LTE Training at IAC 110316

3GPP LTE Technologies
JianHua Wu Application Engineer

You take LTE forward. Agilent leads the way
LTE context and timeline

What is LTE? - LTE is a 3GPP project name for the evolution of UMTS - It is now linked with the development of a new air interface - Existed together the evolution of UMTS via HSDPA and HSUPA Other names of LTE: - Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA) / Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN) - Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access - Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
Related names: - 3.9G,Super 3G,HSOPA(Evolution of HSDPA/HSUPA with OFDM) - These terms are not standard, and may fade out soon.
LTE Core Network name: - It is called SAE (System Architecture Evolution). - It refers to the evolved core network.
3GPP standards evolution (RAN & GERAN)

Release Commercial Main feature of Release introduction
99
Rel-99 Rel-4 Rel-5
2003 Trials 2006
Basic 3.84 Mcps W-CDMA (FDD & TDD) 1.28 Mcps TDD (aka TD-SCDMA) (LCR) HSDPA
Rel-6
Rel-7
2007
2008+
HSUPA (E-DCH)
HSPA+ (64QAM DL, MIMO, 16QAM UL). Many smaller features plus LTE & SAE Study items LTE Work item OFDMA air interface SAE Work item New IP core network Edge Evolution, more HSPA+ LTE Evolved MBMS, IMT-Advanced (4G)
Rel-8
HSPA+ 2009 LTE 2010+ 2011 2014
09
Rel-9
Page 3
Wireless evolution 1990 - 2010

2G
IS-95A cdma IS-95B cdma
GSM
IS-136 TDMA
PDC
802.11b 802.11a
Increasing efficiency, bandwidth and data rates
2.5G
HSCSD
GPRS
iMode
802.11g 802.11h 802.11n 802.16d Fixed WiMAXTM
3G
cdma2000
E-GPRS EDGE 1xEV-DO Release A
W-CDMA FDD
W-CDMA TDD HSDPA FDD & TDD
TD-SCDMA LCR-TDD HSUPA FDD & TDD
3.5G
1xEV-DO Release 0
1xEV-DO Release B Edge Evolution
3.9G
UMB
LTE Rel-8 LTEAdvanced Rel-9/10
HSPA+
802.16e Mobile WiMAXTM
WiBRO
4G
802.16m ?
Page 4
LTE in context
5 major new 3.9G wireless technologies
3GPP LTE 3GPP HSPA+ 3GPP Edge Evolution 3GPP2 UMB (similar to 802.20) IEEE WiMAX (802.16e / WiBRO) EDGE Evolution UMB cf 802.20 LTE E-UTRA HSPA+
3.9G Goals

Mobile WiMAXTM
802.16e
Spectral efficiency Highest single user data rates Less robust higher order modulation schemes and multi-antenna technology ranging from basic Tx and Rx diversity through to full MIMO
3.9G Techniques:
HSPA+ and EDGE Evolution are natural extensions to existing technologies LTE, UMB and WiMAX are new OFDM systems with no technical precedent other than the early implementation of WiBRO which is now a WiMAX profile.
LTE timeline for 3GPP, GCF & LSTI

Rel-7 Study Phase Rel-8 Work Phase Test Specs
Core specs 1st Test drafted Specs drafted
GCF certification
Commercial release?
Proof of concept Interoperability Field trials
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Page 6
LTE at a glance
Page 7
UE categories
UE Category 1 2 3 4 5 Max downlink data rate 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps Number of DL Modulation of Max uplink data Modulation transmit data DL rate of UL streams 1 2 2 2 4 QPSK 16QAM 64QAM 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps QPSK 16QAM 64QAM QPSK 16QAM 20M RF Bandwidth
Page 8
Operating Band
DOCOMO
(Europe Bands) TeliaSonera Metro PCS , Verizon
TX/RX Spacing
Flexible Channel Bandwidth
EARFCN
Channel Raster : 100k Hz
LTE Network Architecture

E-UTRAN (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network)
3GPP TS 36.300
MME = Mobile Management entity
SAE = System Architecture Evolution
Logical high level architecture for evolved system

