CHAPTER 6 : NUTRITION LEARNING OUTCOME: state the types of nutrition 1.

Complete the flowchart below NUTRITION

Type

HETEROTROPHIC
Use light energy Use chemical energy Live in or on other organisms

Eat other organisms

CHEMOTROPHIC

H EXAMPLES -Green plants -Algae -Bacteria

EXAMPLES

EXAMPLES -Tapeworm -leech -Loranthus

EXAMPLES -

SAPROPHYTIC

Feed on dead organisms

LEARNING OUTCOME: explain the factors affecting the daily energy requirement of the human body, 2. Fil in the missing word Factor Physical activity Age Gander Explanation More activities.

is needed for vigourous activities compare to light

and aldolescents need more energy for growth. need less energy when they grow older. Adult males require energy than adult females. This is because men in general are physically more active and they also have body fat.

Body size Climate

An individual or bigger size requires smaller size. People who live in countries require the body , compare to those in the

energy than another energy to keep countries.

LEARNING OUTCOME: Explain the effects of malnutrition using examples 3. Complete the crossword puzzle below
1 2 3 U

6 7 E 9 10 L A 8 I O

Across 2. A disorder in children cause by deficiency in protein and energy foods 4. Enlargement vein in the wall of rectum 5. A condition in which the bone become porous and brittle 7. uncontrollable overeating follow by purging or vomiting

9. stunted growth, muscle that waste away, diarrhoea and oedema which causes the belly to swell are the symptoms of ............... Down 1. Defeciency in roughage causes ................... 3. A person who loss desire to eat due to an obsession of maintaining a slim body. 6. Eating more than the body needs may lead to 8. The abnormal form of leg cause by the lack of Vitamin D 10. Fresh fruits especially citrus fruits are important to prevent........... LEARNING OUTCOME: determine the energy value in food samples 4. The diagram shows an experiment to measure heat energy produced by the burning of a piece of cashew nut. Volume of water = 20 cm3 Initial water temperature = 26C Final water temperature = 78C Mass of cashew nut = 0.9 g Specifi c latent heat of water = 4.2 J g1 C What is the heat produced by 1 g of cashew nut? A 1.45 kJ g1 B 2.23 kJ g1 C 4.85 kJ g1 D 9.83 kJ g1

LEARNING OUTCOME: state the digestive juices and substances that aid in the process of
digestion in human

Fig. 1.1 shows part of the human digestive system. Duodenum

Fig. 1.1

(a)

On Fig. 1.1, label the gall bladder, the oesophagus and the pancreas. Use label lines and the words gall bladder oesophagus and pancreas on Fig. 1.1. [3 marks]

(b)

(ii)

Enzymes are needed to digest the food we eat. Define the term enzyme. [2 marks] Fig. 1.2 shows the activity of three digestive enzymes in solutions of different pH.

Name the three enzymes in the figure above and state its optimal pH X: . Y: . Z: . [3marks] (iii) Amylase is a digestive enzyme found in the duodenum. Name the food component that amylase digests and name the end product of this digestion. Food component :.. End product:.. [2 marks] A liquid, produced by the liver, does not contain any digestive enzymes. Name this liquid and state its role in digestion. . [2 marks]

(c)

LEARNING OUTCOME: explain the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids in the human body. 6 How does chewing food help to speed up digestion? 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Name the enzyme present in saliva and say what type of food it acts on. Are the contents of the stomach (a) acid, (b) alkaline,{c) neutral? What class of food is partially digested in the stomach? What is the name of the enzyme in gastric juice? What types of enzymes are produced by the pancreas? Into which part of the alimentary canal does the pancreas secrete pancreatic juice? What is the function of bile in digestion? State three ways in which the absorbing surface of the small intestine is increased. Into what body fluids do (a) glucose, (b) fatty acids, glycerol (c) amino acids pass? Ahmad drank a cup of milk and ate two slices of plain white bread spread with butter for breakfast. Explain what happen to the food that he ate, in each part labelled A, B, C and D A

B C

LEARNING OUTCOME: describe the process of assimilation 16 Fill in the missing words.. The blood from the intestine goes first to the ......... before entering the general circulation. If the glucose concentration in the blood is above a certain level, it is changed to .......... and stored. Glucose which passes into the general circulation is taken up by the body cells and used to provide ........... If there are excess amino acids in the blood from the intestine, the liver converts them to ........... which is stored, and ....... which is excreted by the kidneys.. liver glycogen energy glycogen urea

LEARNING OUTCOME: describe the process of assimilation 17 Write down the words omitted from the following paragraph: Proteins are made up of about 20 different .. One example of a plant product rich in protein is .. . An animal product rich in protein is .. . When a protein is digested, it is broken down into its constituent .. and these are later built up in the body to make new Excess proteins which are not used for making new cells or tissues are converted to .. which can be stored or used to provide . LEARNING OUTCOME: explain the main functions of the liver 18 What does the liver do to (a) hormones, (b) alcohol, (c) vitamin A?

LEARNING OUTCOME: state the substances required for photosynthesis soil, energy, oxygen, glucose, chloroplasts, mineral salts, cells, photosynthesis, air, respiration, sunlight, water, nitrogen, chlorophyll, carbon dioxide. 19 A green plant can make all the substances it needs. It builds up carbohydrates by the process of ......... In this process, it combines ........ from the ........ with ....... from the ..... to form ........ The ........ needed for this process comes from ., which is absorbed by the ........... in the ....... of leaf cells. The waste product of the process is.......

LEARNING OUTCOME: state the function of each part of the leaf with respect to photosynthesis 20 Fig. 2.1 shows a section through a leaf.

(a)

On Fig. 4.1, label a stoma, the cuticle and a vascular bundle.

