed stock through its high health shrimp systems. Record 229 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Decline of the big consultancies marks new era AU: Author Anon. SO: Source Fish Farming International [FISH FARM. INT.]. Vol. 24, no. 3, 5 p. Mar 1997. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: fish culture; shrimp culture; aquaculture development; marketing; aquaculture economics; Article Geographic Terms: France AB: Abstract France-Aquaculture, the French company responsible for much global expansion of marine shrimp farming and aquaculture through the 1980s, has all but disappeared. Like a handful of big companies dominating the consulting field a decade ago, such as Aquatic Farms, KCM International and Fisheries Development Ltd, it thrived and grew on large investment projects of international banks and of governments eager to benefit from export earnings resulting from new farming technologies. Today France Aquaculture is little more than a portfolio of old projects and misty memories. Record 230 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Food ingestion and assimilation by the southern brown shrimp Penaeus subtilis under semi-intensive culture in NE Brazil AU: Author Nunes, AJP; Gesteira, TCV; Goddard, S SO: Source Aquaculture. Vol. 149, no. 1-2, pp. 121-136. Mar 1997. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: feeding experiments; feeding behaviour; nutritional requirements; shrimp culture; Article Taxonomic Terms:

Penaeus subtilis; Article Geographic Terms: Brazil AB: Abstract In recent years in NE Brazil, attempts to increase productivity in extensive marine shrimp farms has focused attention on semi-intensive cultivation methods with native species. The present study was initiated to investigate the diet of Penaeus subtilis under semi-intensive conditions over a complete growth cycle. The experiment was conducted at a commercial shrimp farm on the NE Brazilian coast. The investigation focused on the analysis of stomach contents and stable carbon isotope ratios. Naturally occurring pond biota was the major food source for P. subtilis observed throughout the study. Formulated food constituted 15.61% of the stomach contents (5.99% of stomach volume), accounting for 24.91% of the carbon growth, with the remainder attributed to natural food (average 75.09%). Polychaetes were the most important food type, representing 80.83% of all prey ingested (32.55% of the total food consumed). In the initial growth stages, P. subtilis displayed pronounced detritivorous feeding behaviour. As the shrimp grew, prey organisms were consumed in greater amounts, revealing a more carnivorous habit. Overall, a benthic omnivorous opportunist feeding behaviour was observed. Record 231 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Assessment of the African river prawn Macrobrachium vollenhovenii (Herklots, 1857) in some lentic and lotic environments in Nigeria AU: Author Bello-Olusoji, OA; Somers, MJ SO: Source African journal of ecology. Nairobi [AFR. J. ECOL.]. Vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 80-81. Mar 1997. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: freshwater environments; aquaculture; stock assessment; length-weight relationships; shrimp fisheries; freshwater crustaceans; Article Taxonomic Terms: Macrobrachium vollenhovenii; Article Geographic Terms: Nigeria AB: Abstract Macrobrachium vollenhovenii is a tropical crustacean endemic to the eastern Atlantic. Its fishery has been reported in Senegal, Liberia, French Guinea, Ivory Coast, Gabon and Congo (Zaire) (Holthius, 1980). The present decline in the marine shrimp production as reported by Adetayo (1982) gives room for alternative ways of increasing shrimp production to reduce the overfished marine species. Macrobrachium vollenhovenii, a close relative of the giant fresh-water prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii), has commercial potential (Ajuzie & Fagade, 1992), which has not been fully developed in the manner of M. rosenbergii that is now being cultured commercially in SE Asia and in developed countries including the U.S.A. Its production in Indonesia is being described as the second most productive industry in the world with an increase in yield from 26,166 tonnes in 1983 to 120,000 tonnes in 1990 (Chamberlain, 1991). A twelve month survey was carried out, on 42 freshwater bodies, consisting of rivers, streams, ponds and reservoirs (lakes). They were grouped into two forms, lentic or standing (ponds and reservoirs) water and lotic or running water (rivers and streams). Macrobrachium species were found in 25 with M. vollenhovenii showing the highest occurrence in eighteen (72%) fresh water bodies made up of seven rivers (39%), four constructed fish ponds (22%), three reservoirs (17%) and four streams (22%). The prawns

were caught using traps and nets set by fishermen on the relevant rivers and streams. In ponds, they were collected after draining the pond or caught alongside fin-fishes during harvesting. On each trip M. vollenhovenii was randomly sampled from the total catch. In the Laboratory samples were grouped into those from lotic environments and those from lentic environments. Twenty samples were picked randomly from each environment as shown in Table 1. These were separated according to their sizes, 13 females and 7 males. The weight (g), body length (cm) and pincer length (cm) were measured. The maximum total length and weight recorded was 16.0 cm (135 g) and 14.0 cm (125 g) for the lotic and lentic groups. Holithus (1980) reported maximum length of 18.2 cm for M. vollenhovenii. Record 232 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Effects of salinity and dietary DHA (22:6n-3) content on lipid composition and performance of Penaeus kerathurus postlarvae AU: Author Mourente, G; Rodriguez, A SO: Source Marine Biology [Mar. Biol.]. Vol. 128, no. 2, pp. 289-298. 1997. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Marine crustaceans; Crustacean larvae; Salinity effects; Lipids; Rearing; Dry weight; Body size; Survival; Nutritional requirements; Cultured organisms; Fatty acids; Proteins; Carbohydrates; Ash content; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus kerathurus; Artemia AB: Abstract A two-way ANOVA experiment was designed to study the effects of salinity and dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) on lipid composition and performance of postlarvae from the marine shrimp Penaeus kerathurus. Shrimp were reared from 1- to 8-d-old postlarvae at 35 and 25 ppt S with Kelko-enriched Artemia [20.0 mu g (n-3) HUFA/mg dry weight; 9.1 mu g DHA/mg dry weight] and nonen- riched Artemia [14.2 mu g (n-3) HUFA/mg dry weight; 0.3 mu g DHA/mg dry weight]. Dietary DHA content did not affect either total length or survival but influenced the nutritional status represented by condition indices (triacylglycerol/total polar lipid and triacylglycerol/free cholesterol) of 8-d-old postlarvae at the end of the experiment. Culture salinity affected final total length and condition indices but did not show any effect on survival in the different experimental treatments. The interaction of dietary DHA and culture salinity was not significant for total length and survival but was significant for both condition indices used. P. kerathurus 8-d-old postlarvae showed better growth, survival and nutritional condition when reared at 35 ppt S and when fed on Kelko-enriched Artemia but the differences with postlarvae from other treatments were very poorly marked. The results demonstrate that 8-d-old postlarvae may have sufficiently developed osmoregulatory capabilities to resist 25 ppt S under good conditions, although (n-3) HUFA-enriched diets may also enhance osmotic stress resistance, general performance and disease resistance. Record 233 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts

TI: Title [A summary on the marine shrimp culture in Latin America.] AU: Author Berger, C SO: Source Pesca. Vol. 64, no. 3-4, pp. 23-25. Mar 1997. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Fishery development; Aquaculture economics; Article Geographic Terms: Latin America AB: Abstract The actual state, culture techniques, economic and social aspects, perspectives, and problematics of the marine shrimp culture in Latin America are reviewed. It was noted that this activity gradually rises its production reaching a total of 185,000 metric tons in 1996. Some of the main problems ocurring are the disease prevention, marine pollution, the obtention of good quality seed, reduction of production costs and improvement of marketing practices. Record 234 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Histopathological effects produced by Vibrio sp. in postlarvae of Penaeus vannamei AU: Author Urdaneta, H; Philippi, A; Conroy, D SO: Source Boletin del Centro del Investigaciones Biologicas [Bol. Cent. Invest. Biol. (Maracaibo)]. Vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 135-149. 1997. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Pathogens; Developmental stages; Shrimp culture; Bacterial diseases; Histopathology; Marine organisms; Aquaculture; Article Taxonomic Terms: Vibrio; Penaeus vannamei AB: Abstract The present work describes the histopathological effects produced by cultures of Vibrio sp. in postlarvae of the marine shrimp Penaeus vannamei. The assays consisted of 12 randomly chosen Vibrio sp. cultures and a control, and three replicas of postlarvae in stages 3-12 with a density of 60 postlarvae/L. Inoculations were made with diluted bacterial suspensions. After 48 hours, tissue samples of both infected and uninfected postlarvae were preserved in Davidson's fixative, embedded in paraffin, cut into 5 mu sections, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (Mayer's modified method). Degeneration and presence of bacilli in infected abdominal muscle tissue, as well as degeneration in the walls of the tubules, infiltration of hemocytes, marked vacuolization, and presence of bacilli in infected tissue of the hepatopancreas were observed. Infected specimens did not present any significant histopathological differences (P < 0.01) due to different bacterial cultures or postlarval stages. The histological effects seen by us in this study are similar to those of other investigators. Thus, Vibrio sp. is present within the shrimp as well as in the sea water samples of the culture station.Original Abstract: Se describen los efectos histopatologicos producidos por cepas de Vibrio sp. en postlarvas de Penaeus vannamei. Para el ensayo se utilizo un blanco y 12 cepas de Vibrio sp. tomadas al azar. La prueba se realizo por triplicado con postlarvas entre los estadios 3 y 12, inoculados con suspensiones bacterianas diluidas. La densidad poblacional fue de 60 postlarvas/L. Las muestras de tejido de las postlarvas se tomaron a las 24 horas de iniciado el ensayo, se fijaron

en solucion Davidson, se incluyeron en parafina, se realizaron cortes y se tineron co el metodo modificado de hematoxilina y eosina de Mayer. Los analisis histopatologicos permitieron observar degradacion y presencia de bacilos en el tejido muscular abdominal infectado. Asimismo, a nivel del tejido de hepatopancreas infectado se aprecio degradacion de las paredes de los tubulos, infiltracion de hemocitos, alta vacuolizacion y presencia de bacilos. Los cambios histologicos manifestados en los especimenes infectados no presentaron diferencias significativas (P < 0.01) al considerar tanto las cepas bacterianas como los estadios de las postlarvas. Los resultados obtenidos fueron similares a los observados por otros investigadores, indicando la existencia de cepas de Vibrio sp. tanto en el interior de los camarones como en el agua de mar de la estacion de cultivo donde se tomaron las muestras. Record 235 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Application of green mussel (Perna viridis) in biological treatment of effluents from an intensive marine shrimp farm AU: Author Tookwinas, S; Thiraksapan, T SO: Source Proceedings of the seventh Workshop of the Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) on Central and West Java, Indonesia conducted at IPB, UNDIP, LIPI, 11-22 November 1996. Part 1. Vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 141-144. [Spec. Publ. Phuket Mar. Biol. Cent.]. 1997. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Mussel culture; Stocking density; Wastewater aquaculture; Wastewater treatment; Pollution control; Aquaculture systems; Shrimp culture; Aquaculture effluents; Article Taxonomic Terms: Mytilidae; Perna viridis AB: Abstract Green mussel Perna viridis were exposed 10 days to effluents from an intensive marine shrimp farm (0.55 ha., stocking density 34 shrimp m super(-2), and 1 month old) for biological treatment of the water. Densities of green mussel were 1, 3, 5, and 7 kg mussel per ton effluent. One control without mussels was included. The experiment was repeated three times. Effluents were monitored for chlorophyll alpha , ammonia-nitrogen, nitrite-nitrogen, orthophosphate, and total suspended solids before and after each experiment. Average temperature, salinity, and pH were 26-29 degree C, 31-33 ppt and 7.9-8.7 respectively. It is concluded that 1 kg green mussel is a suitable stocking density for the treatment of 1 ton of stagnant waste water per 10 days. Survival was not significantly different among the experiments, but there was a tendency toward increased mortality at higher stocking densities. CA: Corporate Author Phuket Marine Biological Cent., Thailand Record 236 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Court ruling threatens future of Indian shrimp farming AU: Author Anon.

DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shellfish culture; aquaculture economics; aquaculture regulations; legal aspects; environmental impact; pollution control; aquaculture development; shrimp culture; Article Geographic Terms: India AB: Abstract After almost two years of deliberation, the Supreme Court of India handed down its 111-page judgement for the future of the marine shrimp farming industry along the country's coastal margins. The surprising decision, by Justices Kuldip Singh and Saghir Ahmad on December 11, which will be popular among India's small farmers and environmentalists, will hit corporate investors hard. But, backed by intervention petitions and appeals by the Ministries of Commerce and of Agriculture, several state governments, and the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD), the industry is already fighting back. Record 237 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Cell-cell association directed mitotic spindle orientation in the early development of the marine shrimp Sicyonia ingentis AU: Author Wang, SW; Griffin, FJ; Clark, WH Jr* SO: Source Development. Vol. 124, no. 4, pp. 773-780. Feb 1997. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: cell cycle; spindles; embryonic development; marine crustaceans; cell differentiation; Article Taxonomic Terms: Sicyonia ingentis AB: Abstract During early cleavages of Sicyonia ingentis embryos, mitotic spindle orientations differ between blastomeres and change in a predictable manner with each successive mitosis. From 2 super(nd) through 7 super(th) cleavages, spindles orient at a 90 degree angle with respect to the spindle of the parent blastomere. Thus, spindle orientation is parallel to the cleavage plane that formed the blastomere. To determine if specific spindle orientations were intrinsic properties of individual blastomeres, we altered blastomere associations and asked how mitotic spindle orientation was affected in successive cleavages using laser scanning confocal microscopy. Linear embryos were constructed by dissociating 4-cell embryos and recombining the blastomeres in a linear array. The ensuing cleavage (3 super(rd) embryonic cleavage) of these linear embryos was parallel to the long axis of the embryo, resulting in four parallel pairs of blastomeres which lay in a common plane that was parallel to the substratum. The 4 super(th) cleavage produced a linear embryo with the 16 blastomeres arranged in four parallel quartets. Then, in preparation for 5 super(th) cleavage, spindles oriented at a 45 degree angle (not parallel as in normal development) with respect to the previous cleavage plane. When 8-cell linear embryos were separated into linear half-embryos, subsequent spindle orientations were not like those observed for intact 8-cell linear embryos, but rather regressed to the orientation seen in 4-cell linear embryos. We suggest that the reorientation of mitotic spindles during early cleavage of S. ingentis is neither an intrinsic property nor age dependent, but rather is cell contact related. Further, these results in conjunction with observations of non-manipulated embryos suggest that spindle poles

(centrosomes) avoid cytoplasmic regions adjacent to where there is cell-cell contact during early development. Record 238 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title A novel satellite/microsatellite combination in the genome of the marine shrimp, Penaeus vannamei AU: Author Bagshaw, JC; Buckholt, MA SO: Source Gene. Vol. 184, no. 2, pp. 211-214. Jan 1997. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: microsatellites; DNA; genetics; marine crustaceans AB: Abstract In our studies of repeated sequences in the genome of the marine shrimp, Penaeus vannamei (Pv), we have discovered a novel combination of sequence elements. We inserted restriction fragments of genomic DNA into a plasmid vector and screened for recombinant plasmids containing repeated sequences. Ten of the resulting isolates contained representatives of the same repeated element, a satellite sequence present in one or more blocks of tandemly repeated units. The cloned repeat units range in size from 139 to 188 bp. Embedded within each cloned repeat unit are 6-15 copies of a tandemly repeated pentanucleotide microsatellite. The genome of Pv contains approx. 1000000 copies of this satellite/microsatellite unit. Sequences that cross-hybridize strongly with this structure were found in the genomes of lobster and crayfish, but not in other species of the genus Penaeus. Record 239 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Need for professional manpower development to augment Indian marine shrimp aquaculture industry AU: Author Diwan, AD; Suseelan, C; Thakur, NK; Biradar, RS; Sontakki, BSrho eds SO: Source CENTRAL INSTITUTE OF FISHERIES EDUCATION, VERSOVA, MUMBAI (INDIA). 1997. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: aquaculture enterprises; shrimp culture; aquaculturists; Article Geographic Terms: ISW, India AB: Abstract India passing through a stage of rapid development of shrimp aquaculture industry. With a long coastline of about 7500 kms and an estimated brackishwater area of 2.6 million hectares, it has been identified that 1.2 million heactares are available immediately for mariculture. However only a small fraction of this is being used at present. Hence there is a vast scope for further development. In order to a develop this activity, the anticipated requirement of manpower is estimated in the present paper. Record 240 of 500

DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title The global emergence of tropical aquaculture AU: Author New, MB SO: Source Aquacult. Eur. Vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 41-49. 1997. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Tropical environment; Aquaculture development; Fish culture; Shrimp culture; Aquaculture statistics AB: Abstract Following a brief historical account of tropical aquaculture, an examination is made of the current status of aquaculture production in tropical countries. Cyprinids form the largest proportion of all species groups cultured in tropical countries, with milkfish and tilapias being the next most important groups. In contrast to finfish, the production of crustaceans in tropical countries expanded very much faster than average. The explosive expansion of marine shrimp farming is discussed in detail. Record 241 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Chromosome studies on the marine shrimps Penaeus vannamei and Penaeus californiensis (Decapoda) AU: Author Campos-Ramos, R SO: Source J. Crust. Biol. Vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 666-673. 1997. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Marine crustaceans; Chromosomes; Karyology; Eggs; Analytical techniques; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus californiensis; Penaeus vannamei; Article Geographic Terms: ISE, Mexico AB: Abstract Chromosome numbers were obtained from eggs of Penaeus californiensis. They had 2n=88 chromosomes. This was confirmed by the haploid chromosome number of n=44 in testes. No evident karyological difference was observed between these species, in which 4 metacentric, 10 subtelocentric, and 18 acrocentric chromosomes were observed. To obtain mitotic metaphase chromosomes from marine shrimp eggs, 2 methods are described. The effect of colchicine incubation for chromosome condensation was investigated. Record 242 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Aquaculture feed and fertilizer resource atlas of the Philippines AU: Author Cruz, PS SO: Source FAO fisheries technical paper. Rome [FAO Fish. Tech. Pap.]. no. 366, 259 pp. 1997. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Aquaculture development; Feed; Fertilizers;

Directories; Aquaculture enterprises; Feed preparation; Article Geographic Terms: Philippines AB: Abstract The paper is based on a comprehensive survey conducted by the author in 1995/1996 concerning the feed and fertilizer resources of the Philippines and their availability and use by the resident aquaculture sector. Presented in the form of an illustrated atlas, the report compiles information on the fertilizer and feed resources of the Philippines, where they are geographically located, how much is available and when, who is currently using this resource and how, the composition and cost of this resource at source and with transportation, together with an assessment of the status of the existing animal feed manufacturing industry and its regulations, together with information on the feeding strategies employed by the aquaculture sector. It was estimated that approximately 45-75% and 85-95% of the feed ingredients currently used within commercial aquafeeds for fish (i.e. mainly tilapia and milkfish) and marine shrimp were composed of imported feed ingredients, respectively, as compared with only 20-30% for livestock and poultry feeds. CA: Corporate Author FAO, Rome (Italy) Record 243 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Spawning and larval culture of three ornamental marine shrimp, Stenopus hispidus, Stenopus scutellatus, and Lysmata wurdemanni. AU: Author Zhang, D DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Spawning; Rearing; Larval development; Crustacean larvae; Aquarium culture; Shrimp culture; Aquaria; Coral reefs; Article Taxonomic Terms: Stenopus scutellatus; Lysmata wurdemanni; Stenopus hispidus CA: Corporate Author Florida Sea Grant Record 244 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Enteroviruses in shrimp harvested from contaminated marine waters AU: Author Botero, L; Montiel, M; Porto, L SO: Source International Journal of Environmental Health Research. Vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 103-108. Jun 1996. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: marine organisms; seafood; food contamination; viruses; wastewater discharges; water pollution; sewage; contamination; pathogens; sewage disposal; pollution effects; public health; food-borne diseases; wastewater pollution; shrimp; enteroviruses; human diseases; shrimp fisheries; viral diseases; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus schmitti; enterovirus; poliovirus 1; echovirus; Article Geographic Terms: ASW, Venezuela, Zulia, Maracaibo L. AB: Abstract

Marine shrimp (genus Penaeus) live primarily in tropical and subtropical coastal locations, sometimes contaminated by domestic sewage. However, sanitary quality and importance of shrimp as a potential vehicle for enteric disease transmission have not been reported previously. The shrimp Penaeus schmitti were either collected directly from Lake Maracaibo, in western Venezuela, or obtained from local seafood outlets. Of a total of 33 pooled samples, 16 (49%) yielded virus. Six types of enteroviruses were isolated during this study: polioviruses 1 and 2, and echovirus types 20, 21, 27, and 29. Viruses not typeable with the pools of specific antiserum used during this study were isolated from seven samples. Analysis of the results indicate that enteroviruses may be present in shrimp populations present in sewage-contaminated marine and estuarine waters. Record 245 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Shrimp diseases AU: Author Anon. SO: Source Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquaculture. no. 121, 2 pp. May 1996. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Mortality causes; Disease control; Brood stocks; Epidemiology; Article Taxonomic Terms: Litopenaeus vannamei; Penaeus stylirostris; Article Geographic Terms: ISE, USA, Hawaii AB: Abstract In May 1994, an outbreak of a relatively new and serious shrimp disease killed more than 95% of the Penaeus vannamei at an aquaculture farm in Kahuku, Hawaii. The malady that ravaged this farm and decimated its shrimp stocks was Taura Syndrome, an illness that previously caused more than $100 million worth of damage to shrimp farms in South America but had not previously attacked shrimp farms in Hawaii. While the severity of this bout of Taura Syndrome is somewhat atypical, the shrimp farmer's experiences in coping with the disease underscore the devastating impact that illness can have on the larval and growout production of marine shrimp, and the need for practical, cost-effective tools for disease management. Scientists working at the University of Hawaii, The Oceanic Institute, and the State of Hawaii's Aquaculture Development Program are seeking to learn more about Taura Syndrome and the Infectious Hypodermal and Hematopoietic Necrosis (IHHN), two major diseases that endanger the growout and broodstock production of Penaeus vannamei and P. stylirostris in Hawaii. While some important strides have been made in developing new preventative methods to combat these illnesses, additional research needs to be done, especially on methods to control the disease. CA: Corporate Author Aquaculture Development Program; University of Hawaii Sea Grant Extension Service Record 246 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Aquaculture in the Philippines

AU: Author Guerrero, RD III SO: Source World Aquaculture. Vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 7-13. Mar 1996. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: brackishwater aquaculture; marine aquaculture; fish culture; aquaculture development; Article Geographic Terms: Philippines AB: Abstract In 1993, the Philippines produced 772 082 tonnes of aquaculture products - roughly 26% of total fisheries production. Sea-weeds are farmed in open coastal waters. Milkfish are produced in brackishwater ponds and freshwater pens. Nile tilapia are grown in freshwater ponds and cages. Marine shrimp are being cultured both extensively and intensively in brackish water ponds while mussels and oyster are cultured in marine bays. The future for additional development in the Philippines is brighter for aquaculture than for the marine capture fisheries. Sustainable growth of the aquaculture industry, however, will need additional appropriate support for farmers. In addition, research and the development of regulations are needed to address the problems of inadequate fingerling supplies, diseases, and adverse environmental impacts from aquaculture. Record 247 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title (Monitoring culture ponds wastes of the IFREMER aquaculture station of Saint-Vincent (New Caledonia)) AU: Author Lemonnier, H; Bonnet, S SO: Source Conv. Sci. Mer Biol. Mar. Cent. Noumea ORSTOM. no. 8, 27 pp. 1996. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Intensive culture; Stocking density; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus stylirostris; Article Geographic Terms: ISEW, New Caledonia AB: Abstract In New Caledonia culture of the marine shrimp species Penaeus stylirostris is highly developed. Yields of 878 tons for 358 ha was reached in 1995. It is a semi-intensive culture which needs food supply to complete natural production which, on itself, cannot entirely satisfy animals trophic needs. This food supply leads to an enrichment of water and sediment in organic and mineral matters which are partly dragged along outside while water exchange. The influence of stocking densities on waste production and on shrimp yields are partly known. Results of chemical analysis are presented. Record 248 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Brazil develops its marine shrimp farming industry AU: Author Goddard, S; Campos, AA SO: Source Fish Farming International [FISH FARM. INT.]. Vol. 23, no. 1, vp. 1996.

DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; aquaculture development; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus monodon; Penaeus japonicus; Article Geographic Terms: ASW, Brazil AB: Abstract Shrimp farming in Brazil is in the early stages of development. Compared with other South American countries, notably Ecuador, growth of the industry has been slow even though Brazil has an 8000 km coastline and vast natural resources. While in the past emphasis has been on the culture of freshwater prawns, marine shrimp farms have now been established in states extending from Para in the north to Santa Catarina in the south and considerable expansion is forecast. The first commercial attempts to farm marine shrimp in Brazil were conducted in the early 1970s with introduced species, the giant tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon), and the highly-valued kuruma (P. japonicus). Record 249 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Management of commercial and farm-made feeds in marine shrimp ponds AU: Author Jory, DE SO: Source Aquaculture Magazine [AQUACULT. MAG.]. Vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 86-97. 1996. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; marine aquaculture; feed AB: Abstract The objective of feed management at the farm level is to make available to the animals the best quality artificial feed, in the required amounts and at the right times and places. Satisfying this objective requires experience and knowledge of shrimp behavior and feedings habits and a continuous pond sampling program that provides accurate and timely data on pond environmental parameters, and shrimp biomass, size distribution and individual mean size. Management of artificial feeds is a sequential process, only as strong as it weakest link. It includes feed selection, handling and storage; feed application methods; feeding regimes; and adjustments to feeding rates. The importance of proper feed management can not be emphasized enough: the best artificial feed will be worthless if not stored, handled and used properly. Record 250 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Marine shrimp farming in the Kingdom of Thailand: Part 1 AU: Author Jory, DE SO: Source Aquaculture Magazine [AQUACULT. MAG.]. Vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 97-106. 1996. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: marine aquaculture; shrimp culture; aquaculture economics; trade; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus monodon; Article Geographic Terms: Thailand

AB: Abstract Seafood production is an integral and important component of Thailand's economy. Thailand is now the seventh largest seafood producer and the top seafood exporter in the world, including being the largest exporter of both marine shrimp and canned tuna. Marine shrimp comprise approximately 32% of the total value of Thai seafood exports. The paramount aquaculture activity in Thailand is the production of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon). Record 251 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Marine shrimp farming in the Kingdom of Thailand: Part 2 AU: Author Jory, DE SO: Source Aquaculture Magazine [AQUACULT. MAG.]. Vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 71-78. 1996. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; aquaculture development; pond culture; aquaculture techniques; Article Geographic Terms: Thailand AB: Abstract In Part I of Dr. Jory's column, "Marine Shrimp Farming in the Kingdom of Thailand," the development of shrimp farming in Thailand was addressed and pond management was introduced. Part II continues with the pond management discussion. Record 252 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Comparison of exchange and no-exchange water management strategies for the intensive pond culture of marine shrimp AU: Author Hopkins, JS; Sandifer, PA; Browdy, CL; Holloway, JD SO: Source Journal of Shellfish Research. Vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 441-445. 1996. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; pond culture; intensive culture; water exchange; environmental effects; water quality; survival; biological production; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeidae AB: Abstract Most of the potential and realized adverse environmental effects of shrimp farming are associated with routine water exchange. This study compared shrimp production and water quality in triplicate ponds operated with and without water exchange. No statistical differences were detected in growth or survival among treatments, although there was a trend towards slightly smaller mean size at harvest and lower survival in the ponds operated without water exchange. The ponds operated with and without routine water exchange had average production of 5,888 and 5,444 kg/ha per crop, respectively. Differences in harvest size and survival also influenced food conversion efficiency. The ponds operated without water exchange had higher nutrients and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) at the end of the study and, thus, discharged more nutrients and BOD in the drain harvesting process. However, the continuous discharge from the ponds operated with water exchange probably resulted in a much larger total

nutrient and BOD load to the adjacent estuary. Heavy precipitation resulted in higher turbidity and total suspended solids in ponds with water exchange near the end of the study. Energy costs were 31.5% higher for the ponds operated with water exchange than for the no-exchange ponds. Record 253 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Reproduction of the marine shrimp Penaeus vannamei in closed systems AU: Author Tirado, MC; Youngs, WD; Lotz, JM; Ogle, JT DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; marine aquaculture; recirculating systems; water quality AB: Abstract The increasing environmental regulations on the use of coastal land and seawater resources for aquaculture are bringing about the need to develop alternative technologies based on closed systems. Advantages of working with recirculating systems include: location versatility, reduced seawater requirements and controlled waste water treatment, among others. Commercial maturation facilities for Penaeus vannamei, generally rely on open systems with substantial seawater requirements. This document reports that P. vannamei can be successfully reproduced in a complete recirculating system. Reproductive performance of P. vannamei has been examined at the Gulf Coast Research Laboratory shrimp maturation closed facilities. Two maturation tanks were initially stocked with 50 broodstock each (female:male ratio, 1:1). Immature females were unilaterally ablated after 15 days of acclimation to the diet. Broodstock were fed a standard maturation diet up to satiation (Rangen maturation pellets:squid:polychaete ratio, 1:1:1). Females were checked for spermatophore presence 3 times /week (alternate days) and mated females were transfer to spawning tanks. No water was replaced, and a photoperiod of 14 h. light was maintained during all the study. Flow rate through the maturation tanks and the biofilters was 9 gpm. Activated carbon was included in the biofilters. Temperature, salinity and pH were controlled between 27-30C, and 30-31 ppt, and 7.6-8.2 respectively. Average ammonia-N was below 0.1 ppm, average nitrite-N below 0.05 ppm, and nitrate-N increased up to 68 ppm. Sixty days after ablation survival was 90.68% for females and 94% for males. All the females were able to mature and were mated at least once. No males presented melanized spermatophores. Average mating rate/night was 12.69%, spawns/females/night 0.1271, spawn size 118,710, fertilization rate 34%, hatching rate from fertile eggs 89.5%, and average naupliar production per spawn 41,858. Results show that this recirculating system was able to maintain an adequate water quality for P. vannamei reproduction. The overall reproductive parameters of P. vannamei were within considered acceptable levels in shrimp maturation facilities. Closed maturation systems may represent an asset for the commercial reproduction of P. vannamei in sites where seawater resources are limited, while representing an environmentally sustainable form of aquaculture. Record 254 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title

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Feasibility study on establishing freshwater prawn hatchery. Pakistan. Technical report: feasibility of freshwater prawn hatcheries in Sindh Province Author New, M Source FAO, ROME (ITALY). 1996. Descriptors Article Subject Terms: prawn culture; hatcheries; aquaculture development; site selection; aquaculture economics; Article Taxonomic Terms: Macrobrachium rosenbergii; Article Geographic Terms: Pakistan Abstract The results are presented of a consultancy conducted during the period November 1995-January 1996 to determine the feasibility of establishing freshwater prawn farming in lower Sindh province of Pakistan. Based on the use of a monoculture system for Macrobrachium rosenbergii in a single 1-ha pond and on the cost data collected during the consultancy, it was concluded that prawn farming would be viable in Sindh. The conversion of existing carp ponds to prawn monoculture would be more profitable than the establishment of new ponds. Major constraints are lack of seed and technological demonstration. Various options for siting government hatchery and demonstration facilities for prawn farming are provided. A recommendation is made for the establishment of a prawn hatchery within, or adjacent to, the Marine Fisheries Department marine shrimp and finfish hatchery site at Hawkes Bay. Preliminary descriptive designs and a technology package for government facilities are included. Corporate Author FAO Technical Coop. Programme, Rome [Italy]

Record 255 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title A review of traditional and innovative aquaculture health management in the People's Republic of China AU: Author Jiang, Yulin SO: Source FAO fisheries technical paper. Rome [FAO FISH. TECH. PAP.]. 1996. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: fish culture; shrimp culture; fish diseases; husbandry diseases; aquaculture development; disease control; Article Geographic Terms: China, People's Rep. AB: Abstract In 1994, China contributed 60.4% to the total world aquaculture production. Although freshwater and marine fish production increased rapidly over the past decade, marine shrimp culture suffered serious losses due to disease outbreaks. It has been said that these outbreaks of virus disease are partly management oriented. In order to find an effective solution to prevent disease outbreaks, the concept of "putting prevention first" has now been introduced, and this paper describes the current health management strategies that are being practiced in Chinese aquaculture. CA: Corporate Author FAO Fisheries Dep., Rome [Italy] Record 256 of 500

DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Use of chemicals in aquaculture AU: Author Tonguthai, K SO: Source Aquac. Asia. Vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 42-45. 1996. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Fish culture; Shrimp culture; Aquaculture techniques; Disease control; Chemical control; Aquaculture regulations; Environmental impact; Article Geographic Terms: Thailand AB: Abstract As a consequence of the expansion of aquaculture, especially for marine shrimp, in Thailand, chemical use is becoming increasingly a part of management. The chemicals are used mainly to treat diseased animals and to a lesser degree improve water quality. A list is given of some of the commercial chemical products available in the Thai market. The cost of chemical use in 1995 is considered briefly and an examination made of hazard and adverse impacts. National regulations on the use of chemicals in aquaculture are detailed and various recommendations to limit the use of chemical and their adverse effects are included. Good farm management can help avoid abuse and overuse of chemicals. Integrated into a good management practice, chemical usage can be cost-efficient and would contribute to higher profitability without adverse impacts on product quality and the environment. Record 257 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title A global experiment on tilapia aquaculture: impacts of the Pond Dynamics/Aquaculture CRSP in Rwanda, Honduras, the Philippines and Thailand AU: Author Molnar, JJ; Hanson, TR; Lovshin, LL; Circa, AV SO: Source Naga [Naga]. Vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 12-17. 1996. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Fish culture; Pond culture; Freshwater aquaculture; Aquaculture development; Article Taxonomic Terms: Oreochromis niloticus; Article Geographic Terms: Philippines; Rwanda; Honduras; Thailand AB: Abstract The Pond Dynamics/Aquaculture Collaborative Research Support Program (PDA/CRSP) is a global research network to generate basic science that may be used to advance aquaculture development. One of a family of research programs funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the CRSP focuses on improving the efficiency of aquaculture systems. The PDA/CRSP began work in 1982 in Thailand, and subsequently in the Philippines, Honduras, the US and, until recently, Rwanda. At all the sites, the goal is the same: to identify constraints to aquaculture production, and to design responses that are environmentally and culturally appropriate. The research network's global experiment has focused on tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), although some sites have devoted attention to marine shrimp and other locally significant species. Impact of the network's investigations with tilapia is examined in this article.