Evolved IP packet core with multi-RAT integration
GERAN
Gb Iu
HSS - Home subscriber server SGSN GPRS Core

S7 S3 S5a S4
PCRF
Rx+
UTRAN
IMS - IP multimedia subsystem Inter AS anchor Inter access system anchor MME - Mobility management entity Op. IP Serv. Operator IP service PCRF - Policy and charging rule control function UPE - User plane entity
HSS
S5b
3GPP Anchor
IASA
S6
SAE Anchor
Evolved RAN
S1
MME UPE
SGi
Evolved Packet Core
Op. IP Serv. (IMS, PSS, etc)
WiMAX could connect here
S2
S2
non 3GPP IP Access
WLAN 3GPP IP Access
3GPP 23.882 Figure 4.2-1
Why OFDM for the downlink?

OFDM already widely used in non-cellular technologies and was considered by ETSI for
UMTS in 1998 CDMA was favoured since OFDM requires large amounts of baseband processing which was not commercially viable ten years ago
OFDM advantages
Wide channels are more resistant to fading and OFDM equalizers are much simpler to implement than CDMA Almost completely resistant to multi-path due to very long symbols Ideally suited to MIMO due to easy matching of transmit signals to the uncorrelated RF channels
OFDM disadvantages
Sensitive to frequency errors and phase noise due to close subcarrier spacing Sensitive to Doppler shift which creates interference between subcarriers Pure OFDM creates high PAR which is why SC-FDMA is used on UL More complex than CDMA for handling inter-cell interference at cell edge
CDMA vs. OFDM

CDMA
All transmissions at full system bandwidth Symbol period is short inverse of system bandwidth Users separated by orthogonal spreading codes
OFDM
Transmission variable up to system bandwidth Symbol period is long defined by subcarrier spacing and independent of system bandwidth Users separated by FDMA & TDMA on the subcarriers
LTE Air Interface

OFDM: Orthogonal Carriers
Next sub-carrier
Closely spaced carriers overlap Nulls in each carriers spectrum land at the center of all other carriers for Zero Inter-Carrier Interference
LTE Air Interface

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
f
Tu=66.7us f=1/Tu=15kHz
Closely spaced carriers overlap Nulls in each carriers spectrum land at the center of all other carriers for Zero Inter-Carrier Interference
Page 18 Group/Prese
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
3GPP 25.892 Figure 1: Frequency-Time Representation of an OFDM Signal
OFDM is a digital multi-carrier modulation scheme,

which uses a large number of closely-spaced orthogonal sub-carriers. Each sub-carrier is modulated with a conventional modulation scheme (such as QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM) at a low symbol rate similar to conventional single-carrier modulation schemes in the same bandwidth.
OFDM vs. OFDMA

OFDM
User 1 User 2 Subcarriers
User 3
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
OFDMA = OFDM + TDMA

Subcarriers User 1 Symbols (Time) User 2 User 3
LTE uses OFDMA a variation of basic OFDM

OFDMAs dynamic allocation enables better use of the channel for multiple low-rate users and for the avoidance of narrowband fading & interference.
Symbols (Time)
Why Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA)?

SC-FDMA is a new hybrid modulation technique combining the low PAR single carrier methods of current systems with the frequency allocation flexibility and long symbol time of OFDM SC-FDMA is sometimes referred to as Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM = DFT-SOFDM
LTE uses SC-FDMA in the uplink

