Thin Lenses

Lens makers equation equation: q

1 1 1 1 + = (n 1)( ) p q R1 R2
1 1 1 = (n 1)( ) f R1 R2

f- focal length

The left face of a biconvex lens has a radius of curvature of magnitude 12 cm, and the right face has a radius of curvature of magnitude 18 cm. The index of refraction of the glass is 1.44. (a) Calculate the focal length of the lens. (b) Calculate the focal length if the radii of curvature of the two faces are interchanged.

Ray Diagrams for Thin Converging Lenses

Ray 1 is drawn parallel to the principal axis. After being refracted by the lens, this ray lens passes through the focal point on the back side of the lens. Ray 2 is drawn through the center of the lens and continues in a straight line. Ray is d R 3 i drawn through that th h th t focal point on the front side of the lens (or as if coming from the focal point if p<f) and emerges from the lens parallel to the principal axis.

Converging lenses, lenses in case s < f or (p<f)

Ray Diagrams for Thin Diverging Lenses

Ray 1 is drawn parallel to the principal axis. After being refracted by the lens, this ray f t d b th l thi emerges such that it appears to have passed through the focal point on the front side of the lens. Ray 2 is drawn through the center of the lens and t f th l d continues in a straight line. Ray 3 is drawn toward the focal i f l point on the back side of h b k id f the lens and emerges from the lens parallel to the optic axis.

Two converging lenses with focal lengths of 10 cm and 20 cm are positioned 50 cm apart. The final image is to be located between the lenses, at the position indicated. (a) How far to the left of the first lens should the object be? What is the overall magnification? (c) Is the image upright or inverted?

Two converging lenses with focal lengths of 10 cm and 20 cm are positioned 50 cm apart. g g g p p The final image is to be located between the lenses, at the position indicated. (a) How far to the left of the first lens should the object be?

Two converging lenses with focal lengths of 10 cm and 20 cm are positioned 50 cm g g g p apart. The final image is to be located between the lenses, at the position indicated. (a) How far to the left of the first lens should the object be? (b)What is the overall magnification? (c) Is the image upright or inverted?

) (c)

Si Since M<0, th final image is inverted M<0 the fi l i i i t d

The Size of a Magnified Image

When an object is placed at the near point, the angle subtended is a maximum i
The near point is about 25 cm

When the object is placed near the focal point of a converging lens the lens lens, forms a virtual, upright, and enlarged image

The Size of a Magnified Image

Angular magnification is defined as

m= 0

The angular magnification is at a maximum when the image formed by the lens is at the near point of the eye q = - 25 cm

Angular Magnification
1 1 1 + = p 25cm f
h tan 0 0 p

h tan 25cm

mmax

h/ p 25cm 25cm = = = = 0 h / 25cm p 25cm f /(25cm + f )

p=

25 f cm 25 + f

25 cm mmax = 1 + q The image is at infinity the eye is most relaxed

, j p Hence, the object is at the focal point

h 0 25

h f

mmin

25cm = = 0 f

Angular Magnification
The eye is most relaxed when the image is at infinity
Although the eye can focus on an object anywhere between the Alth h th f bj t h b t th near point and infinity

For the image formed by a magnifying glass to appear at infinity, the object has to be at the focal point of the lens The angular magnification is g g

mmin

25cm = = 0 f

Compound Microscope
A compound microscope consists of two lenses
Gives greater magnification than a g single lens The objective lens has a short focal length, h t f l l th o< 1 cm The eyepiece has a focal length, e of a few cm

Magnifications of the Compound Microscope

The lateral magnification by the objective is
M o = - L / o

The angular magnification by the eyepiece of the microscope is i i

me = 25 cm / e

The overall magnification of the microscope is the product of the individual magnifications
L M = Mo me = o 25 cm e

A compound microscope has an objective of focal length 0 3 cm and an 0.3 eyepiece of focal length 2.5 cm. If an object is 3.4 mm from the objective , what is the magnification?
For the objective:
1 1 1 + = p q f

becomes

1 1 1 + = 3.40 mm q 3.00 mm

q = 25.5 mm
The objective produces magnification 25.5 mm M 1 = q/ p = = 7.50 3.40 mm For the eyepiece as a simple magnifier,
25.0 cm 25.0 cm me = = = 10 0 10.0 f 2.50 cm

and overall

M = M 1me = 75