Record 258 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Cryopreservation of spermatozoa from the marine shrimp Penaeus chinensis AU: Author Ke, Yafu; Cai, Naner SO: Source Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica/Haiyang Yu Huzhao [Oceanol. Limnol. Sin./Haiyang Yu Huzhao]. Vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 187-193. 1996. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Sperm; Freezing storage; Induced breeding; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus chinensis AB: Abstract Cryopreservation (-196 degree C) of spermatozoa from the marine shrimp Peneus chinensis was studied from 1991 to 1993. In cryopreservation of spermatozoa from thelycum, it is best that artificial or natural seawater is diluted with 10% DMSO and 5%-10% Glycerol. Successful artificial insemination was observed after thawing of spermatozoa preserved in liquid nitrogen (LN sub(2)) for 94-138 days. The highest fertility rate of the spermatozoa from thelycum is 59%. Mg super(2+), Ca super(2+), K super(+) are necessary for cryopreservation of Chinese shrimp spermatozoa. Observation with optical microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) showed several types of cryopreservation freezing injury such as snapping of "spike", acrosome breaking off, breaking at the nuclear body. The freezing injuries prevent acrosome filament formation. Record 259 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Larval growth of marine shrimp (Penaeus notialis Perez Farfante, 1967) with restocking purposes in Cuba. AU: Author Paez, J; Font, L; Fernandez, L SO: Source Rev. Cub. Invest. Pesq. Vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 15-17. 1996. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Crustacean larvae; Growth rate; Stocking (organisms); Cage culture; Shrimp culture; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus notialis; Article Geographic Terms: ASW, Caribbean Sea, Greater Antilles, Cuba AB: Abstract The nursery growth of the species Penaeus notialis in pens during 1992 (January-August) and results are analyzed. Postlarvae (12-29) were held in these structures for a period of about 30 days where they reached some 32 mm Cuban length and 308 mg of weight which is considered suitable for restocking purposes. The growth rate of 0.9 mm/day is within the interval found by other authors. The wide range of value (0.43-1.39 mm/day) between the two working stages under analysis is discussed. Possible relationships between age, size, stock density, and growth are evaluated. Preliminary length-weight and total length-Cuban length relationships are presented.Original Abstract: Se analizan los resultados de la precria en corrales de Penaeus notialis durante 1992 (enero-agosto). Las postlarvas (12-29) fueron mantenidas

en estas estructuras por un periodo aproximado 30 dias, en las que alcanzaron unos 32 mm de largo cubano y 308 mg de peso, lo que se considera apropiado a los efectos de la repoblacion. La tasa de crecimiento de 0,9 mm/dia esta dentro del intervalo encontrado por otros autores. Se discute el gran recorrido de los valores (0.43-1.39 mm/dia) entre las dos etapas de trabajo analizadas. Se evaluan posibles relaciones entre edad, talla y densidad de siembra y la tasa de crecimiento, no encontrandose relacion entre el largo y la edad de siembra, aunque si entre el peso y esa edad; tampoco se encontro relacion entre la tasa de crecimiento (durante la precria en corrales) y el largo o la edad de siembra. Se presentan relaciones preliminares largo-peso y largo total-largo cubano. Record 260 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Production Effects of a Greenhouse Enclosed Nursery System on the Projected Financial Performance of a South Carolina Marine Shrimp Farm AU: Author Rhodes, Raymond J; Sureshwaran, S; Greene, Carol; Browdy, Craig L; Holloway, John D Jr; Samocha, Tzachi M SO: Source Technical report. South Carolina Marine Resources Center [Tech. Rep. S.C. Mar. Resour. Cent.]. no. 85, [np]. 1995. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shellfish culture; Marine aquaculture; Growth; Production cost; Marine crustaceans; Aquaculture development; Economic benefits; Financing; Nursery grounds; Article Geographic Terms: ANW, USA, South Carolina AB: Abstract South Carolina's climate restricts marine shrimp growing to one season of five to seven months, which is only long enough to produce one crop per year. This is considerably less than in the Latin American and Southeast Asian countries where two or more crops are grown each year. For South Carolina shrimp producers to be competitive and recover capital cost, they must maximize production during this limited growing season. Record 261 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Variations in lipid content and nutritional status during larval development of the marine shrimp Penaeus kerathurus AU: Author Mourente, G; Medina, A; Gonzalez, S; Rodriguez, A SO: Source Aquaculture. Vol. 130, no. 2, 3, pp. 187-199. 1995. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; larval development; feed composition; algae; biochemical composition; fatty acids; marine invertebrates; animal nutrition; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus kerathurus; Tetraselmis chui; Isochrysis galbana; Brachionus plicatilis; Artemia AB: Abstract Lipid class and fatty acid contents, survival and nutritional status

of Penaeus kerathurus larvae, reared on a a mixture of the marine microalgae Tetraselmis chuii and Isochrysis galbana (clone T-ISO), the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis and Artemia (parthenogenetic strain from Cadiz, S.W. Spain), were studied throughout development. Dry weight and free sterol contents increased and correlated positively (r = 0.91, P < 0.05) during development, whereas the ratio of triacylglycerol/free sterol (an indicator of the nutritional status of the larvae) decreased as did survival. Fatty acid contents at different larval stages reflected fatty acid content of foods. The content of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) remained constant during the mysis and first postlarval stage and a low bioconversion rate from its precursor, eicosapentenoic acid (20:5n-3) (very abundant in Artemia food) was observed. Record 262 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Global situation and current megatrends in marine shrimp farming AU: Author Jory, DE SO: Source Aquaculture Magazine [AQUACULT. MAG.]. Vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 74-83. 1995. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; aquaculture statistics; aquaculture development; commercial species; marine aquaculture; world; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus AB: Abstract It is appropriate that the first column in this series is a short and quick overview of the global state of marine shrimp farming (genus Penaeus spp.), and an introduction to some of the major trends, or megatrends that currently characterize the industry and which will shape the development and determine the immediate future of shrimp farming. In addition, there is considerable recent and ongoing research in many parts of the world on several subjects that pertain to shrimp farming. Relevant research as well as major trends and developments will be topics discussed in more detail in subsequent contributions to this column. Record 263 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Marine shrimp aquaculture and natural resource degradation in Thailand AU: Author Flaherty, M; Karnjanakesorn, C SO: Source Environmental Management [ENVIRON. MANAGE.]. Vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 27-37. 1995. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: environmental degradation; aquaculture; marine environment; environmental impact; pollution effects; marine pollution; environmental effects; environmental quality; aquaculture effluents; shrimp culture; aquaculture development; intensive culture; shrimp; Article Taxonomic Terms: Decapoda; Article Geographic Terms: Thailand; ISEW, Thailand; ISW, Thailand

AB: Abstract Rising demand for shrimp in the developed rations has helped to foster a dramatic growth in marine shrimp aquaculture, particularly in South America and South Asia. In Thailand, marine shrimp aquaculture is now an important earner of foreign exchange. The growth in production has been achieved through the expansion of the culture area and the adoption of intensive production methods. The conversion of near-shore areas to shrimp culture, however, is proving to have many consequences that impinge on the environmental integrity of coastal areas. This paper reviews the development of Thailand's marine shrimp culture industry and examines the nature of the environmental impacts these have for rural poor and the long-term viability of the culture industry. Record 264 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Comparative bioaccumulation of trace metals in Penaeus stylirostris in estuarine and coastal environments AU: Author Paez-Osuna, F; Ruiz-Fernandez, C SO: Source Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science [ESTUAR., COAST. SHELF SCI.]. Vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 35-44. 1995. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: bioaccumulation; trace metals; marine crustaceans; life cycle; body size; estuaries; coastal waters; brackish water; heavy metals; trace elements; crustaceans; Article Taxonomic Terms: Decapoda; Penaeus stylirostris; Article Geographic Terms: ISE, Mexico; Mexico AB: Abstract Trace metal concentrations (Fe, Mn, Ni, Cu, Co, Cd, Cr and Zn) have been measured in estuarine and marine shrimp P. stylirostris collected in the Pacific coast of Mexico. Estuarine individuals (juveniles) had higher concentrations of Fe and Mn than marine individuals (adults). Size-dependent relationships were observed and differed among the elements examined. A negative slope was found for Co, Fe, Mn and Ni in estuarine juvenile shrimps, while for Cu the opposite tendency occurred. In marine adults a positive slope was observed for Cd, Co, Cr and Cu. These findings may be due to two factors: (1) that P. stylirostris spends part of its life-cycle in estuarine/lagoon environments where it is more likely to be exposed to higher levels of bioavailable trace metals (natural and anthropogenic contributions) and/or (2) different metabolic requirements of young and older specimens, which is especially applicable to copper. Record 265 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Microbiology of cultured shrimps in India AU: Author Nayyarahamed, I; Karunasagar, I SO: Source FAO fisheries report. Rome [FAO FISH. REP.]. no. 514, Suppl. 1995. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; bacteriology; pathogenic

bacteria; aquaculture products; quality control; Article Taxonomic Terms: Vibrio cholerae; Vibrio parahaemolyticus; Vibrio vulnificus; Salmonella; Listeria; Penaeus monodon; Article Geographic Terms: India AB: Abstract The microbial load of water, sediment and cultured shrimp (Penaeus monodon) was studied. Analysis was made for potential pathogens like Vibrio cholerae, V.parahaemolyticus, V.vulnificus, Salmonella, Listeria and for indicator organisms on shrimp surface and in shrimp gut. Results suggest that potentially pathogenic vibrios could be normal inhabitants of the gut of cultured shrimp. Salmonella paratyphi could be isolated from the sediment of a shrimp culture pond even when faecal coliform count in the water and sediment were low. Salmonella could be isolated from the gut of marine shrimp in the region suggesting that Salmonella species could survive in coastal sediments and could be present in shrimp before any preprocess handling. CA: Corporate Author FAO Indo-Pacific Fishery Comm., Bangkok (Thailand) Record 266 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Progression of intensive marine shrimp culture in Thailand AU: Author Kwei Lin, C SO: Source WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY, BATON ROUGE, LA (USA). pp. 13-23. 1995. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; intensive culture; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus monodon; Article Geographic Terms: ISEW, Thailand AB: Abstract With an estimated current annual shrimp production of thousands of metric tonnes, Thailand has become a world leader in intensive shrimp farming. The dramatic increase in production of Penaeus monodon within a brief six-year period has been attributed to improvements in the production and management technologies and the efficiency of small scale farms. Record 267 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Egg water induced reaction and biostain assay of sperm from marine shrimp Penaeus vannamei: Dietary effects on sperm quality AU: Author Wang, Qingyin; Misamore, M; Jiang, CQ; Browdy, CL* SO: Source Journal of the World Aquaculture Society [J. WORLD AQUACULT. SOC.]. Vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 261-271. 1995. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; bioassays; sperm; diets; nutritional requirements AB: Abstract Reproductive performance was evaluated for sexually mature male Penaeus vannamei fed one of four diets: 1) commercial 40% protein shrimp growout diet; 2) 100% squid; 3) 50% squid, 25% bloodworms, and

25% Artemia; and 4) starvation. Spermatophores were ejaculated manually from tagged males at stocking and every 12 d thereafter. For each half of the compound spermatophore, weight and sperm count were determined. Four methods were used to assay the sperm quality: 1) gross morphology (GM); 2) trypan blue stain (TB); 3) acridine orange stain (AO); and 4) egg water induced reaction (EW). The reaction induced when P. vannamei sperm are exposed to conspecific egg water is grossly similar to that observed in vivo at the surface of the freshly spawned eggs from naturally mated females. Little correlation was found between spermatophore weight and sperm count. The best correlation was found between GM and AO (r super(2) = 0.859, P < 0.01). Many morphologically abnormal sperm did not stain with TB. For most of the spermatophores evaluated; over 80% of the sperm were morphologically normal, were unstained with TB, and were immediately fluorescing light green when stained with AO. When exposed to egg water, sperm from these apparently good quality spermatophores yielded mixed results. The analysis of dietary effects on spermatophore quality were equivocal. Although a significant decline in body weight, spermatophore weight, and sperm count were observed in the starvation treatment as compared to maturation and squid diets, no significant differences were observed in any of the sperm quality assays. Record 268 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title About shrimp farming AU: Author Anon. SO: Source Annual Report on World Shrimp Farming [ANN. REP. WORLD SHRIMP FARM.]. 1995. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; historical account; aquaculture techniques; life cycle; hatcheries; animal diseases; costs; diets; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus japonicus AB: Abstract Shrimp farming, the production of marine shrimp in impoundments, ponds and tanks, traces its origins to Southeast Asia where for centuries farmers raised incidental crops of wild shrimp in tidal fish ponds. Modern shrimp farming was born in the 1930s when Motosaku Fujinaga, a graduate of Tokyo University, succeeded in spawning the kuruma shrimp (Penaeus japonicus). He cultured larvae through to marketable size in the laboratory, and he succeeded in mass producing them on a commercial scale. Fujinaga generously shared his findings and published papers in 1935, 1941, 1942 and 1967 which contributed greatly to the development of the industry. Record 269 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title [Results of biological samplings in the marine shrimp fishery of Ilheus, BA, Brazil] AU: Author Alves Coelho, P; Ferrao Santos, M. SO: Source Bol. Tec. Cient. CEPENE. Vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 109-120. 1995.

DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp fisheries; Catch composition; Sex ratio; Size distribution; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus schmitti; Penaeus subtilis; Xiphopenaeus kroyeri; Article Geographic Terms: ASW, Brazil, Bahia AB: Abstract Monthly data collected from May 1988 to December 1993 in the shrimp fishery operating at Ilheus, Bahia, Brazil, are presented. Species, sex and size were determined, a total of 30,000 individuals were analyzed. The species Penaeus schmitti, P. subtilis, and Xiphopenaeus kroyeri were identified. The mean sex ratio was 1:1 for the three species. But the mean anual length for females was smaller than for males. Record 270 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title [Catch composition of the marine shrimp artisanal fishery at Tamandare, PE, Brazil] AU: Author Ferrao Santos, MC; Alves Coelho, P SO: Source Bol. Tec. Cient. CEPENE. Vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 141-148. 1995. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Artisanal fishing; Shrimp fisheries; Catch composition; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus subtilis; Xiphopenaeus kroyeri; Penaeus schmitti; Article Geographic Terms: ASW, Brazil, Pernambuco, Tamandare AB: Abstract The shrimps caught by the artisanal fisheries at Tamandare, Pernambuco, Brazil, are classified by size in two categories: small and large. Under the "small" category were the shrimps Xiphopenaeus kroyeri and juveniles of Penaeus subtilis. Under the "large" category were the shrimps Penaeus schmitti and adults of Penaeus subtilis. Record 271 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Marine shrimp fisheries off Sao Francisco's river mouth AU: Author Coelho, PA; Santos, MCF SO: Source Trabalhos oceanograficos da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Recife [Trab. Oceanogr. Univ. Fed. Pernambuco]. Vol. 23, pp. 149-161. 1995. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp fisheries; Coastal fisheries; Fishing effort; Biological data; Marine crustaceans; Estuarine fisheries; Article Geographic Terms: ASW, Brazil, Pernambuco, Recife, Sao Francisco Estuary AB: Abstract The shrimp fisheries off the mouth of the Sao Francisco River, was studied. By means of a research program established by the CEPENE-IBAMA in May 1986. The total catch of all fishing boats was recorded at Pirambu, SE and Pontal do Peba, AL, and biological data were collected from the shrimps captured by one randomly chosen fishing boat at Pontal do Peba. Species catch, fishing effort and

production were presented. Record 272 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Marine shrimp culture development in southern Honduras AU: Author Meyer, DE SO: Source Acta Hydrobiologica (Cracow) [Acta Hydrobiol. (Cracow)]. Vol. 37, pp. 111-120. 0 Jan 1995. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Aquaculture development; Limiting factors; Estuaries; Shrimp culture; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeidae; Article Geographic Terms: ISE, Central America, Fonseca Gulf; ISE, Honduras AB: Abstract Marine shrimp culture has developed rapidly on the saltflats bordering the estuaries that flow into the Gulf of Fonseca. During the past 10 years more than 11,000 ha of ponds have been built on land that previously had no commercial value. Several factors that could potentially limit the future growth of this industry, which has annual sales of 100 million USD, are discussed along with the present situation of marine shrimp culture in Honduras. Record 273 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title The Expression of the Mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI) mRNA Varies During Development of Penaeus vannamei Shrimp AU: Author Alcivar-Warren, A; Carr, W; Garcia, DK; Sweeney, JN SO: Source Aquaculture a95 u Book of Abstracts. vp. 1995. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Cytochromes; Shrimp culture; Shrimp fisheries; Brood stocks; Genes; Population number; Tissues; Mutations; Biological development; RNA; Population structure; Article Taxonomic Terms: Litopenaeus vannamei; Article Geographic Terms: ANW, USA AB: Abstract Our long-term objective is to correlate the expression of metabolically important genes with shrimp performance. The specific objectives of this study were to examine in SPF Penaeus vannamei the levels of expression of the COI mRNA gene in: a) nauplii stages 3 and 4, protozoea stages I and 3, mysis stages I and 3, and postlarvae (PL) stages I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 10 obtained from second- and thirdgeneration crosses of Population I families, b) tail muscle of twelve third-generation individuals each from five families of Population I and from twelve individuals of Population 2, and c) somatic and germinal cell tissues from broodstocks of Population I. Total RNA was extracted from SPF shrimp developed and maintained by the us Marine Shrimp Farming Program. COI mRNA expression was examined by Northern blotting after hybridization with either a PCR-amplified or a cloned COI probe specific for Penaeus vannamei. Preliminary results showed differential expression of a ~61.8 kb COI mRNA transcript in secondand third-generation developmental stages, tail muscle from secondand third-generation crosses of Population I families, tail muscle

from individuals of Population 2, and broodstock tissues. An additional transcript of ~60.8 kb was detected at various levels in samples of third-generation developmental stages and tail muscle. Furthermore, the levels of COI mRNA expression varied throughout development according to the genetic background of the parental crosses. In summary, the levels of COI mRNA expression differ during growth and development and also between and within tail muscle of individuals from the SPF populations. We are currently examining the possibility that differences in the expression of mitochondrial genes are related with shrimp performance. CA: Corporate Author American Fisheries Soc., Bethesda, MD (USA), Fish Culture Sect.; World Aquaculture Soc., Baton Rouge, LA (USA); National Shellfisheries Assoc., (USA) Record 274 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Comparisons of Reproductive Performance Between Specific Pathogen Free Penaeus vannamei Stocks AU: Author McGovern-Hopkins, K; Browdy, CL; Yates, ME; Jaenike, F SO: Source Aquaculture a95 u Book of Abstracts. vp. 1995. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Reproductive behaviour; Pathogens; Stocks; Brood stocks; Breeding; Data; Tagging; Spawning; Sexual maturity; Hatcheries; Article Taxonomic Terms: Litopenaeus vannamei; Article Geographic Terms: USA, Texas AB: Abstract In 1989, the US Marine shrimp Farming Program initiated a project to develop reliable supplies of specific Pathogen Free (SPF) Penaeus vannamei for the U.S. Industry. Part of this program has supplied broodstock for maturation production at U.S. hatcheries. U.S. hatchery season at the Waddell Mariculture Center (WMC), three stocks of SPF Penaeus vannamei were compared in the WMC maturation system: Group 1) Mexican stock raised from SPF post-Larvae at the Waddell Multiplication Facility, Group 2) Mexican stock raised at the Oceanic Institute Nuclear Breeding Facility in Hawaii, Group 3) Ecuadorian stock raised at the Oceanic Institute multiplication facility in Hawaii. Four maturation tanks were stocked. Each tank was stocked with 13 females and 16 males from each of the three groups. All broodstock were tagged for identification. Broodstock were sourced four nights per week for two months. Two-way ANOVA test showed there were no differences in average percent females mating per night, average percent fertilization, number of nauplii per spawn, or in tank survival between the three stocks (P>0.05). Significant differences were found in the average spawn size, and average number of nauplii harvested per spawn between the three stocks (P>0.05): Data was also collected from two Texas hatcheries, Harlingen Shrimp Farm Hatchery and South Texas Hatchery. At these facilities SPF broodstock were similarly shipped in and used for 1994 springtime hatchery production. Comparisons of reproductive performance of the different stocks have been made between all three facilities. Data reporting average percent females mating per night, average spawn size, average nauplii per female and survival are compared between facilities. Data indicated a high degree of variation in stock performance between facilities as well as variations between maturation tanks within the

same facility. Further research needs to explore these performance variations both within stocks and between facilities to maximize production potentials. CA: Corporate Author American Fisheries Soc., Bethesda, MD (USA), Fish Culture Sect.; World Aquaculture Soc., Baton Rouge, LA (USA); National Shellfisheries Assoc., (USA) Record 275 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Cloning, Sequencing and Expression of a Unique Population Specific Marker for Specific Pathogen Free Penaeus vannamei AU: Author Garcia, DK; Alcivar-Warren, A SO: Source Aquaculture a95 u Book of Abstracts. vp. 1995. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Cloning; Population density; Pathogens; DNA; Shrimp culture; Shrimp fisheries; Juveniles; Genes; RNA; Population structure; Article Taxonomic Terms: Litopenaeus vannamei AB: Abstract The random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was used to evaluate the genetic diversity of two specific pathogen free (SPF) populations (1 from Mexico and 2 from Ecuador) and one candidate SPF population (4 from Mexico) of Penaeus vannamei developed and maintained by the U.S. Marine Shrimp Farming Program. A total of 60 individuals from population 1, 30 from population 2, and 24 from population 4 were examined. A unique population-specific DNA marker (~61200 base pairs) was found in population 2 using a ten base pair primer (820). This 820 marker was then cloned into pCR Script and sequenced using the fmol sequencing kit. Preliminary sequence information from 600 base pairs revealed a 154 base pair embedded microsatellite with significant homology to microsatellites found in human chromosomes. The sequence data also indicated that there are two genes amplified by this primer. This 820 clone was used as a probe for Northern blot hybridization analysis and the results confirmed the presence of two mRNA transcripts of ~61.5 and ~62.0 kb, respectively. We examined the steady state levels of expression of the 820 mRNAs throughout development of Penaeus vannamei shrimp, from mysis stage 3 to postlarvae stage 10 (PL10). The two B20 mRNA transcripts were present in PL9 and PLI0, but were undetected in M3, PL1, PL2, PL3, PL4 and PL5 stages of development. The levels of expression in PLI0 samples were similar to those found in tail muscle of juveniles. The expression levels of B20 mRNA transcripts varied significantly between and within individuals from 10 families of population 1. Variable levels of expression was also found between populations 1 and 2. We are currently examining the possibility that the function of the B20 genes relates to Penaeus vannamei shrimp performance. CA: Corporate Author American Fisheries Soc., Bethesda, MD (USA), Fish Culture Sect.; World Aquaculture Soc., Baton Rouge, LA (USA); National Shellfisheries Assoc., (USA) Record 276 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts

TI: Title Live Shipment of the Marine Shrimp, Penaeus vannamei Without Water AU: Author Jiang, CQ; Browdy, C; Burnett, L SO: Source Aquaculture a95 u Book of Abstracts. vp. 1995. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shipping; Marine fish; Shrimp culture; Water; Crustacean culture; Crustacean fisheries; Marketing; Industrial production; Acclimation; Article Taxonomic Terms: Litopenaeus vannamei AB: Abstract Significant quantities of crustacean products are marketed live in the US each year. Live shrimp markets could offer a more profitable outlet for some domestic farm production. The present study explores techniques for practical dry live shipment of P. vannamei. To develop practical techniques for dry shipment, acclimation rates, shipment temperatures and use of oxygen were studied. Shrimps were packed in boxes with absorbent paper and kept in refrigerated chamber. Following acclimation from 27 degree C to 14 degree C, post-shipment survival was inversely related to the rate of chilling (1~62, 3~64 and 5~66 degree C/hour) from 86.4% to 77.6% to 56.0%, respectively (P<0.05). After shipment terminated, shrimp reacted well when reacclimated from 14 degree C to 27 degree C at a rate of 3~64 degree C/hour (up to 96% survival). An initial increase or decreases in temperature of up to 7 degree C for acclimation had no negative effect on survival (P>0.05). To define the blood acid-base status during shipment in air or oxygen atmosphere at different temperature, blood samples were collected from the pericardial sinus following 3, 12, and 24 hours' shipments at 8~610 degree C, 12~614 degree C and 16~618 degree C. Shipment in air and/or shipment at higher temperatures resulted in declined blood pH, increased total CO sub(2) and increased lactic acid levels (P<0.05). At lower temperatures in an oxygen atmosphere, shrimp internal acidosis was reduced. Further experiment showed that survival of shrimp was indeed increased when packed in oxygen rather than in an air atmosphere (29.6% to 93.6%, P<0.05). Oxygen also increased resistance of the shrimp to lower temperature. Higher survival rates achieved at low shipping temperature in an oxygen atmosphere may be related to lower metabolic rates, reduced respiration and decreased handling, packing and shipping stresses. CA: Corporate Author American Fisheries Soc., Bethesda, MD (USA), Fish Culture Sect.; World Aquaculture Soc., Baton Rouge, LA (USA); National Shellfisheries Assoc., (USA) Record 277 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Progression of Intensive Marine Shrimp Culture in Thailand AU: Author Lin, CK SO: Source Aquaculture a95 u Book of Abstracts. vp. 1995. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Intensive culture; Marine fish; Shrimp culture; Shrimp fisheries; Mangrove swamps; Water quality; Resource management; Deltas; Swamps; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus monodon; Article Geographic Terms: ISEW, Thailand

AB: Abstract With an estimated current annual shrimp production of 150,000 tons, Thailand has been a forerunner of intensive marine shrimp farming in the world. The dramatic increase in production of predominantly Penaeus monodon within brief six years (1988-1994) has been attributed mainly to proliferation in small scale farms. Shrimp farming areas in Thailand are distributed among various physiographic settings, ranging from the shallow muddy delta, reclaimed mangrove swamps to open sandy beaches. The carry capacity and management strategies of the shrimp farming also vary under those environmental conditions. Deterioration of coastal water quality and out-breaks of viral disease known as 'yellow head' have recently threatened the shrimp farming industry. Adverse environmental conditions have prompted farmers to minimize water exchanges, advancing in-pond water treatment methods and adopting recycle systems. To make shrimp culture more environmentally friendly and sustainable the private and public sectors have made efforts to mitigate the pollution loads of pond effluents through public awareness and governmental legislation. CA: Corporate Author American Fisheries Soc., Bethesda, MD (USA), Fish Culture Sect.; World Aquaculture Soc., Baton Rouge, LA (USA); National Shellfisheries Assoc., (USA) Record 278 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title The US MSFP's Pathogen Surveillance Project: Toward Assuring the Pathogen Status of U.S. Produced Shrimp Broodstock and Seed AU: Author Lotz, JM SO: Source Aquaculture a95 u Book of Abstracts. vp. 1995. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Pathogens; Surveillance and enforcement; Shrimp culture; Shrimp fisheries; Brood stocks; Seed (aquaculture); Breeding; Population structure; Article Geographic Terms: ANW, USA AB: Abstract The Pathogen Surveillance Project of the US Marine Shrimp Farming Program is designed to monitor the pathogen status of components of the SPF (Specific Pathogen Free) - based U.S. shrimp culture industry. An SPF-based shrimp culture industry is composed of three streams, the SPF stream, the HHS (High Health Status) stream, and the Commodity Production stream. The SPF stream consists of Nucleus Breeding Centers (NBCs) and founder population development. There are a large number of potential pathogens on the SPF-list of pathogens and the pathogen status of the SPF stream is assured by intensive surveillance of NBCs combined with strict founder population development protocols. Founder populations are generated by an extensive quarantine protocol that result in an SPF F1 generation derived from wild parents. The HHS stream is composed of stations that produce seed for commodity shrimp growout. There are three production stations in the HHs stream: HHs broodstock multiplication stations, HHS maturation stations, and HHS larval rearing stations. The HHS stream consists of a large number of operations and facilities and a much larger flow of animals. There are a smaller number of organisms on the HHS list of pathogens, and the surveillance intensity is more restricted than for the SPF stream. The Commodity Production Stream is the growout component of the industry and is excluded from coverage by the Surveillance Project.

CA: Corporate Author American Fisheries Soc., Bethesda, MD (USA), Fish Culture Sect.; World Aquaculture Soc., Baton Rouge, LA (USA); National Shellfisheries Assoc., (USA) Record 279 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Issues Regarding the Genetic Improvement of High Health Marine Shrimp: Specific Disease Resistance (SPR) AU: Author Malecha, SR; Sandifer, PA; Hedgecock, D SO: Source Aquaculture a95 u Book of Abstracts. vp. 1995. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Genetics; Shrimp culture; Shrimp fisheries; Brood stocks; Population structure; Pollution legislation; Article Taxonomic Terms: Litopenaeus vannamei; Article Geographic Terms: ANW, USA AB: Abstract The widespread occurrence of the IHHN virus in cultured stocks of Penaeus vannamei has caused major problems for the marine shrimp aquaculture industry in the United States over the last several years and stimulated the identification, isolation, reproduction, testing and distribution of 'specific pathogen-free' ('SPF' also termed 'high health') stocks of P. vannamei by the USDA-funded US Marine shrimp Farming Program (Gulf Coast Research Laboratory Consortium). The Consortium's effort is based on strict quarantine and very sensitive, biotechnological-based, diagnostic procedures to detect pathogens. When followed correctly, quarantine-based programs generally result in 'clean', populations (i.e. populations are judged 'free' of a particular pathogen such as IHHN virus). However, the current state-of-the-art ease detection technology may well be far ahead of ability of commercial hatcheries to remain 100% 'free' of all disease pathogens. Indeed, the detection techno will soon be, if it is not already, able to detect minute quantities of intact pathogenic organisms, their nucleic acids and antigens regardless of whether the quantities of this material are sufficient to warrant the hatchery under test to be referred to as 'positive' for the pathogen let along cause a 'disease'. The 'positive' moniker, a marketing nightmare for commercial hatcheries, may legally restrict the sale of product into certain market areas and could be unwarranted. Indeed, grow-out populations, derived from 'positive' hatchery populations could be essentially, but not entirely, 'free' of disease virions which have no, or only a minimum, impact on commercial production especially if the animals are being farmed it an area where the specific disease is already present. To help overcome the ever increasing disparity between the ultra sensitive 'high tech' diagnostics and the rather 'low tech' quarantine programs, quantitative diagnostics are needed. In addition, industry-wide standards, compliance levels and assessment procedures must be developed and implemented. Ultimately the best solution to these issues will be the development of stocks that are Specific Pathogen Resistant (SPR) as well as SPF. This paper reviews the genetic principles and other issues surrounding the development of SPR/SPF stocks and makes recommendations for future private and public sector R and D programs. CA: Corporate Author American Fisheries Soc., Bethesda, MD (USA), Fish Culture Sect.; World

Aquaculture Soc., Baton Rouge, LA (USA); National Shellfisheries Assoc., (USA) Record 280 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Breeding Designs for Genetic Improvement and Broodstock Management in Marine Shrimp Hatcheries AU: Author Malecha, SR; Hedgecock, D SO: Source Aquaculture a95 u Book of Abstracts. vp. 1995. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Breeding; Design; Genetics; Brood stocks; Marine fish; Shrimp culture; Shrimp fisheries; Hatcheries; Population structure; Resource management AB: Abstract Traditional genetic breeding designs and techniques, as well as state-of-the-art (biotechnological-based) procedures, are not widely used in commercial marine shrimp hatcheries for genetic improvement of grow-out stocks and maintenance of genetically healthy broodstock. Reasons for this, and methods to correct the situation, are varied but include difficulty in isolating specific pathogenfree (SPF) stocks, the complex life cycle of the organism, incomplete understanding of shrimp genetics and other factors. Hawaii AquaSeed, a commercial penaeid hatchery, has instituted a program to manage and improve SPF broodstock. Principles underlying genetic improvement programs include avoidance of genetic deterioration because of small effective population size, the relative contribution of additive and non additive gene action as well as the roles of genetic and environmental control of variation in important production traits. Knowledge of the gene action is essential for deciding among breeding programs such as family selection, individual selection, cross breeding, line breeding and other programs because each program requires different resources and effort. Genetic principles and respective breeding programs as well as some common misconceptions regarding the genetic control and management of important traits in marine shrimp culture are discussed. Examples of actual cases, from marine shrimp and other species, are presented along with theoretical considerations. Recommendations are made for genetic improvement and management programs in commercial marine shrimp culture. CA: Corporate Author American Fisheries Soc., Bethesda, MD (USA), Fish Culture Sect.; World Aquaculture Soc., Baton Rouge, LA (USA); National Shellfisheries Assoc., (USA) Record 281 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title High Health Shrimp System Seed Supply: Theory and Practice AU: Author Pruder, GD; Brown, CL; Sweeney, JN; Carr, WA SO: Source Aquaculture a95 u Book of Abstracts. vp. 1995. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Shrimp fisheries; Seed

(aquaculture); Potential yield; Production platforms; Coastal zone; Breeding; Environmental protection; Population structure; Allelles; Resource management AB: Abstract Sustainable and profitable modern food production industries (dairy, poultry, pig, salmon, tomatoes, potatoes, rice, etc.) are wholly dependent on high health and genetically improved (domesticated) seedstocks, sophisticated disease prevention and treatment procedures, a high degree of environmental control and advanced culture methods. Required technologies, products and services for these industries are readily available in the marketplace and are applied rigorously as best management practices. In stark contrast, world marine shrimp farming to date is primitive. The vast majority of production is dependent on the capture of wild animals, unsophisticated and counterproductive breeding practices, limited disease control programs and common property water use, very often in deteriorating coastal environments. The primitive technology underpinned development of a highly profitable $4 billion industry. However, it now appears that long-term sustainability has been sacrificed for short-term profits. The world shrimp farming industry is in decline, led downward by major shrimp producing countries (China, Ecuador, Indonesia, etc.). The primitive technologies that worked in the past are not working today. For the past several years, advanced shrimp production technologies have been under development by the US Marine Shrimp Farming Program (USMSFP), under the umbrella term 'High Health Shrimp Systems'. Patterning itself on other successful food production industries, the USMSFP has established captive populations of high health and genetically improved shrimp. In addition, advanced disease diagnostic, prevention and treatment technologies are now integrated with environmental control and progressive pond management strategies. This paper describes the principle of high health shrimp systems; the parallels between historical agricultural development and the development of emerging aquaculture high health systems and seed supply principles of disease exclusion; disease monitoring and clean-up, and preliminary data on the performance of high health seed. CA: Corporate Author American Fisheries Soc., Bethesda, MD (USA), Fish Culture Sect.; World Aquaculture Soc., Baton Rouge, LA (USA); National Shellfisheries Assoc., (USA) Record 282 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Made in the U.S.A.: What Have We Learned About Marketing U.S. Farmed Shrimp? AU: Author Rhodes, RJ; Browdy, CL; Stokes, A SO: Source Aquaculture a95 u Book of Abstracts. vp. 1995. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Marketing; Shrimp culture; Shrimp fisheries; Ponds; Costs; Niches; Article Geographic Terms: ANW, USA AB: Abstract Average ex-pond prices for whole (heads-on) produced by South Carolina (SC) commercial shrimp farms have ranged between U.S. $2.71 and U.S. $2.30 during 1989-93 period. Although sales are generally dominated by a large (65-ha) farm, several market trends are apparent. Average

ex-pond prices are generally influenced by regional wholesale prices, not just local supplies. So it is no surprise that SC producers are price-takers. In addition pond price variability between SC farms is not only due to harvested shrimp size differences, but may also be attributable to efforts by farmers to diversify their market outlets. The selling of live marine shrimp to Asian restaurant distributors (a.k.a. 'live haulers') yields the highest price, but harvesting costs are significant and shipping logistics can be frustrating at best. Regardless of the marketing strategy, it is apparent that 'poor' yields and quality can not be mitigated in the U.S. marketplace. In general, cost-effective production techniques coupled with niche marketing tactics of high quality shrimp will remain the best strategy for sc farms to survive financially. CA: Corporate Author American Fisheries Soc., Bethesda, MD (USA), Fish Culture Sect.; World Aquaculture Soc., Baton Rouge, LA (USA); National Shellfisheries Assoc., (USA) Record 283 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Thalassiosira weissflogii - a Subtropical Diatom with Mariculture Potential AU: Author Spektorova, LV; Clark, MS; Petri, JR SO: Source Aquaculture a95 u Book of Abstracts. vp. 1995. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Diatoms; Marine aquaculture; Potential yield; Nutrient cycles; Shrimp culture; Shrimp fisheries; Growth; Growth rate; Biochemical composition; Oyster fisheries; Juveniles; Biochemical cycles; Article Taxonomic Terms: Thalassiosira weiflogii; Litopenaeus vannamei; Penaeus monodon; Mercenaria mercenaria; Crassostrea virginica AB: Abstract Experiments were conducted to characterize the culture performance, with emphasis on nutrient conditions, of the centric marine diatom, Thalassiosira weissflogii, as a live feed for marine shrimp and bivalves. Batch cultures were grown in 20 I carboys indoors and in 200 I fiberglass tubes, 1 m super(3) and 4 m super(3) tanks in the greenhouse. Nutrient experiments were conducted indoors using a consistent level of nitrogen (12.35 mg N/I as in F/2 media). All three nitrogen forms (nitrate, ammonium and urea) are suitable for T. weissflogii; growth rates and growth dynamics varied little between treatments. Similarly, four different commercial agricultural fertilizers with differing N:P:K ratios (16:4:8; 12:6:8; 8:4:8; 20:20:20) were tested. Again, there was no significant difference between growth rates of each fertilizer treatment, however growth rates in these treatments were 20-28% higher than control treatments with F/2 media. Additional experiments revealed that, in batch cultures, rapid growth of T. weissflogii becomes quickly limited by reduced silicate concentrations. The silicate concentration in F/2 medium (30 mg/l Na sub(2)Si sub(2)O sub(3)) provided the following growth dynamic: the highest growth rate was 2.8-3.0 doubl./day, during first day, decreasing to 0.3-0.4 doubl./day the second day. An additional 30 mg/l silicate added to 1-2 day old cultures increased the growth rate to 0.9-1.3 doubl./day. Also, by increasing the initial silicate concentration to 120 mg/l, a high growth rate (> 1.0 doubl./day)

could be sustained over three days. When cell densities reached 0.8-1.0x10 super(6) cell/ml, factors other than silicate concentration (light, nitrogen) limited growth. In the greenhouse, growth rates of mass cultures decreased with increasing culture volume: 1.5 doubl./day in 200 I tubes and 0.8 and 0.7 respectively in 1m super(3) and 4 m super(3) tanks. Experiments indicate that T. weissflogii has a high growth rate (up to 3 doubl./day), no lag-phase, a tolerance for high temperature (up to 42 degree C), and it is able to utilize all nitrogen sources. Additionally, T. weissflogii has an appropriate cell size (10-14 microns), and a biochemical composition that is nutritionally valuable for several marine species. Successful use of T. weissflogii on the pilot scale, as a food for larval penaeid shrimp (Penaeus vannamei and P. monodon), and larval and juvenile bivalves (Mercenaria mercenaria and Crassostrea virginica) suggests the potential for its widespread use in commercial mariculture. CA: Corporate Author American Fisheries Soc., Bethesda, MD (USA), Fish Culture Sect.; World Aquaculture Soc., Baton Rouge, LA (USA); National Shellfisheries Assoc., (USA) Record 284 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Relationship Between Energy Reserves in Posclarval Pacific White Shrimp and Pathogenicity of Baculovirus penaei AU: Author Stuck, LM; Stuck, KC; Overstreet, RM SO: Source Aquaculture a95 u Book of Abstracts. vp. 1995. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Symbiosis; Energy resources; Larval development; Shrimp culture; Shrimp fisheries; Pathogens; Nutrition; Infectious diseases; Population structure; Article Taxonomic Terms: Baculovirus penaei; Article Geographic Terms: IE, Pacific AB: Abstract There is a relationship between nutritional status of post-larval Pacific white shrimp and the response of the shrimp to infection by Baculovirus penaei (BP). A series of experiments was conducted to investigate that relationship. Shrimp used in all experiments were from US Marine Shrimp Farming Program Population 1. In the first experiment, a group of postlarvae was exposed to BP and a second group which served as a control was not exposed. Samples from both groups were periodically collected and analyzed for triacylglycerol (TAG) content. TAG concentrations were significantly lower (p=.05)in BP-infected compared to uninfected postlarvae 3 to 7 days after initial exposure to the virus. In the second experiment, the relationship between energy reserves and BP under conditions of nutritional stress was investigated. Replicated groups of BP-infected and uninfected shrimp were deprived of food for a total of 12 days. After 6 days of starvation, survival of the uninfected group was 91% compared to 26% in the infected group. In the third experiment, the relationship between energy reserves and susceptibility to infection was investigated. Postlarvae were separated into two groups, each consisting of two replicates: one group fed ad libitum and another deprived of food. After 48 hours, one replicate out of each group was administered BP and another, served as negative control. At that time, samples were collected for TAG analysis. By the time of exposure to BP, shrimp deprived of food had a TAG concentration of 0.7 mu g/mg dry

weight compared with 14.6 mu g/mg in fed shrimp. Viral polyhedra characteristic of a BP infection appeared in shrimp with high TAG levels at 18 hours post-exposure compared to 30 hours in the group with 10 TAG levels. This study corroborates histological evidence that lipids are utilized during BP replication. CA: Corporate Author American Fisheries Soc., Bethesda, MD (USA), Fish Culture Sect.; World Aquaculture Soc., Baton Rouge, LA (USA); National Shellfisheries Assoc., (USA) Record 285 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Use of an Axenic Penaeid Shrimp Hatchery Algae Culture System in the Production of Freshwater Prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, Post Larvae Using the "Green-water" Larvae Culture Technique AU: Author Zacarias, DT; Malecha, SR; Bigger, DM SO: Source Aquaculture a95 u Book of Abstracts. vp. 1995. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Axenic culture; Shrimp fisheries; Hatcheries; Algal culture; Biological production; Freshwater fish; Larvae; Article Taxonomic Terms: Macrobrachium rosenbergii; Article Geographic Terms: ASW, USA, Hawaii AB: Abstract Hawaii AquaSeed, a commercial marine shrimp (Penaeus sp.) and freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) hatchery has a physical plant designed to raise, contemporaneously (side-by-side) or contiguously (one after another), 'culture cycles' of approximately 5 million marine shrimp and 2 million prawn high health post larvae (Pls) per month for Hawaii AquaSeed's parent company's marine shrimp and freshwater prawn farm as well as out-side sales. Because of the differences in the complexity of the larvae life cycles of the two species, Hawaii Aquaseed's physical plant design had to accommodate, firstly, the penaeid life cycle, including a state-of-the-art, fully enclosed, detached, axenic algae culture system. Initially we planned for outdoor reservoirs for the culture of the 'green-water' (ie. algae-rich, but not axenic, water) using the well known' green-water' technique for prawn larvae culture. From experience we soon successfully used the penaeid algae culture physical plant for the axenic culture of the preferred dominate algal species in the 'green-water' culture system. Results from both penaeid and prawn larvae rearing cycles are reported in this paper which describes the multiple-use algae cultures system and includes a discussion of certain issues, problems, and successes relating to the design and operation of a commercial high health hatchery for both penaeids and freshwater prawns. CA: Corporate Author American Fisheries Soc., Bethesda, MD (USA), Fish Culture Sect.; World Aquaculture Soc., Baton Rouge, LA (USA); National Shellfisheries Assoc., (USA) Record 286 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title

AU: SO: DE:

AB:

Report on the Characteristics and Potential of Echo Bay for Aquaculture Author Brotman, MJ Source DFW Technical Report. no. 94-05, 11 pp. Aug 1994. Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Aquaculture development; Aquaculture facilities; Site selection; Fish culture; Shrimp culture; Hatcheries; Article Taxonomic Terms: Siganus; Oreochromis; Chanos chanos; Litopenaeus vannamei; Article Geographic Terms: ISEW Abstract The southern portion of Echo Bay would not make a good aquaculture site due to the heavy sediment loads and an adjacent freshwater outlet. The northern end of Echo Bay would be appropriate for aquaculture of rabbitfish (Siganus sp.), hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis sp.), milkfish (Chanos chanos) and possibly marine shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). The area would also be a good location for demonstration and hatchery facilities, if DFW offices will be moved to the immediate vicinity.