Time domain
Coded symbol rate= R
Frequency domain
Time domain
DFT
N TX symbols
Sub - carrier Mapping
IFFT
CP insertion
Size - N TX
Size - N FFT
TR 25.814 Figure 9.1.1-1 Transmitter structure for SC-FDMA.
OFDM modulation
QPSK example using N=4 subcarriers
Each of N subcarriers is encoded with one QPSK symbol
-1,1 Q 1,1
N subcarriers can transmit N QPSK symbols in parallel
-1,-1
1,-1
The amplitude of the combined 4 carrier signal varies widely depending on the symbol data being transmitted
With many subcarriers the waveform becomes Gaussian not sinusoidal Null created by transmitting 1,1 -1,-1 -1,1 1,-1
One symbol period
SC-FDMA modulation
To transmit the sequence:
V(I)
1, 1 -1,-1 -1, 1
1,-1
-1,1
V(Q)
1,1
I
+1
+1
using SC-FDMA first create a time domain representation of the IQ baseband sequence Perform a DFT of length N and sample rate N/(symbol period) to create N FFT bins spaced by 15 kHz
-1
-1,-1
V,
1,-1
-1 One SC-FDMA symbol period One SC-FDMA symbol period

V,
Frequency
Shift the N subcarriers to the desired allocation within the system bandwidth
-1,1 1,1
Frequency
Perform IFFT to create time domain signal of the frequency shifted original
Insert cyclic prefix between SC-FDMA symbols and transmit
Important Note:
-1,-1
1,-1
PAR is same as the original QPSK modulation
Comparing OFDM and SC-FDMA

CP
CP
fc
Frequency 15 kHz
fc
60 kHz
Frequency
OFDMA
Data symbols occupy 15 kHz for one OFDMA symbol period
SC-FDMA
Data symbols occupy N*15 kHz for 1/N SC-FDMA symbol periods
These graphs show how this sequence of QPSK symbols is represented in frequency and time 1, 1 -1,-1 -1, 1 1, -1 1, 1 -1,-1 -1, 1 1, -1
Physical Layer definitions TS36.211 Frame Structure

Frame Structure type 1 (FDD)
One radio frame, Tf = 307200 x Ts = 10 ms
One slot, Tslot = 15360 x Ts = 0.5 ms
#0
#1
#2
#3
#18
#19
One subframe Subframe 0 Subframe 1 Subframe 9
FDD: Uplink and downlink are transmitted separately Ts = 1 / (15000x2048)=32.552nsec Ts: Time clock unit for definitions
Physical Layer definitions TS36.211 Frame Structure- type 2 (TDD)

5 ms switch-point periodicity
One radio frame, Tf = 307200Ts = 10 ms One half-frame, 153600Ts = 5 ms
One slot, Tslot=15360Ts
30720Ts
Subframe #0 One subframe, 30720Ts DwPTS GP
Subframe #2
Subframe #3
Subframe #4
Subframe #5
Subframe #7
Subframe #8
Subframe #9
UpPTS
DwPTS
GP
UpPTS
Uplink and downlink configurations TDD: Subframe 0 and 5 for downlink, others are either downlink or uplink
Uplink-downlink configuration 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Downlink-to-Uplink Switch-point periodicity 5 ms 5 ms 5 ms 10 ms 10 ms 10 ms 5 ms 0 D D D D D D D 1 S S S S S S S Subframe number 2 U U U U U U U 3 U U D U U D U 4 U D D U D D U 5 D D D D D D D 6 S S S D D D S 7 U U U D D D U 8 U U D D D D U 9 U D D D D D D
LTE downlink subframe and slot structure
How OFDM Deals With MultiPath?
Problem: If transmitted symbol interval = receiver capture time the system even a little delay spread causes problem.
Solution: extend the symbol interval time..
Cyclic Prefix Each and every symbol has a guard time at the beginning of the symbol
which allows the receiver to collect multipath from the previous symbol Tb = useful symbol time. Contains all the information of the burst and is created from the 256 Inverse-FFT
Tu
The complete symbol is created in the time domain by duplicating the back portion of the useful symbol and transmitting this first. By duplicating this portion of the time record, this portion of the waveform is effectively transmitted twice. Ts=Tu + Tcp this is a ready to transmit symbol
CP Tcp
Ts Tu
The cyclic-prefix length Tcp should cover the maximum length of the timedispersion expected to be experienced.
How OFDM Deals With MultiPath?
1,Cyclic-prefix insertion makes an OFDM signal insensitive to time dispersion as long as the span of the time dispersion. 2,More power loss in demodulation since only a fraction Tu/(Tu + Tcp) of receiver power is actually utilized by OFDM demodulator.
Frame Structure Type generic view