[2 marks]

(b) (i) The upper layers of a leaf are transparent. Suggest an advantage to a plant of this feature. ................................................. [2 marks] (ii) The cuticle is made of a waxy material. Suggest an advantage to a plant of this feature. [2 marks] (iii) State two functions of vascular bundles in leaves. .... [2 marks] (c) Most photosynthesis in plants happens in leaves. (i) Name the two raw materials needed for photosynthesis. 1. ................................... 2. ................................... [2 marks] (ii) Complete the word equation below to show the process of photosynthesis. ............................... + ............................... Glucose + ...............................

LEARNING OUTCOME: identify the factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis, 21 The diagram shows the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis at two different concentrations of carbon dioxide.

(a)

Describe how the rate of photosynthesis varies as light intensity increases for a crop plant grown in an atmosphere containing 0.04 % carbon dioxide. . [3 marks] (b) Describe the effect of increasing the carbon dioxide to 0.1 % on the rate of photosynthesis. .......................................................................... ........................................................................................................... [3 marks] (c) Suggest one way a horticulturist can increase carbon dioxide concentration in a greenhouse. .......................................................................................................................................... [1 mark] (d) State two other environmental factors other than light intensity and carbon dioxide concentration which might limit the rate of photosynthesis. ........................................................................................................................................ [2 marks] (e) (i) State one difference between hydroponics and aeroponics. ......................................................................................................................................... [1 mark] (ii) State two advantages of using the method of hydroponics and aeroponics in growing crop plants. ........................................................................... ........................................................................................................

MARKING SCHEMES

1 2 3

Autotrophic, phototrophic, parasitc, holozoic, 1. Constipation; 2. Marasmus; 3. Aneroxia ; 4. Haemorrhoids; 5. Osteoporosis; 6. Obesity; 7. Bulimia; 8. Rickets; 9. Kwashiorkor; 10. Scurvy . gall bladder correctly labelled; oesophagus correctly labelled; pancreas correctly labelled; (biological) catalyst; made of protein enzyme X is pepsin ; optimal pH 2 enzyme y is amylase ; optimal pH 7 enzyme z is lipase ; optimal pH 8.2 (component) starch; (product) maltose; bile; emulsifies fats / oils / OWTTE; neutralises acidity of material from stomach 11 Digestion - answers

4 5(a) (b) (i) (ii)

(iii) (c)

6 Chewing reduces food to portions small enough to be swallowed and increases the surface area of the food for digestive enzymes to act on. 7 The enzyme in saliva is salivary amylase and it acts on starch. 8 (a) The stomach contents are acid. 9 Proteins are partially digested in the stomach. 10 The enzyme in gastric juice is pepsin. 11 The pancreas produces enzymes which act on proteins (proteases),

starch (amylase) and fat (lipase). 12 The pancreas releases pancreatic juice into the duodenum. 13 Bile emulsifies fats (breaks fats into small droplets). 14 The absorbing surface of the small intestine is increased by (a) being very long, (b) having internal folds, (c) having villi, (d) micro-villi on the epithelial cells. 15 (a) Glucose and (c) amino acids enter the blood stream, (b) fatty acids and glycerol may enter the blood or the lymph. 16 glycogen which is stored, and urea which is excreted by the kidneys 16 17 The liver (a) converts hormones to inactive compounds, (b) oxidises alcohol to carbon dioxide and water, (c) stores vitamin A. The blood from the intestine goes first to the liver before entering the general circulation. If the glucose concentration in the blood is above a certain level, it is changed to glycogen and stored. Glucose which passes into the general circulation is taken up by the body cells and used to provide energy. If there are excess amino acids in the blood from the intestine, the liver converts them to Proteins are made up of about 20 different amino acid. One example of a plant product rich in protein is soya bean. An animal product rich in protein is meat When a protein is digested, it is broken down into its constituent amino acids. and these are later built up in the body to make new cells. Excess proteins which are not used for making new cells or tissues are converted to glucose. which can be stored or used to provide energy . A green plant can make all the substances it needs. It builds up carbohydrates by the process of photosynthesis. In this process it combines water from the soil with carbon dioxide from the air to form glucose. The energy needed for this process comes from sunlight which is absorbed by the chlorophyll in the chloroplasts of leaf cells. The waste product of the process is oxygen. .

18

19

20(a)

(b) (i) (ii) (iii)

stoma correctly labelled; cuticle correctly labelled; vascular bundle correctly labelled allows light to penetrate / OWTTE (for photosynthesis) reduces water loss / transpiration from leaf 1 bring water (to leaf cells) 2 bring minerals / named mineral (to leaf cells) 3 carry away glucose / amino acids / products of photosynthesis (from leaf cells); 4 provide support / skeleton for leaf / OWTTE; any two 1 mark each [2] carbon dioxide; water The rate of photosynthesis is directly proportional to the light intensity. The rate of photosynthesis increase with an increase in light intensity until a saturation point is reached. At this point the rate of photosynthesis remains constant. Any further increase in light intensity does not increase the rate of photosynthesis. This is because other factors such as carbon dioxide concentration becomes the limiting factor and limits the increase in the rate of photosynthesis. The rate of photosynthesis is increased by an increase (0.1%) in carbon dioxide concentration. The rate of photosynthesis will increase until a new saturation point is reached. At this point any further increase in light intensity will not increase the rate of photosynthesis. Burning fuels such as paraffi n to increase carbon dioxide concentration to about 0.1%. Temperature, availability of water Hydroponics is a method of growing plants in a nutrient solution and not in the soil whereas in aeroponics, the plant roots are suspended in the air. A soil medium is not required. Plants are less infected by pathogens/no herbicide or pesticides are

(c) (i) 21 (a)

(b)

(c) (d) (e) (i)

(ii)

required. Plants can be grown all year round. Less space is needed.