Record 287 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Genetic diversity of cultured Penaeus vannamei shrimp using three molecular genetic techniques AU: Author Garcia, DK; Faggart, MA; Rhoades, L; Alcivar-Warren, AA*; Wyban, JA; Carr, WH; Sweeney, JN; Ebert, KM SO: Source Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology [MOL. MAR. BIOL. BIOTECHNOL.]. Vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 270-280. 1994. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: genetic diversity; restriction fragment length polymorphism; random amplified polymorphic DNA; genotypes; population genetics; DNA; shrimp culture; selective breeding AB: Abstract Three molecular genetic techniques, restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD), and allozyme variability, were used to evaluate the genetic diversity of two specific-pathogen-free (SPF) populations (numbers 1 and 2) and one candidate SPF population (number 4) of Penaeus vannamei developed and maintained by the U.S. Marine Shrimp Farming Program. A total of 114 individuals were tested, which included 30 each from families 1.5 and 1.6 of population 1 and from population 2, and 24 from population 4. Two HhaI mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms (A and B) were found in all the animals examined, with family 1.5 and population 2 showing type A and family 1.6 showing type B. After scoring 73 bands obtained with six different RAPD primers, the percentage of polymorphic bands was: 55% for families 1.5 and 1.6 of population 1, 48% for population 2, and 77% for population 4, suggesting that population 4 is the most polymorphic of all three populations. The allozymic variation at 30 loci showed no fixed differences in isozyme genotypes between families 1.5 and 1.6. The percentage of polymorphic loci, under the criterion that the frequency of the most common allele was less than 0.95 in each population, was 6.67%, 3.33% and 16.67% for family 1.5 of population 1, family 1.6 of population 1, and population 2, respectively. Mean heterozygosities ( plus or minus SE) were 0.023

plus or minus 0.017, 0.018 plus or minus 0.016, and 0.064 plus or minus 0.026, respectively. The low levels of allozyme polymorphisms indicate that mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA techniques are more useful for examining genetic diversity in order to follow individual stocks within a breeding program and to correlate genotypes with desirable growth and reproductive performance of SPF P. vannamei stocks. Record 288 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Resource of marine shrimp of family Penaeidae in coastal sea waters of Kien Giang province in Viet Nam (in December 1993- January 1994) and resource protection measures. AU: Author Thuoc, P; Dang, PN SO: Source Research Inst. for Marine Fishery, Hai Phong (Viet Nam). 9 pp. 1994. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Marine crustaceans; Shrimp fisheries; Resource conservation; Coastal waters; Distribution; Geographical distribution; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeidae; Article Geographic Terms: ISEW, Vietnam, Kien Giang Prov. AB: Abstract The authors presented methods and results of the research of Penaeidae resources in coastal sea waters of Kien Giang province of Viet Nam and maesures to protect these resources. The research deal with composition strains and species, distribution characteristics and output distribution of Penaeidae shrimp. (DBO) Record 289 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title The history of shrimp farming in Thailand AU: Author Csavas, I SO: Source Shrimp News International [SHRIMP NEWS INT.]. Vol. 19, no. 7, pp. 12-14. 1994. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: historical account; shrimp culture; aquaculture techniques; aquaculture products; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus; Metapenaeus; Article Geographic Terms: Thailand AB: Abstract "Shrimp culture started in Thailand in extensive trapping/growing ponds, which yielded a mix of fish and crustacean species. There are no records from the early years, however, in 1969, there were already 1,052 shrimp farms covering an area of 7,825 hectares and yielding some 3,440 tons of shrimp. Many of these farms were converted salt ponds. There yields fluctuated widely between 250 and 900 kilograms per hectare per year (kg/ha/yr), depending on the success in trapping wild seed. Main shrimp species produced at that time were banana shrimp (Penaeus merguiensis), school shrimps (Metapenaeus monoceros, and M. ensis), Indian white shrimp (P. indicus) and some black tiger shrimp (P. monodon). During the 1970s production techniques and volume of annual production did not change significantly. In 1980, cultured

crustacean production was still not more than 8 thousand metric tons. In the early 1980s, however, extensive farms began to increase the intensity of shrimp culture with the use of simple and cheap push-pumps [16.1.4]. Yields started to surpass those of other Southeast Asia countries using the same extensive trapping/growing techniques. Improved water supply made a considerable increase in stocking densities feasible. Consequently, the demand for shrimp seed expanded rapidly. Thailand has never relied upon wild seed. The first large-scale hatcheries with imported technology started to produce postlarvae in the early 1980s, but the real breakthrough was brought about by the proliferation of small and medium-scale hatcheries that used a simplified, indigenous technology. Although scarcity of seed hindered the expansion of shrimp culture in the half of the 1980s, seed production improved rapidly in the second half of the decade. As domestic production of shrimp feed increased simultaneously and processing capacity expanded, too, shrimp production increased rapidly and by 1991, Thailand became the world's leading producer of cultured marine shrimp with 162 thousand tons of production." Record 290 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Aquaculture on Guam: The potential for freshwater prawn production AU: Author Landkamer, D SO: Source Aquaculture Magazine [AQUACULT. MAG.]. Vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 60-63. 1994. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: prawn culture; aquaculture development; seed production; recirculating systems; water quality; Article Taxonomic Terms: Macrobrachium rosenbergii AB: Abstract Culture methods that have been developed for the giant Malaysian prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) are well suited to the climate, resources and markets on Guam, but local commercialization of this species has traveled a rocky road. Under the right circumstances, however, the potential of prawn culture on Guam remains high. The lack of quality seedstock on Guam was a key factor that led to the creation of the Guam Aquaculture Development and Training Center (GADTC), which has seedstock production as a primary goal. To this end, the GADTC currently produces seedstock of freshwater prawns, marine shrimp, catfish, striped mullet, and other species. The hatchery methods for producing M. rosenbergii postlarvae were first developed by aquaculture researchers in the 60's and 70's, and have been practiced and perfected in many facilities around the world since then. When established clearwater and greenwater methods were tried on Guam, however, they were not initially successful. For some reason, the larval prawns were dying before they reached the postlarval stage. Suspecting that the problem might have to do with the hardness (particularly the calcium and magnesium) of the fresh water supplies on Guam, GADTC biologists designed a closed recirculating biofilter system using rainwater as a component of the brackish water system for larval rearing. The closed recirculating system, in contrast to a flow-through system, did not require the continuous addition of new water, but re-used the same water in the system again and again. Record 291 of 500

DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Aquaculture on Guam: The success of marine shrimp AU: Author Landkamer, DJ SO: Source Aquaculture Magazine [AQUACULT. MAG.]. Vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 32-38. 1994. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: marine aquaculture; aquaculture development; shrimp culture AB: Abstract On the island of Guam, at the southern terminus of the Marianas chain in the Western Pacific, a small but vibrant aquaculture industry has recently developed in the shadows of Asia aquaculture giants, such as China, Japan, the Philippines, and Taiwan. But local demand for fresh aquaculture products has provided Guam producers with a mosaic of strong, local niche markets, and future product expansion looks promising. Record 292 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title A nutrient budget of some intensive marine shrimp ponds in Thailand AU: Author Briggs, MRP; Funge-Smith, SJ SO: Source Aquaculture Research [AQUACULT. FISH. MANAGE.]. Vol. 25, no. 8, pp. 789-811. 1994. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; pond culture; nutrients (mineral); nutrient cycles; nitrogen; phosphorus; environmental impact; aquaculture effluents; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus; Article Geographic Terms: Thailand AB: Abstract A mass balance was constructed for nutrient flow through intensive marine shrimp ponds in which budgets for nitrogen and phosphorus were determined for a series of ponds in southern Thailand over two or three culture cycles. Ninety-five per cent of the nitrogen and 71% of the phosphorus applied to the ponds was in the form of feed and fertilizers. Of the feed input (at a food conversion ratio of 2) only 24% of the nitrogen and 13% of the phosphorus was incorporated into the shrimp harvested, whilst the remainder was retained in the pond and ultimately exported to the surrounding environment. The effluent water contained 35% of the nitrogen and 10% of the phosphorus discharged. Of the N and P exported in this effluent, 63-67% occurred during routine water exchange and the remainder during drainage on harvest. A major portion of the nitrogen (31%) and most of the phosphorus (84%) was retained in the sediments, emphasizing the importance of the correct removal and disposal of sediments between crops. Pond age (between two and six production cycles) did not markedly affect nutrient flows, whilst increasing stocking density increased the quantity of nutrients, but not their relative proportions. The results derived from the nutrient budget provide data which may help define effective management techniques for reducing potentially harmful nutrient levels within intensive shrimp ponds, and

for reducing the discharge of nutrients to the local environment. The data may also assist in determining the carrying capacity of an area for shrimp farming, and the potential impact of its development on the environment. Record 293 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Sensitivity of transketolase to the thiamin status of juvenile marine shrimp (Penaeus monodon) AU: Author Chen, H-Y; Wu, Feng-Cheng; Tang, Shu-Ying SO: Source Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, A [COMP. BIOCHEM. PHYSIOL., A]. Vol. 109A, no. 3, pp. 655-659. 1994. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: vitamin B; vitamins; vitamin deficiencies; analytical techniques; animal nutrition; shrimp culture; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus monodon AB: Abstract Muscle, hemolymph and hepatopancreas transketolase activities and their thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) effects were assessed for their potential to determine the thiamin status of juvenile Penaeus monodon after a 9-week feeding trial. Transketolase activity increased in response to increasing thiamin supplementation, while TPP effects decreased with increasing dietary thiamin levels. The TPP effect showed a significant increment when the dietary thiamin was reduced from 20 mg/kg diet to no supplement. Thiamin requirement assessed by TPP effect as the criterion was lower than that by transketolase activity; the thiamin requirement estimated by the TPP effect of the muscle (13.3 mg/kg) and hemolymph (18.3 mg/kg) was similar to that of the growth results (12.9 mg/km). These data suggest that, like vertebrates, measurement of the TPP effect in the tissues of the marine crustacean is a more sensitive indicator of thiamin status than measurement of transketolase activity. Among all criteria examined, the hemolymph TPP effect was the most sensitive and specific indicator of thiamin status. Record 294 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title The United States marine shrimp farming program AU: Author Anon. SO: Source Shrimp News International [SHRIMP NEWS INT.]. Vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 2-3. 1994. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; aquaculture statistics; disease control; Article Geographic Terms: USA AB: Abstract The Oceanic Institute in Hawaii submitted this article on the United States Marine Shrimp Farming Program. Record 295 of 500

DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Pre-fusion events of sperm-oocyte interaction in the marine shrimp, Sicyonia ingentis AU: Author Clark, WH Jr; Griffin, FJ; Wikramanayake, AH SO: Source Seminars in Developmental Biology. Vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 225-231. 1994. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: sperm; sexual cells; biological fertilization; marine crustaceans; sexual reproduction; Article Taxonomic Terms: Sicyonia ingentis AB: Abstract The non-motile sperm of Sicyonia ingentis, mixed with eggs by a spawning female, undergo a primary binding to the vitelline envelope (VE) of the oocyte. Once bound to the VE, sperm undergo exocytosis of the acrosomal vesicle, penetrate the VE, and secondarily bind to a surface coat that is closely associated with the oolemma. Unreacted sperm preincubated with solubilized VE components exhibit diminished binding to VEs in a concentration dependent manner. The ligand responsible for this binding is a carbohydrate moiety in the VE. The ligand preferentially binds to the anterior tip of unreacted sperm, as demonstrated with anti-VE polyclonal antibodies. Acrosome intact sperm will not bind to surface coats; however, acrosome reacted sperm do bind to surface coats via an externalized acrosomal granule. Record 296 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Incidence of Escherichia coli in fishes and seafoods: Isolation, serotyping, biotyping and enterotoxigenicity evaluation AU: Author Singh, BR; Kulshrestha, SB SO: Source Journal of Food Science and Technology (Mysore) [J. FOOD SCI. TECHNOL. (MYSORE)]. Vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 324-326. 1994. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: microbial contamination; fishery products; seafood; biological pollutants; microbiological analysis; public health; human food; food contamination; enterotoxins; Article Taxonomic Terms: Escherichia coli; Pisces; Article Geographic Terms: India AB: Abstract Fresh water fish (97) marine fish (37), fresh water prawn (12), marine shrimp (13), molluscs (26) dried fish (19), dried prawn (5), fish pakoda (20) and fish egg (6) samples have been screened for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli serotypes. A total of 17 E. coli strains were isolated. Out of these, 13 were typed as O:87 (seven), O:128 (three) and one isolate each of O:2, O:20 and 0:3 serotypes (four isolates remained untyped). These were present in fresh water fishes, marine shrimp, fresh water molluscs, fish eggs and marine fish samples. All the 17 E. coli isolates could be biotyped into 7 biogroups, 11 isolates belonging to biotype I and the other six isolates to 6 different biotypes. Out of 17 E. coli isolated, 7 were positive for enterotoxigenicity with the latex agglutination, coagglutination, mouse foot pad and vasopermeability factor tests. Histopathological examination of mouse foot pad test revealed massive

infiltration of polymorphs in dermis with moderate oedema in epidermis and dermis layers of skin, induced by cell-free culture filtrate of enterotoxigenic E. coli. The antibiotic resistance and public health significance of these E. coli isolates deserve serious attention. Record 297 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Semi-intensive sensation. A case study in marine shrimp pond management AU: Author Clifford, HC III SO: Source World Aquaculture. Vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 6-13. 1994. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; ponds; aquaculture techniques; intensive culture; food conversion; Article Geographic Terms: ASW, Venezuela AB: Abstract In the absence of research facilities and controlled experimentation, commercial shrimp growers can improve production by identifying and recreating conditions that contributed to elevated production in their own ponds. In October 1993, a Venezuelan shrimp farm produced a sensational harvest of 2,363 kg/ha of 18.5-g Penaeus vannamei in 85 days from a 10.1-ha, semi-intensive pond with a food conversion ratio of 0.59 and an average growth rate of 1.52 g/week. This article examines the methods and environmental conditions involved in that outstanding production cycle and discusses them in the context of conventional semi-intensive shrimp pond management. Record 298 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title High health shrimp stocks: An advance, an opportunity - but not a panacea AU: Author Pruder, GD SO: Source World Aquaculture [WORLD AQUACULT.]. Vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 26-28. 1994. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; disease control; pathogens; aquaculture systems; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus AB: Abstract The term "high health" has been adopted by members of the U.S. Marine Shrimp Farming Program (USMSFP) to replace the term "specific pathogen free" (SPF) to describe shrimp stocks judged, on a best-professional-efforts basis, to be free of certain viruses, protozoans and parasites. For practical purposes, captive populations of selected shrimp maintained in the Oceanic Institute's nucleus breeding center are referred to as SPF. However, all animals derived from those SPF populations that have been appropriately protected from disease and found negative in periodic screening are referred to as high health. Record 299 of 500

DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title An evaluation of polyamino acids as an improved amino acid source in marine shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) feeds AU: Author Divakaran, S SO: Source Aquaculture. Vol. 128, no. 314, pp. 363-366. 1994. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: amino acids; shrimp culture; feed composition; nutritive value AB: Abstract Polyamino acids (PAA) prepared by thermal condensation were substituted for a crystalline amino acid mix (CAA) in shrimp feeds. The objective was to determine whether PAA could minimize leaching of amino acids and also enhance the nutritional value of the feeds. No reduction in leaching of amino acids and no significant improvement in growth rate were observed in shrimp fed the PAA diet when compared with the CAA treatment. This study indicates that substitution of PAA for CAA in shrimp feeds does not appear to provide any additional advantage. Record 300 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Quality and quantity of discharged water from intensive marine shrimp farms at Khung Krabaen Bay, Chanthaburi Province, eastern Thailand AU: Author Tookwinas, S; Malem, F; Songsangjinda, P SO: Source CHULALONGKORN UNIV., BANGKOK (THAILAND). pp. 30-40. 1994. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; pond culture; aquaculture effluents; water quality; waste water; biochemical oxygen demand; feeding behaviour; intensive culture; nitrogen compounds; marine aquaculture; environmental impact; aquaculture; effluents; environmental effects; wastewater discharges; wastewater; Article Geographic Terms: Thailand AB: Abstract The study of 20 shrimp ponds in Khung Krabaen Bay during the first crop of 1992 showed that the average water drainage was 16,697.5 tons/pond. The average salinity was 35.03 ppt, BOD was 8.47 mg/l (range: 0.30-21.20 mg/l), NO sub(2)-N was 0.02 mg/l, NH sub(3)-N was 0.19 mg/l, the average soil organic matter was 7.23%, BOD sub(5) super(20) loading was 5.68 tons/crop (range: 2.4-13.4 tons/crop). BOD had a significant relationship with other parameters as BOD sub(5) super(20) = 16.47 + 0.33*DO + 2.59*SiO sub(2) - 0.18*Salinity 4.64*NO sub(2) - 0.09*Visibility (r super(2) = 0.56). BOD sub(5) super(20) value was also directly varied with the shrimp feeding rate (r super(2) = 0.40). The average shrimp production from 20 intensive cultured ponds was 4,118 kg/ha/crop. Record 301 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title

Final report, pacific aquaculture association: Market promotion for the development of culture marine shrimp on Guam AU: Author Landkamer, DJ; Fitzgerald, WJ Jr; Bauerlein, M DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: product development; shrimp culture; marketing CA: Corporate Author Government of Guam, Tamunina (Guam). Dept. of Commerce Record 302 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Two extracellular matrices from oocytes of the marine shrimp Sicyonia ingentis that independently mediate only primary or secondary sperm binding AU: Author Wikramanayake, AH; Clark, WH Jr SO: Source Development Growth & Differentiation. Vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 89-101. 1994. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: marine crustaceans; reproductive cycle; biological fertilization; enzymatic activity; sperm; Article Taxonomic Terms: Sicyonia ingentis AB: Abstract During spawning, female Sicyonia ingentis simultaneously release ova and stored nonmotile sperm and mix them externally to initiate gamete interaction. Sperm bind to a thin vitelline envelope (VE) via their anterior appendage and within seconds are induced to undergo acrosomal exocytosis. The sperm penetrate the VE and become secondarily bound to the surface coat (SC), a glycocalyx on the oocyte surface. In this study, both extracellular matrices were isolated from S. ingentis oocytes. Isolated VEs mediated only primary sperm binding (i.e., before the acrosome reaction), while the isolated SCs mediated only secondary sperm binding (i.e., after acrosomal exocytosis). Isolated S. ingentis VEs were used to characterize primary sperm binding activity. The two extracellular matrices differ morphologically and possess different polypeptide profiles. Soluble fractions of isolated VEs inhibited primary sperm binding in a concentration dependent manner, and immunolocalization of VE components demonstrated highly localized VE binding sites at the tip of the sperm anterior appendage by which sperm bind eggs. Extensive Pronase digestion of VE components did not affect sperm binding activity of solubilized VE components, while complete deglycosylation with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid destroyed sperm binding activity. However, neither alkaline treatment nor enzyme digestion using glycosidases specific for asparagine and serine/threonine linked oligosaccharides affected sperm binding activity. Record 303 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title The effect of four substrates on growth and survival of Penaeus vannamei at two salinities. AU: Author Bray, WA; Lawrence, AL

SO: Source Ciencias marinas. Ensenada [CIENC. MAR.]. Vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 229-244. 1993. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; growth; survival; juveniles; salinity effects; substrate preferences; water salinity AB: Abstract The marine shrimp, Penaeus vannamei Boone, was cultured on four substrates at two salinities for 56 days. Test substrates included three soils (fine sand, coarse sand and clay) and an impermeable substrate (bare fiberglass tank bottoms). Test salinities were 45 ppt and 27 ppt. Juveniles of 0.94 g mean weight were stocked at 15/m super(2) in 1.2 m diameter, outdoor tanks. Results indicated that P. vannamei) has no soil substrate requirement for the 1 to 15 g size category. Significantly higher final weights were observed with impermeable substrate than with any soil substrate at both salinities tested (15.1 g at 27 ppt, 13.2 g at 45 ppt). Shrimp cultured on sand substrates had higher final weights than shrimp cultured on clay, although the difference was not statistically significant in the higher salinity group. Average weight gain ranged from 1.55 to 1.77 g/week in the 27 ppt treatments and from 1.33 to 1.54 g/week in the 45 ppt treatments. Record 304 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Maturation and spawning of the marine shrimp Penaeus kerathurus: Performance under long-term captivity AU: Author Luis, OJ SO: Source CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIONES MARINAS, PONTEVEDRA (SPAIN). pp. 251-256. 1993. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; genetics; aquaculture techniques; sexual reproduction; spawning; fecundity; recirculating systems; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus kerathurus AB: Abstract With increasing interest in genetic improvement programs of cultured marine species, dependable long-term maturation systems must be developed, irrespective of how primitive the husbandry and genetic management of these undomesticated organisms are relative to livestock. Results obtained in the present work showed that the marine shrimp Penaeus kerathurus can easily be adapted to long-term captivity conditions in enclosed recirculated sea water systems, clearing the way to its domestication. The achievement of maturation/reproduction in unablated shrimps under long-term captivity (26 months) was possible through the control of only a few exogenous factors, such as water temperature and diet. On a continuous basis and along more than a one year period, the complete gonad maturation of both sexes was achieved resulting in numerous matings and spawnings. However, two basic problems remain to be understood and solved in order to improve the performance of these long-term maturation systems. The first is the high specific mortality of maturing females during exuviation and the second the daily spawned eggs which were laid in low numbers (maximum of 20 000 eggs collected/day) and with a very low fertility rate most probably caused by low quality sperm of captive males.

Record 305 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title An experimental study on the bioaccumulation and turnover of polonium-210 and lead-210 in marine shrimp AU: Author Carvalho, FP; Fowler, SW SO: Source Marine ecology progress series. Oldendorf [MAR. ECOL. PROG. SER.]. Vol. 102, no. 1-2, pp. 125-133. 1993. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: bioaccumulation; radioisotopes; polonium; Lead; trace elements; food organisms; sea water; digestion; adsorption; osmoregulation; controlled conditions; Article Taxonomic Terms: Lysmata seticaudata AB: Abstract The experimental accumulation of super(210)Po and super(210)Pb from seawater alone and from seawater and food was studied in the laboratory with the benthic shrimp Lysmata seticaudata. Shrimp accumulated both radionuclides from water for 21 d, reaching whole body concentration factors [CF = (Bq/g of shrimp wet wt)/(Bq/ml filtered water)] of 139 plus or minus 28 for super(210)Po and 682 plus or minus 149 for super(210)Pb. When uptake was from water only, tissue analyses revealed that radionuclide accumulation was mainly due to external adsorption. Accumulation in internal tissues also occurred through the intake of seawater for osmotic regulation. Exposure of shrimp to radionuclides dissolved in water and labelled food produced a noticeable accumulation of super(210)Po in internal tissues which was not accompanied by an identical accumulation of super(210)Pb. It is concluded that in shrimp super(210)Po was mainly accumulated from food, whereas super(210)Pb was largely taken up from the fraction dissolved in seawater. A much higher digestive assimilation efficiency for super(210)Po, about 5-fold that of super(210)Pb, was observed in L. seticaudata. This difference can account for the enhancement of super(210)Po: super(210)Pb ratios observed in the lower trophic levels of marine food chains. Turnover of super(210)Po in shrimp tissues is much slower than for super(210)Pb, a fact which also contributes to the enhanced super(210)Po: super(210)Pb concentration ratios observed in marine crustaceans. Record 306 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Spermatophores and plug substance of the marine shrimp Trachypenaeus similis (Crustacea: Decapoda: Penaeidae): Formation in the male reproductive tract and disposition in the inseminated female AU: Author Bauer, RT; Lin, Jun Min SO: Source Biological Bulletin, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole [BIOL. BULL. MAR. BIOL. LAB. WOODS HOLE]. Vol. 185, no. 2, pp. 174-185. 1993. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: marine crustaceans; sperm; biological fertilization; males; animal reproductive organs; sexual reproduction; spermatophores; Article Taxonomic Terms: Trachypenaeus similis

AB: Abstract Sperm are packaged into many small spermatophores of variable size in the median vas deferens (MVD) of the male. A substance is intermixed with sperm in the proximal coils of the MVD, separating groups of sperm that will be ejaculated as spermatophores. Most of the ejaculatory duct is occupied by a chamber filled with a transparent, viscous fluid termed the "plug substance." When males are artificially ejaculated, spermatophores are emitted, followed by plug substance that quickly solidifies. This latter material fills and stoppers a space on the female, the median pocket, which serves as an antechamber to the apertures of the internalized seminal receptacles, where sperm from ruptured spermatophores are stored. The slit-like openings to the receptacles are functionally divided into a posterior aperture, stoppered by plug substance after insemination, a closed mid-section, and an anterior exit for sperm release during spawning. Direct insemination by an everted male gonopore is considered more likely than transmission of spermatophores and plug substance via the male gonopod (petasma). In addition to its hypothesized roles during insemination and sperm release, the mass of plug substance (mating plug) may act as a paternity assurance device that prevents subsequent inseminations by other males. Record 307 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title A palatability bioassay for determining ingestive stimuli in the marine shrimp Penaeus vannamei . AU: Author Holland, KN; Borski, RJ SO: Source Aquaculture. Vol. 109, no. 2, pp. 153-164. 1993. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: palatability; shrimp culture; bioassays; feed composition; food preferences AB: Abstract A feeding bioassay which uses agar discs was developed for evaluating chemosensory stimuli influencing ingestive behavior in Penaeus vannamei . Agar disc hardness and preventing the shrimp from placing their mouthparts directly onto the stimulus discs were important aspects of the bioassay design. The palatability assay required only small amounts of stimuli, was suitable for rapid screening of a wide variety of compounds, and was independent of factors such as texture or size of feed pellets. The most effective stimulus tested was shrimp-head offal extract, indicating the best use of this material may be as a flavorant rather than as a source of nutrients. Greatest biological activity was in the < 1000 M.W. fractions of the extracts. Record 308 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Requirements of marine shrimp, Penaeus monodon , juveniles for phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol. AU: Author Chen, Houng-Yung SO: Source

Aquaculture. Vol. 109, no. 2, pp. 165-176. 1993. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: juveniles; shrimp culture; nutritional requirements; cholesterol; diets; food composition; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus monodon AB: Abstract The effects of dietary phospholipids and cholesterol on the growth, survival and body lipid compositions of juvenile Penaeus monodon (initial mean weight 0.45 plus or minus 0.14 g) were examined using purified soy phosphatidylcholine (80% purity) as the phospholipid. Three levels of supplemental cholesterol, 0, 0.5 and 1%, were tested in combination with four levels (0, 1.25, 2.5 and 5%) of phosphatidylcholine. The results of the 4-week growth experiment indicated that dietary supplementation of phosphatidylcholine or cholesterol significantly improved shrimp weight gain but not survival. The effectiveness of cholesterol was not affected by the dietary inclusion of phosphatidylcholine and the inverse was also true. The optimum supplemental levels of cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine for P. monodon juveniles were estimated to be 0.5% and 1.25%, respectively. Total lipid content and lipid class compositions of the hepatopancreas were not influenced by the dietary supplementation of phosphatidylcholine or cholesterol. Increased supplementation of cholesterol resulted in increased total lipid content of muscle, while in response to increased dietary phosphatidylcholine supplement, shrimp showed decreased phosphatidylcholine and increased free fatty acid levels in their muscle. Contents on n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the muscle seemed to decrease with increased phosphatidylcholine supplement. Record 309 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Marine crustacean farming: Present status and perspectives AU: Author Laubier, A; Laubier, L SO: Source Aquatic living resources/Ressources vivantes aquatiques. Nantes [AQUAT. LIVING RESOUR./RESSOUR. VIVANTES AQUAT.]. Vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 319-329. 1993. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; prawn culture; crab culture; lobster culture; diseases; environmental factors; marketing; world AB: Abstract In western countries, since the turn of the century, advances of marine biology and fast increase of marine fisheries enabled the development of large-scale production and release of larval stages of American and European lobsters in a fruitless attempt to restock natural populations. After the Second World War, the increasing demand for crustaceans in United States and Japan was satisfied by opening new prawn fisheries all over the world. A major breakthrough was achieved with the development of hatchery technologies for the penaeid prawn Penaeus japonicus and the caridean prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii, which occurred during the first decades of the second half of this century. Together with the increasing market demand in developed countries for sea food, this led to a considerable interest of both public agencies and private investors in marine shrimp and prawn culture. The aquaculture production of prawns mainly based on wild-caught juveniles increased in South-East Asia and Central America

during the 1980s. This overall positive trend should not hide important failures which occurred at a local scale, such as the Taiwanese crisis of 1988 due principally to environmental degradation. Following the early period of hatchery technology development, the major scientific achievements were related to food requirements and formulation of compound diets for larvae, juveniles and adults and to a better knowledge of diseases caused by bacteria and several viruses which have been identified from hatcheries and intensive farming ponds. Additional new technological advances have emerged from recent research in the fields of physiology (endocrinology) and genetics. By far, the major part of the world production of marine crustaceans relies on penaeid prawns and, to a lesser extent, on Macrobrachium species. However, some other species of marine crustaceans have potential for aquaculture. The economic aspects of marine crustacean aquaculture should be considered together with those of the fishing industry. The balance between market demand and production is an important constraint which, in turn, establishes the success of prawn farming. Since the early 1980s, crustacean aquaculture has increased tremendously in both Asia and America: the world production for 1991 approximated 700,000 tons, with more than 600,000 tons from penaeid prawn culture. Record 310 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Growth trial with the American oyster Crassostrea virginica using shrimp pond water as feed AU: Author Jakob, GS; Pruder, GD*; Wang, JK SO: Source Journal of the World Aquaculture Society [J. WORLD AQUACULT. SOC.]. Vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 344-351. 1993. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: experimental culture; aquaculture effluents; wastewater aquaculture; growth; oyster culture; pond culture; shrimp culture; aquaculture techniques; polyculture AB: Abstract This study was conducted to quantify the potential of Crassostrea virginica biculture using marine shrimp pond water. It was envisioned that this biculture could avoid cost and reliability problems associated with the mass production of algae as oyster feed. Such problems contributed to the failure of previous attempts to commercialize oyster culture. Oysters were reared in each of two flow through 310 L tanks receiving shrimp pond water from selected commercial semi-intensive shrimp ponds. In each tank, pond water was delivered to the upper trays and flowed downward through each of two seven tray stacks. For both tanks, mean oyster growth rate (2 g/wk) and survival (79%) from seed (0.04 g) to market size (55.0 g) compared favorably with previous reports and for the first time approximated the growth projected in a 1968 engineering study by American Cyanamid. Oyster growth within and between tanks indicated a relationship between biomass and exchange rates. During a 65 d controlled monitoring period mean oyster growth rates of 3.7 g/wk were achieved in upper trays of both tanks. Data are provided to estimate optimum pond water flow rate and oyster biomass relationships. The prospects for shrimp and bivalve co-culture appear promising. Record 311 of 500

DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Development of intensive pond culture of marine shrimp in South Carolina: From research to commercial reality AU: Author Sandifer, PA; Hopkins, JS; Stokes, AD; Browdy, CL SO: Source Special Publication, European Aquaculture Society [SPEC. PUBL. EUR. AQUACULT. SOC.]. 1993. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; pond culture; intensive culture; stocking density; body size; yield; survival; Article Geographic Terms: ANW, USA, South Carolina AB: Abstract Experiments on the intensive pond culture of Penaeus vannamei were initiated in 1985 and have continued through 1992. Stocking densities in various experiments have ranged from 12 to 400 postlarvae/m super(2). Major findings of these studies are as follows: mean size of shrimp at harvest is affected relatively little by stocking density within the range of 20 to at least 200 shrimp/m super(2); mean size, survival, and occurrence of disfigurements (e.g., runt deformity syndrome, black spot disease) are directly related to the initial health status of the stocks and the pond management regime; having high health animals is the most important ingredient for successful intensive pond culture; standing crop biomass at havest increased directly with stocking density up to 200 shrimp/m super(2). At 400 animals/m super(2) the system essentially collapsed, with major mortalities that appeared unrelated to dissolved oxygen levels. South Carolina commercial shrimp growers have rapidly assimilated research findings into their business operations, with the result that stocking densities and yields have increased steadily since 1985. By 1992 there were 91.4 ha of ponds in production in the state, with an average stocking density of 56 shrimp/m super(2). Commercial harvests exceeded 13,000 kg/ha in some ponds and averaged about kg/ha overall for the state. Record 312 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Live food organisms used in Malaysia for mass propagation of marine shrimp larvae, Penaeus monodon AU: Author Shamsudin, L; Saad, CR SO: Source Special Publication, European Aquaculture Society [SPEC. PUBL. EUR. AQUACULT. SOC.]. 1993. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; feeding experiments; diets; food organisms; biochemical composition; lipids; polyunsaturated fatty acids; growth; survival; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus monodon AB: Abstract The food organisms commonly used in the Malaysian mariculture of penaeid shrimp Penaeus monodon, consist of algae (diatom Chaetoceros calcitrans; prymnesiophyte Isochrysis galbana) and zooplankton species (rotifer Brachionus plicatilis, local copepod species (mostly Oithona nana) and brine shrimp (Artemia salina). The algae were fed to the

early stages of the penaeid larvae (Z(1)-Z(2)) while the later stages (M(1)-PL(3)) were given rotifer, copepod species and Artemia salina. Laboratory algal cultures were axenic and cultured in f-2 medium while outdoor cultures were grown in a commercial medium designed for optimum nutrition in tropical outdoor aquaculture operations. The lipid and fatty acids of the various food organisms used in tropical Malaysian penaeid mariculture were also studied. The rotifer, copepod species and brine shrimp species under investigation contained high amounts of 18:2w6, 18:3w3 and 20:5w3 acids. All the food organisms under investigation contained the necessary w-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid series necessary for the growth and survival rate of the penaeid larvae. The survival rate of the penaeid shrimp larvae was 30-38% for larval stage Z(1)-Z(2) and 40-45% for stage Z(1)-M(3). Record 313 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Notes on socio-cultural factors which affected to intensive shrimp culture continuity: A case study at Serang, West Java, Indonesia AU: Author Susilowati, T SO: Source Special Publication, European Aquaculture Society [SPEC. PUBL. EUR. AQUACULT. SOC.]. 1993. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; polyculture; intensive culture; small scale aquaculture; developing countries; sociological aspects AB: Abstract Aquaculture, especially polyculture systems, has been developed and is well known to most coastal inhabitants in Indonesia. Marine shrimp culture since 1980 has been modified from traditional extensive management using natural feeding into intensive culture with nutrition and artificial feeding. Recently, shrimp polyculture includes marine coastal fishes such as Siganus spp., Lates carcarifer and Chanos chanos or milkfish for live bait fish. Improving culture technology seems not to guarantee a successful culture business, because parts of owners behaviour is still highly oriented to social prestige. Record 314 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title The marine set bagnet fishery AU: Author Quayum, MdSA; Khan, MdG; Islam, MdS; Sada, MdU; Chowdhury, MdZA SO: Source BOBP, MADRAS, TAMIL NADU (INDIA). pp. 65-78. 1993. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: marine fisheries; gillnets; fishery data; catch composition; fishery economics; artisanal fishing; Article Geographic Terms: ISW, Bangladesh AB: Abstract The findings are presented of a study conducted to assess the level of exploitation of marine set bagnets in Bangladesh. The catch rates, production, species composition and size ranges of the predominant species caught were determined. Some 39 species/groups were identified in the catches: 5 marine shrimp, 2 freshwater prawns, 1 sergestid

shrimp, 1 solinoceran shrimp, and 30 finfish. An economic assessment was also made of the fishery; a total of 3852 units of gear are operated as approximately 250 operational units including fishing, processing and marketing of the catch. It is estimated that some 10,000 people are directly engaged in these activities. CA: Corporate Author Bay of Bengal Programme for Fisheries Development, Madras (India). Small-Scale Fisherfolk Communities in the Bay of Bengal Record 315 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title On-farm feed preparation and feeding strategies for marine shrimp and freshwater prawns AU: Author Boonyaratpalin, M; New, MB SO: Source FAO REGIONAL OFF. FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC, BANGKOK (THAILAND). pp. 120-134. 1993. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; prawn culture; fish culture; artificial feeding; feed preparation; feed; industrial production; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus; Macrobrachium; Artemia; Article Geographic Terms: Thailand AB: Abstract A description is given of some examples of farm-made aquafeeds for marine shrimp and freshwater prawns currently in use in Thailand and methods of their manufacture. Such aquafeeds include larval feeds, Artemia fattening feeds and grow-out feeds for Macrobrachium and Penaeus. The systems described may be used, with minor adaptations, for producing farm-made fish feeds. Record 316 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Current issues in diseases of cultured penaeid shrimp: Results of an Asia/United States workshop AU: Author Main, KL; Fulks, W SO: Source Special Publication, European Aquaculture Society [SPEC. PUBL. EUR. AQUACULT. SOC.]. 1993. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; infectious diseases; husbandry diseases; disease control; disease transmission; literature reviews; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus monodon; Penaeus japonicus; Penaeus chinensis; Penaeus AB: Abstract Infectious and non-infectious diseases have had a significant impact on the production of cultured penaeid shrimp in recent years. In 1992 experts from Asia and the United States examined the occurrence, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of penaeid shrimp diseases during a four-day workshop in Hawaii. The results were compiled and published later that year. A wide range of viewpoints were presented by the participants, however, several common themes were discussed throughout the workshop. Those themes included: concern about the spread of

pathogens by uncontrolled movement of shrimp stocks, the need for standardized diagnostic techniques, the need for improved husbandry techniques, and better environmental awareness. The results as well as the diseases that affect three species of marine shrimp (Penaeus monodon, P. chinensis and P. japonicus) will be presented. Record 317 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title CRC handbook of mariculture 2nd edition. Volume 1. Crustacean aquaculture AU: Author McVey, JP SO: Source CRC PRESS, BOCA RATON, FL (USA). 1993. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: marine aquaculture; crustacean culture; aquaculture techniques; feeding; rearing; food organisms; fish diseases; shrimp culture; lobster culture; prawn culture; books; manuals; Article Taxonomic Terms: Macrobrachium rosenbergii AB: Abstract This handbook is a follow-up and companion volume to the first crustacean handbook that came out in 1983. Very little new research is being done on freshwater prawns. Therefore, we recommend the reader to the first volume for details on freshwater shrimp culture. However, this volume does contain an update on freshwater prawn diseases and overall health requirements. The experts that have contributed to this volume have been asked to be as specific as possible about the techniques that they are presently using in their own facilities around the world. The future of marine shrimp has eclipsed all other crustacean culture and is the primary focus of this volume. This handbook has five sections: Section I: Crustacean Larval Food Production; Section II: Marine Shrimp Maturation, Hatchery Production and Juvenile Maintenance; Section III: Marine Shrimp Growout Systems; Section IV: Crustacean Diseases; and Section V: Lobster Culture. The Table of Contents is organized so that papers are presented in a logical progression on the production of larval foods or the sequence of events that are required to obtain, mature, spawn, and rear the crustaceans. Record 318 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Ultraintensive culture and maturation in captivity of penaeid shrimp AU: Author Yano, I SO: Source CRC PRESS, BOCA RATON, FL (USA). pp. 289-313. 1993. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; intensive culture; sexual maturity; aquaculture techniques; brood stocks; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus japonicus; Article Geographic Terms: Japan AB: Abstract About a quarter of a century ago, ultraintensive culture of penaeid shrimp was first created in Japan. Ultraintensive culture was adopted by the establishment of high-quality pelleted diets, mass fry

production of the popular marine shrimp Penaeus japonicus (kuruma prawn), and tank design for ultraintensive culture. A high production yield (3 kg/m super(2)/year) for kuruma prawn by ultraintensive culture in Japan has stimulated the marine shrimp culture over the past several decades around the world. The parent spawner (broodstock) is essential for fry production in penaeid shrimp culture. At present, wild spawners caught in the sea are not readily available for the blooming shrimp aquaculture industry. On the other hand, female P. monodon, P. vannamei, P. semisulcatus, and P. japnicus do not mature easily in captivity. Therefore, maturation in captivity is a major problem in the development of the commercial aquaculture of penaeid shrimp. Various investigations are underway to develop techniques which may lead to captive maturation. Controlling maturation in captivity could help supply enough spawners for mass fry production, providing a reliable year-round supply of fry, and help in developing selective breeding programs, which would be of general usefulness in obtaining disease-free spawners, which are essential for further development of penaeid shrimp aquaculture. Record 319 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title The culture of marine shrimp in controlled environment superintensive systems AU: Author Moore, DW; Brand, CW SO: Source CRC PRESS, BOCA RATON, FL (USA). pp. 315-348. 1993. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; intensive culture; raceway culture; controlled conditions; aquaculture techniques; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeidae AB: Abstract The Environmental Research Laboratory (ERL) of the University of Arizona began work in shrimp culture research in the early 1970s. Emphasis was placed on development of an ultra-high-density controlled environment production system. The system was designed to respond to a specific set of environmental constraints, management requirements, and production goals. The technology was first implemented in Mexico on the northern coast of the Gulf of California. A degree of environmental control was necessary because the facility was located in a desert environment with its associated wide swings in diurnal and seasonal temperatures. In order to allow year-round production of shrimp in this climate, it was necessary to prevent excessive heat loss in the winter. To do this, shrimp were grown in raceways which were enclosed in air-inflated greenhouses. Seawater was taken from wells located just behind the beach. The greenhouse covers retained heat and the seawater wells provided a source of clean water which had some of the extremes of temperature reduced by the tempering effect of the ground. Due to the relatively high capital cost of the greenhouse-enclosed raceways, it was important to maximize production. To accomplish this, a number of innovations were added to the system. Record 320 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title