#19 #18 #17 #16
#5 #4 #3 #2 #1 #0 Power
The minimum allocation of resources is one Resource Block = 12 adjacent subcarriers for one 0.5ms slot
NBWRB subcarriers (=12)
Frequency NBWDL subcarriers
Downlink Resource Block
Channel bandwidth [MHz]
1.4 6
3 15
5 25
10 50
15 75
20 100
Number of resource blocks
3GPP TS 36.101
Channel Bandwidth Vs Transmission Bandwidth
Downlink RS and Signal Structure

The mobile terminal used Reference Symbols to make the channel estimation of downlink for schedule optimization. Downlink reference symbols are inserted within the first and third last OFDM symbols of each slot and with a frequency-domain spacing of six subcarriers. Within each resource block, consisting of 12 subcarriers during one slot, there are thus four reference symbols. The RS is always transmitted across the entire operation bandwidth, even if the downlink channel is not fully allocated
Downlink Feature (Review)

-Physical channelDownlink Physical Layer Reference Signal P-Sync S-Sync P-BCH PDCCH PCFICH PHICH PDSCH PMCH Capability
Cell-specific reference carries Cell-id UE-specific reference, MBSFN reference Carries physical layer id (0~2) Zadoff-Chu sequence Carries cell-identity group (0~167) Broadcast Channel (1920bits@N_CP by 40ms) SFN control Carries DL Control Information (HARQ process#, MCS, TPC,MIMO precoding info etc.) Carries Control Format Information ((Num of OFDM symbols of PDCCH in a subframe; 1~4) Carries HARQ Indicator (ACK/NACK) Carries data with QPSK, 16QAM or 64QAM Localized/Distributed (VRB) allocation is possible Multicast Channel
Uplink Feature
-Physical channelUplink Physical Layer PUSCH Demodulation reference signal for PUSCH PUCCH Demodulation reference signal for PUCCH PRACH Capability
Carries data with QPSK, 16QAM or 64QAM Localized/Distributed (Hopping) is possible qth Zadoff-Chu sequence Group (u) /Sequence (v) Hopping, Cyclic shift change by DCI, Broadcast value and PRS Carries ACK/NACK, CQI with BPSK, QPSK or BPSK+QPSK by Format 1,1a,1b,2,2a,2b qth Zadoff-Chu sequence Group (u) /Sequence (v) Hopping Cyclic shift change at every slot and symbol uth Zadoff-Chu sequence 1.25kHz subcarrier spacing Format 0 ~ 3 (FDD), Format 4 (TDD) Used for UL timing adjustment Allocated at first or last symbol Cyclic shift change by higher layer
Sounding reference signal
Downlink FDD Resource Mapping
NsymbDL OFDM symbols (=7 OFDM symbols @ Normal CP)

160 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048
1slot = 15360 Ts 144 2048 (x Ts)
Cyclic Prefix
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0
1 2 3 4 5 1 6
2 3 4 5 6
P-SCH S-SCH PBCH
PCFICH/PHICH/PDCCH
Subframe 0
Subframe 1
Reference Signal (Pilot) No Transmission
1 frame
Agilent Confidential Page 37 Agilent T&M
13 Aug 2007
LTE uplink subframe and slot structure
CP configuration for uplink
Frame Structure Type (UL) Slot / Subframe / Frame- PUSCH

NsymbDL OFDM symbols (=7 OFDM symbols @ Normal CP)
160 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048
1slot = 15360
144 2048 (x Ts)
1 slot
Cyclic Prefix
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
PUSCH- Physical uplink shared channel
1 sub-frame
=2 slots =1 ms
Reference Signal (Demodulation)
#0
#1
#2
#3
#4
#5
#6
#7
#8
#9
#10
#11
#12
#13
#14
#15
#16
#17
#18
#19
1 frame
=10 sub-frames =10 ms
Agilent Confidential
Page 39 Group/Prese
13 Aug 2007
Uplink Frame Structure Type (FDD)

PUCCH Mapping (Formats 1, 1a, 1b )
[Syms 0,1,5,6 | Every Slot]
[Syms 2-4 | Every Slot]
Frame Structure Type (UL) - Physical Mapping
OOK, BPSK Rotated QPSK
Unlike DL, UL DM-RS

Is confined only to User
Note 1: When no PUCCH or PUSCH is scheduled in the uplink, the eNB can request transmission of the Sounding Reference Signal (SRS), which allows the eNB to estimate the uplink channel characteristics
Note 2: PRACH and SRS not shown for clarity
LTE / SAE Network Identifiers

PLMN ID (MCC + MNC)
eUTRAN+EPC+Ter minals=EPS(Evolve d Packet System)
RNTIUE RNTI UE C-RNTICell S-RNTIRNCURNTIPLMN
3GPP TS 23.401 / TR25.813

The TAI is replacing the URA ID, LAI and RAI
The S-TMSI (SAE Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity) is replacing TMSI & P-TMSI in 2G & 3G networks
RA-RNTI (Random Access Radio Network Temporary Identifier) - is used during the some transient states.
Page 42
Basic channel access modes

Transmit Antennas
The Radio Channel
Receive Antennas
Transmit Antennas
The Radio Channel
Receive Antennas
SISO
Single Input Single Output
SIMO
Single Input Multiple Output (Receive diversity)
MISO
MIMO
Multiple Input Single Output (Transmit diversity)
Multiple Input Multiple Output (Multiple data streams)

MIMO principles
Transmitting multiple data streams in the same space and time used to be called interference! So how does MIMO work?
1. 2. 3. MIMO capacity gains come from taking advantage of spatial diversity in the radio channel Depending on channel conditions and noise levels, the rank (number of simultaneous streams) can be varied The performance can be optimized using precoding
These three MIMO principles can seem complex to understand particularly abstract mathematical descriptions But we intuitively already know these MIMO principles in the way they apply to our perception of audio
Understanding MIMO spatial diversity through Audio Single Stream (Mono)

M M
SISO
SIMO
MISO
SIMO + MISO MIMO
Note, the combination of SIMO and MISO further improves robustness but does not provide any MIMO capacity gain since there is only one stream of data
Page 45
Taking LTE MIMO from Standards to Starbucks Moray Rumney 10th June 2009
Understanding MIMO spatial diversity through Audio Dual Stream (Stereo)
Interference!
Interference!
Interference!
MIMO!
For MIMO to work:

Must have at least as many receivers as transmitted streams Must have spatial separation at both transmit and receive antennas More transmitters enables beamforming in addition to MIMO
Page 46
Understanding MIMO precoding through Audio

MIMO Precoding is a pre-emphasis technique used to improve the separation of the streams at the receiver due to unhelpful coupling in the channel In audio systems precoding is similar to stereo balance If the receiver is not positioned directly between the speakers the received streams will be at different levels Adjusting the balance at the transmitter can mitigate the problem Balancing requires feedback from the receiver to the transmitter
Not enough Right

Page 47
Understanding MIMO precoding through Audio

The receiver could just amplify the right channel but in the presence of noise the corrected signal would degrade: Precoding the transmission as L, 5R optimizes signal recovery
Solution!
L + NL, 0.2 R + NR L + NL, R + 5*NR

Page 48
L + NL, R + NR Problem!
Understanding MIMO Rank adaptation through Audio

In good radio conditions an FM stereo receiver will attempt to decode both the left and right signals (streams) When the noise gets too high the receiver switches to mono and the quality improves although stereo is lost This is the audio equivalent of rank adaptation where the number of streams is reduced under poor conditions Transmit matrix encoded FM stereo as L + R, L R Receive (L + R) + N1, (L R) + N2 Since N1 and N2 are largely correlated, adding the two streams (maximum ratio combining) cancels most of the noise
Page 49
The role of channel correlation and noise in system performance

In a ideal 2x2 system the potential capacity gain is 2x The actual gain depends on how easily the receiver can descramble the simultaneous transmissions this depends on the amount of unwanted correlation and noise
In audio systems channel correlation and noise also affects perceived stereo performance
Spaced living room speakers - lots of correlation degrades stereo, susceptible to external noise Open headphones zero correlation, good stereo but still susceptible to noise Closed headphones zero correlation, minimal noise
Page 50
So what makes a good channel for MIMO?