Specific pathogen free Penaeus vannamei AU: Author Wyban, JA; Swingle, JS; Sweeney, JN; Pruder, GD SO: Source World Aquaculture [WORLD AQUACULT.]. Vol. 24, pp. 39-45. 1993. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; aquaculture techniques; aquaculture products; genetics; breeding; brood stocks; cultured organisms AB: Abstract Commercial trials indicate the progeny of SPF shrimp can dramatically outperform the progeny of wild shrimp in culture systems. Serious disease problems have plagued world shrimp farmers in recent years. In Taiwan, the 1987 production of 95 000 tonnes plummeted to only 30 000 tonnes the following year because of mass mortalities. In the Philippines, deformed and unmarketable Penaeus monodon are increasingly common. In Ecuador, runt-deformity syndrome (RDS) is widespread, reducing crop values. Many of these disease problems are due to shrimp viruses. In 1989 the U.S. Marine Shrimp Farming Program began developing Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) Penaeus vannamei for distribution to the U.S. industry. In 1991 more than 200 million high health nauplii and 75 million high health postlarvae were stocked into commercial production systems in the three regions of the United States where shrimp culture is practiced. Production data for these shrimp indicated improved survival, enhanced production and increased feed conversion efficiency plus more uniform size distribution at harvest, improvements that translate into increased crop value and profitability for the shrimp industry. Record 321 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Pseudonicothoe branchialis (Crustacea: Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida: Nicothoidae), living on the pandalid shrimp Heterocarpus sibogae off northwestern Australia AU: Author Humes, AG; Boxshall, GA SO: Source Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington [PROC. BIOL. SOC. WASH.]. Vol. 106, no. 2, pp. 315-324. 1993. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: taxonomy; parasites; Article Taxonomic Terms: Heterocarpus sibogae; Article Geographic Terms: ISEW, Australia, Northern Terr. AB: Abstract Both sexes of Pseudonicothoe branchialis (Siphonostomatoida: Nicothoidae), living on the marine shrimp Heterocarpus sibogae off the coast of northwestern Australia, are described, the male for the first time. Both sexes have hyaline flaps (suckers?) on the exopods of legs 1-3. The innermost element on the free segment of leg 5 is sexually dimorphic. Pseudonicothoe is recognized as a valid genus, to which Paranicothoe procircularis (Carton) is transferred as a new combination. Record 322 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts

TI: Title Aquaculture training manual. Second edition AU: Author Swift, DR SO: Source FISHING NEWS BOOKS, OXFORD (UK). 1993. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: aquaculture; aquaculture systems; aquaculture techniques; manuals; fish culture; shellfish culture AB: Abstract The manual provides a practical introduction to aquaculture for those who are new to fish farming or have become involved in farming a different species. The first part covers the basic biology of those fish, crustaceans and molluscs that are commonly farmed, their growth, nutrition and health, and also outlines the various methods of farming. The second part explains the husbandry of farmed aquatic animals, outlining all the major production systems. The third part deals specifically in more detail with the farming of salmonids, catfish, tilapia, carp, milkfish, mullet, turbot, marine shrimp, freshwater prawns, oysters, mussels, eels, and scallops. This second edition has been reorganized, enlarged, reset and updated to reflect the new developments that have occurred worldwide. Record 323 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title An overview of marine shrimp farming in Latin America and the Caribbean AU: Author Jory, DE DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; marine aquaculture; aquaculture systems; small scale aquaculture; intensive culture; extensive culture; aquaculture development; Article Geographic Terms: Latin America AB: Abstract Latin American and Caribbean Island nations produce about 98 percent of marine shrimp production farmed in the Western Hemisphere. South American nations produce about 85%. Caribbean Island nations contribute less than 1%. Most of marine shrimp production from Latin American and Caribbean farms is marketed in the U.S. (about 70%), with important volumes also exported to France and Spain. In Latin America and the Caribbean Region, the white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) makes up over 90% of the production from farms. There are 4 growout methods: artisanal, extensive, semi-intensive and intensive. Construction and production costs, input levels of water, feed and fertilizers, and yields increase rapidly from the artisanal to intensive method. Extensive and semi-intensive methods predominate. Production will likely double within 10 years to around 250,000 MT. P. vannamei will continue to dominate production in farms. But other species, native and non-indigenous, could become important as more research is conducted. Shrimp farmers will continue replacing shrimp fishermen as suppliers to the market, and will probably constitute over 50% of the production by the mid-1990's. Further development of the industry will continue having positive social consequences in terms of employment and generation of hard currency. CA: Corporate Author Ministry of Agriculture and Water, Riyadh (Saudi Arabia)

Record 324 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Intensive marine shrimp farming techniques in Thailand AU: Author Tookwinas, S DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; intensive culture; aquaculture systems; seed production; pond culture; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus monodon; Article Geographic Terms: ISEW, Thailand AB: Abstract Intensive marine shrimp farming on the species of Penaeus monodon has been developed remarkly since 1986 due to success in mass production of shrimp seeds and recent advance in culture technology. The farm size is around one hectare and 2 meters in depth. The initial stock density of shrimp fry can be up to 70 fry/m super(3). An aeration technique is operated to increase dissolved oxygen supply, pond water circulation and metabolic rate of aquatic biomass in the pond. The FCR is varied from 1.5 to 2.0. The survival rate about 60 to 90%. The production can be reached up to 15 metric tons per hectare. Scientific knowledge for intensive shrimp farming techniques is discussed in detail. CA: Corporate Author Ministry of Agriculture and Water, Riyadh (Saudi Arabia) Record 325 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Hawaii Aquaculture Advisory Council 1993 report DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: aquaculture development; annual reports; aquaculture facilities; algal culture; shrimp culture; prawn culture; seaweed culture; Article Geographic Terms: USA, Hawaii AB: Abstract The new availability of land and water from the down-sizing of plantation agriculture can create opportunities for innovative resource-based enterprises, such as aquaculture. Aquaculture revenues are expected to grow in 1993. Hawaii's aquafarmers and researchers are regarded as leaders in the development and application of technologies for culturing a variety of aquatic plants and animals. Last year, eight new farmers, mostly small in scale, joined the industry. The top Hawaii-grown products (by value) included microalgae, marine shrimp, ogo seaweed and freshwater prawns. In addition, Hawaii-based consultants continued to be active on the US Mainland, and in Asia, Central and South America and Africa. CA: Corporate Author Dept. of Land and Natural Resources, HI (USA). Aquaculture Dev. Program Record 326 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Preliminary Financial Feasibility Analysis of an Independent Marine

Shrimp Hatchery Located in South Carolina AU: Author Rhodes, J; McGovern-Hopkins, Kathleen; Browdy, Craig L SO: Source Technical report. South Carolina Marine Resources Center [Tech. Rep. S.C. Mar. Resour. Cent.]. no. 80, [np]. Dec 1992. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Marine crustaceans; Commercial species; Sexual maturity; Economics; Financing; Economic feasibility; Costs; Construction; Hatcheries; Marine aquaculture; Culture tanks; Shellfish culture; Article Geographic Terms: ANW, USA, South Carolina AB: Abstract It is anticipated that prospective investors and perhaps lending institutions, will desire information on the financial feasibility of operating a commercial penaeid shrimp larviculture facility located in South Carolina (SC). The objective of this report is to present a preliminary projection of costs and income generated by an independent (i.e. not integrated with a SC shrimp grow-out enterprise) commercial hatchery operating in coastal SC. The hypothetical hatchery described in this report includes maturation and larval rearing (LR) systems consisting of ton 12.5-ton maturation tanks and 16.8-ton LR tanks housed in one large, prefabricated steel building with on overall area of about 13,300 ft super(2). The total initial investment for constructing, equipping and operating this facility would be nearly $1 million. Total annual projected cash operating costs for a 75 million postlarvae (PL), per year output was $496,690. The annual, average cash cost per PL would be approximately $6.60/1,000 PL for this output. Projected net income after taxes was only $94,600 for the base case output of 75 million PL per year. Record 327 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Mail Survey of the U.S. Seafood Wholesale Market Channel with an Emphasis on Whole Farmed Marine Shrimp AU: Author Rhodes, Raymond J; Grant, Valvy N SO: Source Technical report. South Carolina Marine Resources Center [Tech. Rep. S.C. Mar. Resour. Cent.]. no. 79, [np]. Nov 1992. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Seafood; Marine resources; Surveys; Channels; Shellfish culture; Marine crustaceans; Marine aquaculture; Article Geographic Terms: ANW, USA, South Carolina; USA, South Carolina Record 328 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Sensitivity of marine shrimp (Penaeus vannamei ) to aflatoxins. AU: Author Ostrowski-Meissner, HT; Divakaran, S; LeaMaster, BR DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; toxicity tests; histopathology; hepatopancreas; glands; antennae; feeding experiments; diets; biological poisons; food consumption; mortality AB: Abstract

The degree of shrimp (Penaeus vannamei ) sensitivity to dietary aflatoxins (AF) has not been well defined. Six levels of dietary AF B sub(1), were prepared with AF B sub(1), standard to produce levels of 0, 50, 100, 250, 1500, 3000, and 15,000 ppb AF ( mu g AF B sub(1)/kg feed). A preliminary trial was conducted on P. vannamei). Aquaria were stocked with 15 shrimp, and live weight and feed consumption were recorded 7 and 21 days after the exposure of shrimp to their respective dietary AF B sub(1), level. All shrimp which died during the trial, and those remaining at its completion, were sampled for histopathology and for analysis of aflatoxin B sub(1), residues in tissues and excreta. AF B sub(1), was not detected in any of the shrimp tail muscle, head, thorax, gut, or fecal samples tested. After 7 days of exposure, dietary inclusion of AF B sub(1), above 50 ppb adversely affected shrimp growth and FCR. AF-related histopathology was mainly in two organ systems, the hepatopancreas and the antennal gland. Mortalities were highest in shrimp receiving 15,000 ppb dietary AF B sub(1). Record 329 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Quantification of arginine requirements of juvenile marine shrimp, Penaeus monodon , using microencapsulated arginine. AU: Author Chen, H-Y; Leu, Y-T; Roelants, I SO: Source Marine biology. Berlin, Heidelberg [MAR. BIOL.]. Vol. 114, no. 2, pp. 229-233. 1992. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: nutritional requirements; nutritive value; amino acids; juveniles; artificial feeding; dietary deficiencies; proteins; experimental research; growth; body weight; shrimp culture; haemolymph; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus monodon AB: Abstract Using microencapsulated L-arginine, the quantitative requirement for amino acid has been determined for the first time for a shrimp species, which can not effectively utilize crystalline amino acids. In an 8 wk feeding trial (199)), juvenile (Penaeus monodon were fed casein-based purified diets containing one of six levels (13.1, 17.7, 22.3, 26.9, 31.5 and 36.1 g/kg diet) of arginine. In addition to the protein-bound arginine already present in the casein of the test diets, pure arginine was supplemented by L-arginine microencapsulated in cellulose acetate phthalate, which is easily assimilated. The arginine level required for optimal growth was determined by broken-line model analysis of weight gain data to be 2.50 g/kg diet (= 54.7 g/kg protein). Examination of the hemolymph 3 h after feeding revealed that the free arginine level in the hemolymph had not increased as a result of increasing levels of the dietary arginine. There was an abrupt increase of urea in the hemolymph when the arginine requirement of the shrimp had been met. Record 330 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Experience in rearing freshwater and marine shrimp AU: Author

Zgurovskii, KA; Fernando, G SO: Source Russian Journal of Marine Biology/Biologiya Morya [RUSS. J. MAR. BIOL.; BIOL. MORYA]. Vol. pp. 123-129; vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 3-13. 1992. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; world AB: Abstract Data on the artificial rearing of shrimp in different parts of the world are analyzed and the major trends in development of shrimp aquaculture are described. The prospects of such works in the USSR are indicated. The need for international cooperation and exchange of experiences with the Indochina group of countries is emphasized (DBO). Record 331 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title A semi-Markov process model for migration of marine shrimp. AU: Author Matis, JH; Grant, WE; Miller, TH SO: Source Ecological Modelling [ECOL. MODEL.]. Vol. 60, no. 3-4, pp. 167-184. 1992. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: migration; marine environment; models; migratory species; shrimp fisheries; Article Taxonomic Terms: Crustacea; Penaeus AB: Abstract This paper develops a semi-Markov process model for describing ecological data, and demonstrates the utility of the model by fitting it to data on the migration of a marked population of shrimp. Gamma transit time distributions are selected for the model by reason of the qualitative properties of their transfer rate functions. Occupancy probabilities, mean residence times and other related parameters are estimated from the data for the assumed semi-Markov process model. These results are compared to those for a corresponding Markov process model which is widely used and was previously fitted to the same data. The semi-Markov process model provides a better fit for the data with substantial increases in the precision of corresponding parameter estimates. Further generalizations of this compartmental modeling approach to other semi-Markov process models are also discussed. Record 332 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Export market development efforts fo El Salvador aquaculture products. AU: Author Malecha, SR DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: aquaculture products; trade; marketing; shrimp culture; aquaculture development; prawn culture; Article Geographic Terms: El Salvador AB: Abstract As part of the technical assistance program provided for aquaculture

development in El Salvador, the authors have tried to demonstrate and develop export markets for marine shrimp and freshwater prawns cultured in El Salvador. These have included: design of trade names and logos than emphasize the high quality and desirability of the Salvadoran product; trial shipments and sale of product to specialty export markets; participation in restaurant and other trade shows to feature the Salvadoran product and develop "brand" interest and loyalty; trouble-shooting of processing and shipping problems; and special promotional activities to market the opportunities for investing in aquaculture development in El Salvador. Record 333 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title The El Salvador Aquaculture Technical Assistance Program. AU: Author Malecha, SR DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: aquaculture development; shrimp culture; technology transfer; marketing; trade; developing countries; prawn culture; Article Geographic Terms: El Salvador AB: Abstract FUSADES, the private non-profit and non-partisan Salvadoran Foundation for Economic and Social Development, provides a high degree of technical assistance for aquaculture development. Three companies provide direct, hands-on technical assistance for all phases of development and operation of marine shrimp and freshwater prawn hatcheries and farms. Included in the services are project design and operation assistance, rehabilitation of existing projects, state-of-the-art production technology, export marketing, trouble-shooting, extension, training and promotion. Services are provided by a combination of an experienced in-country team who are full-time in El Salvador and ex-country experts who travel to El Salvador on a regular basis. A high level of technical assistance is thus available to anyone entering the aquaculture industry in El Salvador. Record 334 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Preliminary financial feasibility analysis of an independent penaeid shrimp hatchery located in South Carolina, U.S.A. AU: Author Rhodes, RJ; McGovern-Hopkins, K; Browdy, CL DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; hatcheries; economic feasibility; aquaculture economics; economic models; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeidae; Article Geographic Terms: ANW, USA, South Carolina AB: Abstract South Carolina shrimp farmers have become apprehensive about the future availability and quality of penaeid postlarvae (PL) from other states. Consequently, prospective SC aquaculturists and investors will desire information on the financial feasibility of operating a commercial penaeid shrimp larviculture facility located in SC. The hypothetical hatchery analyzed in this study was based upon an expandable facility starting with 125 tons of maturation tanks and 128

tons of larval rearing tanks housed in one large 2 prefabricated steel building with a floor area of over 1220 m super(2). The initial investment for constructing, equipping and operating this facility would be nearly $1 million. Total annual projected operating costs for 50 million/yr PL output was > $400,000. Since the ten-year internal rate of return (IRR) was less than the after-tax discount rate, the projected ten-year net present value (NPV) was negative. The sensitivity analysis of selected variables indicates that the projected IRR and NPV is more sensitive to relative changes in PL market prices than increases in PL production or reduction in feed costs. Future research on SC shrimp hatcheries should include the financial feasibility of integrating a marine shrimp grow-out operation with a hatchery facility. Record 335 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Marine shrimp pond effluent: Characterization and environmental impact. AU: Author Pruder, GD DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; pond culture; aquaculture effluents; environmental impact; water column; particulates; sedimentation; pollution control; disease control; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus AB: Abstract Deteriorating stock quality, spreading disease and environmental degradation combine to threaten the prosperity, even the survival, of marine shrimp (Penaeus spp.) farming. The discharge of pond effluent is one activity associated with the environmental degradation of receiving waters. These same receiving waters often serve as intake or influent water for neighboring farms. Where this process of reuse occurs it serves to further degrade the water and could provide the means to spread water borne disease agents from farm to farm. Pond effluent, for the purposes of this review, includes the following categories: dissolved, colloidal and suspended materials associated with the water column; settled bottom solids resuspended by mixing or shrimp harvest; and settled bottom solids purposefully flushed or scraped from the pond bottom as part of pond cleaning activities. Data are presented which characterize only the effluent in the first category. Problems discussed probably refer to effluent in the third category. No data were found to document claims of transfer of water borne disease agents between farms. Record 336 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Morphological evidence for a single bacterial etiology in Texas necrotizing hepatopancreatitis in Penaeus vannamei (Crustacea: Decapoda). AU: Author Lightner, DV; Redman, RM; Bonami, JR SO: Source Diseases of Aquatic Organisms [DIS. AQUAT. ORG.]. Vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 235-239. 1992.

DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; bacterial diseases; bacteria; organism morphology; aetiology; aquaculture; aquatic bacteria; helices; morphology; Article Taxonomic Terms: Rickettsia; Article Geographic Terms: USA, Texas AB: Abstract Texas necrotizing hepatopancreatitis (TNHP) is an economically significant disease of the marine shrimp Penaeus vannamei cultured in Texas, USA, shrimp farms. Since first recognized in 1985, the disease has occurred seasonally, and it has inflicted serious crop losses of 20 to 90% nearly every year in farms located in southern Texas. Two descriptive papers have been published on the histopathology and ultrastructure of the hepatopancreas of shrimp with TNHP, and the authors of both papers concluded that at least 2 distinctly different species of intracellular bacteria were present in the infected cells. Morphological evidence is presented in this paper that supports the contention that the 2 morphological types, a rickettsia-like form and a helical form as previously reported, are morphological variants of the same species of bacteria. Record 337 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title An evaluation of commercial shrimp feed attractants in an attractability table and in growout diets. AU: Author Duerr, EO; Mahmoodi, C; Groves, V DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; feeding experiments; diets; attracting techniques; growth; survival; cost analysis; chemoreception; food additives; chemical stimuli AB: Abstract Each of ten commercial attractants was added individually to a base formulation at inclusion levels recommended by the manufacturer. These ten attractant-containing diets were compared with the base formulation containing no attractant, one in which regular anchovy fish meal was replaced with low-temperature-processed white fish meal, and a commercial control diet (Rangen 45). A 6-week growout trial was conducted with marine shrimp (Penaeus vannamei ) to compare shrimp growth, FCR, and survival on the various diets. In addition, attractability was measured by behavioral responses in an attractability table. Although 8 of the 10 attractants demonstrated effectiveness on the attractability table, only 3 of the products actually yielded shrimp performance that made their addition to the test feeds cost-effective, relative to the standard feed containing no attractant. Record 338 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Sound scattering by rough elongated elastic objects. 2: Fluctuations of scattered field. AU: Author Stanton, TK; Chu, D SO: Source Journal of the Acoustical Society of America [J. ACOUST. SOC. AM.].

Vol. 92, no. 3, pp. 1665-1678. 1992. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: sound scattering; acoustic models; cylinders; elasticity; roughness; backscatter AB: Abstract Sonar echoes from unresolved features of rough objects tend to interfere with each other. Because of these interferences, properties of the echoes, such as its envelope level, will vary from realization to realization of stochastically rough objects. In this article, the nature of the fluctuations of the backscattered echo envelope of rough solid elastic elongated objects is investigated. A general formulation is initially presented after which specific formulas are derived and numerically evaluated for straight finite-length cylinders. The study uses both the approximate modal-series- and Sommerfeld-Watson-transformation-based deformed cylinder solutions. There are similarities shown between the fluctuations in the geometric region and those from rough planar interfaces. In addition, analytical expressions and numerical examples show that the fluctuation or "incoherent" component of the scattered field is random only in amplitude--its phase approaches a constant value, in phase with the mean scattered field, which needed to be taken into account in the formulation. Finally, applications of the theory developed in this article to backscatter data involving live marine shrimp-like organisms are discussed. Record 339 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Enhancement of the fatty acid composition of the nematode Panagrellus redivivus using three different media. AU: Author Rouse, DB; Webster, CD; Radwin, IA SO: Source Journal of the World Aquaculture Society [J. WORLD AQUACULT. SOC.]. Vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 89-95. 1992. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: food organisms; fatty acids; biochemical composition; culture media; Article Taxonomic Terms: Panagrellus redivivus AB: Abstract The free living nematode Panagrellus redivivus has shown promise as a live food for marine shrimp and fish. This study evaluated the effect of the following 3 media on the fatty acid (FA) profile of nematodes: wheat flour (WF), wheat flour plus yeast (WFY), and wheat flour plus yeast plus fish oil (WFFO). The total lipid content of nematodes grown on WFFO (14.9%) was significantly higher than the lipid content of nematodes grown on WF (2.7%) and WFY (4.4%). The lipid of nematodes grown on WFFO also contained a higher percentage of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) (11.2%), especially 20; 5 (n-3) (7.4%) and 22:6 (n-3) (3.3%), than nematodes grown on WF (4.8%) and WFY (5.7%). Nematodes grown on WFFO medium had similar lipids as Artemia , especially desirable n-3 HUFA's. Total daily yield on nematodes was highest on WFY. This study has shown that the nutritional value of nematodes can be influenced by the media on which they are cultured. Record 340 of 500 DN: Database Name

ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Marine shrimp culture: Principles and practices. SO: Source ELSEVIER, AMSTERDAM (NETHERLANDS). 1992. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; marine crustaceans; crustacean culture; aquaculture techniques; books; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeidae AB: Abstract Professor Fast and co-editor have launched the first in-depth treatise on the husbandry of Penaeid shrimps. Professor Fast sets forth a comprehensive volume covering larviculture (both Gaveston and Taiwanese methods), hatchery design, post larval harvest, transport and planting, nursery/juvenile pond systems. Penaeid growout systems (intensive, semi-intensive and extensive), pond harvest techniques, pond dynamics (physical and chemical), aeration technology, nutrition, disease, bio-economics and marketing considerations. The volume concludes with specific overviews of the key nations and their contributions to the world shrimp aquaculture scenario. Record 341 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Extracellular Mg super(2+) induces an intracellular Ca super(2+) wave during oocyte activation in the marine shrimp Sicyonia ingentis . AU: Author Lindsay, LL; Hertzler, PL; Clark, WH Jr SO: Source Developmental Biology. Vol. 152, no. 1, pp. 94-102. 1992. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: sexual reproduction; biological fertilization; chemical stimuli; sea water; magnesium; calcium; dissolved chemicals; spawning; extracellular; oocytes; intracellular; Article Taxonomic Terms: Sicyonia ingentis AB: Abstract In contrast to most systems in which oocyte activation is triggered by the fertilizing sperm, Sicyonia ingentis oocytes are activated by seawater Mg super(2+) during spawning. S. ingentis oocytes were spawned into Mg super(2+)-free seawater and microinjected with the fluorescent Ca super(2+) indicator Fluo-3 to study the effects of added Mg super(2+) on intracellular Ca super(2+) levels. Subsequent to the initial Mg super(2+)-induced intracellular Ca super(2+) increase, a second Ca super(2+) increase was observed at approximately 15 min postspawning; the timing of this second increase appeared to be independent of when the Mg super(2+)-induced wave was initiated, thus an event associated with spawning may be involved. While oocytes in normal seawater were monospermic, those in Mg super(2+)-free seawater were polyspermic, suggesting a role for the Mg super(2+)-induced Ca super(2+) wave in regulating sperm entry into the oocyte. Record 342 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Effective supplementation of arginine in the diets of juvenile marine shrimp, Penaeus monodon .

AU: Author Chen, Houng-Yung; Leu, Yeong-Tai; Roelants, I SO: Source Aquaculture. Vol. 108, no. 1-2, pp. 87-95. 1992. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; crustacean larvae; feeding experiments; diets; amino acids; arginine; food conversion; nutritional requirements; growth; survival; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus monodon AB: Abstract Effective dietary supplementation of arginine was demonstrated in juvenile Penaeus monodon which can not effectively utilize crystalline amino acids in their diets. Juvenile P. monodon were fed casein-based purified diets supplemented with different forms of arginine. The weight gain and feed conversion ratio of the shrimp fed the diets supplemented with cellulose-acetate-phthalate (CAP) microencapsulated L-arginine, or glycerol-monostearate (GM) microencapsulated L-arginine or salmine (SAL), a natural protein high in arginine content, were significantly better than those fed the diet with no supplemental arginine or the diet supplemented with crystalline L-arginine. There was no significant difference in the growth-promoting effects and feed conversion among the CAP, GM and SAL groups. The mean final weight of shrimp fed the crystalline-arginine supplemented diet was higher than that of the group fed the unsupplemented diet but the difference was not significant. There was no statistical difference in survival between dietary groups. Success with CAP and GM microencapsulation of arginine supplementation appears to hold the most promise as a technique for quantifying the amino acid requirements of shrimp, and possibly other crustaceans and fish. Record 343 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Yolk synthesis in the marine shrimp, Penaeus vannamei . AU: Author Quackenbush, LS SO: Source Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, A [COMP. BIOCHEM. PHYSIOL., A.]. Vol. 103A, no. 4, pp. 711-714. 1992. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: sexual reproduction; sex hormones; vitellogenesis; yolk; biosynthesis; eyestalk extirpation; shrimp culture AB: Abstract Current methods in penaeid shrimp culture use eyestalk ablation (removal) to induce yolk production in captive female shrimp. This operation removes the major neurohormone center in the animal, and in particular removes the natural source of gonad inhibiting hormone. The eyestalk ablated shrimp will respond to this operation with a rapid and unstoppable gonadal development. In vitro yolk synthesis was measured in fragments of the ovary of developing shrimp, Penaeus vannamei . Progesterone and estradiol stimulated yolk synthesis in vitro, while ecdysterone, testosterone and estrogen had no effect. A peptide factor from the eyestalks of crayfish stimulated yolk synthesis in vitro. A peptide factor from shrimp eyestalks inhibited yolk synthesis in vitro. Record 344 of 500

DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Integration of crustacean aquaculture with coastal rice farming in Vietnam. AU: Author Hung, Le Thanh SO: Source Naga. Vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 27-29. 1992. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: crustacean culture; prawn culture; crab culture; agropisciculture; rice field aquaculture; aquaculture systems; Article Taxonomic Terms: Macrobrachium rosenbergii; Scylla serrata AB: Abstract Some examples are given of integration of crustacean aquaculture into coastal rice farming in Vietnam. Freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii ) and marine shrimp culture integrated with coastal rice farming and crab (Scylla serrata ) culture in backyard ponds and ricefields are described. Record 345 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Integrated culture of green mussel (Perna viridis ) and marine shrimp (Penaeus monodon ). AU: Author Lin, CK; Ruamthaveesub, P; Wanuchsoontorn, P SO: Source Journal of Shellfish Research. Vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 201. 1992. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; polyculture; mussel culture; aquaculture effluents; wastewater treatment; aquaculture systems; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus monodon; Perna viridis AB: Abstract The wastewater effluents discharged from intensive marine shrimp (Penaeus monodon ) culture ponds contained an average of 1250 and 132 kg of dry organic matter and phytoplankton biomass, respectively, for 1 tonne of fresh shrimp production. To recover resources from and improve water quality of the wastewater, a mussel (Perna viridis ) culture component was integrated with intensive shrimp culture ponds in a pilot-scale recycle system for a 4-month culture cycle. Mussels colonized on bamboo poles were suspended in the canals that received wastewater daily from shrimp ponds. The gross mussel production was approximately 2,000 kg with an average weight increased from 7 to 43 g/mussel, or 0.32 g/mussel/day. It is estimated that the mussels removed approximately 2,116 kg of solid organic matter, including 764 kg of phytoplankton biomass, from the effluents. With shrimp production of 17,581 kg in 2 ha of total pond area the financial gain from the mussel harvest was meager, however, but the mussel culture component played an invaluable role in sustaining shrimp-culture in the recycle system. Record 346 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts

TI: Title Repetitive copulation and variable success of insemination in the marine shrimp Sicyonia dorsalis (Decapoda: Penaeoidea). AU: Author Bauer, RT SO: Source Journal of crustacean biology. Washington DC. Vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 153-160. 1992. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: sexual reproduction; reproductive behaviour; Article Taxonomic Terms: Sicyonia dorsalis AB: Abstract Copulation was observed in 18 of 25 mating pairs of Sicyonia dorsalis whose activities were recorded with a time-lapse video system, and mating behavior was described. Male success in inseminating females was determined by examination of female seminal receptacles for the presence of sperm. A male must copulate at least once from each side of the female in order to fill both seminal receptacles, but multiple copulations by the male on each side of the female were often observed. However, in several pairs, one of the two female receptacles remained empty in spite of often repeated copulations by the male on the unfilled side. In three pairs, the male copulated several times only on one side of the female, filling only the receptacle of that side. All females collected from the field which had mated previously had sperm in both seminal receptacles. One interpretation of these results is that in nature at least some females may mate with and be inseminated by more than one male. Multiple paternity might increase the genetic diversity of a female's spawns, which may enhance survival of dispersed planktonic larvae that settle in a mosaic or heterogeneous benthic environment. Record 347 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title SPR 0404: Industry outlook report, fishing industry of India (1991) AU: Author Krishnan, SN; Zelle, SW DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: commercial fishing; fishery statistics; trade; fishing vessels; fishery economics; fishery policy; Article Geographic Terms: India AB: Abstract The American Consulate General in Madras, India has prepared a 22-page report on India's fishing industry in 1991. The report contains an industry overview and sections on fisheries catch, exports, fleet, international agreements and fisheries investment. The report describes the performance of the India fishing industry during 1990-1991 and its prospects for 1992. Catch held steady for the third consecutive year at 2.2 million tons. Exports increased a record 25.8 percent by quantity to 139,419 t and 41 percent in value to $314 million. Fishery exports are expected to rise further in value to $529 million in 1991-1992. The Government of India (GOI) is actively promoting aquaculture in light of declining catch and concern about marine shrimp resource overexploitation. The GOI has liberalized regulations to encourage joint ventures in the marine fisheries sector and tap the largely unexplored 4.5 million tons of potential marine fish resources. Sponsored by National Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, MD.