A perfect MIMO channel is like the closed headphones: channels 2 and 3 dont exist
ch1
Channel H R0 1 0
T0
T1
ch4
R1
By simple observation it follows that R0 = T0 and R1 = T1 This is one case that creates double the capacity But suppose we create a simple static channel like this: How do we know if it will provide capacity gain? This requires deeper analysis
Channel H
0.8 0.2
0.3 -0.9
Page 51
The MIMO challenge: Recovering the signal

If all four channels are the same the original signal cannot be recovered since R0 = R1 R0 = T0 + T1 and R1 = T0 + T1
Channel H 1 1
ch1
T0
T1
Channel H R0
1
1
1
1
ch4
R1
But put in a phase inversion e.g. on ch3 we get:
R0 = T0 - T1 and R1 = T1 + T0 -1 1 thus T0 = (R0 + R1)/2 and T1 = -(R0 - R1)/2 The original signal is completely recovered even though the apparently unwanted ch2 and ch3 exist
Page 52

So is the earlier example good or bad for MIMO?
R0 = 0.8 T0 + 0.3 T1 R1 = 0.2 T0 - 0.9 T1 Giving: T0 = 1.15 R0 + 0.39 R1 T1 = 0.26 R0 - 1.03 R1
Channel H 0.8 0.2 0.3 -0.9
We can recover the original signal In fact any H matrix other than the unity matrix can be resolved PROVIDED there is no external or internal noise! So what kinds of channels are robust to noise?
Page 53

The receiver can untangle the two signals because it knows the coupling coefficients, based on the reference signals
The RS transmits a known amplitude and phase at different subcarriers and times for each MIMO antenna from which the receiver can calculate the complex channel matrix H
Page 54

But RS estimation is susceptible to noise If the H estimate is wrong the recovered signal is impaired Consider these equations for T0 from different channels:
T0 = 1.15 (R0 + N0) + 0.39 (R1 + N1) T0 = 27.3 (R0 + N0) + 16.5 (R1 + N1)
Errors in T0 recovery happen due to estimation errors in the coefficients or large coefficients amplifying noise N0 and N1 It is possible to analyze the channel matrix H to determine the sensitivity to noise for signal recovery
Page 55
Condition Number: Measures the short term MIMO channel performance
R0 = 0.8 T0 + 0.3 T1
R1 = -0.9 T1 + 0.2 T0
= Condition number 0.957 / 0.815 = 1.17
The condition number is the ratio of the singular values of HHT

Channel H Channel HT 0.8 0.3 0.2 -0.9 Channel HTH 0.73 -0.11 -0.11 0.85 Eigenvalues 0.914 0.666 Singular values 0.957 0.815
0.8 0.2
0.3 -0.9
The dB value of approximates the increase in SNR required to recover the signal
Page 56
MIMO needs better SNR than SISO High increases SNR requirements further
The extra SNR required to achieve the same recovered signal quality as SISO rises as the condition number rises
Page 57
Ped. A Channel Condition Number vs. Freq.

Condition number and channel response across 10 MHz, 10 ms
0 dB
Page 58
Diagram of the various UE states

GSM_Connected CELL_DCH Handover E-UTRA RRC_CONNECTED Handover GPRS Packet transfer mode CCO, Reselection Connection establishment/release
CELL_FACH CCO with optional NACC Reselection Connection establishment/release
CELL_PCH URA_PCH Connection establishment/release UTRA_Idle
Reselection
E-UTRA RRC_IDLE
Reselection CCO, Reselection
GSM_Idle/GPRS Packet_Idle
Idle Mode Cell selection System Information From 3GPP 36.331
Call/data setup Paging RACH
Connected Call/data control Data flow
LTE eHRPD Handovers Cell reselection and Handover Types