CA: Corporate Author American Consulate Gen., Madras (India) Record 348 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Aquaculture in El Salvador: Primed for expansion AU: Author Sandifer, A; Cotsapas, L; Malecha, SR SO: Source Aquaculture Magazine [AQUACULT. MAG.]. Vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 71-75. 1992. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: aquaculture development; shrimp culture; prawn culture; fishery economics; aquaculture economics; process plants; Article Geographic Terms: El Salvador AB: Abstract Despite 12 years of civil war, El Salvador and its people are progressive and optimistic. The recent signing of the peace accords, and the commitment by both sides to keep the peace, has brought stability and new opportunities for business development. There is a substantial interest in aquaculture among many segments of the private sector and government. Most of the current interest is targeted toward marine shrimp and freshwater prawns. El Salvador has an important marine shrimp fishery, which is supported by an established processing industry. There are 14 processing plants with a combined capacity of about 34 MT per day of shrimp, 2,000 MT of storage capacity and 154 MT per day of ice production capacity. Shrimp can be processed into several forms, such as block frozen tails or heads-on animals, P & D, PUD, butterfly, and IQF (individually quick frozen), depending on the needs of the particular market segment. One feed mill in El Salvador currently produces shrimp feed; its capacity is about 400 MT of feed per month. Several other feed mills in the country are interested in producing aquaculture feeds, and appear poised to enter the market once the area under aquatic cultivation increases. Record 349 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Coping with diseases in shrimp farming AU: Author Chen, Shiu-Nan SO: Source INFOFISH, KUALA LUMPUR (MALAYSIA). pp. 113-117. 1992. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; infectious diseases; bacterial diseases; viral diseases; disease control; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus monodon; Article Geographic Terms: Southeast Asia Coasts AB: Abstract During the last decade, farming of marine shrimp, especially the giant tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, has expanded tremendously. Asia is recognised as the most important area for shrimp aquaculture since it produced more than 80% of the cultured shrimp for the world market for the last three years. The industry, however, has been facing extinction in many areas as cultured shrimp are being threatened by either diseases or mass mortality in the last 2-3 years. Among the

pathogens found in diseased shrimp, Vibrio sp, Leucothrix mucor, Lagenidium sp, Sirolpidium sp, Fusarium sp, Zoothamnium sp, Epistylis sp, monodon-type baculovirus (MBV) and infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (HHNV) have been identified as the important microorganisms and some of them may initiate mass mortality of the cultured shrimp. To cope with bacterial infections antimicrobials including chloramphenicol, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, furazolidone and oxolinic acid were commonly used by shrimp farmers at hacthery and grow-out levels. However, the use of drugs in shrimp farms may result not only in pollution and increased bacterial resistance, but also in risk to human health from the drug residues. It has also been proven that the use of drugs may significantly reduce the quality of larvae. Water quality is a major environmental factor in shrimp aquaculture and pond soil is a secondary or generative environment which affects water quality. Maintenance of water colour is regarded as indicative of successful shrimp culture. Industrial and agricultural pollution, environmental degradation and inferior quality post leavae are also major causes of mass mortality of cultured shrimp which have led to the closure of shrimp farms in some areas. Improper management of shrimp aquaculture may also initiate diseases. The paper attempts to discuss all the factors affecting the health of cultured shrimp. The remedial technologies for coping with disease problems of cultured shrimp are also described. Record 350 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Components of reproductive effort and delay of larval metamorphosis in tropical marine shrimp (Crustacea:Decapoda: Caridea and Stenopodidea). AU: Author Goy, JW SO: Source DISS. ABST. INT. PT. B - SCI. & ENG. Vol. 51, no. 10, 193 pp. Apr 1991. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Sexual reproduction; Life history; Larval development; Metamorphosis; Reproductive cycle; Body size; Fecundity; Evolution; Biogeography; Article Taxonomic Terms: Caridea; Stenopodidea AB: Abstract Components of reproductive effort were examined in eight species of caridean shrimps and four species of stenopodidean shrimps collected from tropical marine habitats. Parameters of reproductive output were compared using regression analysis of egg number, brood weight, and brood volume versus body length, carapace length and weight of the shrimps. In the stenopodideans examined, female weight explained 71%, 61%, and 62% of the variance in egg number, brood weight, and brood volume, respectively. In the carideans examined, female weight was the principal determinant of brood weight and volume, accounting for 59% and 55% of the variance, respectively. A greater portion of the variance (63%) in egg number was explained by carapace length. Egg size had a slight increase with increasing body size. There was a trade-off between egg size and the number of eggs in an egg mass. At the interspecific level, four caridean families and two stenopodidean families were compared. At the intraspecific level, specimens of Stenopus hispidus from the Atlantic were contrasted with specimens

from the Pacific. Those from the Atlantic showed a stronger correlation of body size to egg number and brood weight, while those from the Pacific had a higher correlation of body size to brood volume. The length of larval growth in relation to survival ability of shrimp larvae for long periods until metamorphically competent was determined for three species of Lysmata. Larvae metamorphosed into the decapodid stage in 34-69 days after XIII-XXV larval instars when provided with adequate food. Larval duration and total instar number were closely related to the geographical range of each species. Three commensal species of Periclimenes were tested to determine if their larvae would metamorphose in the presence of host actinarians or host exudates. Host specificity was demonstrated with host exudates; showing an overall shorter larval duration within fewer larval instars when exposed to exudates of the preferred anemone. Examination of reproductive effort and delay of larval metamorphosis allowed inferences to be formulated regarding the capacity of longdistance dispersal and the subsequent ecological, zoogeographical and evolutionary implications for these tropical shrimp (DBO). Record 351 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Variation in the lipid content of wild-caught females of the marine shrimp Penaeus kerathurus during sexual maturation. AU: Author Mourente, G; Rodriguez, A SO: Source Marine biology. Berlin, Heidelberg. Vol. 110, no. 1, pp. 21-28. 1991. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: lipids; ovaries; biochemical composition; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus kerathurus AB: Abstract Changes in total lipids, lipid classes and their fatty acid contents were studied in the ovaries and midgut glands of Penaeus kerathurus females during sexual maturation. The shrimp were captured in the Gulf of Cadiz (southwest Spain) in 1990. The lipid content and fatty acids, in relative terms, increased during ovarian development. The greatest changes occurred between Maturation Stages III and IV. Ovarian lipids were dominated by polar classes, whereas in the midgut gland the major classes were triacylglycerols and sterol esters. The amounts of major fatty acids in ovaries (16:0, 16:1n-7, 18:1n-9, 18:1n-7, 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3) increased with increasing maturity, but declined slightly between Stages III and IV. The total polar lipid content of the midgut was 5.7% (by dry weight) and its fatty acid composition remained constant during the whole study period. Record 352 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Experience of freshwater and marine shrimp culture. AU: Author Zgurovskij, KA; Fernando, G SO: Source Biologiya morya/Marine biology. Vladivostok [BIOL. MORYA/MAR. BIOL.]. no. 3, pp. 3-13. 1991. DE: Descriptors

Article Subject Terms: freshwater aquaculture; marine aquaculture; shrimp culture; polyculture; monoculture; aquaculture development; literature reviews; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeidae; Caridea AB: Abstract Available literature on the culture of Penaeidea and Caridea in different countries is analyzed and candidates for aquaculture in USSR waters are proposed. Record 353 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title A stochastic compartmental model for migration of marine shrimp. AU: Author Grant, WE; Matis, JH; Miller, TH SO: Source Ecological Modelling. Vol. 54, no. 1-2, pp. 1-15. 1991. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: coastal environments; population dynamics; kinetics; fisheries; marking; models; ecology; simulation; mathematical models; stochastic processes; time series; shrimp fisheries; migrations; Article Geographic Terms: USA, Texas; ASW, USA, Texas, Galveston Bay AB: Abstract This paper demonstrates the application of stochastic compartmental analysis to model migration of a marked population of white shrimp (Penaeus setiferus ) from an estuarine bay along the Texas coast. The authors first develop a stochastic continuous time Markov process model, and fit the model to time series data from a mark-recapture field experiment. The use of mean residence times and other related moments derived from the model in providing additional insight into the kinetics of shrimp migration is illustrated. Finally, the authors suggest extensions to this approach and discuss the general applicability of the approach to other types of ecological questions dealing with animal movement and mortality. Record 354 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Combined effects of dietary phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol on the growth, survival and body lipid composition of marine shrimp, Penaeus penicillatus . AU: Author Chen, Houng-Yung; Jenn, Jan-Shyong SO: Source Aquaculture. Vol. 96, no. 2, pp. 167-178. 1991. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: feeding experiments; diets; food additives; lipids; biochemical composition; growth; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus penicillatus AB: Abstract A factorial experiment with four dietary phosphatidylcholine and three cholesterol levels was carried out using juvenile Penaeus penicillatus . The results indicated that diets supplemented with either phosphatidylcholine or cholesterol significantly improved shrimp weight gain. Supplementary cholesterol, but not phosphatidylcholine, significantly improved shrimp food conversion and survival. The

dietary cholesterol level to achieve significant shrimp growth was 0.5% or higher, while that for phosphatidylcholine was 1.25% or higher. The shrimp muscle lipid content increased with the increased supplement of cholesterol or phosphatidylcholine. The lipid class composition, however, was not influenced by the two dietary components. Record 355 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title The Islamic Republic of Iran. Follow-up consultancy shrimp culture development. Report prepared for the Agricultural Sector Project Formulation Mission. AU: Author Kungvankij, P SO: Source FAO, ROME (ITALY). 1991. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; aquaculture development; development projects; Article Geographic Terms: Iran AB: Abstract The report describes progress made during activities of the shrimp culture development project in Iran, including work carried out in all the established and suggested facilities and technical measures taken particularly on the breeding and larval rearing of marine shrimp. Recommendations regarding staff development, hatchery operation, grow-out pond, offices and training quarters and support facilities are given. CA: Corporate Author FAO Technical Coop. Programme, Rome (Italy) Record 356 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title The ho-hum syndrome. AU: Author Munita Ortiz, C SO: Source Ceres. Rome [CERES.]. no. 131, pp. 32-34. 1991. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: aquaculture development; fish culture; shrimp culture; aquaculture economics; Article Geographic Terms: Chile; Ecuador; Latin America AB: Abstract A discussion is presented on the situation regarding aquaculture in Latin American countries, considering in particular the success shown by Chile and Ecuador regarding salmon and shrimp farming. In Ecuador, climate, topography and biological factors combine to create ideal marine shrimp culture sites - the country is the major Latin American producer. Chile is currently the world's third largest salmon producer and exporter; the country also produces oysters and mussels. The potential of Latin American countries for aquaculture is examined briefly; it is concluded that scholarships and funds are needed for training at both technical and professional levels. The need for an institutional organization capable of planning, assisting and guiding industrial growth is also stressed.

Record 357 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Egg production, release and activation in the marine shrimp, Sicyonia ingentis . AU: Author Clark, WH Jr; Pillai, MC SO: Source Crustacean Issues. 1991. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: sexual reproduction; oogenesis; eggs; biological development; ovaries; spawning seasons; fecundity; Article Taxonomic Terms: Sicyonia ingentis AB: Abstract The decapod Sicyonia ingentis reproduces from the middle of June to the middle of October, during which the females undergo ovarian development and spawning. Multiple spawning without an intervening molt commonly occurs among both field and laboratory held populations. While the details on the vitellogenic stages of oogenesis are largely unknown, post-vitellogenic stages of oocyte development have been characterized. Record 358 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Water quality and microbial dynamics in shrimp ponds receiving bagasse-based feed. AU: Author Visscher, PT; Duerr, EO SO: Source Journal of the World Aquaculture Society [J. WORLD AQUACULT. SOC.]. Vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 65-76. 1991. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; pond culture; water quality; diets; manure AB: Abstract Pond water quality and associated microbial biomass were studied in relation to the type of feed applied during the culture of the marine shrimp Penaeus vannamei . The feeds tested included conventional feedlot manure as well as 2 feeds based on bagasse, a sugarcane waste product. Physical and chemical parameters were studied during a 100 day trial in 200 m super(2) earthen ponds. Both bagasse-based feeds supported a significantly larger microbial community as measured by specific biomass numbers, ATP content and amount of the particulate organic matter present on pond bottoms. For both bagasse-based treatments, the estimated bacterial cell number in the flocculent layer was 3.11 x 10 super(12)/m super(2), compared to the much lower cell number of 7.53 x 10 super(10)/m super(2) for control ponds. Harvest data suggest that bagasse forms a potential base for feeds when applied to extensive shrimp cultures. Record 359 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts

TI: Title An overview of disease of cultured crustaceans in the Asia Pacific region. AU: Author Brock, JA SO: Source ADB AGRIC. DEP. REP. SER. pp. 347-395. 1991. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: crustacean culture; infectious diseases; disease detection; disease control; Article Geographic Terms: Southeast Asia AB: Abstract The farming of crustaceans, particularly marine shrimp, has gained tremendous popularity in Asia over the past decade. However, disease losses have become a major factor limiting the success of many crustacean farming ventures. Viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, nutritional, toxic and management factors have all been identified as problem areas. Diagnostics for crustacean diseases rely at present on standard methodologies. Advanced molecular techniques are, for the most part, in the research stage. Increased research emphasis on all aspects of crustacean diagnostics are needed, particularly in those regions where intensification of farms is anticipated. Specialists in crustacean disease diagnosis and control are in short supply. In the near term, professional staff in applicable sciences working in central laboratory facilities with other types of farm animals could be mobilized to contribute to problem solving in crustacean culture systems. Eventually, existing programs/facilities will need to be enhanced or aquatic animal research and service centers will need to be established to provide the support activities required by the crustacean farming industries. Control methods for crustacean diseases have evolved empirically and been borrowed largely from fish culture. Record 360 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title (Marine shrimp in Peru.). AU: Author Anon. SO: Source Pesca. Lima [PESCA.]. Vol. 54, no. 5-6, pp. 28-29. 1991. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp fisheries; commercial fishing; artisanal fishing; shellfish catch statistics; catch composition; shrimp culture; fishery development; aquaculture development; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus; Xiphopenaeus; Penaeidae; Article Geographic Terms: Peru AB: Abstract A brief overview of the shrimp fishery industry in Peru is presented. The fishery is based on the following species: Penaeus stylirostris, P. occidentalis, P. californiensis, P. vannamei, P. brevirostris, Xiphopenaeus riveti , and Protachypene precipua . The fishery is operated at both the artisanal and industrial levels. It was noted that the artisanal fishing fishing operates without any control, this makes its evaluation difficult. Some aspects of the development of shrimp culture are analyzed. In Peru only Penaeus vannamei is cultured under a semi-intensive system, a progressive increase in the production was observed from 1983 (593 metric tons) to 1987 (2077 metric tons). Finally, a description of the actions taken towards

increasing the production of cultured shrimp is presented. Record 361 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Chilean shrimp culture. AU: Author Weidner, DM DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; aquaculture development; aquaculture economics; economic analysis; marketing; Article Geographic Terms: Chile AB: Abstract Chile has not yet developed a shrimp aquaculture industry. A variety of factors suggest that the country has a limited potential to culture shrimp. Indigenous species are untried in pond culture. Climatic factors, especially low seasurface temperatures, as a result of the Humboldt Current, and arid conditions probably preclude the development of a competitive marine shrimp culture industry. Some observers believe intensive operations may be possible, but such assessments are highly speculative at this point. Chilean researchers have conducted considerable research on shrimp culture, especially freshwater species. Chile is developing the most important aquaculture industry in Latin America, based on salmon and other species. This developing industrial base could enable the country to play a role in the development of shrimp culture industries in other Latin American countries. CA: Corporate Author National Marine Fisheries Serv., Silver Spring, MD (USA) Record 362 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Dominican Republic shrimp culture. AU: Author Weidner, DM; Wells, RM DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: prawn culture; aquaculture development; aquaculture economics; economic analysis; marketing AB: Abstract The Dominican Republic has, after Cuba, the second largest shrimp culture industry among the Caribbean island countries. While Cuba has focused on marine species, the Dominican Republic has worked primarily with freshwater shrimp. Growers have thus far had some success at marketing their harvest, mostly to local restaurants and hotels engaged in the growing tourist industry. The Dominican Republic claims to be Latin America's leading producer of cultured freshwater shrimp. Many investors also optimistically predict expanded exports to the United States. At least one Dominican company has also developed a successful marine shrimp culture operation which may eventually eclipse the many small freshwater growers. A key aspect which growers are only beginning to address is the establishment of hatcheries to supply postlarval seedstock. Marine shrimp culture in the Dominican Republic, as with other Atlantic and Caribbean countries, has been hampered by the lack of an indigenous species suitable for pond culture. Major construction projects suggest that important harvest

increases could be achieved in 1991. See also PB89-111801. CA: Corporate Author National Marine Fisheries Serv., Silver Spring, MD (USA) Record 363 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Guadeloupe shrimp culture. AU: Author Weidner, DM DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; aquaculture development; aquaculture economics; economic analysis; marketing; Article Geographic Terms: Lesser Antilles, Guadeloupe AB: Abstract France is promoting a shrimp culture industry in its western hemisphere overseas department, French, Guiana, Guadeloupe, and Martinique. They have focused almost exclusively on freshwater shrimp. The French have made considerable technical progress, although only small quantities are being harvested. The Guadeloupe and Martinique harvest is for the domestic market, but the French Guiana harvest is exported. The future of the industry is currently unclear. Most growers report marketing problems and difficulty competing with low-cost marine shrimp from Asia and South American farms. CA: Corporate Author National Marine Fisheries Serv., Silver Spring, MD (USA). Off. of International Affairs Record 364 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Whole marine shrimp usage and preferences in the U.S. wholesale market sector. AU: Author Rhodes, RJ; Greene, VN; Sandifer, PA SO: Source REP. FLA. SEA GRANT PROGRAM. pp. 449-463. 1991. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp fisheries; consumers; marketing; seafood; trade; surveys; data processing; shrimp culture; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus; Article Geographic Terms: ANW, USA, South Carolina; ASW, USA, Texas AB: Abstract In 1988, 766,776 million pounds entered U.S. market channels. Much of the domestic and imported marine shrimp, mainly Penaeus spp., entering the wholesale market channels in the U.S. was sold in various frozen headless product forms. Cultured marine shrimp producers in the U.S. (e.g., South Carolina, Texas, etc.) and other countries (e.g. Ecuador, Panama, etc.) have attempted to identify and develop whole (heads-on) shrimp market segments in the U.S. and Europe. The objective of this research was (a) to describe existing marine shrimp preferences in the wholesale market and (b) to identify critical product attributes in the wholesale market when selling heads-on marine shrimp. Use and preference data was collected on U.S. seafood wholesalers and distributors based on a 1989 mail survey. Data for a conjoint analysis of buyer preferences was also gathered during 1990 telephone

interviews. Although heads-off marine shrimp is one of the preferred product forms in the U.S., there appears to be some willingness in the wholesale seafood sector to purchase various heads-on products. Due to low response rates, the authors are reluctant to estimate magnitude of whole shrimp usage at various levels in the wholesale sector. The conjoint analysis results suggest that product form, not size, may be the next important attributed for heads-on shrimp in the 22-30 count range after price. Marketing experience by S.C. shrimp farmers is consistent with the apparent latent demand for heads-on marine shrimp identified in this research. Additional research on the various heads-on market segments in the U.S. is needed including shell-on IQF shrimp. CA: Corporate Author Florida Univ., Gainesville (USA). Sea Grant Coll. Program Record 365 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Embryonic molting cycles and hatching in the marine shrimp, Sicyonia ingentis . AU: Author Kidd, RJ SO: Source American Zoologist [AM. ZOOL.]. Vol. 31, no. 5, 91A p. 1991. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: embryonic development; moulting; hatching; survival; crustacean larvae; Article Taxonomic Terms: Sicyonia ingentis AB: Abstract Gravid Sicyonia ingentis were light cycled and spawned in the laboratory. Zygotes were cultured at a temperature of 20 degree C. Polar body formation and hatching envelope elevation occurred within the fish hour. This was followed by the first (holoblastic) cleavage at hour 1.5 blastula formation at hour 4.5 and gastrulation at hour 5.5 post-spawn. During the course of development the embryo secreted five successive envelopes and underwent three successive exuviations, thus underwent three successive exuviations, thus reinforcing the notion of crustacean embryonic molting cycles and establishing their existence in Penaedae. The timing of envelope deposition, molting and cuticle formation coincides with variations in embryonic ecdysteroid levels. The hatching process comprised osmotic, mechanical and possibly enzymatic components. The larvae emerged either posterior or anterior-end first and were enclosed by an "exoskeletal envelope." Transmission electron micrograph results suggest that this envelope is an exuvium of a prehatch molt. Once extracted from the hatching envelope, the nauplius assumed a brief period of quiescence before shedding the molted envelope and swimming away. The ecological significance of the prehatch molt to larval survival is discussed. Record 366 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Update on larviculture practices and production for penaeid species in Brazil AU: Author de Paiva Rocha, I; Camara, MR; Abelin, P; Lavens, P; Sorgeloos, P;

Jaspers, E; Ollevier, F SO: Source Special Publication, European Aquaculture Society. 1991. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: aquaculture systems; aquaculture techniques; hatcheries; rearing; shrimp culture; crustacean larvae; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus; Article Geographic Terms: Brazil AB: Abstract After initial slow progress with a variety of marine shrimp species, Brazilian hatcheries have finally selected fewer target species mostly represented by indigeneous penaeids, and started to report better results, leading to optimistic prospects about this emerging industry in South America. The current practices and production results in Brazilian marine shrimp hatcheries are evaluated and discussed. Record 367 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Water quality management at selected European aquaculture farms: Case histories AU: Author Cohen, C; Rogers, G; DePauw, N; Joyce, J (comps) SO: Source Special Publication, European Aquaculture Society. 1991. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: pollution control; environmental protection; aquaculture facilities; aquaculture effluents; aeration; water circulation; videotape recordings; Article Geographic Terms: Europe AB: Abstract European aquaculture has progressed rapidly in the past 25 years. The region is second only to Asia in total yield. The major species of production include carp, eel, mussel, oysters, and salmon. There is also a great deal of interest in production of sea bass and sea bream, with marine shrimp (Penaeus japonicus) also receiving attention. Aeration and circulation are important considerations for water quality management and both affect aquaculture pond dynamics. Aeration is the addition of supplemental air (oxygen) to the pond. It provides aerobic conditions necessary to support aquatic production and to improve water quality. Circulation does not add oxygen directly to the pond but does influence oxygen levels by redistributing dissolved oxygen and affecting oxygen transfer. This video describes the effect of both aeration and circulation on the natural aging process of pond sediments and improvement of water quality. Case histories of major European species are presented, highlighting effective management strategies that include aeration and circulation. The benefits are extended life of pond, improved pond conditions, uniform temperature and dissolved oxygen distribution, reduced anoxic zones, and improved habitat for production. Record 368 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Aquaculture in Puerto Rico: The coming decade AU: Author Nieto, RR SO: Source

World Aquaculture [WORLD AQUACULT.]. Vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 74-77. 1991. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: marine aquaculture; aquaculture economics; aquaculture development; aquaculture enterprises AB: Abstract The aquaculture industry is rapidly becoming an important economic force around the world and these forces are beginning to be felt in Puerto Rico as well. The annual world consumption of marine shrimp is estimated to be 1.8 million tonnes, of which 25% is produced by aquaculture. In Puerto Rico an estimated 1.4 thousand tonnes are consumed annually, most of which are imported as processed or frozen product. The two most more important shrimp culture projects in Puerto Rico are Del Encanto Enterprises and Eureka Marine Enterprises. Del Encanto Enterprises is growing the white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) on a 25 hectare farm located in Guayama. So far, 11 ponds have been constructed out of a projected 60. Annual production from this facility is expected to reach 136 tonnes, which will be sold mainly in Puerto Rico. Eureka Maine Enterprises is growing Penaeus monodon. The farm is located in the town of Dorado, twenty minutes from San Juan, on a 59 ha farm leased from the Department of Agriculture. Production projections call for 410 tonnes of shrimp annually, 80% of which will be sold locally, while the remaining 20% will be exported to Europe and the United States. This facility was capitalized with Taiwanese funds and utilizes Taiwanese expertise. In the United States the value of the ornamental fish industry reaches $677 millions annually. At the present time over 90% of the marine and 1% of the fresh water ornamental fish in the market are captured in the wild. Presently the only marine ornamental commercial aquaculture project is C-Quest which has completed the construction of an indoor hatchery and growout facilities on a 21 ha tract in Santa Isabel. It is estimated they will reach a production capacity of 1 million clown fish (Amphiprion spp) in about eighteen months. (DBO) Record 369 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Shrimp culture industry in China AU: Author Xin, Chen Jia; Sheng, Yang Ning SO: Source Developments in Aquaculture and Fisheries Science [DEV. AQUACULT. FISH. SCI.]. 1991. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: marine aquaculture; shrimp culture; aquaculture enterprises; aquaculture statistics; pond culture; Article Geographic Terms: China, People's Rep. AB: Abstract China has rich species diversity and abundance of marine shrimp. China has more than 100 shrimp species, 40 of which have high commercial value. This abundance and diversity has led to a sizable fishery for wild shrimp, and it has made shrimp culture in ponds possible. While the wild catch fishery is valuable, it cannot meet market demands due to maximum sustainable yield limitations and to large yearly fluctuations in yield. (DBO) Record 370 of 500 DN: Database Name

ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title An overview of Asian marine shrimp culture AU: Author Fast, AW SO: Source Developments in Aquaculture and Fisheries Science [DEV. AQUACULT. FISH. SCI.]. 1991. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: marine aquaculture; shrimp culture; aquaculture development; aquaculture statistics; Article Geographic Terms: ASIA AB: Abstract In this chapter, I will give a brief overview of some aspects of Asian marine shrimp culture, while the following chapters will present detailed descriptions of important shrimp culture industries in several Asian countries. Throughout this volume, references are made to important contributions made by Asian shrimp culturists and researchers to development of shrimp culture technology. I will not try to repeat these here, although I would emphasize that shrimp culture would not be where it is today without these contributions. (DBO) Record 371 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Penaeid shrimp nutrition AU: Author Akiyama, DM; Dominy, WG; Lawrence, AL SO: Source Developments in Aquaculture and Fisheries Science [DEV. AQUACULT. FISH. SCI.]. 1991. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: marine aquaculture; shrimp culture; nutritional requirements; nutrition; feed composition AB: Abstract Nutritional studies of shrimp were initiated in the early 1970's. Comparisons of these with current studies are difficult due to differences in research methodologies and the absence of a standard research diet. Variables such as species, size, source and physiological state of the shrimp, environmental conditions, experimental design, experimental facilities, and diet form, composition and processing often make comparisons invalid. However, these studies have been used to form the principal assumptions used in commercial feed formulations. This chapter provides basic information on marine shrimp nutrition to supplement the existing and rather limited published information. The information is based not truly on the authors' research and practical experience, but on analyses of commercial feeds and extensive discussions with other shrimp nutritionists. It therefore will be of special relevance to the commercial feed industry. Its main limitation is the assumption that there are not major nutritional differences between individual species of shrimp. (DBO) Record 372 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title

Penaeid temperature and salinity responses AU: Author Lester, LJ; Pante, MaJR SO: Source Developments in Aquaculture and Fisheries Science [DEV. AQUACULT. FISH. SCI.]. 1991. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: marine aquaculture; shrimp culture; salinity effects; temperature effects; environmental effects AB: Abstract Marine shrimp culturists know that environmental conditions influence the survival and growth of shrimp during the culture cycle. Nevertheless, there is a lack of information on how much variation a specific change in an environmental parameter can cause in survival or growth of shrimp in tanks or ponds. Eventhough a set of simple environmental parameters is monitored to alert the culturist to potential problems, the environment of a pond or tank is so complex that causal relationships are very difficult to determine. There are four parameters that are considered to be of primary importance in the culture environment: temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and turbidity (or algal concentration). The latter two are largely dependent on the biological community in the pond or tank. Only temperature and salinity offer the opportunity to conduct simple experiments to isolate the effect of the environmental parameter. (DBO) Record 373 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Introduction [to marine shrimp culture] AU: Author Fast, AW SO: Source Developments in Aquaculture and Fisheries Science [DEV. AQUACULT. FISH. SCI.]. 1991. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: marine aquaculture; shrimp culture; historical account; pond culture; aquaculture development AB: Abstract The history of marine shrimp culture is not well documented. Its origin undoubtedly traces to the earliest brackishwater and marine ponds. These primitive ponds, which date back thousands of years in the Mediterranean area, and to the 15th century A.D. in Indonesia were typically stocked with fish, shrimp, and other biota through passive flooding. Desireable seed, as well as unwanted predators and competitors were all carried into the pond with source waters where they grew for some time, and were then harvested. These culture methods, perhaps more properly termed "catch and hold" culture, are still commonly used today. Where land and labor costs are low, and pond improvement costs have been largely depreciated, this approach can still be profitable with low risk. (DBO) Record 374 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Reproduction of Penaeus species in captivity

AU: Author Bray, WA; Lawrence, AL SO: Source Developments in Aquaculture and Fisheries Science [DEV. AQUACULT. FISH. SCI.]. 1991. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: marine aquaculture; shrimp culture; reproductive cycle; aquaculture statistics; nutritional requirements; brood stocks; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus AB: Abstract Striking growth in marine shrimp culture has occurred over the past decade, especially in China, Ecuador, Taiwan, Indonesia, Thailand, and the Philippines, but also in other tropical and sub-tropical areas worldwide. The world market share of cultured shrimp has grown from 2% in 1980 to 25% in 1989, representing 663,000 metric tons of heads-on shrimp entering world markets. This explosive growth in shrimp culture has been accompanied by the construction of several hundred maturation/reproduction facilities, and perhaps another 2,000 "hatcheries" which function only as spawning and larval rearing facilities for wild-matured females. True domestication (continued captive generations) of marine shrimp is still rare and accounts for only a handful of operations. Although technically feasible, complete reliance on captive populations by the shrimp culture industry has not occurred due to: 1) the regional availability of natural breeding stocks from wild populations, and 2) the often lower quality of larvae produced through captive reproduction, which discourages development of reproduction technology when other options are available. (DBO) Record 375 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Penaeid PL harvest, transport, acclimation and stocking AU: Author Olin, PG; Fast, AW SO: Source Developments in Aquaculture and Fisheries Science [DEV. AQUACULT. FISH. SCI.]. 1991. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: marine aquaculture; shrimp culture; hatcheries; larvae; aquaculture techniques; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus AB: Abstract Postlarval (PL) harvest at the hatchery, transport from the hatchery to the farm, acclimation and pond stocking are important aspects of marine shrimp culture requiring careful planning and attention to detail. The overriding concern during these operations is to avoid stress which could cause mortality or otherwise compromise PL survival. Failure to maintain optimum conditions during each step can result in low survival and low crop yield. Appropriate techniques will contribute to high survival, good crop inventory control, and optimal profitability for a given culture system. There is a scarcity of documented information on penaeid PL harvest, transportation, and acclimation. At the same time, however, shrimp culturists possess a wealth of information concerning successful techniques established through experience. Some of these empirical approaches have proven to be highly reliable and efficient. In this chapter, we will review some of the more reliable techniques and present some previously unpublished data from experimental trials. (DBO)

Record 376 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Penaeid growout systems: An overview AU: Author Fast, AW SO: Source Developments in Aquaculture and Fisheries Science [DEV. AQUACULT. FISH. SCI.]. 1991. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: marine aquaculture; shrimp culture; pond culture; aquaculture systems; aquaculture techniques; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus AB: Abstract Marine shrimp have been cultured in earthen ponds for many centuries, usually as incidental entrants along with fish. This practice dates back several thousand years in the Mediterranean area, where Roman's practiced brackishwater pond culture. The Romans undoubtedly learned their pond culture practices from earlier civilizations. Egyptian artworks also depict pond culture. (DBO) Record 377 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Penaeid intensive growout systems AU: Author Fast, AW SO: Source Developments in Aquaculture and Fisheries Science [DEV. AQUACULT. FISH. SCI.]. 1991. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: marine aquaculture; shrimp culture; larvae; hatcheries; intensive culture; aquaculture systems AB: Abstract Like semi-intensive shrimp culture, intensive marine shrimp culture is a recent development which has taken place over the last 20 years. Like ultra-intensive shrimp culture, intensive culture is only practiced where seed to stock the ponds are available when needed, in adequate amounts, and of the preferred species. For the most part, this means use of hatchery produced PL which have been nursed 20 to 60 days. (DBO) Record 378 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Penaeid ultra-intensive growout systems AU: Author Fast, AW SO: Source Developments in Aquaculture and Fisheries Science [DEV. AQUACULT. FISH. SCI.]. 1991. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: marine aquaculture; shrimp culture; pond culture; intensive culture; aquaculture systems; Article Taxonomic

Terms: Penaeus AB: Abstract Ultra-intensive marine shrimp culture systems are at the opposite end of the spectrum from extensive culture. If extensive culture ponds can be compared with naturally balanced ecosystems, then ultra-intensive culture systems are comparable to factories. Ultra-intensive culture "ponds" are little more than culture vessels through which large amounts of materials and energy are passed under the close attention of skilled attendants and business managers. These shrimp factories produce large amounts of shrimp on very small land areas. Ultra-intensive systems are impressive examples of bio-engineering achievements. (DBO) Record 379 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Fish nutrition consultancy report 27 September to 5 December, 1991. AU: Author Hardy, RW DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; fish culture; diets; feed preparation; feed composition; analytical techniques; Article Geographic Terms: Thailand AB: Abstract The report describes the activities conducted during the consultancy which was carried out in order to formulate and initiate a research programme to develop optimum dietary feeds for freshwater prawns and marine shrimp in Thailand. In particular, in-service training of national staff on methods used to quantify the levels of lipids, amino acids and vitamin C in fish feeds and fish tissues was provided. CA: Corporate Author FAO/UNDP Proj. on Fish Nutrition and Aquaculture Diets, Bangkok (Thailand) Record 380 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Nighttime pond respiration rate: Oxygen or temperature dependent?. AU: Author Medenjian, CP SO: Source Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. Vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 180-183. 1990. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: pond culture; shrimp culture; respiration; culture media; water quality; water temperature; mathematical models; nighttime; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus monodon AB: Abstract Two different models for the nighttime dissolved oxygen concentration (DO) dynamics in ponds were compared to determine which was more accurate. DO and water temperature were monitored overnight in marine shrimp (Penaeus vannamei and P. monodon ) ponds: wind speed was also measured. The Whole Pond Respiration-Diffusion (WPRD) model, in which night respiration rate of the pond system is a function of water temperature, was fitted to observations of DO at dusk and approximately 3 h after dusk to generate predictions of pond DO at

dawn. The respiration rate of the pond system at night was therefore better described as a function of water temperature than as dependent on pond DO. Record 381 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Development of cortical vesicles in Sicyonia ingentis ova: Their heterogeneity and role in elaboration of the hatching envelope. AU: Author Pillai, MC; Clark, WH SO: Source Molecular Reproduction and Development. Vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 78-89. 1990. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: ovaries; biological development; spawning; hatching; Article Taxonomic Terms: Sicyonia ingentis AB: Abstract In the marine shrimp Sicyonia ingentis , ova lack cortical vesicles at spawning. Previous ultrastructural studies suggested that two different populations of cortical vesicles (dense vesicles and the ring vesicles) appear within 30 min post-spawning. These vesicles undergo sequential exocytosis. In the present study, lectins were used as molecular probes to study the development of cortical vesicles subsequent to spawning and the role of these vesicles in formation and elaboration of the hatching envelope. The data demonstrated that 1) the ring vesicles are formed by fusion of cisternal elements containing ring-shaped structures; 2) the two species of cortical vesicles are chemically heterogeneous; and 3) the components of each type of vesicle contribute to different integral parts (the outer and inner layers) of the hatching envelope. Record 382 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Shrimp farming in Ecuador. An aquaculture success story. AU: Author Aiken, D SO: Source World Aquaculture. Vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 7,12-16. 1990. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: aquaculture development; environmental impact; Article Geographic Terms: Ecuador AB: Abstract A review is made of the development of marine shrimp culture in Ecuador, the world's second largest producer. Employment benefits, the culture industry and the impact of shrimp farming on the mangrove forests and salt flats in the country are discussed. Record 383 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Patterns of oxygen production and consumption in intensively managed marine shrimp ponds.

AU: Author Madenjian, CP SO: Source AQUACULT. FISH. MANAGE. Vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 407-417. 1990. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: growing ponds; oxygen consumption; biological production; pond culture; dissolved oxygen; oxygen depletion; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus monodon AB: Abstract Temporal trends were determined for primary production and respiration in marine shrimp ponds. Dissolved oxygen concentration (DO) and water temperature were monitored in four marine shrimp, Penaeus vannamei Boone and P. monodon Fabricius, ponds during the grow-out. Pond sediments and water column were the chief consumers of oxygen in the pond, accounting for 51% and 45%, respectively, of the total pond oxygen consumed. Despite showing a marked increase during grow-out, shrimp respiration rate was of relatively minor importance in the pond oxygen budget. Pond management strategies to maintain positive pond net production and to mitigate the impact of sediment respiration on pond DO were recommended. Record 384 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Shrimp culture industry in the People's Republic of China. AU: Author Chen, Jiaxin DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: aquaculture development; aquaculture enterprises; stocks; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeidae; Article Geographic Terms: INW, China, People's Rep.; ISEW, China, People's Rep. AB: Abstract Marine shrimp resources abound in China. There are more than 100 species of common penaeid shrimp. Of these, over 40 are important commercial species. Abundant natural resources have provided shrimp stocks for aquaculture. However, it is very difficult to meet the increasing demand for shrimp if their culture depends only on natural resources, which are influenced by ambient environmental factors. For example, historical statistics show that the output of the most important commercial shrimp, Penaeus chinensis , in the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea has fluctuated dramatically. CA: Corporate Author Oceanic Inst., Honolulu, HI (USA). Asian Interchange Program Record 385 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Pen culture techniques of marine shrimp in Thailand. AU: Author Tookwinas, S SO: Source INFOFISH International. Kuala Lumpur. no. 2, pp. 38-40. 1990. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: cage culture; aquaculture systems; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus monodon; Article Geographic Terms: ISEW,

Thailand AB: Abstract The concept of pen-farming of Penaeus monodon began only a couple of years ago at a river-mouth in Central Thailand and has since caught on with other fishing communities along the coast. Inevitably requiring appropriate site selection, the system nevertheless provides a cheaper and less risky alternative to the problem-ridden pond farming of the black tiger. Record 386 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Semi-intensive shrimp farming in a "Valle" of the North Adriatic Italian coast. AU: Author Canese, S; Ponticelli, A; Palmegiano, G SO: Source Quaderni Tecnici di Acquacoltura. 1990. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: aquaculture systems; rearing; valliculture; pond culture; aquaculture development; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus japonicus; Penaeus monodon AB: Abstract Marine shrimp farming is one of the most rapidly expanding branches of worldwide aquaculture. This paper describes: state of shrimp culture in the various countries of the world, with particular reference to Italy, rearing techniques for marketable Penaeid shrimps, the experience carried out in a so called "Valle", an extensive fish farm, of the North Adriatic Italian coast, where the two species Penaeus japonicus and Penaeus monodon have been reared using earthen ponds. CA: Corporate Author Comitato Naz. per la Ricerca e per lo Sviluppo dell'Energia Nucleare e delle Energie Alternative, Rome (Italy). Dip. Ricerche Sviluppo Agroindustriale Record 387 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Report on prawn hygiene project. AU: Author Sunarya,; Retnowati, E; Susilawati, B; Murtiningsih,; Herawaiti, N; Hariyani, E; Subagio, D SO: Source FAO fisheries report. 1990. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: quality control; shrimp fisheries; microbial contamination; Article Taxonomic Terms: Enterobacteriaceae; Salmonella; Penaeidae; Article Geographic Terms: ISEW, Indonesia AB: Abstract Determination of Enterobacteriaceae and Salmonella in the gut and on the surface of Indonesian marine shrimp was carried out. The results of all samples (gut and surface) of the shrimp was negative for Enterobacteriaceae and Salmonella . The reliability of the analytical method was confirmed by positive results of Enterobacteriaceae and Salmonella for inoculated shrimp samples with Salmonella . This result probably indicates that Salmonella is not found in the marine shrimp

naturally and any Salmonella in the marine shrimp is probably due to contamination during handling, transportation or processing. CA: Corporate Author FAO Indo-Pacific Fisheries Comm., Bangkok (Thailand) Record 388 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Salmonella contamination in Thai shrimp. AU: Author Pongpen Rattagool,; Niracha Wongchinda,; Naruemon Sanghtong, SO: Source FAO fisheries report. 1990. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: quality control; microbial contamination; human food; Article Taxonomic Terms: Salmonella; Penaeus monodon; Trachypenaeus; Article Geographic Terms: ISEW, Thailand AB: Abstract Salmonella contamination was investigated for farm-raised shrimp (Penaeus merguiensis ) and marine shrimp (P. merguiensis, P. monodon and Trachypenaeus ) after harvest and at each step of processing and marketing. Shrimp from local markets, landing places and seafood factories were also tested. Salmonella weltevreden and S. derby were found on fresh and frozen white shrimp and peeled and cooked marine shrimp. All the samples that were found to have salmonella were rechecked, but only the gut was collected for salmonella analysis. Of 31 good and medium quality shrimp samples tested for salmonella only two were found to have salmonella in addition to 17 white shrimp from local markets in Bangkok which originated from Samuth Sakorn landing port and also farm shrimp. CA: Corporate Author FAO Indo-Pacific Fisheries Comm., Bangkok (Thailand) Record 389 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Hygienic processing of shrimp in Thailand. AU: Author Pongpen Rattagool,; Niracha Wongchinda,; Preeda Methatip,; Naruemon Sanghtong, SO: Source FAO fisheries report. 1990. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: processing fishery products; quality control; microbial contamination; experimental research; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus monodon; Article Geographic Terms: ISEW, Thailand AB: Abstract In 1986, 28,729 t of shrimp worth $4,391 million was exported to USA, Japan, Australia and Europe. Some shrimp shipments were detained and rejected because of decomposition, filth, hazardous microorganisms and other sub-standard characteristics. These studies used white shrimp (Penaeus merguiensis ) and tiger shrimp (P. monodon ) from prawn raising farms at Samut Songkarm and marine shrimp. Both species of shrimp were either treated or untreated (representing factory processing) by following the usual practices at the factory freezing plant. The final product was headless shell-on 1 kg uniform frozen

blocks; treated shrimp were washed with cold clean (5 degree C) water 3:1 ratio of water and shrimp) then washed with chlorinated (30-50 ppm) water with 10% salt content. Results are given. CA: Corporate Author FAO Indo-Pacific Fisheries Comm., Bangkok (Thailand) Record 390 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Fish nutrition consultancy report, 12 September to 4 November 1991. AU: Author Halver, JE DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: fish culture; shrimp culture; diets; feed preparation; feed composition; analytical techniques; Article Geographic Terms: Thailand AB: Abstract The report describes activities conducted during the consultancy which was carried out in order to formulate and initiate a research programme to develop optimum needs for freshwater prawns and marine shrimp in Thailand. Efforts were focused upon training personnel to use the gas liquid chromatograph for fatty acid analysis in shrimp and fish feeds, demonstrations and training in vitamin C assays of feedstuffs and use of the high performance liquid chromatograph for amino acids standard mixtures. CA: Corporate Author FAO/UNDP Proj. on Fish Nutrition and Aquaculture Diets, Bangkok (Thailand) Record 391 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title The aquaculture industry in Southeast Asia. AU: Author Boonyaratpalin, M; Akiyama, DM DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: aquaculture enterprises; aquaculture development; shrimp culture; feed preparation; Article Geographic Terms: Southeast Asia AB: Abstract Aquaculture development in Southeast Asia is growing and has tremendous potential for expansion. Indonesia currently has the most area in aquaculture production and the greatest potential for development. Total aquaculture production in Southeast Asia is approximately 1 million metric tons. Approximately 50% of the total production is produced in the Philippines. This production is based on the "traditional" methods of culture which make limited use of fertilizers and feeds. One of the major limitations to the development of aquaculture is the lack of cost effective quality feeds. The feed industry is rapidly improving and expanding to meet the requirements for the development of aquaculture. Most of this expansion is due to the corresponding growth in the marine shrimp industry. The aquaculture feed industry is expected to grow at 50% per year for several years. Record 392 of 500

DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Penaeid shrimp nutrition for the commercial feed industry AU: Author Akiyama, DM; Dominy, WG SO: Source AMERICAN SOYBEAN ASSOC., SINGAPORE (SINGAPORE). pp. 189-236. 1990. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; diets; artificial feeding; feed preparation; nutritive value; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeidae AB: Abstract Information is provided regarding marine shrimp nutrition in order to help shrimp feed processors understand shrimp nutrition and nutritional principles so as to improve the nutritional quality and cost of shrimp feeds. The digestibility of nutrients, which involves mechanical breakdown, solubilization and absorption, is discussed and the following nutritional components examined: proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, fiber, vitamins, and minerals. A description is given of feed ingredients extensively used in commercial shrimp feeds and also feed additives. Least-cost feed formulations are considered briefly. Record 393 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Soybean meal utilization by marine shrimp AU: Author Akiyama, DM SO: Source AMERICAN SOYBEAN ASSOC., SINGAPORE (SINGAPORE). pp. 379-415. 1990. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; diets; artificial feeding; proteins; Article Taxonomic Terms: Glycine max AB: Abstract Soybean meal appears to be highly digestible by marine shrimp and especially protein and amino acids. The origin of protein, plant or animal, does not affect digestibility but the quality of protein is important. There appears to be little difference in soybean meal digestibility by 3 species of marine shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, P. monodon, and P. japonicus. The carbohydrate fraction of soybean meal appears to lower the total dry matter digestibility. Several studies have successfully substituted fish meal and shrimp meal with soybean meal. When replacing these marine animal meals with soybean meal, one needs to consider not only protein but energy, fatty acids, minerals, and other nutrients which are present in the marine animal meals and not in soybean meal. Record 394 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Farm management and techniques of marine shrimp culture in Thailand AU: Author Kongkeo, H SO: Source

AMERICAN SOYBEAN ASSOC., SINGAPORE (SINGAPORE). pp. 127-133. 1990. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; aquaculture systems; aquaculture techniques; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus monodon; Article Geographic Terms: ISEW, Thailand AB: Abstract Details are given of current farm management and techniques of marine shrimp culture in Thailand. Penaeus monodon accounts for the majority of the shrimp production. Future development prospects of the industry are considered briefly. Record 395 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title A preliminary economic assessment of aquaculture development in the Federated States of Micronesia and Fiji AU: Author Shang, YC SO: Source FAO, Suva (Fiji). 37 pp. Jun 1989. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Aquaculture development; Aquaculture economics; Economic analysis; Article Geographic Terms: ISEW, Micronesia, Fed. States; ISEW, Fiji AB: Abstract The document is presented in 2 parts. In the first, the findings are presented of a study conducted in the Federated States of Micronesia to make a preliminary economic evaluation of the cultivation of sponge, seaweed and giant clams. These species appear to be the most promising for development due to simple culture technology, low capital requirement and available market. Each of the 4 states were examined individually -- Pohnpei, Kosrae, Truk and Yap. The second part details the findings of a preliminary economic evaluation of the culture of marine shrimp (Penaeus monodon and P.stylirostris), freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii), red tilapia and seaweed (Eucheuma alvarezil). (DBO). CA: Corporate Author FAO South Pacific Aquaculture Development Proj., Suva [Fiji] Record 396 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title The effect of feeding two prey organisms, nauplii of Artemia and rotifers, Brachionus plicatilis (Muller), upon survival and growth of larval marine shrimp, Penaeus semisulcatus (de Haan). AU: Author Samocha, TM; Uziel, N; Browdy, CL SO: Source Aquaculture. Vol. 77, no. 1, pp. 11-19. 1989. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; food preferences; nutritional requirements; food organisms; survival; growth; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus semisulcatus; Artemia; Brachionus plicatilis AB: Abstract The survival and growth of Penaeus semisulcatus postlarvae fed Artemia nauplii or rotifers, Brachionus plicatilis , were studied in a

small-scale bioassay system. High survival can be achieved with rotifers, but energy intake is apparently reduced as dry weight is lower. Thus Artemia nauplii alone may be a superior food for mass culture of penaeid larvae. Record 397 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Marine shrimp farming in PR China. AU: Author Shang, YC SO: Source INFOFISH International. Kuala Lumpur. no. 2, pp. 16-17. 1989. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: aquaculture techniques; aquaculture development; Article Geographic Terms: China, People's Rep. AB: Abstract New and improved culture techniques, a liberal government policy and high profits are largely responsible for the impressive expansion of shrimp farming in PR China, the world's top producer of cultured shrimp. For the industry to progress even further, several impediments must first be dealt with. These include seed shortage, high production costs and quality problems. Record 398 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Shrimp fisheries in the Bay of Bengal. AU: Author Knapp, Mvan der SO: Source BOBP, MADRAS (INDIA). 1989. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: fishery statistics; stock assessment; fishery management AB: Abstract The marine shrimp fisheries in countries around the Bay of Bengal are described, summarizing available information on the fishery, catch data, rates and composition, and by-catch. The status of exploitation, stock assessment and management in various countries of the region is reviewed. CA: Corporate Author FAO/UNDP Proj. for Marine Fishery Resources Management in the Bay of Bengal, Colombo (Sri Lanka) Record 399 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title The distribution and characteristics of steroid binding proteins in fish and shrimp. AU: Author Chen, MR; Chang, CF; Lee, YH; Yoshida, T DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: hormones; chemical extraction; biochemical

analysis; steroids; fish; Article Taxonomic Terms: Pisces; Natantia AB: Abstract The objective was to investigate the distribution and characteristics of steroid binding proteins in different species of fish and shrimps. Thirty eight species of marine and freshwater fish and 3 species of marine shrimp were collected. Plasma binding proteins of estradiol (E2), testosterone (T), progesterone (P4) and cortisol (C) were measured with RIA. The authors found that 78.9%, 71.0%, 10.5% and 2.6% of species had E2, T, P4 and C binding proteins, respectively; 65.7% of species had both T and E2 binding proteins; 10.5% of species had T, E2 and P4 binding proteins. Steroid binding proteins were not detected in shrimps. CA: Corporate Author Japanese Soc. for Marine Biotechnology, Tokyo (Japan); Foundation for Advancement of International Science; ICSU Int. Scientific Comm. for Biotechnology Record 400 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Pond-raised shrimp thrive on sugarcane. AU: Author Wood, M SO: Source Agricultural Research. Vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 9. 1989. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: pond culture; pellet feeds; feed composition AB: Abstract Results from a 12-week experiment indicate that young, pond-raised marine shrimp (Penaeus vannamei ) grow well on small pellets of the experimental feed. The pellets are made from bagasse--the crushed stalks that remain after sugarcane is processed--and from inexpensive forms of protein, fats, and minerals. Record 401 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Yolk protein production in the marine shrimp Penaeus vannamei . AU: Author Quackenbush, LS SO: Source Journal of crustacean biology. Washington DC. Vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 509-516. 1989. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: yolk AB: Abstract Yolk production of the marine shrimp Penaeus vannamei was measured using an antibody to a subunit of the yolk protein complex. The effects of unilateral eyestalk ablation on protein synthesis of the hepatopancreas and ovary were measured in vitro. Initially, activity in both tissues increased; 21 days after eyestalk ablation activity levels in both tissues returned to levels equal to or lower than preablation levels. The yolk protein content of the tissues increased shortly after eyestalk ablation and reached a maximum of 8% in ovarian tissue, but less than 1% in the hepatopancreas. Both intact controls and eyestalk-ablated shrimp had as much as 1 mg/ml yolk protein in the

hemolymph during ovarian maturation. Record 402 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title A standard reference diet for crustacean nutrition research. 1. Evaluation of two formulations. AU: Author Castell, JD; Kean, JC; D'Abramo, LR; Conklin, DE SO: Source Journal of the World Aquaculture Society. Vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 93-99. 1989. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: diets; artificial feeding; balanced rations; feed preparation; Article Taxonomic Terms: Pandalus; Penaeus; Homarus AB: Abstract Details of the formulation, preparation and proximate composition of 2 diets are provided. Both of these diets, which had been used to culture lobster, Homarus sp., were compared with the usual control diets of several research teams from different countries in feeding trials with many different species of crustaceans including freshwater and marine shrimp, prawn, lobster, crayfish and crab. The preliminary data on growth and survival of Pandalus danae, Penaeus monodon, P. stylirostris, P. vannamei , P. brasiliensis, P. setiferus, P. aztecus and H. americanus suggest that either BML 81 S or HFX CRD 84 would be an acceptable SRD for these species. Use of an SRD will provide a more accurate assessment of non-nutritional growth factors and permit comparisons among laboratories, species and experiments. Record 403 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Apparent digestibility of feedstuffs by the marine shrimp Penaeus vannamei Boone. AU: Author Akiyama, DM; Coelho, SR; Lawrence, AL; Robinson, EH SO: Source Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi [NIPPON SUISAN GAKKAISHI/BULL. JAP. SOC. SCI. FISH.]. Vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 91-98. 1989. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; feed AB: Abstract The apparent dry matter digestibility (ADMD), apparent protein digestibility (APD), and apparent amino acid digestibility (AAAD) of thirteen feedstuffs used for marine shrimp diets were determined for the marine shrimp, Penaeus vannamei . The feedstuffs evaluated were casein, corn starch, gelatin, soy protein, wheat gluten, fish meal, rice bran, shrimp meal, soybean meal, squid meal, cellulose, chitin, and diatomaceous sand. Each feedstuff comprised 88% of the experimental diets. The ADMD values ranged from 91.4% to -21.4%. The purified feedstuffs were more efficiently digested than the practical feedstuffs. The dietary fillers (cellulose, chitin, and diatomaceous sand) were either poorly digested or not digested. Record 404 of 500

DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title (Technical meeting on aquaculture planning. Caracas, Venezuela, 8-12 May 1989. Document prepared for the Project GCP/RLA/075/ITA Support to the Regional Aquaculture Centre for Latin America and the Caribbean.). SO: Source FAO, BRASILIA (BRAZIL). 1989. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: aquaculture development; planning; development projects; report literature; Article Geographic Terms: Latin America AB: Abstract The main objectives of the meeting were to make available pertinent information regarding the formulation of aquaculture development plans in Latin America. The document provides summaries of the reports and syntheses of the round tables held at the meeting under the following major section headings: 1) inaugural conference; 2) aquaculture and repopulation; 3) rural aquaculture; 4) commercial aquaculture in freshwater; 5) mariculture; 6) marine shrimp culture; 7) investigations; and 8) planning and legislation. CA: Corporate Author FAO Proy. Aquila, Brasilia (Brazil) Record 405 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Determining the lethal dose (LD sub(50)) of Vibrio and Pseudomonas bacteria for marine shrimp. AU: Author Arume, C SO: Source Pacific Science. Vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 186. 1989. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: disease resistance; Article Taxonomic Terms: Pseudomonas; Vibrio AB: Abstract Eight Vibrio isolates were obtained from wild harvested marine shrimp and from marine shrimp aquaculture facilities. The Vibrio isolates were tested against Penaeus stylirostrus . A standard curve of dilution versus absorbance was made for each isolate. Ten shrimp (five per tank) were injected with appropriate concentrations of bacteria. The LD sub(50) of the Vibrio isolates ranged from 4.0 x 10 super(2) to 3.3 x 10 super(4). Two Pseudomonas) species had similar LD sub(50)'s. Escherichia coli had an LD sub(50) of 1.0 x 10 super(6). Heat-killed Vibrio) did not produce mortalities. The injected bacteria were recovered from the blood of moribund animals. LD sub(50)'s of the Vibrio isolates were determined. Live cells are needed to produce pathological effect. Considerably fewer Vibrio bacteria were required to cause pathogenicity compared to E. coli . However, certain pseudomonad species show pathogenicity similar to that of the Vibrio isolates. Different species of Vibrio and different strains of the same species of V. alginolyticus have different levels of pathogenicity on P. stylirostrus . Record 406 of 500 DN: Database Name

ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Status of shrimp and finfish feeds in Malaysia. AU: Author Hassan, IA; Hanafi, HH; Musa, CUBC; Pathmasothy, S DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; aquaculture development; feed; artificial feeding; pellet feeds; Article Geographic Terms: Malaysia AB: Abstract Feeds is one of the factors which plays an important role in determining the successful development of the aquaculture industry. In marine shrimp and finfish culture it has been proven that more than 50% of cost of production goes to the feed for the cultured animals. This paper discussed briefly the present status of feeds for marine shrimp and finfish, the major issues faced by the feedmilling industry and the potential development of the feed industry in Malaysia. It also identifies some of the major steps needed to be taken by both the government and private sectors in order to ensure the development of marine shrimp and finfish feed industry. CA: Corporate Author ASEAN/UNDP/FAO Reg. Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries Development Proj., Manila (Philippines) Record 407 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Commercial aspects of Penaeus japonicus farming in northeastern Nile Delta in semi-intensive ponds. AU: Author Sadek, S; Billard, R; Pauw, Nde (comps) SO: Source Special Publication, European Aquaculture Society. 1989. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; pond culture; aquaculture techniques; aquaculture economics; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus japonicus AB: Abstract A 5-acre pond operation with 12 ponds is used to describe the economics and operational considerations typical of marine shrimp (Penaeus japonicus ) farming conditions in Egypt. Each pond received similar water quality management. Water exchange averaged 10% per day. The ponds were fed two to three times daily over the course of the 155 day study. Different water fertilization programmes were designed, using organic and inorganic fertilizers, according to the soil features and water salinity of each pond. The growth rate was significantly enhanced by the addition of post-larvae or more artificial feed. Animals weighing an average of 0.5 g were stocked in 12 earthen ponds at an average density of 3 and 6 animals/m super(2). Ponds were enriched with cattle manure plus inorganic fertilizer. The average weekly weight gain and average survival were 1.91 g and 68% respectively for ponds enriched with fertilizer and fed commercial feed and 1.44 g and 59.9% for ponds only enriched with fertilizer. Yield ranged from 360 to 864 Kg/ha in the ponds. Shrimp growth was correlated with variations in water quality among treatment. The final average weight of the individual varied between 33 and 49 g in ponds used fertilizer and artificial feed, whereas in fertilized ponds, the result was between 28 and 40 g. CA: Corporate Author

European Aquaculture Soc., Bredene (Belgium) Record 408 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Application to southern Europe and North Africa of recent advances in the culture of marine shrimp and freshwater prawns. AU: Author Malecha, SR; Sandifer, PA; Cotsapas, L; Parseval, Lde; D'Abramo, L; MacMichael, ER; Desmond, T; et al.; Billard, R; Pauw, Nde (comps) SO: Source Special Publication, European Aquaculture Society. 1989. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; prawn culture; aquaculture systems; aquaculture development; aquaculture economics; Article Taxonomic Terms: Macrobrachium rosenbergii AB: Abstract Until now freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii ) and marine shrimp (Penaeus yannamei ) grow-out technology worldwide has lacked innovative methods to increase production to economically successful levels in temperate climates where the growing season is favorable, but not year around. A new technology for prawns was developed in Mississippi and Hawaii and implemented successfully in Hawaii, Mississippi and Central America, based upon a better understanding of prawn heterogenous individual growth rate and proper management of this growth variation using high density nurseries, size grading and more efficient harvesting systems. Computer-based inventory control is described, along with new technologies sex-ratio control techniques and closed system prawn hatcheries which make inland prawn culture viable. M major technical problems in designing, constructing, and operating a highly-efficient closed-system freshwater prawn hatchery are presented. The technology for grow-out of marine shrimp, especially the white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei , has improved considerably in the last 5 years. Recent results in intensive and ultra-intensive grow-out tests applicable to southern European and north African conditions are detailed. Stocking densities of > 100 juveniles/m super(2) were used and production of > 10,000 kg/ha per crop can be achieved in earthen ponds. CA: Corporate Author European Aquaculture Soc., Bredene (Belgium) Record 409 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Natural tracers in dietary studies: Data for 210 Po and 210 Pb in decapod shrimp and other pelagic organisms in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean. AU: Author Heyraud, M; Domanski, P; Cherry, RD; Fasham, MJR SO: Source Marine biology. Berlin, Heidelberg. Vol. 97, no. 4, pp. 507-519. 1988. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: radioactive tracers; polonium isotopes; lead 210; diets; Article Taxonomic Terms: Decapoda; Article Geographic Terms: ANE, North Atlantic

AB: Abstract Measurements of the concentrations of the naturally-occurring radioactive nuclides super(210)Po and super(210)Pb in a large number of pelagic organisms from the Atlantic Ocean are reported. Marine shrimp are particularly well represented, and in many cases data were obtained for shrimp hepatopancreas, stomach-contents, and posterior intestine plus contents, as well as for whole individuals. The wide ranges found in super(210)Po concentrations group into categories: the shrimp, for example, divide into four categories, two penaeid and two carid. These groupings are explained on the basis of variations in diet between the different categories. Particularly high levels of super(210)Po are not uncommon in certain penaeid shrimp, and attention is drawn to the need for investigation of cytological and/or genetic effects which could possibly be caused by the very high natural radiation doses to which such organisms are exposed. Record 410 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Induction and control of the acrosome reaction in the sperm of Sicyonia ingentis AU: Author Griffin, FJ SO: Source DISS. ABST. INT. PT. B - SCI. & ENG. Vol. 48, no. 8, 130 pp. Feb 1988. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Biological fertilization; Sperm; Article Taxonomic Terms: Sicyonia ingentis AB: Abstract Unactivated sperm of the marine shrimp Sicyonia ingentis possess an elevated intracellular pH (pH sub(i)) of 8.5. As a result of the acrosome reaction (exocytosis of the acrosomal vesicle and formation of an acrosomal filament) pH sub(i) is decreased to 7.8-8.0. Low external pH elicits acrosomal filament formation in sperm that have undergone acrosomal exocytosis, but does not induce exocytosis in unreacted sperm. The ionophores, nigericin and valinomycin, enhance the % of sperm that form filaments in low pH sea water (pH < 8.0). Nigericin does not elicit filament formation at external pHs greater than or equal to 8.0, whereas, valinomycin induces filament formation over a wide range of external pHs (5.75-8.5). Valinomycin induction does, however, become pH dependent at elevated levels of extracellular K super(+). These results demonstrate that acrosomal filament formation is associated with a pH sub(i) decrease and suggest that a K super(+) efflux is connected to the pH sub(i) decrease. The acrosome reaction is induced in vitro when sperm are incubated with egg water (EW). The inductively active portion of EW elutes as a high molecular weight complex (>690 Kd) on gel filtration and includes a 230 Kd glycoprotein(s) and a grouping of 66 Kd and 37 Kd proteins. Several lines of evidence suggest that acrosomal exocytosis and filament formation are elicited by separate inducers or inducing activities and that a trypsin-like protease is the inducer of acrosomal filament formation: (1) the kinetics of induction differ for the two phases of the AR; (2) trypsin inhibitors (SBTI and PAB) block only formation of acrosomal filaments; (3) bovine trypsin induces filament formation in exocytosed sperm, but does not induce sperm to undergo exocytosis; (4) EW contains trypsin-like activity and this proteolytic activity is required for EW induction of filament formation; and (5) SBTI affinity

chromatography separates the inductive activities of EW. The acrosomal filament is a cylindrical structure 0.3-0.5 mu m in diameter and 10 mu m in length. The filament is composed of granular regions and tubular-like structures (TLS), both of which course the length of the filament. The TLS are 30 nm in diameter and do not resemble tubulin containing microtubules. Anteriorly, the filament terminates in 12-15 radiating extensions (petals). Petals possess substructural elements that appear as incomplete TLS. (DBO) Record 411 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Aquaculture and product grading. AU: Author Saisithi, B-O DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: quality control; quality assurance; aquaculture products; shrimp culture; aquaculture development; Article Geographic Terms: Thailand AB: Abstract Aquaculture plays a significant role in the economic progress of Thailand. It contributes 17.0% in terms of value to the total fish production of the country. Trends of important species of aquaculture production are described. Production of freshwater shrimp and marine shrimp increase dramatically. Grading and inspection of both marine and freshwater shrimp are elaborated. Quality requirements of some importing countries are highlighted. Record 412 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Forecasting commercial harvest of marine shrimp using Markov chain model. AU: Author Grant, WE; Matis, JH; Miller, W SO: Source Ecological Modelling. Vol. 43, no. 3-4, pp. 183-193. 1988. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: population levels; harvesting; marine environment; mathematical models; population dynamics; prediction; shrimp fisheries; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus AB: Abstract The ability to forecast harvest levels is a prerequisite for effective management of shrimp and other commercial fisheries. One of the more recent advances in crop yield forecasting is a method based on Markov chain theory. The method provides more information concerning the yield and requires less stringent assumptions than more traditional regression approaches. The Markov model provides forecast distributions of final crop yield depending on the state of the system at selected times prior to the end of the harvest season. Record 413 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title

Cryopreservation of sperm from the marine shrimp Sicyonia ingentis . AU: Author Anchordoguy, T; Crowe, JH; Griffin, FJ; Clark, WH Jr SO: Source Cryobiology. Vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 238-243. 1988. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: sperm; freezing storage; cytology; Article Taxonomic Terms: Sicyonia ingentis AB: Abstract Sperm from a marine shrimp, Sicyonia ingentis , were frozen to -196 degree C using a variety of cooling rates and cryoprotectants. A cooling rate of 1 degree C/min resulted in minimal cell breakage. Sperm samples were frozen in solutions of known membrane stabilizers--trehalose, sucrose, proline, and glycerol. These compounds were somewhat effective but a dramatic increase in sperm viability was seen when DMSO was present in the freezing medium. Sperm viability was assessed using the in vitro acrosome reaction technique of Griffin et al. (1987). The highest sperm survival (56%) was obtained with samples frozen at 1 degree C/min in a 5% (v/v) DMSO solution. No decrease in viability was seen in sperm samples stored in liquid nitrogen (-196 degree C) for 1 month. Record 414 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Predicting nighttime dissolved oxygen loss in aquaculture ponds. AU: Author Madenjian, CM; Rogers, GL; Fast, AW SO: Source Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. Vol. 45, no. 10, pp. 1842-1847. 1988. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; mathematical models; prediction; fish ponds; nighttime; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus monodon AB: Abstract The Whole Pond Respiration-Diffusion (WPRD) model was evaluated for brackish-water ponds. The WPRD model accurately describes the nighttime decline of dissolved oxygen concentration (DO) in both freshwater and brackish-water ponds. DO, water temperature, and wind speed were monitored overnight in marine shrimp (Penaeus vannamei and P. monodon ) ponds at Amorient Aquafarm Inc. (Kahuku, Oahu) and at the Mariculture Research and Training Center (Hakipuu, Oahu) during July through December 1986. The model has yielded accurate predictions of dawn DO for a variety of aquaculture ponds and meteorological conditions. Record 415 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Aquaculture in the West, a perspective. AU: Author Sandifer, PA SO: Source Journal of the World Aquaculture Society. Vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 73-84. 1988.

DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: aquaculture development; consumers; Article Geographic Terms: USA AB: Abstract Following a brief historical review of aquaculture in Western countries, a discussion is presented on the state of capture fisheries and its relation to aquaculture. Major trends in the US food market are summarized, considering their implications for aquaculture. Some examples are given of successful farming ventures, namely salmon, channel catfish, American red swamp crawfish and marine shrimp. Future development prospects for the aquaculture industry are also examined. Record 416 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Collections of freshwater shrimps along the southern coast of South Africa. AU: Author Coetzee, DJ SO: Source S. AFR. J. ZOOL./S.-AFR. TYDSKR. DIERKD. Vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 59-63. 1988. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: biological surveys; check lists; ecological distribution; Article Taxonomic Terms: Macrobrachium rude; Caridina nilotica; Caridina typus; Article Geographic Terms: South Africa AB: Abstract During Feb 1983 to Nov 1986 a total of 38 rivers along the south-western, southern and eastern Cape coasts and Ciskei were investigated for the occurrence of freshwater shrimps. Five species were found, namely Palaemon capensis, Macrobrachium petersii, M. rude, Caridina nilotica and C. typus . The known distribution range of P. capensis was extended eastwards to the Keiskamma River in the Ciskei, and it appears to be the only freshwater shrimp occurring in the often very acid dark brown ("black") waters of the south-western and southern Cape rivers. M. petersii and C. nilotica occurred south-westwards as far as the Gamtoos River, whereas M. rude was found only in the Gqunube River, the easternmost river in the study area, and C. typus only in the Nahoon River, about 15 km further south-westwards. An estuarine/marine shrimp species, Palaemon pacificus , was often found in the estuarine sections of rivers, and P. concinnus , another estuarine/marine species, was collected in the Gqunube River. As far as is known this is the first published record of P. concinnus in the Cape Province. Record 417 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title The utilization of blood meal as a protein ingredient in the diet of the marine shrimp Penaeus vannamei . AU: Author Dominy, WG; Ako, H SO: Source Aquaculture. Vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 289-299. 1988. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: feeding experiments; nutritional requirements;

amino acids; proteins; growth AB: Abstract Four blood meal products were compared and tested as protein substitutes for a marine protein mix in grow-out rations for the marine shrimp Penaeus vannamei . The results suggest that blood meal products can replace marine proteins in grow-out rations for medium sized (3-4 g) Penaeus vannamei . Results also indicate that the blood meal product containing covalently attached methionine may be a potentially useful way to supplement limiting amino acids in shrimp diets. Record 418 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Biochemical composition, food preference, growth, and cannibalism in the eastern pacific marine shrimp, Penaeus stylirostris Stimpson AU: Author Mofidi, F SO: Source DISS. ABST. INT. PT. B - SCI. & ENG. Vol. 48, no. 4, vp.. Oct 1987. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Commercial species; Shrimp fisheries; Biochemical composition; Food preferences; Nutritional requirements; Cannibalism; Mortality causes; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus stylirostris; Article Geographic Terms: IE, East Pacific AB: Abstract Blue shrimp, Penaeus stylirostris, are one of the commercially important species ranging from the upper Gulf of California to Peru. The biochemical composition, food preference, growth, and cannibalistic behavior of P. stylirostris were studied in the laboratory in order to gain insight into the nutritional requirements and behavioral aspects of blue shrimp. Variation in the biochemical composition of the blue shrimp has been documented as a function of sex, size, and type (cultured and wild stock). In general, protein was highest, followed by lipid; both increased with increase in body size. Protein was higher in males while lipid was higher in females. Wild shrimp had higher protein and lower lipid content than cultured shrimp. Carbohydrate levels were very low and did not vary with sex, size, and type of shrimp. The food preferences of three size classes of male and female blue shrimp were studied in three experimental series. Food preference was in the following order: fish > squid = shrimp tail > green alga (Enteromorpha) = brown alga (Sargassum) in the first series. In the second series the preference was as follows: shrimp tail > Enteromorpha = Sargassum. In the third series it was Sargassum > Enteromorpha. Thus the blue shrimp can be considered a more carnivorous species of penaeid shrimp. An electivity index study supported the laboratory measurements of food preferences. A 30-day growth study consisting of two experimental and one control group was conducted. Experimental groups were fed natural foods and a formulated diet was given to the control group. Carapace length, total length, and weight were measured fortnightly and growth rates of male and female blue shrimp were compared in each group. Specific growth rates, food conversion efficiency, and coefficient of condition (K) were also calculated. In blue shrimp, cannibalism was related to density rather than food. Offering a low amount of food (dry pellets, about 0.25% of the body weight) did not cause any cannibalism. Vulnerable (molted) animals were subjected to cannibalism in crowded areas. Cannibalism

was a major factor in the death of shrimp, otherwise the health of shrimp was favorable. [(Copies available exclusively from Micrographics Department, Doheny Library, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0182.)] (DBO). Record 419 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Marine shrimp culture in the world and present state and trends of kuruma prawn culture in Italy. AU: Author Lumare, F SO: Source Scientia Marina. 1987. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; prawn culture; world; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus; Macrobrachium rosenbergii; Article Geographic Terms: Italy; Japan AB: Abstract Crustacean culture is growing fast; in 1983 world aquaculture production increased 688% compared to 1975. The main culture group are the Palemonidae Macrobrachium rosenbergi , the giant fresh-water prawn from the Indo-Pacific area, and many Penaeids. Penaeid culture is developing in tropical and sub-tropical areas. In South-East Asia Penaeus monodon , the giant tiger prawn, is farmed in Taiwan, the Philippines and many other countries. In Central America, P. vannamei and P. stylirostris (white shrimps) are very important, particularly in Ecuador and Panama. Japan is the center of shrimp culture in the world, where it has been developed on a commercial scale since about 1958. Currently great interest in P. kerathurus and P. japonicus culture is shown in Europe and in the Mediterranean. CA: Corporate Author Consejo Super. de Investigaciones Cientificas, Barcelona (Spain) Record 420 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Intracellular pH decreases during the in vitro induction of the acrosome reaction in the sperm of Sicyonia ingentis AU: Author Griffin, FJ; Clark, WH Jr; Crowe, JH; Crowe, LM SO: Source Biological Bulletin, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole [BIOL. BULL.]. Vol. 173, no. 2, pp. 311-323. 1987. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: sperm; pH effects; biochemical phenomena; animal physiology; cytology; marine crustaceans; Article Taxonomic Terms: Sicyonia ingentis; Decapoda AB: Abstract Activation of the sperm of many invertebrate and some vertebrate species to undergo an acrosome reaction is accompanied by an increase in intracellular pH (pH sub(i)). In each of these instances the pH sub(i) of the unactivated cell is relatively low (6.9-7.4). Unactivated sperm of the marine shrimp, Sicyonia ingentis, possess an elevated pH sub(i) (8.5). Induction of the acrosome reaction (exocytosis of the acrosomal vesicle and generation of an acrosomal

filament) is accompanied by a decrease in pH sub(i) (7.8). Low external pH elicits acrosomal filament formation in sperm that have undergone acrosomal exocytosis, but does not induce exocytosis in unreacted sperm. The ionophore, nigericin, enhances the percent of sperm that form filaments in low pH seawater (pH < 8.0), but does not elicit filament formation at external pHs greater than or equal to 8.0. Valinomycin induces filament formation in sperm that have undergone exocytosis over a wide range of external pHs (5.75-8.5). The ability of valinomycin to induce filament formation in the upper portion of this pH range (8.0) declines as the extracellular K super(+) concentration rises. These results demonstrate that the sperm of S. ingentis undergo a pH sub(i) decrease as a result of the acrosome reaction and that the decrease is associated with acrosomal filament formation. In addition, they also suggest that an efflux of K super(+) ions is connected to the pH sub(i) decrease. (DBO) Record 421 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Population genetic bases for improving cultured crustaceans. AU: Author Hedgecock, D SO: Source Schriften der Bundesforschungsanstalt fur Fischerei Hamburg. Hamburg [SCHR. BUNDESFORSCHUNGSANST. FISCH., HAMB.]. 1987. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: population genetics; genetic drift; crustacean culture; literature reviews AB: Abstract Studies on the population genetics of crustaceans reveal considerable variation among higher taxonomic categories in the amounts of genetic variation within and between local, conspecific populations. Although natural selection is implicated by several lines of evidence, firm rejection of the hypothesis of selective neutrality awaits full explication of population sizes and structures. Genetic variation in natural populations of economically important crustaceans appears to be sufficient to support genetic improvement programs. Presently these genetic resources are underutilized because of a general lack of control over crustacean reproductive processes. Inbreeding appears to threaten the few closed populations of marine shrimp that have been established because husbandry practices have ignored genetic principles. CA: Corporate Author FAO Europ. Inland Fish. Adv. Comm., Rome (Italy); ICES, Copenhagen (Denmark) Record 422 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Interspecific hybridization of economically important crustaceans. AU: Author Hedgecock, D SO: Source Schriften der Bundesforschungsanstalt fuer Fischerei Hamburg. 1987. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: crustacean culture; hybrid culture; brine

shrimp culture; food organisms; Article Taxonomic Terms: Artemia; Daphnia AB: Abstract The scientific literature on hybridization among Crustacea is sparse, particularly if one restricts attention to species of aquacultural importance. Branchiopoda, chiefly brine shrimp (Artemia ) and water fleas (Daphnia ), are of interest because they are prime food species for many cultured fish and shellfish. Among the decapods, marine shrimp, freshwater prawns and clawed lobsters have been hybridized artificially; some brachyuran crabs of fisheries importance hybridize in nature. The chief constraint to artificial hybridization appears to be lack of control over reproductive processes. The most important potential benefits of interspecific hybridization, hybrid vigor and sterility, have yet to be realized in commercial crustacean culture. CA: Corporate Author FAO Europ. Inland Fish. Adv. Comm., Rome (Italy); ICES, Copenhagen (Denmark) Record 423 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Suriname. Marine shrimp culture in Suriname. A report prepared for the Project for the Development of Marine Shrimp Culture in Tidal Ponds. AU: Author Detante, B; Garen, P; Lemercier, P SO: Source FAO, ROME (ITALY). 1987. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; aquaculture economics; aquaculture development; Article Geographic Terms: ASW, Suriname AB: Abstract An account is given of activities of the shrimp culture development project in Suriname. Potential profitability and potential impact of shrimp rearing and export are examined. Conditions are favorable for rearing shrimps at a low cost; development of the sector should be associated with reliable sources of juveniles. CA: Corporate Author FAO Technical Coop. Programme, Rome (Italy) Record 424 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Efficacy of formalin in reducing the levels of peritrichous ciliates on cultured marine shrimp. AU: Author Bell, TA; Arume, CS; Lightner, DV SO: Source Journal of fish diseases. Oxford. Vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 45-51. 1987. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: antiprotozoal agents; disinfectants; shrimp culture; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus stylirostris AB: Abstract Tests were performed to measure the efficacy of formalin in reducing peritrichous ciliates on the surface of cultured marine shrimp. The tests were conducted at concentrations above and below those being used in shrimp culture and were designed to define the concentration

providing the most effective rapid reduction of ciliates for Penaeus stylirostris Stimpson. Formalin at 25, 50 and 100 ppm was demonstrated to be effective in reducing ciliates, while 12 multiplied by 5 ppm did not differ from the control (0 ppm). The higher the level of formalin used the better the protection from ciliate epifaunation. Record 425 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Species profile -- freshwater prawns and marine shrimp. AU: Author Avault, JW Jr SO: Source Aquaculture Magazine. Vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 53-56. 1987. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; prawn culture; aquaculture techniques; Article Taxonomic Terms: Macrobrachium rosenbergii; Penaeus AB: Abstract Farming techniques, which may vary from country to country, are detailed for shrimp species, including Macrobrachium rosenbergii, Penaeus vannamei, P. stylirostris , and P. monodon . Record 426 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Marine shrimp farming: A guide to feasibility study preparation. SO: Source AQUAFOOD BUSINESS ASSOCIATES, CHARLESTON, SC (USA). 1987. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; economic feasibility; manuals; financing; costs AB: Abstract The manual is intended to aid in the preparation of an appraisal of a commercial marine shrimp farming project. It is designed as a tool to assist project sponsors in the careful preparation of feasibility studies prior to approaching potential sources of funding. Four factors critical to the success of a commercial shrimp farm are examined: site selection, management, availability of seedstock and project design. Project performance characteristics, capital costs and operating characteristics and costs are discussed in detail. Calculation of cash flow and unit costs of production are also covered. CA: Corporate Author International Finance Corp., Washington, DC (USA) Record 427 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Oocyte activation in the marine shrimp, Sicyonia ingentis . AU: Author Pillai, MC; Clark, WH Jr SO: Source Journal of Experimental Zoology. Vol. 244, no. 2, pp. 325-329. 1987.

DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: biological fertilization; eggs; meiosis; Article Taxonomic Terms: Sicyonia ingentis AB: Abstract The resumption of meiotic maturation and formation of the hatching envelope in the ova of the marine shrimp, Sicyonia ingentis were triggered by exposure to seawater. Fertilized and unfertilized ova underwent the same sequence of events; however, a slightly longer time was required for the completion of meiotic maturation and hatching envelope formation in unfertilized ova. The hatching envelopes formed in both cases were structually identical. Activation of unfertilized ova, but not fertilized ova, depended on external Ca super(++). If unfertilized ova that formed neither polar bodies nor a hatching envelope in Ca super(++)-free seawater were transferred to normal seawater, activation resumed. External Mg super(++) was necessary for both fertilized and unfertilized ova to undergo activation. Record 428 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Breeding of Penaeus monodon and Metapenaeus monoceros and prospects for marine shrimp culture in Mauritius. AU: Author Enomoto, Y; Jehangeer, MI; Munbodh, M SO: Source SWIOP DOC./DOC. OISO. 1987. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; crustacean larvae; rearing; hatcheries; aquaculture development; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus monodon; Metapenaeus monoceros AB: Abstract A brief account is given of the spawning and larval rearing of Penaeus monodon and Metapenaeus monoceros considering also prospects for shrimp culture in Mauritius. It is concluded that further research is required to improve larval rearing techniques for the mass production of marine shrimp seed and also to determine growth, yield and other economic parameters. CA: Corporate Author FAO/UNDP Reg. Proj. for the Development and Management of Fisheries in the Southwest Indian Ocean, Victoria (Seychelles) Record 429 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title The role of pathology in aquaculture. AU: Author Sindermann, CJ DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: fish culture; fish diseases; vibriosis; viral diseases; whirling disease; shrimp culture; oyster culture; diseases; disease control; aquaculture; pathology; aquatic animals AB: Abstract Case histories are given for vibriosis of salmonids, eel diseases, viral diseases of freshwater fish, diseases of yellowtail in Japan, whirling disease in salmonids, marine shrimp diseases and oyster diseases on the North European coast. The author follows with an

assessment of the significance of disease in aquaculture, disease control in aquaculture and emerging concepts in aquaculture pathology. Record 430 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Effects of diet and size on growth, feed digestibility and digestive enzyme activities of the marine shrimp, Penaeus setiferus Linnaeus. AU: Author Lee, PG; Lawrence, AL SO: Source J. WORLD MARICULT. SOC. Vol. 16, pp. 275-287. 1986. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; diets; artificial feeding; digestibility; growth; feeding experiments; enzymatic activity; survival AB: Abstract Relationships between protein level, size, apparent feed digestibility, digestive enzyme activity and growth of Penaeus setiferus were investigated during a 30-day growth trial. Small (3.7 g), medium (9.5 g) and large (14.7 g) shrimp were fed 4 isocaloric diets with varying protein levels. Apparent total dry matter digestibilities and apparent protein digestibilities were determined for small and medium shrimp. General and acid protease, trypsin, carboxypeptidase A and B, amylase, chitinase, non-specific esterase and lipase activities were also assayed for small and medium shrimp. Shrimp survival was unrelated to diet or size. Instantaneous growth rate, total dry matter and protein digestibilities decreased as shrimp size increased. Small shrimp fed the 22% protein diet grew the least but exhibited the highest enzyme activities, especially carbohydrases. Small shrimp fed the 38% protein diet displayed the highest dry matter digestibility. Medium shrimp fed the 30% protein diet exhibited the lowest survival and growth while medium shrimp fed the 22% protein diet exhibited the highest enzyme activities. Higher digestive enzyme activities on the 22% protein diet may be evidence of an adaptation to a diet containing less digestible proteins. Record 431 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Status of world aquaculture: 1985. AU: Author Rhodes, RJ SO: Source Aquaculture Magazine [AQUACULT. MAG. BUYER'S GUIDE '86.]. 1986. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: aquaculture enterprises; aquaculture development; world AB: Abstract A global view is given of aquaculture considering the following topics: 1) marine shrimp culture in Asia; 2) China aquaculture tradition; 3) salmon culture and the Pacific Ocean; 4) Latin American shrimp culture; 5) salmon in Norway; 6) US catfish farming; and 7) crawfish and other US critters.

Record 432 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Marine shrimp culture in the world and present state and trends of kuruma prawn culture in Italy. AU: Author Lumare, F DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: crustacean culture; aquaculture development; Article Taxonomic Terms: Macrobrachium rosenbergii; Penaeus monodon; Penaeus kerathurus; Penaeus japonicus; Article Geographic Terms: MED, Italy; World Waters AB: Abstract In 1983 production from crustacean aquaculture worldwide increased 688% compared to 1975. The main crustacean groups for culture are the Palaemonidae Macrobrachium rosenbergi , the fresh-water giant prawn from Indo-Pacific area, and many penaeids. Penaeid culture is developing in tropical and sub-tropical areas. In South-East Asia Penaeus monodon , the tiger giant prawn, is farmed in Taiwan, in the Philippines and in many other countries. This species is stimulated to sawn by unilateral eyestalk ablation; the fry are reared in extensive and semi-intensive conditions to marketable size. Record 433 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Prawn and shrimp culture in Pakistan. AU: Author Yaqoob, M SO: Source PROG. FARMING. Vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 33-36. 1986. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: pond culture; shrimp culture; prawn culture; aquaculture systems; Article Taxonomic Terms: Macrobrachium malcolmsonii; Penaeus indicus; Article Geographic Terms: Pakistan AB: Abstract Freshwater prawn culture in Pakistan is discussed, describing the pond culture systems used for Macrobrachium malcolmsonii and culture requirements. Marine shrimp pond culture is also examined briefly, Penaeus indicus being the species involved. Record 434 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Physical dimension relationships of juvenile Penaeus stylirostris . AU: Author Wang, J-K; Lam, CY SO: Source Journal of the World Aquaculture Society. Vol. 17, no. 1-4, pp. 25-32. 1986. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; stocking (organisms); length-weight relationships; body size; methodology; juveniles; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus stylirostris

AB: Abstract Stocking of juveniles is widely practiced in marine shrimp production. A simple mechanical device is needed to sort juvenile shrimp by their physical dimensions. By analyzing a sample of 551 commercially produced Penaeus stylirostris juveniles, ranging from 0.07 to 10.33 g, it was determined that a regression equation of the form Y = (A super(*)X super(**)B) super(*) epsilon can be used to adequately describe the relationships between weight, weight, width and length. Record 435 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Myofiber death plays a role in determining fiber type composition in the claw closer muscles of the snapping shrimp, Alpheus heterochelis . AU: Author Quigley, MM; Mellon, D Jr SO: Source Journal of Experimental Zoology. Vol. 239, no. 2, pp. 299-305. 1986. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: muscles; moulting; degradation; Article Taxonomic Terms: Alpheus AB: Abstract Marine shrimp of the genus Alpheus exhibit a remarkable reversal of asymmetry in their great claws. This unique phenomenon includes transition of the closer muscle in one claw from a muscle of mixed fiber type into a homogeneous slow muscle. We have developed monoclonal antibodies that specifically recognize fast and slow myosin heavy chain (MHC), and have used these as immunohistochemical markers to follow the fate of different myofiber types during this transformation. This analysis reveals a strikingly specific necrosis of the fast fibers. The onset of fiber degeneration appears linked to the molt cycle and occurs rapidly once started. This represents the first example of programmed myofiber death as a mechanism used in crustacean muscle development. Record 436 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Spermiogenesis in the marine shrimp, Sicyonia ingentis . AU: Author Shigekawa, K; Clark, WH Jr SO: Source Development Growth & Differentiation. Vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 95-112. 1986. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: cell morphology; ultrastructure; Article Taxonomic Terms: Sicyonia ingentis AB: Abstract Spermiogenesis in the marine prawn Sicyonia ingentis was examined using transmission electron microscopy. Record 437 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts

TI: Title Marine shrimp culture in the Western Hemisphere. AU: Author Lawrence, AL DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; aquaculture development; Article Geographic Terms: America Coasts AB: Abstract In the past decade shrimp culture has developed from the experimental and testing phase to commercial production. For example, in Ecuador, shrimp are now the most valuable crop with a value for 1983 and 1984 of approximately $200 million per year. Ecuador produces more shrimp commercially than any other country in the western hemisphere. Most countries from Brazil and Peru north to the United States have commercial shrimp farms and pilot farms are operating in the US. Because of the limited growing season, use of non-native species and legal restrictions, the technology needed for shrimp farming to be commercially successful in the US is much greater than in the more tropical areas and in developing nations. Though shrimp farming is commercial, technology is still poorly developed and ventures into shrimp culture still must be considered as high risks. This paper reviews recent developments in commercial farm management, and research in the western hemisphere. Record 438 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Hazard Evaluation Division, standard evaluation procedure: Acute toxicity test for estuarine and marine organisms (shrimp 96-hour acute toxicity test). AU: Author Rieder, D DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: pesticides; pollution detection; pollution monitoring; toxicity tests; environmental impact; analytical techniques AB: Abstract The Standard Evaluation Procedure (SEP) for the Shrimp 96-Hour Acute Toxicity Test is a guidance document primarily intended for Agency reviewers and the regulated industry who evaluate ecological effects data specified in 40 CFR Part 158.145. The SEP is also intended to provide information to the general public indicating how the Agency evaluates these types of studies. As such, it is designed to supplement Subdivision E of the Pesticide Assessment Guidelines: Hazard Evaluation - Wildlife and Aquatic Organisms. This SEP provides an Introduction, Materials and Methods, Reporting Requirements, Reviewer Evaluation, and Appendix of appropriate methods to guide the review and scientific evaluation of pesticide effects on estuarine/marine shrimp. The SEP for the Shrimp 96-Hour Toxicity Test is only one of a number of SEP's published by the National Technical Information Service as a supplement to Subdivision E of the Pesticide Assessment Guidelines. CA: Corporate Author EPA, Washington, DC (USA). Off. of Pesticide Programs Record 439 of 500 DN: Database Name

ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Sound scattering by individual crustaceans and by crustacean aggregates in the ocean. AU: Author Andreyeva, IB; Lysak, DP SO: Source Oceanology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 328-332. 1985. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: sound scattering; backscatter; acoustic models; zooplankton; Article Taxonomic Terms: Natantia AB: Abstract An acoustic model of marine crustaceans in the form of a rigid elastic shell filled with liquid is developed. The effect of the physical characteristics of the materials and shape of the model is evaluated. Polar diagrams of backscattering by live shrimp are analyzed and described in terms of the model. The backscatter coefficients for aggregates of mesoplankton and larger marine shrimp are calculated. Record 440 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Shrimp fisheries of Bangladesh. AU: Author Kibria, G SO: Source N A G A: I C L A R M Quarterly [ICLARM NEWSL.]. Vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 11-12. 1985. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; aquaculture systems; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeidae; Article Geographic Terms: ISW, Bangladesh AB: Abstract Following details of the shrimp species of commercial importance in Bangladesh, an overview is made of freshwater and marine shrimp culture operations, outlining briefly processing of the products. Record 441 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Shrimp aquaculture, 1985: A survey of the world status and outlook for shrimp aquaculture. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; aquaculture development; marketing AB: Abstract Marine shrimp aquaculture is discussed under the following headings: overview of world production and consumption; introduction to shrimp culture; current technology developments; production trends -problems and potentials; market situation analysis for cultured shrimp; and outlook for cultured marine shrimp supplies. CA: Corporate Author Shrimp Notes, Inc., New Orleans, LA (USA) Record 442 of 500

DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title (Mortality of shrimp post-larvae because of handling effect.). AU: Author Horna Z, R SO: Source Revista latinoamericana de acuicultura. Lima. no. 26, pp. 15-26. 1985. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; aquaculture techniques; fish handling; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus; Article Geographic Terms: ISE, Ecuador AB: Abstract The characteristics of breeding and culture of marine shrimp (Penaeus ) in Ecuador are reviewed. The developed area for breeding purposes is shown. The main causes of shrimp mortality such as capture, trash, transfer, transport, acclimatization and the direct and indirect sowing methods are discussed; some recommendations for avoidance post-larvae mortality are given. Some of the possible causes of larvae population decrease, such as deforestation of mangrove swamp, increase of shrimp fisheries and overcatching are reviewed. Record 443 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title (Culture of the Kuruma shrimps.). AU: Author Kurata, H SO: Source SECRETARIA EDUCACION PUBLICA, MEXICO, D.F. (MEXICO). 1985. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: aquaculture facilities; seed production; intensive culture; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeidae AB: Abstract The biological aspects, such as life cycle, maturity, spawning, growth, etc. of the marine shrimp are reviewed. The methods for obtaining post-larvae seeds are described, including pond construction, diets, control of the physicochemical parameters, and seed harvesting and transport. Also the methodology for the culture of commercial shrimp is showed. Record 444 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Accumulation of cadmium from contaminated water and sediment by the shrimp Callianassa australiensis . AU: Author Ahsanullah, M; Mobley, MC; Negilski, DS SO: Source Marine biology. Berlin, Heidelberg. Vol. 82, no. 2, pp. 191-197. 1984. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: cadmium; bioaccumulation; burrowing organisms; Article Taxonomic Terms: Callianassa australiensis AB: Abstract

The burrowing marine shrimp Callianassa australiensis (Dana) was collected from an uncontaminated area in Western Port, Victoria, Australia in 1977. The shrimp were exposed to cadmium-contaminated water and sediment for 8 wk. The concentrations ranged from 0.5 to 63 mu g Cd l super(-1) for water and 0.5 to 63 mu g Cd g super(-1) for sediment. The shrimp accumulated cadmium from water at a rate commensurate with increases in the concentration of cadmium in water and the duration of the experiment. Although the cadmium concentration in the sediments was 10 super(3) times higher than that in water, it had no effect on cadmium uptake by the shrimp. The concentration factors decreased with increasing concentration of cadmium in water but increased as the duration of exposure increased. The shrimp dry weight decreased with increasing concentration of cadmium water and duration of exposure. Record 445 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Reduction in costs of diets for the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin), by the use of non-algal supplements. AU: Author Urban, ER Jr; Langdon, CJ SO: Source Aquaculture. Vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 277-292. 1984. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: artificial diets; diets; aquaculture; Thalassiosira pseudonana; Isochrysis; feed composition; feeding experiments; Crassostrea virginica; comparative studies; Article Taxonomic Terms: Thalassiosira pseudonana; Isochrysis; Crassostrea virginica AB: Abstract A series of growth experiments was carried out with juvenile Crassostrea virginica fed algal rations of Thalassiosira pseudonana and Tahitian Isochrysis aff. galbana which were supplemented with yeast and other non-algal foods. The growth of oysters fed algae/yeast diets was mainly dependent on the proportion of algae in the diet, and yeast was not a satisfactory substitute for algae. Oyster growth was only slightly improved when supplements of lipid encapsulated vitamins were added to algae/yeast diets. Rice starch, cheese whey, blood meal, a bacterial fermentation product, a marine shrimp diet, and a trout diet were each tested in combination with algae/yeast diets. Only rice starch and the shrimp diet improved oyster growth compared with the growth of oysters fed on algae/yeast diets alone. Record 446 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Dietary lysine effects on stress-related mortality of the marine shrimp, Penaeus stylirostris . AU: Author Katzen, S; Salser, BR; Ure, J SO: Source Aquaculture. Vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 277-281. 1984. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: lysine; feed composition; biological stress; disease resistance; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus stylirostris

AB: Abstract Studies with semi-synthetic diets revealed that dietary lysine reduced the effects of an unidentified disease of penaeid nervous systems. Four semi-synthetic diets were prepared with different levels of dietary lysine as the sole variable. Heavy treatment-related mortality resulted after the first weigh period. Subsequent stress exercises resulted in a consistent mortality pattern which was inversely related to lysine levels in the diet. Microscopic examination of the dead shrimp revealed neural lesions in all test treatments but in greatest incidence and severity in shrimp fed the lowest lysine level. Record 447 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Enumeration of Vibrio species in marine, brackish and freshwater systems used in an aquaculture farm. AU: Author Fujioka, R; Greco, S DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: freshwater aquaculture; marine aquaculture; prawn culture; shrimp culture; microbial contamination; viral diseases; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus; Macrobrachium; Vibrio AB: Abstract Since vibriosis is a potential problem in aquaculture, the various stages of an operating aquaculture farm were analyzed for vibrio bacteria. The selected farm uses marine water (33 ppt, salinity) from a well to culture marine shrimp (iPenaeusspp.) and this water is mixed with fresh water (1 ppt) from another well to culture freshwater prawns (Macrobrachium spp.). The membrane filtration method using marine agar, TCBS, TCBS+7% NaCl and MAAC Agar was used. As expected, vibrios were not recovered from freshwater samples obtained from the well but were recovered at concentrations of 250-8,000/ml from brackish water (16 ppt) used to culture the larvae of Machrobrachium spp. Vibrios at 30-7,000/ml were also recovered from the outdoor, freshwater ponds (1 ppt) used to grow the prawns to maturity. Vibrio isolates include V. alginolyticus, V. fluvialis, V. cholerae non-01 and many other unidentified Vibrio spp. Record 448 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title A bioeconomic model of shrimp maricultural systems in the U.S.A. AU: Author Griffin, WL; Grant, WE; Brick, RW; Hanson, JS SO: Source Ecological Modelling. Vol. 25, no. 1-3, pp. 47-68. 1984. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: mathematical models; aquaculture; economics; computer programs; aquaculture economics; shrimp culture; FORTRAN; programming languages; Penaeus; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus; Article Geographic Terms: USA AB: Abstract A general conceptual model of a marine shrimp farming system representing important relationships between the engineering design of facilities, the environmental and managerial factors affecting shrimp growth and survival, and the factors affecting production costs and

profit is presented. Based upon this conceptual model, a bioeconomic simulation model is developed to assess the economic feasibility of a projected penaeid shrimp maricultural operation along the Texas coast, and to evaluate the effects of changes in an important managerial variable rate of water flow, on the biological and economic productivity of the system. Results of simulations of a projected penaeid shrimp maricultural operation along the Texas coast suggest that such an operation would be marginally economically feasible when based upon the particular assumptions of this study. The modeling in development of shrimp maricultural systems in the Unites States is discussed. Record 449 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Burma. Preliminary stock assessment of marine shrimp resources in Burma. A report prepared for the Marine Fisheries Resources Survey and Exploratory Fishing Project. AU: Author Price, ARG; Htin, K DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: stock assessment; shrimp fisheries; fishing grounds; fishery statistics; catch/effort; catch composition; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeidae AB: Abstract This report consists of two principal elements: first, an evaluation of marine shrimp resources along the coast of Burma, based on results from previous exploratory surveys; and second, an analysis of available catch records for the artisanal and industrial shrimp fisheries. CA: Corporate Author FAO, Rome (Italy) Record 450 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Digestive proteases of Penaeus vannamei Boone: Relationship between enzyme activity, size and diet. AU: Author Lee, PG; Smith, LL; Lawrence, AL SO: Source Aquaculture. Vol. 42, no. 3-4, pp. 225-239. 1984. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: enzymatic activity; digestion; feed composition; proteins; body size; shrimp culture; diets; Penaeus vannamei AB: Abstract The relationships between protein level, protein source, size, and digestive protease enzyme activities of the marine shrimp, Penaeus vannamei Boone, were investigated during three 30-day growth experiments. Three sizes of shrimp (4.0, 9.8, 20.8 g) were maintained in 2650-1 indoor tanks and fed ad libitum with six isocaloric diets. The protein sources were varied by changing the animal to plant protein ratio (a/p ratio), 2:1 and 1:1, while each of these two series was composed of three diets having protein levels of 22, 30 and 38%. The level of protein in the diet had a greater effect on the enzyme

total activities in the large shrimp (17-30 g) than in small shrimp (< 10 g). When the specific activities of the fed shrimp were evaluated, small shrimp (< 10 g) fed the 1:1 a/p ratio diets displayed lower activities than those fed the 2:1 ratio diet. Record 451 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Electrical stimulation of spermatophore expulsion in marine shrimp, Penaeus spp. AU: Author Sandifer, PA; Lawrence, AL; Harris, SG; Chamberlain, GW; Stokes, AD; Bray, WA SO: Source Aquaculture. Vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 181-187. 1984. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: electric stimuli; induced breeding; shrimp culture; males; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus stylirostris AB: Abstract Electrical stimulation (4-6 V AC) applied near the male gonopores at the base of the fifth pereopods caused expulsion of the spermatophore in Penaeus setiferus , P. stylirostris , and P. vannamei . For healthy animals, some degree of spermatophore expulsion occurred in 80% of the attempts. Complete expulsion of one or both spermatophores occurred in only 47% (29-65%, depending on species). Shrimp with melanized terminal ampullae generally did not expel a spermatophore following electrical stimulation. Record 452 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title The economy of marine shrimp culture. AU: Author Supawewat, P SO: Source THAI FISH. GAZ. Vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 444-459. 1984. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: marine aquaculture; aquaculture development; shrimp culture; Article Geographic Terms: Thailand AB: Abstract In view of the overfishing in the marine fisheries of Thailand, aquaculture is considered as a substitute source of fish production. Shrimp is one of the species of particular interest for fish farmers. The average total cost and net profit of extensive shrimp farming in the area near the Inner Gulf of Thailand in 1983 were 25.33 baht/kg and 1,608.22 baht/rai (small farm: 50 rai and less), respectively. To further develop shrimp farming, the government needs to emphasize research in order to improve hatchery techniques, disease control, feed formulation, and other aspects of culture technology. Record 453 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Adenosine 5'-monophosphate, an internal regulatory agent, is a potent

chemoattractant for a marine shrimp. AU: Author Carr, WES; Thompson, HW SO: Source Journal of Comparative Physiology, A. Vol. 153A, no. 1, pp. 47-53. 1983. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: AMP; chemoreception; chemotactic factors; attractancy; Article Taxonomic Terms: Palaemonetes pugio AB: Abstract Th nucleotide adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) is a potent chemoattractant for the marine shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio . Behavioral bioassays of AMP in the concentration range of 0.1 to 1000 mu mol/l show that the dose-response curve is biphasic with the maximum response occurring at about 10 mu mol/l. AMP is much more potent than ADP. ATP and adenosine are inactive as attractants. Bioassays of 28 substances structurally related to AMP show that the integrity of both the adenosine and the ribose phosphate moieties are required for maximal activity. However, the integrity of the ribose phosphate is of special importance since most of the substances having changes in this moiety are complexity inactive as attractants. Record 454 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Differences in the lipid composition of fresh water prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii ) and marine shrimp. AU: Author Chanmugam, P; Donovan, J; Wheeler, CJ; Hwang, DH SO: Source Journal of Food Science. Vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 1440-1441. 1983. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: lipids; biochemical composition; storage life; Article Taxonomic Terms: Macrobrachium rosenbergii AB: Abstract Total lipid content of fresh water prawn (FWP, Macrobrachium rosenbergii ) was found to be greater than that of marine shrimp (3.18 vs 1.33%). This was due to the much higher levels of triglycerides in FWP as compared to marine shrimp. The omega 3 PUFA predominated in marine shrimp, primarily due to the greater concentration of linoleic acid in FWP lipids (16.3 vs 2.9%). The triglycerides of both species contained considerable amounts of PUFA and FWP has a high triglyceride content. This may contribute, in part, to the shorter shelf-life of Macrobrachium as compared to marine shrimp. Record 455 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title CRC Handbook of Mariculture. Volume 1: Crustacean Aquaculture. SO: Source CRC PRESS, BOCA RATON, FL (USA). 1983. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: marine aquaculture; crustacean culture; aquaculture techniques; Article Taxonomic Terms: Macrobrachium rosenbergii; Homarus americanus AB: Abstract

Current step-by-step procedures and techniques utilized in the culture of commercially important crustaceans are described by recognized culturists. Section I contains specific methods for the culture and preparation of algae, rotifiers, Artemia , and other foodstuffs used in crustacean hatcheries. Section II provides detailed descriptions of all aspects of culture techniques for the three main groups of crustaceans: marine shrimp (Penaeidae), freshwater shrimp (Macrobrachium rosenbergii ), and lobster (Homarus americanus ). Section III describes various diseases, treatments, and methods used in combatting disease problems experienced in crustacean culture. Section IV provides the most recent information available on crustacean nutritional requirements. Record 456 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Incubator incorporating air-powered water flow for marine fish eggs. AU: Author Giorgi, AE SO: Source Progressive Fish-Culturist. Vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 154-155. 1982. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: fish eggs; incubation; aquaculture equipment; embryonic development; hatching; methodology; Article Taxonomic Terms: Ophiodon elongatus AB: Abstract Adequate ventilation of adhesive eggs is necessary to assume proper embryo development. Thus, incubation devices for such eggs must provide water flow velocities sufficient to thoroughly ventilate egg masses as large as 100 mL while avoiding agitation; they must operate in eithr open or closed systems and remain functional during pumping or power failure. An incubator with air-powered water flow is described. Hatching success of ling cod (Ophiodon elongatus ) eggs incubated in this equipment was more than 90%. The unit may also be suitable for incubating marine shrimp and crab eggs as well as the adhesive demersal eggs of freshwater fish species. Record 457 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Respiratory Rate, Haemolymph Oxygen Tension and Haemocyanin Level in the Shrimp Palaemon adspersus Rathke. AU: Author Hagerman, L; Weber, RE SO: Source Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. Vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 13-20. 1981. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: respiration; oxygen consumption; hemolymph; hemocyanins; Article Taxonomic Terms: Palaemon adspersus AB: Abstract The marine shrimp Palaemon adspersus Rathke, frequenting Zostera meadows, shows an oxygen consumption rate (MO sub(2)) that is independent of water oxygen tension (P sub(W)O sub(2)) as PO sub(2) decreases to a critical point (P sub(cr))near 70 mm Hg. This respiratory independence is associated with maintenance of a

relatively constant "arterial" (post-branchial) haemolymph tension (P sub(a)O sub(2)) at 70-80 mm Hg. At lower P sub(W)O sub(2) values, both MO sub(2) and P sub(a)O sub(2) fall, reflecting, in contrast to the above independence, a direct dependence of MO sub(2) on internal PO sub(2). Haemolymph copper measurements demonstrate relatively high haemocyanin concentrations and oxygen-carrying capacities, but MO sub(2) levels reflect an insignificant role for the pigment as an oxygen store. The data are discussed as regards adaptations for aerobic metabolism. Record 458 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Polonium-210 Content of Marine Shrimp: Variation With Biological and Environmental Factors. AU: Author Cherry, RD; Heyraud, M SO: Source Marine biology. Berlin, Heidelberg. Vol. 65, no. 2, pp. 165-175. 1981. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: radioactive contamination; bioaccumulation; lead; polonium; environmental factors; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeidae; Caridea; Article Geographic Terms: MED; ASE AB: Abstract The concentrations of super(210) Po and super(210)Pb were determined in more than 30 species of marine shrimp (Penaeidae and Caridea). Samples were collected in the years l977 to l980; most were from the Mediterranean Sea near Monaco, the remainder from Kuwait, South Africa, USA and Great Britain. The median super(210)Po concentration was 8.0 pCi g super(-1) dry wt in the whole shrimp and 85 pCi g super(-1) dry in the hepatopancreas; the corresponding super(210)Po: super(210)Pb activity ratios were 77 and 138, respectively. The range of concentrations covered more than two orders of magnitude for both nuclides. The variations in the levels of super(210)Po, in particular, could be related to biological and environmental factors. Record 459 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Studies on Decapod Crustacea from the Indian River Region on Florida. XVIII. Rediscovery of Periclimenes (Periclimenes ) pandionis Holthuis, 1951 (Caridea, Palaemonidae) with Notes on the Males and Zoeal Stages. AU: Author Gore, RH; van Dover, CL; Factor, JR SO: Source Crustaceana. Vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 253-265. 1981. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: taxonomy; zoeae; males; Article Taxonomic Terms: Periclimenes pandionis AB: Abstract P. pandionis , a small marine shrimp, was described by Holthuis (1951) from a single female specimen. The species has apparently not been reported since Holthuis' description in his monograph of American Palaemonidae. During a series of recolonization experiments 26

specimens of Periclimenes pandionis were obtained. The authors provide supplemental data on both males and females of P. pandionis , including illustrations of several characters not discussed by Holthuis. The authors also provide a description and illustrations of the first 2 zoeal stages for the species, and briefly compare the larvae to those known from one other western Atlantic species of Periclimenes . Record 460 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title National aquaculture development plan. AU: Author Shaw, WN DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: oyster culture; aquaculture; resource development; planning; Article Geographic Terms: USA AB: Abstract A major section of the National Aquaculture Development Plan deals with proposed species development programs. In this section, there will be plans for 12 species: baitfish, catfish, clam, crawfish, largemouth bass, mussel, oyster, freshwater prawn, marine shrimp, salmon, striped bass, and trout. Plans include approaches to resolving the problems confronting commercial development of these species--programs of research, development, and funding. The National Plan is actually the first interaction of what will be a continuing process of updating and expanding the original plan document. The preliminary draft was reviewed at a workshop held in September. As a result of the workshop, the plan has been redrafted and is out for review by the aquaculture community. Record 461 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Lethality of aminocarb and the components of the aminocarb formulation to juvenile Atlantic salmon, marine invertebrates and a freshwater clam AU: Author McLeese,D.W.; Zitko,V.; Metcalfe,C.D.; Sergeant,D.B. SO: Source Chemosphere, 9(2), 79-82, (1980) DE: Descriptors pesticides; toxicity tests; pollution effects; lethal limits; Salmo salar; Anodonta cataractae; Crangon septemspinosa; Homarus americanus; Mya arenaria AB: Abstract This paper presents data on the lethality of the aminocarb formulation, aminocarb, and nonylphenol to juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar ), a freshwater clam (Anodonta cataractae ), and a marine shrimp (Crangon septemspinosa ). In addition, data are presented on the lethality of nonylphenol to lobsters (Homarus americanus ) and the soft-shelled clam (Mya arenaria ). Lethality data are presented for 585 oil and several invertebrate species. For salmon, the lethality of the aminocarb formulation is due almost completely to nonylphenol. For Crangon , nonylphenol is slightly more toxic than aminocarb. This change occurs because aminocarb is more toxic to the shrimp than to

salmon. Nonylphenol is not an 'inert ingredient' of the formulation and its presence provides an increased hazard to freshwater and marine environments. Among the animals tested, the order of sensitivity to the formulation components appears to be: marine crustaceans > salmon > bivalves. The diluent oil contributes little towards the toxicity of the formulation. It appears that no adverse ecological effects resulted from use of the aminocarb formulation during actual spray operations. However, knowledge of the concentrations of aminocarb and nonylphenol in surface waters potentially affected by the formulation was insufficient for a more detailed hazard assessment. Record 462 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Plans for a future marine shrimp research and development program. Over exploitation and other problems require more accurate data and rational policies AU: Author Naamin,N. SO: Source Indones. Agric. Res. Dev. J., 2(1), 17-20, (1980) DE: Descriptors shellfish fisheries; fishery development; Penaeidae; ISEW, Indonesia AB: Abstract The marine shrimp catch in Indonesia has ranged from about 50,000 tons to 60,000 tons per year, and more than 42 species make up this catch. This diversity of species results in complex management problems, particularly since shrimp stocks are not visible and their assessment must be made by indirect methods. The major economic constraint in development has been caused in some areas by over-capitalization. The excess capacity must be reduced. The objectives of the Third National Five-Year Development Plan are briefly noted, and subjects proposed for the fuure shrimp research programme. Priority areas, where shrimp exploitation is considered excessive, are noted. Record 463 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Sociometric analysis of groups of the marine shrimp Hymenocera picta AU: Author Seibt,U. SO: Source Z. Tierpsychol., 52(4), 321-330, (1980) DE: Descriptors social behaviour; population characteristics; Hymenocera picta AB: Abstract This paper examines the usefulness of taking long-term data on the position of individuals to describe relationships among members of a group of invertebrates. Record 464 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title

AU: SO: DE: AB:

Optimal levels of food for hatchery culture of the marine shrimp Penaeus semisulcatus . Author Al-Hajj, AB; Al-Ahmed, AK; Maynard, ECL; Farmer, ASD Source Annual research report. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. 1980. Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; hatcheries; diets; food organisms; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus semisulcatus Abstract In order to refine shrimp hatchery production technology a series of 3 experiments was conducted to determine the optimum levels of live food organisms required by the various larval stages. Three types of live foods were tested: omega-marine yeast (Candida sp.), rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis ) and brine shrimp (Artemia salina ) nauplii. Results indicate the importance of accuracy in the maintenance and monitoring of concentrations of live food organisms during the hatchery culture phases for penaeid larvae.

Record 465 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Shrimp farming development in other areas. AU: Author New, MB DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; prawn culture; aquaculture systems; aquaculture development AB: Abstract A review is made of the status and potential of marine shrimp and freshwater prawn farming in the Caribbean and Pacific Islands, the Mediterranean and the Near East regions. The type of rearing technology utilized, current and potential output from farming and the species being cultured are described for the following regions: Japan, USA, Caribbean Islands, Mediterranean, Near East, Non-Mediterranean Europe and USSR, Pacific Islands and Southern Hemisphere. It is concluded that the production of farmed shrimp and prawns from mostly temperate developed countries will probably never reach the level attained by the mainly tropical developing nations. CA: Corporate Author INFOFISH, Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia); Federation of Asian and Pacific Fishery Assoc. Record 466 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Antifouling adaptations of marine shrimp (Decapoda: Caridea): gill cleaning mechanisms and grooming of brooded embryos AU: Author Bauer,R.T. SO: Source Zool. J. Linn. Soc., 65(4), 281-303, (1979) DE: Descriptors fouling organisms; adaptations; Caridea AB: Abstract

Gills in the branchial chambers of caridean shrimps, as well as the brooded embryos in females, are subject to fouling by particulate debris and epizoites. Important mechanisms for cleaning the gills are brushing of the gills by the grooming or cleaning chelipeds in some species, while in others, setae from the bases of the thoracic legs brush up among the gills during movement of the limbs (epipod-setobranch complexes). Setae of cleaning chelipeds and of epipod-setobranch complexes show similar ultrastructural adaptations for scraping gill surfaces. Ablation of the cleaning chelipeds of the shrimp Heptacarpus pictus results in severe fouling of the gills in experimentals, while those of controls remain clean. Embryos brooded by female carideans are often brushed and jostled by the grooming chelipeds. In H. pictus , removal of the cleaning chelae results in heavier microbial and sediment fouling than in controls. Record 467 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title The Oceanic Institute annual report 1978 SO: Source Jan 1979, 28 p., Annu. Rep. Ocean. Inst., Waimanalo DE: Descriptors annual reports; research institutions; USA, Hawaii, Waimanalo AB: Abstract The Director's report for the year is presented, together with status reports on major projects, a list of publications, and a financial summary. Projects reported on include artificial propagation of finfishes, reproductive physiology of fish, larval food production, finfish husbandry, marine pathology, marine shrimp, sea cage culture, water quality analyses, oceanography, and phytoplankton sinking rate. CA: Corporate Author Oceanic Institute, Waimanalo, HI (USA) Record 468 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Production cost of marine shrimp (Penaeus monodon Fabricius) seed AU: Author Kungvankij,P. SO: Source Thai Fish. Gaz., 31(4), 329-336, (1978) DE: Descriptors aquaculture economics; seed (aquaculture); seed production; economic analysis; Penaeus monodon AB: Abstract No abstract text. Record 469 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title (The Culture of Marine Shrimp, Penaeus duorarum notialis (Burkenroad) and Penaeus aztecus subtilis (Perez Farfante), in Experimental Ponds.). AU: Author

Martinez Silva, LE; Torres, VMJ; Vega Velez, M; Rojas Beltran, R DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: crustacean culture; culture tanks; growth; survival; Article Geographic Terms: Colombia AB: Abstract A study was made of the growth and behavior of the southern pink shrimp, Penaeus duorarum notialis and the northern brown shrimp, Penaeus aztecus subtilis cultivated in tanks (0.50 x 0.30 x 0.25 m). Average monthly growth in length and weight, monthly survival rate and behavior are reported. Record 470 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Marine shrimp farming in the western hemisphere. Appendex C, A marine shrimp culture bibliography AU: Author Hanson, J.A.; Huguenin, J.E.; Huguenin, S.S.; Goodwin, H.L. SO: Source Publ.by: WHOI, Woods Hole, MA (USA), Dec 1977, 45p., Tech. Rep. Woods Hole Ocean. Inst. DE: Descriptors bibliographies; crustacean culture; Penaeidae; Western Hemisphere AB: Abstract This bibliography has been compiled through a series of iterations, each one more comprehensive and better organized than its predecessors. It is in part intended to provide as complete a listing as possible of pertinent published materials, which can be used to clarify the state of the art. Shrimp culture is presently a very dynamic field and such a bibliograp Gependent on published information, will not completely reflect current capabilities existing in laboratories or in the field. In addition, since many aspects of importance for commercial application do not get discussed extensively in scientific journals, there are data voids and some of the references are general. The bibliography provides an organized method for the serious investigator to acquire in-depth scientific and technical information. A subject index of selected references and an author index have been provided. CA: Corporate Author Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA (USA). Department of Biology Record 471 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Biokinetics of neptunium-237 in mussels and shrimp AU: Author Guary, J.C.; Fowler, S.W. SO: Source Mar. Sci. Commun., 3(3), 211-229, (1977) DE: Descriptors bioaccumulation; neptunium; Mollusca; Crustacea AB: Abstract Neptunium-237 kinetics were studied in marine shrimp and mussels using a thick source alpha counting technique. Bioaccumulation of SUP-237 Np from water was relatively slow in both species, reaching whole body

concentration factors of only 15 to 20 after three months. Surface adsorption was implicated in the initial uptake. Both uptake and loss of the radioisotope were not significantly affected by temperature; this may be a reflection of the physical nature of the uptake. By virtue of the large amounts of accumulated SUP-237 Np associated with the exoskeleton of shrimp, molting will play an important role in the biogeochemical cycling of this transuranic in the marine environment. Rapid growth of organisms like mussels acts to reduce the SUP-237 Np concentration in tissues during a period of decontamination. Record 472 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Antifouling adaptations of marine shrimp (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea): functional morphology and adaptive significance of antennular preening by the third maxillipeds. AU: Author Bauer, RT SO: Source Marine Biology [Mar. Biol.]. Vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 261-276. 1977. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Ultrastructure; Animal appendages; Experimental research; Sense functions; Feeding behaviour; Antennae; Article Taxonomic Terms: Heptacarpus pictus; Hippolytidae; Pandalidae; Crangonidae; Alpheidae; Palaemonidae; Glyphocrangonidae; Pasiphaeidae; Caridea; Article Geographic Terms: INE, USA, California AB: Abstract Preening (cleaning, grooming) of the antennules and other cephalothoracic appendages by the third maxillipeds was observed in several spp of shrimp. Distribution and ultrastructure of serrate grooming setae on the third maxillipeds, which scrape the antennules, was studied with light and scanning electron microscopy. The motor patterns of antennular cleaning were similar for all spp. Antennular preening was the most frequent grooming behavior observed, but the duration of other grooming behaviors was greater. Tidepool shrimps (Heptacarpus pictus) experimentally prevented from grooming the antennules by ablation suffered fouling of the olfactory hairs of the antennules with their subsequent breakage and loss; antennules of controls remained clean and undamaged. Antennular preening, a frequent and widespread behavior of caridean shrimps and other decapod crustaceans, is suggested as having high adaptive value in keeping sensory sites free of epizoic and sedimentary fouling which might render them inoperative. Record 473 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Recent developments in intensive Penaeid shrimp culture in Thailand AU: Author Pongsuwana, U.; Bhukasawan, T. SO: Source In: First ASEAN Meeting of Experts on Aquaculture. Semarang, Indonesia, 31 January to 6 February 1977. Technical report. 1. Proceedings of technical sessions. 2. Working papers DE: Descriptors crustacean culture; aquaculture; Penaeidae; Thailand

AB: Abstract Coastal aquaculture, especially marine shrimp culture, is becoming an important fishery industry in Thailand. The total number of shrimp farms and total farm area used in 1972 were 1,154 farms and 9,056 ha. Generally, the productivity is very low, with an average of 109 kg /ha. This results from inadequate supply of natural shrimp larvae together with poor management techniques used in traditional operations. These problems were to a large extent resolved when in 1976 the Department of Fisheries produced over 7 million fry and seed of Penaeus spp. Production rates of up to 7,656 . 3 kg/ha/yr may now be achieved with P.monodon. The authors here discuss the mass production of P.monodon seed, and its monoculture in farm ponds. CA: Corporate Author ASEAN meeting of experts on aquaculture Record 474 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Shrimp and prawn farming in the western hemisphere. State-of-the-art reviews and status assessments SO: Source Publ.by: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Stroudsburg, PA (USA), 1977, 439 p. DE: Descriptors crustacean culture; literature reviews AB: Abstract This volume includes two accounts. The first, on marine shrimp farming in the western hemisphere, presents a state-of-the-art review and status assessment. The second part presents a similar account of freshwater prawn farming (genus Macrobrachium) in the western hemisphere. Separate abstracts in this issue of ASFA describe each part. Record 475 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Marine shrimp farming in the western hemisphere. A state-of-the-art review and status assessment SO: Source Publ.by: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Stroudsburg, PA (USA), 1977, 191 p. DE: Descriptors crustacean culture; marine aquaculture; Penaeidae AB: Abstract Following a brief historical perspective, individual chapters describe the methodology and biology of marine shrimp farming, including accounts of hatchery systems, obtaining spawners, period life cycle control, growout systems, diseases, nutrition and feeds, production economics, potential markets, and legislation. Within each chapter brief accounts come from individual contributors. A summary chapter and a discussion of research priorities are included. Record 476 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts

TI: Title [Accumulation and retention of SUP-237 Np in two marine invertebrates] AU: Author Guary, J.-C.; Fowler, S. SO: Source Rapp. P.-V. Reun., Comm. Int. Explor. Sci. Mer Mediterr., Monaco, 24(3), 27-31, (1977) DE: Descriptors bioaccumulation; neptunium; Invertebrata AB: Abstract Neptunium-237 kinetics were studied in marine shrimp and mussels using a thick source alpha counting technique. Uptake of SUP-237 Np from water was slow reaching concentration factors of only 15 to 20 in both species; elimination of the isotope was rapid being strongly influenced by both shrimp molting and growth of mussels. Record 477 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Kinetic characteristics of glycine transport by the isolated midgut ofthe marine shrimp, Panaeus marginatus. AU: Author Ahearn, GA SO: Source Journal of Experimental Biology [J. Exp. Biol.]. Vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 677-696. 1974. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Digestion; Amino acids; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus marginatus AB: Abstract (1) Mucosal glycine influx occurred via a single carrier-mediated, active transport entry process (K Sub(t) = 0.36 mM; V Sub(max) = 0.42 {mu}moles/g.min) with an absolute Na Super(+) requirement. (2) Glycine transport inhibition by N Sub(2) gas, NaCN, NaN Sub(3), iodoacetate, 2, 4-DNP, and ouabain was more extensive at 0.1 mM than at 1.0 mM glycine, suggesting a greater proportion of energy-dependent transport at lower amino acid concs. (3) Aliphatic neutral amino acids and histidine were more potent inhibitors of mucosal glycine influx than were aromatic neutral, and anionic amino acids. (4) Alanine was a fully non-competitive inhibitor of mucosal glycine entry, whereas proline appeared to be a fully competitive inhibitor of luminal glycine transfer. (5) D-Fructose added to the incubation medium restored normal glycine transport in the presence of alanine, indicating that the 2 amino acids most likely utilized separate, ebergy-consuming, mucosal transport processes. (6) A tentative model of glycine transport in the penaeid shrimp intestine is presented. Record 478 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Biology of Hymenocera picta Dana. AU: Author Wickler, W SO: Source Micronesica. Vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 225-230. 1973.

AB: Abstract The marine shrimp H. picta of the Indo-Pacific region grows up to 5 cm in length. Both sexes moult every 18-20 days. After each moult the female is ready to spawn approx. 1000 eggs which become attached to the underside of her abdomen. Mysis-larvae hatch out of the eggs within 18 days. Between moulting and egg-laying the female will allow one single copulation which is good for only one batch of eggs. These shrimps are territorial (philopatric) and normally live in pairs. Hymenocera seem to feed exclusively on starfish; they are able to kill even large specimens. There is no obvious cooperation between the members of a pair, nor are 2 animals necessary to make hunting successful. Every Hymenocera male has a clear preference for his individual mate with whom it stays most of the time. However, it tries to copulate with every available freshly moulted female. Since individual recognition and pairbond do exist, this sp seems to have a rather low population density which has been confirmed by field data. Record 479 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Preliminary studies on the preparation and feeding of crustacean diets. AU: Author Balazs, GH SO: Source Aquaculture. Vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 369-377. 1973. AB: Abstract An inexpensive, simple and effective method is described for preparing water-stable diets suitable for aquatic crustacean feeding experiments. Seven representative diets ranging from 25 to 40 per cent total protein were prepared and tested for their dry weight loss in water for 1-, 3- and 5-hour periods. Dissolution was influenced by diet composition, and loss was greater in fresh water than in seawater. Diets were subsequently fed to both marine shrimp (Penaeus sp) and fresh water Malaysian prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii), held under experimental conditions. Results of these trials showed that diets were capable of producing a 106-329 per cent increase in weight in juvenile penaeid shrimp over a 25-day period. Growth appeared to increase with amount of protein in the diet. Juvenile Malaysian prawns held under mass culture conditions for 60days increased in length from 98 to 112 per cent on 3 different diets. Juvenile Penaeus japonicus held under mass culture conditions for 75 days increased in weight 1877 per cent on a 35 per cent protein diet. In general, all prepared diets produced good growth with low mortality when compared with data reported by other workers. Record 480 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title A method for obtaining metaphase chromosome spreads from marine shrimp with notes on the karyotypes of Penaeus aztecus, Penaeus setiferus and Penaeus duorarum. 7. Annu. Meet. World Mariculture Society; San Diego, CA (USA); 25 Jan 1976 AU: Author Milligan,D.J. SO: Source

In: Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Meeting [of the] World Mariculture Society held at San Diego, California, January 25-29, 1976 in cooperation with San Diego State University Syntex ;Proc. Annu. Meet. World Maricult. Soc. DE: Descriptors genetics; karyotypes; Penaeus aztecus; Penaeus setiferus; Penaeus duorarum AB: Abstract A method for demonstrating metaphase chromosome spreads from the hepato-pancreas tissue of marine shrimp is described. The chromosome numbers for Penaeus aztecus 2n=88, P. setiferus 2n=90, and P. duorarum 2n=88 are given. Record 481 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title The Oceanic Institute: 1986 Annual report. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: aquaculture development; annual reports; research programmes AB: Abstract The report describes accomplishments made during the year 1986 by the Oceanic Institute in the following prograes: Oceanography; Comprehensive agriculture and aquaculture feeds production system; US marine shrimp farming consortium; Studies on the maturation and spawning of milkfish in captivity; Aquaculture planning grant; and, Education and training program. CA: Corporate Author Oceanic Inst., Waimanalo, HI (USA) Record 482 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title The Oceanic Institute: 1987 Annual report. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: oceanographic surveys; aquaculture development; marine fisheries; annual reports; research programmes AB: Abstract The report describes accomplishments made during the year 1987 by the Oceanic Institute in the following programs: Oceanography; Aquacultural research service; US marine shrimp farming consortium; Reproductive studies on milkfish; and Education and training program. New programs initiated in the year include; Center for tropical and subtropical aquaculture; Stock enhancement; Mahi mahi marketing studies; and Marine instrumentation. CA: Corporate Author Oceanic Inst., Waimanalo, HI (USA) Record 483 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Soybean meal utilization by marine shrimp. AU: Author Akiyama, DM

SO: Source AMERICAN SOYBEAN ASSOC., SINGAPORE (SINGAPORE). pp. 207-225. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; diets; artificial feeding; proteins; nutritive value; Article Taxonomic Terms: Glycine max; Penaeidae AB: Abstract Soybean meal appears to be highly digestible by marine shrimp and especially protein and amino acids. There appears to be little difference in soybean meal digestibility by 3 species of marine shrimp, P. vannamei, P. monodon , and P. japonicus . The carbohydrate fraction of soybean meal appears to lower the total dry matter digestibility. Several studies have successfully substituted fish meal and shrimp meal with soybean meal. When replacing these marine animal meals with soybean meal, one needs to consider not only protein but energy, fatty acids, minerals, and other nutrients which are present in the marine animal meals and not in soybean meal. Further processing of soybean meal may increase its nutritional value to marine shrimp. There is little doubt that soybean meal can replace a considerable amount of the marine animal meals while maintaining similar shrimp production performance, given that all the required nutrients are available. Record 484 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Penaeid shrimp nutrition for the commercial feed industry: Revised. AU: Author Akiyama, DM; Dominy, WG; Lawrence, AL SO: Source AMERICAN SOYBEAN ASSOC., SINGAPORE (SINGAPORE). pp. 80-98. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; diets; artificial feeding; nutritional requirements; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeidae AB: Abstract A discussion is presented on marine shrimp nutrition providing information of special relevance to the commercial feed industry so as to help improve the nutritional quality and cost of shrimp feed. The dietary requirements of shrimp are outlined, considering proteins, energy, lipids, carbohydrates, fiber, vitamins, and minerals. Feed ingredients and feed additives are also examined, and least-cost feed formulations detailed. Record 485 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title (Experimental center for marine shrimp culture.). AU: Author Giraldo, M DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: aquaculture facilities; stocking ponds; shrimp culture; Article Geographic Terms: Colombia AB: Abstract The facilities installed at a shrimp culture farm located in the Cordoba department, Colombia, are described. Three different systems were constructed one is a triphasic system in which culture ponds

maintain an area relationship of 1:4:8; the second system is a modular one which consists of 10 pools based on the traditional system; and the third is a level system which takes advantage of the natural topography. Record 486 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Marine shrimp aquaculture in Thailand -- results and problems of an export oriented intensive culture AU: Author Uthoff, D SO: Source Animal research and development. Tubingen [ANIM. RES. DEV.]. Vol. 43-44, pp. 119-139. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: shrimp culture; intensive culture; economic feasibility; shellfish catch statistics; trade; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus; Article Geographic Terms: ISEW, Thailand AB: Abstract (DBO). Record 487 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Disused Shrimp Ponds: Options for Redevelopment of Mangroves AU: Author Stevenson, NJ SO: Source Coastal Management [Coast. Manage.]. Vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 425-435. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp fisheries; Shrimp culture; Aquaculture; Fishery management; Environment management; Environmental effects; Coastal zone management; Ecosystems; Water quality; Fish ponds; Ponds; Mangrove swamps; Failures AB: Abstract Associated with the rapid increase in the production of cultured marine shrimp has been large-scale conversion of mangroves to shrimp ponds. Production in many regions has proved to be unsustainable, largely due to inappropriate construction methods, poor environmental conditions, overstocking, and disease. A number of shrimp ponds consequently are unproductive and lie idle. Accurate assessments of pond disuse are difficult to obtain; however, unofficial estimates have suggested that as many as 70% of ponds may be disused after a period in production. Pond construction, shrimp culture, and pond disuse lead to alterations to the physical and chemical properties of soil, hydrological conditions, and the flora and fauna composition of the pond area. The case for restoration, or rehabilitation to a sustainable use, is strong. Consideration must be given to the causes of production failure, the environmental conditions remaining following disuse, the needs and preferences of pond owners and coastal managers, and technical constraints. Record 488 of 500 DN: Database Name

ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Design and Economic Analysis of a Prototype Biosecure Shrimp Growout Facility AU: Author Moss, SM; Reynolds, WJ; Mahler, LE SO: Source Proceedings of the US Marine Shrimp Farming Program Biosecurity Workshop. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Aquaculture techniques; Husbandry diseases; Disease control; Infectious diseases; Mortality causes; Article Taxonomic Terms: Litopenaeus vannamei AB: Abstract Disease outbreaks have devastated the global shrimp fanning industry in recent years. Mass mortalities of cultured shrimp due to Yellow Head Virus (YHV) and White Spot Syndrome Virus (WS SV) have occurred in the major shrimp fanning regions in Asia (Flegel et al. 1997). In the western hemisphere, Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV) has resulted in a direct economic loss on shrimp farms in excess of US$ 1 billion (Lightner 1995). Although vaccines, medicated feeds, and immunostimulants have proven effective in combating some pathogens in other meat-producing industries, they are either unavailable to shrimp farmers or their efficacy is unproven. Various pond management strategies have been employed to mitigate the risk of disease outbreak, including the stocking of high health seed, reducing water exchange rates, and screening influent water. Unfortunately, none of these strategies are effective in reducing the loss of shrimp due to diseases (Brock et al. 1997). Systematic genetic selection is known to enhance disease resistance in a number of fanned plants and animals, including fish (Gjedrem et al. 199 1). However, the efficacy of breeding for disease resistance in penaeid shrimp has not been established because of the paucity of information about relevant genetic parameters, such as phenotypic and genetic variation, heritability, and genetic correlations between traits. In response to viral disease problems facing the shrimp farming industry, the US Marine Shrimp Farming Program (USMSFP) has developed a selective breeding program using specific pathogen free (SPF) Penaeus vannamei (Carr et al. 1994). SPF populations of P. vannamei were acquired from different regions of their natural range to establish genetic diversity in the breeding program. Todate, over 450 full-sib families of P. vannamei have been evaluated for growth and TSV resistance, and results indicate that there is high between-family variation in response to TSV challenge (Moss et al. 1998). These differences between full-sib families suggest that it may be possible to improve TSV resistance through selection, although preliminary heritability estimates (h2) for TSV resistance are low. In addition to TSV, resistance to YHV and WSSV has been evaluated. Results indicate that there is little or no innate resistance to either virus in the families of P. vannamei currently maintained by the USMSFP. Although the development of TSV-resistant strains of P. vannamei may benefit shrimp farmers, breeding for TSV resistance is not a panacea to the health problems plaguing the industry. Viruses can mutate, thereby rendering selectively bred shrimp incapable of defending themselves against new strains of virus. Further, RSV resistance could be negatively correlated with resistance to other pathogens. There is also the potential to produce shrimp that respond well in disease-challenge tests used in breeding programs, but perform poorly when stocked in commercial ponds. In light of the limitations inherent in breeding for disease resistance, the USMSFP is developing biosecure

shrimp production technologies that rely on minimal water exchange. These technologies will protect cultured shrimp from potential disease vectors and are especially important in light of the increasing incidences of "exotic" viruses being identified in wild shrimp stocks. In addition, reduced water exchange will minimize the discharge of farm effluent into receiving waters. Shrimp farm effluent typically exceeds federal and state water quality limits for many parameters, including total suspended solids, nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, and BOD (Ziemann et al. 1990). It is expected that biosecure, cost-effective technologies will provide the shrimp farming industry with economically viable and environmentally sustainable alternatives to traditional shrimp culture in order to meet the growing demand for high quality shrimp products. This paper presents the design and economic analysis of a prototype biosecure shrimp growout facility developed by the Oceanic Institute and was presented at the USMSFP Biosecurity Workshop held in Las Vegas, Nevada, on February 14, 199 8. Record 489 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Preliminary Development of a Biosecure Shrimp Production System AU: Author Browdy, CL; Bratvold, D SO: Source Proceedings of the US Marine Shrimp Farming Program Biosecurity Workshop. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Aquaculture facilities; Aquaculture development; Disease control; Infectious diseases; Mortality causes; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeidae AB: Abstract One of the most important problems limiting shrimp mariculture production worldwide has been the spread of shrimp viruses. Control of disease will depend upon effective designs for more biosecure production systems which prevent pathogen transfer and establishment. Risk assessment analysis can provide a means for focusing biosecure production system development in directions that will provide the greatest reduction in disease risks for given financial and technological constraints. Based on risk assessment analysis, the most appropriate means for pathogen exclusion from production systems can be implemented, and the need for measures such as seawater disinfection can be determined. In systems where seawater disinfection is indicated, appropriate methods for disinfection assurance must be developed based on water chemistry and viral susceptibility to disinfection as determined by bioassays. A prototype biosecure shrimp production system is described, including pond enclosure, intake water disinfection, community establishment after disinfection, and shrimp harvest results. While shrimp production in this prototype system was comparable to control systems, results of the study suggest logistical and technological limitations encountered in retrofitting earthen pond production systems for improved biosecurity. Primary knowledge gaps and research needs have been indentified. These include: 1) Development of risk analysis models for application on a site-specific basis. The model will determine the highest risk pathways for pathogen transfer and direct development of the most appropriate mitigation methods, preventing implementation of costly mitigation methods which may have minimal benefits; 2) Development of appropriate seawater and

production system disinfection protocols. These efforts should include basic evaluations of the advantages and disadvantages of various disinfectants, evaluation of pathogen sensitivity to various disinfectants, and the study of the interrelationships between disinfection and culture system design and management; 3)Demonstration of effective technologies for retrofitting existing facilities and for new innovative systems based on sound financial analysis and viable production strategies. Record 490 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Preliminary Design of a Closed, Biosecure Shrimp Growout System AU: Author Ogle, JT; Lotz, JM SO: Source Proceedings of the US Marine Shrimp Farming Program Biosecurity Workshop. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Aquaculture techniques; Aquaculture facilities; Disease control; Viral diseases; Shrimp culture; Recirculating systems; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeidae AB: Abstract In recent years the spread of several viruses in shrimp culture worldwide has led to a renewed interest in production of shrimp in facilities that provide some degree of security from the viruses. There are many routes that pathogens can use to gain access to shrimp production systems, and the most likely routes are those that support the most activity. In particular, pathogens may be transported by infected seed (postlarval shrimp), water, feed, other animals, or by people and their equipment. Biosecure production systems are typically enclosed or covered tanks that use recirculating seawater. By their nature, such systems produce little wastewater that needs disposal. The use of zero water exchange systems (tanks or ponds) will reduce the likelihood of waterbome biohazards, whereas threats from birds and feral animals may be met by placing the systems in an enclosure. The danger from contaminated seed can be reduced by using a source of seed known to be free of specific pathogens. Feed that is devoid of shrimp meal will be less likely to carry contamination than feeds that employ shrimp meal. Thus, biosecure systems are very much like classical closed recirculating systems. The mainstream of shrimp research for the past two decades has been focused on pond production. That research has led to increased shrimp yields, smaller ponds, increased management, and less water usage; all of these results appear to coincide with the development of closed systems. Some of the earliest attempts at shrimp production in closed systems occurred in 1972 at the National Marine Fisheries Service Lab in Galveston, Texas, and at Toesco Inc. in Idaho. In 1979, Solar Aquafarms in California and Aquabiotics in Chicago attempted commercial shrimp culture in closed systems. In the 1980s, the Stillman Ranch, Red Ewald, and Ecomar made their attempts in Texas. The 1990s have seen efforts by individuals in New York, Michigan, Florida, and Texas. Research on the closed system culture of shrimp as well as other marine animals has been active continuously at the Gulf Coast Research Laboratory (GCRL ) in Mississippi and the Institute of Marine Science in Texas for the past two decades. The final route of pathway introduction (people and equipment) is often the hardest to prevent, and that problem forms part of the rationale for the design concept presented here.

Unrestricted movement of people and supplies between facilities is a very likely means of spreading disease and also a likely source of initial infection. When designing a biosecure system, it must be kept in mind that even though people are an important pathway for disease introduction and spread, people have a tendency to use short cuts if faced with difficult or complicated procedures. Record 491 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Preliminary Design and Operating Specifications for a Biosecure Shrimp Growout Facility in Texas AU: Author Samocha, TM; Lawrence, AL SO: Source Proceedings of the US Marine Shrimp Farming Program Biosecurity Workshop. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Aquaculture facilities; Aquaculture techniques; Disease control; Viral diseases; Infectious diseases; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeidae; Article Geographic Terms: ASW, USA, Texas AB: Abstract Shrimp consumption worldwide is in an increasing trend with an annual growth of 7-9% in the US alone. About 150,000,000 lb. of marine shrimp per year are harvested by the US fishing fleet. However, in 1995, more than 450,000,000 lb. of shrimp were imported to satisfy the US market demand. The value of the shrimp imported into the US is almost 2.4 billion dollars a year (Johnson and Associates 1997). In contrast, the farm-raised shrimp in the US is currently contributing less than 1% of the total shrimp consumed in the country at a value of $26.5 million. More than 70% of the US production of shrimp on farms occurs in Texas. With the recent viral disease outbreaks in farm-raised shrimp in Southeast Asia and Central America, a great part of the imported frozen shrimp is suspected to be infected by virulent viruses. Preliminary observations suggest that viruses in imported frozen shrimp can stay potent for a few years. Although these viruses are not posing any threat to humans, the effect on native wild shrimp stocks and the US shrimp farms is unknown. Recent discoveries of wild shrimp populations infected with exotic viruses in South Carolina and Texas suggest that wild stocks are at risk. The occurrence of viral diseases on US shrimp farms also suggests the US shrimp farms are at risk. Increasing production of farm-raised shrimp in the US is one solution to satisfy the increasing demand that can also help reduce the current huge trade imbalance. However, the recent viral disease outbreaks in farm-raised shrimp in Texas and South Carolina suggest that careful planning and testing are essential for the growth of the shrimp farming industry in the US. Adequate tools have to be developed to ensure that this increase in production will not result in a negative impact on wild shrimp stocks. The objectives of this paper are to develop and evaluate a biosecurity program that will result in an increased production of farm-raised shrimp in Texas and the US, with minimal negative impact on native shrimp populations and receiving waters. The first part of the paper will focus on disease prevention methods in cultured shrimp stocks. The second part will describe potential biosecurity management practices to reduce the risk of viral disease outbreaks during the shrimp nursery phase. The third part of the paper will deal with potential methods to reduce the chance of

shrimp viral disease outbreaks during the growout phase. Record 492 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title The AquaTech Seafood Closed System Shrimp Farm: A Central Texas Operation and Management Perspective AU: Author Boeing, P SO: Source Proceedings of the US Marine Shrimp Farming Program Biosecurity Workshop. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Aquaculture facilities; Aquaculture techniques; Disease control; Recirculating systems; Intensive culture; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeidae; Article Geographic Terms: USA, Texas AB: Abstract Penbur Farms, Inc. was a Texas corporation chartered in 1994. The indoor recirculating shrimp culture facility was sited on a 53-acre tract of land at 1235 South Loop 4, Buda, Texas, in Hays County. This location is south of Austin, just off Interstate Highway 35. The facility was built in a 2OO-feet by 500-feet steel building and consisted of 80,000 square feet of intensive growout. The remaining 20,000 square feet consisted of two independent hatcheries, two independent maturation facilities, a nursery facility, algae production area, and wet laboratory facilities. The growout area was formed by nine independent systems consisting of four tanks each with a biofilter raceway down the middle of each system. Each single tank measured 26 feet wide by 62 feet long, giving a volume of 36,763 gallons and 152 square meters of surface area. Two 65-hp compressors of I 000 cubic feet per minute capacity were installed to operate airlifts in each tank. To insure the zero discharge operation of the facility, a one-quarter acre concrete pond was built outside the building to retain all water discharged from the fan-n tanks. Biofiltration was to be achieved from the center raceway of each system measuring 126 feet by 3 feet by 4 feet and filled with 1.5 inch bio-balls. Each four-tank growout system was equipped with a heat exchanger operating from a boiler to maintain water temperatures during the winter months. Independent air conditioning units were installed along both sides of the building to maintain temperatures during the summers. Record 493 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Toxicity of various off-shore crude oils and dispersants to marine and estuarine shrimp. AU: Author Mills, ER; Culley, DD Jr SO: Source Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth Annual Conference, Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners. pp. 642-650. AB: Abstract The acute effects of 4 crude oils and 2 oil spill removers on 4 spp of marine shrimp (Penacus setiferus, P. aztecus, Palaemonetes vulgaris,

and P. pugio) were determined. Results of 48-hr bioassays showed that distinctive differences in toxicity existed between crude oils from different areas with all shrimp tested. The oil spill removers were much more toxic than the crude oils. Addition of the oil spill removers to all crude oils at recommended application ratios increased the toxicity of both the crude oils and the oil spill removers, indicating a synergistic effect. The Palaemonetes spp appeared more tolerant to all toxicants. Evidence indicates that the most serious effects of oil pollution would be noted in the shallower areas where high concentrations of toxic compounds might build up. Record 494 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Proceedings of the US Marine Shrimp Farming Program Biosecurity Workshop DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Aquaculture development; Aquaculture techniques; Recirculating systems; Fishery management; Marine aquaculture; Disease control; Environmental impact; Aquaculture effluents; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeidae; Decapoda AB: Abstract The US Marine Shrimp Farming Program (USMSFP), initiated in 1985, is dedicated to research, development and transfer of technologies and products required for domestic shrimp farmers to become competitive in world markets. From the very outset it has been clear that to be internationally competitive, US producers must rely on advanced technologies and systems to offset cost advantages enjoyed by foreign producers. Foreign producers, using primitive production methods, enjoy lower costs for land, labor, and most certainly lower cost for environmental protection. Such primitive methods, however, are proving to be environmentally and economically unsustainable. Massive disease problems are directly associated with deteriorating water quality and poor quality broodstock and seed. Beginning in 1988, the USMSF elected to pattern its efforts after those used in successful US agricultural industries, especially poultry and swine. In doing so, the Consortium stated its position that primitive culture practices, employed in most other countries, would not be socially, environmentally or economically acceptable in the United States. The USMSFP, through the work of its six member institutions, has provided US producers with direct access to reliable supplies of high health, genetically improved shrimp stocks and advanced disease diagnostic and treatment methods. The Oceanic Institute (01) has principal responsibility for genetic improvement of shrimp stocks, including disease resistance. Tufts University (TUFTS) has the lead in molecular genetics, gene marker and microsatellites. The University of Arizona (UAZ) and the Gulf Coast Research Laboratory (GCRL) are the principals in disease research, diagnostics and treatment centers. The Waddell Mariculture Center (WMC) and the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station (TAES) work directly with shrimp farmers in resolving on-farm problems. Recently, shrimp disease agents and associated problems have spread from foreign countries into the United States. Major efforts have been undertaken to establish defenses against disease problems encountered by existing shrimp farmers. Problems are so severe that parallel efforts were initiated to develop production systems designed to exclude diseases from the populations under culture. Such systems fall under the umbrella term biosecurity. A prerequisite for the importance of minimal, or zero, water exchange was rapidly established. Beginning in

FY97, OI, GCRL, WMC and TAES accepted specific USMSFP assignments to begin development of biosecure and zero water exchange shrimp growout systems. This workshop was scheduled as part of efforts to coordinate and integrate institutional programs. The workshop also was designed to provide opportunities for receiving industry input and information and technology transfer. These proceedings include a list of participants, five invited workshop presentations and six expert panel presentations including questions and answers. It is noted that expert panel presentations were taped only. Transcription was on a best efforts basis, errors should be attributed to the editor and not the presenter. Appreciation is expressed to the speakers and other participants for their contributions to this workshop. The workshop and proceedings publication were supported by the Oceanic Institute under contract with CSREES/USDA #95-38808-1424. Record 495 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Major viral and bacterial diseases of marine fishes with emphasis on seabass and grouper. AU: Author Jiraporn Kasornchandra SO: Source Fourth Symposium on Diseases in Asian Aquaculture: Aquatic Animal Health for Sustainability. November 22-26, 1999, Cebu International Convention Center, Waterfront Cebu City Hotel, Cebu City, Philippines. Book of abstracts. [unpag.]. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Marine fish; Cage culture; Commercial species; Bacterial diseases; Infectious diseases; Viral diseases; Aetiology; Article Taxonomic Terms: Lates calcarifer; Epinephelus; Vibrio; Vibrio parahaemolyticus; Vibrio anguillarum; Vibrio vulnificus; Flexibacter; Flavobacterium AB: Abstract The floating net-cage culture has been established in early 1970s in Southeast Asia and since then it has become very popular. Although several species of marine and diadromous fishes have been successfully cultured and commercialized, only 4-5 species particularly the seabass (Lates calcarifer) and grouper (Epinephelus spp.) dominate. The expansion of the commercial culture of marine and estuarine finfishes had been accompanied by the occurrence of diseases of infectious and non-infectious etiologies. Among the recognized causative agents of infectious diseases are protozoa, fungi, bacteria and viruses. Bacterial diseases have continued to parallel the growth of cage-culture marine finfishes in importance involving Vibrio species (particularly V. parahemolyticus, V. anguillarum and V. vulnificus) and myxobacterial infection Flexibacter sp. and Flavobacterium sp.). Viral diseases have so far been confined to lymphocystis, viral encephalitis and iridovirus infection. This paper reviews the major bacterial and viral pathogens of economically important finfishes with emphasis on seabass and grouper. CA: Corporate Author Asian Fisheries Soc., Manila (Philippines) Fish Health Sect. Record 496 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts

TI: Title Recent progress in the development of shrimp cell cultures in Thailand. AU: Author Jiraporn Kasornchandra; Raewat Khongpradit SO: Source Fourth Symposium on Diseases in Asian Aquaculture: Aquatic Animal Health for Sustainability. November 22-26, 1999, Cebu International Convention Center, Waterfront Cebu City Hotel, Cebu City, Philippines. Book of abstracts. [unpag.]. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Aquaculture development; Cell culture; Viral diseases; Prophylaxis; Lymphatic system; Ovaries; Heart; Article Taxonomic Terms: Penaeus monodon; Article Geographic Terms: ISEW, Thailand AB: Abstract Primary shrimp cell cultures were developed from lymphoid organ, heart and ovaries of black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon in double-strength Leibovitz's L-15 medium supplemented with 15% fetal bovine serum, 1% glucose, 5 g/L NaCl and 10% shrimp meat extract. The optimum conditions for primary culture in vivo were obtained in L-15 medium with an osmolality of approximately 710-730 mmol/kg, a temperature range of 25-28 degree C and incubation in a normal atmosphere. Both epithelial-like and fibroblastic-like cells were observed from those organs within 24-48 h incubation. Within three days, 80% confluent monolayers were obtained from the lymphoid organ while cultures from other tissues required five days. Cultures were maintained for at least 43 days. Only cells from lymphoid organ can be subcultured and confluent monolayers achieved within 10 days post-spilt. Healthy cultures of the lymphoid cells did not persist beyond the third passage. Primary lymphoid cell cultures were also examined for supporting the propagation of shrimp viruses, yellow head virus (YHV) and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). Cytopathic effect (CPE) induced by these two viruses in primary shrimp cells were similar, in which YHV showed characteristics of cells rounding, aggregation followed by detachment and lysis. No cell aggregation was observed in the WSSV-infected cells. CA: Corporate Author Asian Fisheries Soc., Manila (Philippines) Fish Health Sect. Record 497 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Detection of blister disease in brown-spotted grouper Epinephelus coioides in Thailand. AU: Author Raewat Khongpradit; Jiraporn Kasornchandra; Sarawuth Sriwatanavarunyou SO: Source Fourth Symposium on Diseases in Asian Aquaculture: Aquatic Animal Health for Sustainability. November 22-26, 1999, Cebu International Convention Center, Waterfront Cebu City Hotel, Cebu City, Philippines. Book of abstracts. [unpag.]. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Fish culture; Husbandry diseases; Disease detection; Viral diseases; Histology; Virulence; Article Taxonomic Terms: Epinephelus coioides; Article Geographic Terms: ISEW, Thailand AB: Abstract

Virological and histological investigations were conducted on a serious disease outbreak of cultured brown-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides, in southern Thailand in 1995-1996 and 1998. Typical signs include the appearance of whitish blisters on the body and fins. Histopathological changes showed highly localized severe inflammation of the epidermal and dermal layer. The dermis was necrotized, containing exudation and hemorrhagic infiltration at the area of the intact layer. Liver showed severe blood congestion. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed the presence of icosahedral to round-shaped virions with a diameter of 180-200 nm in the infected cells of liver, spleen, kidney and lesions. Inoculation of cell-free homogenates of pooled visceral organs and lesions from the diseased fish produced cytopathic effect (CPE) in grouper fin (GF), Epithelioma Papulosum Cyprini (EPC) and blue gill fry (BF-2) cell lines, respectively at temperature ranging from 25-30 degree C. Infection trials carried out on healthy juvenile grouper by immersion demonstrated pathogenicity similar to those found in natural infections. Histopathological changes and virological examination of experimentally infected fish coincided with naturally infected. Results indicated that iridovirus was the causative agent of the blister disease in brown-spotted grouper and its name 'GIV-2' has been tentatively proposed. CA: Corporate Author Asian Fisheries Soc., Manila (Philippines) Fish Health Sect. Record 498 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title DNA marker assisted selective breeding of marine shrimp. AU: Author Shleser, R SO: Source (Aquaculture Brazil '98. Sustainable development, Recife-PE, Brazil, 2 - 6 November 1998. Proceedings. Volume 1: Lectures ). Aquicultura Brasil '98. Desenvolvimento com sustentabilidade, Recife-PE, Brasil, 2 a 6 de novembro de 1998. Anais. Volume 1: Conferencias. pp. 335-348. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Selective breeding; DNA; Aquaculture techniques; Brood stocks; Polymerase chain reaction; Article Taxonomic Terms: Litopenaeus vannamei AB: Abstract A review is presented of various approaches to and methods for managing a selective breeding program for marine shrimp. An emphasis is placed on the use of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) based technology to amplify targeted segments of the shrimp genome that can be used as markers to manage the selective breeding process. Results of research that led to the selection of introns in nuclear genes as method of choice for a DNA based management system for Penaeus vannamei are presented. Intron amplification and sequencing showed a large amount genetic heterozygosity in both naturally occuring stocks and hatchery generated populations. Production of shrimp stocks that are homozygous for selected DNA markers allows comparisons of stock performance in the same production systems. This approach makes it possible to evaluate selected lines for inbreeding and to make crosses to restore desired performance levels. The commercial production of genetically improved shrimp broodstock, nauplii, and post larvae will become established as a new segment of the industry. This will result in more dependable performance and improved profits for shrimp

farmers. Record 499 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title (Analysis of the present trend of tilapia marketing in the United States of America and in the European Union ). AU: Author Alceste, C; Jory, DE SO: Source (Aquaculture Brazil '98. Sustainable development, Recife-PE, Brazil, 2 - 6 November 1998. Proceedings. Volume 1: Lectures ). Aquicultura Brasil '98. Desenvolvimento com sustentabilidade, Recife-PE, Brasil, 2 a 6 de novembro de 1998. Anais. Volume 1: Conferencias. pp. 349-364. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Fish culture; Aquaculture products; Marketing; Trade; Market research; Article Taxonomic Terms: Tilapia; Article Geographic Terms: USA; Europe AB: Abstract Tilapia is the second most important aquaculture species in the world today, and the third most important seafood commodity imported into the U.S., after marine shrimp and Atlantic salmon. Tilapia products have rapidly become one of the most popular seafood products in the U.S. and this is evident from the growth rate experienced by tilapia imports in the past few years. Available data from the U.S. Department of Commerce show that between the second semester in 1996 to the end of 1997 tilapia imports increased from 4,417 to 37,002 mt. Concurrently U.S. tilapia production increased from 2,268 to 8,619 mt. Pooling these data show that U.S. tilapia consumption went from 6,685 mt in 1992 to 45,621 mt in 1997. This rapid growth can be attributed to a greater availability of products in markets, both in volume and in the various presentations (eg., live tilapia, whole fish, fillets, etc.). This was observed at both the retail and the wholesale levels. During the last 15 years consumption of seafood in countries of the European Union (EU) has grown significantly due to various factors. One of these is that, at the time the consumer is purchasing seafood products he/she is using several selection criteria (in addition to price), including organoleptic characteristics, its nutritional value, ease of preparation, sanitary aspects related to product handling, freshness, how innovative the presentation is and also other aspects related to the environmental characteristics of the region from where the product originated. Another factor has to do with the traditional ways of marketing seafood products in Europe, both from fishery activities and from aquaculture. These ways are undergoing evident modifications, where the main players are changing their market share through mergers and acquisitions with large companies devoted to the marketing of products other than seafood. This is partly due to the strong advertising efforts to motivate consumers to increase consumption of seafood products, adopted by EU countries through their respective fishing and aquaculture ministries and agencies, associations of seafood producers, processing plants and industrial chambers, and marketing entities (including supermarkets, catering and franchising companies) among others. This has generated a strong dependency on seafood imports from third countries (outside the EU) with the objective of fulfilling this growing demand in countries with the highest rates of seafood consumption, including Spain, France, Italy and Germany, which import over 22% of the global production. This dependency situation tends to increase due to the policies to

reduce fishing effort currently implemented by EU countries in its common fishing areas. To have access to the EU seafood markets, very strict sanitary norms must be followed to guarantee products of the highest quality. Although large-scale tilapia producers in Latin American countries have as a goal the exporting of their products to the U.S. and EU countries' markets, a significant portion of their production is being directed to local markets due to the high prices that tilapia and its products command in these markets. Record 500 of 500 DN: Database Name ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts TI: Title Overview of commercial maturation technology in the Western Hemisphere. AU: Author Kawahigashi, DK SO: Source (Aquaculture Brazil '98. Sustainable development, Recife-PE, Brazil, 2 - 6 November 1998. Proceedings. Volume 1: Lectures ). Aquicultura Brasil '98. Desenvolvimento com sustentabilidade, Recife-PE, Brasil, 2 a 6 de novembro de 1998. Anais. Volume 1: Conferencias. pp. 381-392. DE: Descriptors Article Subject Terms: Shrimp culture; Hatcheries; Selective breeding; Brood stocks; Article Geographic Terms: Western Hemisphere AB: Abstract A survey form was sent to a cross section of shrimp maturation biologists to determine the status and future concerns of the shrimp hatchery industry in the western hemisphere. This maturation survey encompassed shrimp farming regions in nine countries culturing the 'open-thelycum' marine shrimp, Penaeus vannamei and Penaeus stylirostris. The results obtained from this survey helped to quantify methods and criteria used in the management of these maturation facilities. The participants responded to technical questions regarding the origin of broodstock (pond-reared or ocean-caught), insemination method, eyestalk ablation, and nutrition. Details about mating frequency, average spawn size, nauplii production, and broodstock replacement value was also tabulated. Finally, respondents were asked to provide their views on maturation research priorities. Areas of shared concern were 1) Shrimp Domestication through Genetic Selection, 2) Broodstock Quality and Pond Management, 3) Broodstock Nutrition, 4) Broodstock Certification and 5) Biosecurity Systems.