Handover 2
Non-optimized Handover (eNodeB decision)
eNB
Optimized Handover (eNodeB decision)
CONNECTED
Connection Establish/ release
eHRPD
2
3
Connection Establish/ release
LTE
IDLE
eHRPD
LTE 2G
Cell Re-selection
Cell Re-selection 1 (UE decision)
LTE Cell Re-Selection

UE
Broadcast neighbour cell info Attach with Serving eNB
Serving eNB
eHRPD AN
RRC release with no re-direction
Initiate cell reselection Establish eHRPD session with target AN
LRE eHRPD Handover Architecture
S2a provides a data plane tunnel for forwarding IP data traffic S101 provides a control plane tunnel for establishing an eHRPD session
LTE CDMA non-Optimized Handover

UE
Serving eNB
eHRPD AN
Configure measurement reports Send measurement reports
Initiate handover
S2a data plane tunnel

RRC release with re-direction to target eNB
Establish data plane tunnel
Establish eHRPD session with target AN
Forward IP Data traffic
LTE CDMA Optimized Handover

UE Serving eNB
eHRPD AN
Configure measurement reports Send measurement reports
S101 control plane tunnel
Created eHRPD session with AN Initiate handover
Agree handover parameters with target cell

E-UTRA Handover (rrc_conn_reconfig)
Establish data plane tunnel
Forward IP data traffic
Verizon InterRAT Compliance Test Plan

LTE-CDMA_InterRAT_Performance_Test_Plan.doc
Agilent E6621A PXT, 8960 & IFT software
Agilent is working in collaboration with Verizon to implement the LTE CDMA (eHRPD) Compliance (Performance) Test Plan
The plan is being implemented with Agilent IFT and operates with the E6621A PXT and 8960 The automated test package will enable Verizon to qualify LTE UE for use on their network Agilent will make the test scripts available to UE makers to pre-qualify UE before submission to Verizon During the development phase, Agilent is collaborating with UE vendors with leading InterRAT UE capability.
Verizon InterRAT Compliance Test Plan
3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 4.1 4.2 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 6 6.1 6.2 7 7.1 7.2 8 8.1 9 10 10.1
CELL SELECTION DUE TO LTE SYSTEM LOST WITH PREVIOUS SESSION ON TARGET EHRPD AND PARTIAL HSGW CONTEXT AVAILABLE CELL SELECTION DUE TO LTE SYSTEM LOST WITH PREVIOUS SESSION ON SOURCE EHRPD AND PARTIAL HSGW CONTEXT AVAILABLE A13 AVAILABLE CELL SELECTION DUE TO LTE SYSTEM LOST WITH PREVIOUS SESSION ON SOURCE EHRPD AND PARTIAL HSGW CONTEXT AVAILABLE A13 NOT AVAILABLE CELL SELECTION DUE TO LTE SYSTEM LOST WITH PREVIOUS SESSION ON TARGET EHRPD AND NO SAVED PARTIAL HSGW CONTEXT CELL SELECTION DUE TO LTE SYSTEM LOST WITH PREVIOUS SESSION ON SOURCE EHRPD WITH NO SAVED PARTIAL HSGW CONTEXT A13 AVAILABLE CELL SELECTION DUE TO LTE SYSTEM LOST WITH PREVIOUS SESSION ON SOURCE EHRPD WITH NO SAVED PARTIAL HSGW CONTEXT A13 NOT AVAILABLE CELL SELECTION DUE TO LTE SYSTEM LOST WITH NO PREVIOUS SESSION ON EHRPD CELL RESELECTION WITH PREVIOUS SESSION ON TARGET EHRPD AND PARTIAL HSGW CONTEXT AVAILABLE CELL SELECTION WITH PREVIOUS SESSION ON SOURCE EHRPD AND PARTIAL HSGW CONTEXT AVAILABLE A13 AVAILABLE CELL RESELECTION WITH PREVIOUS SESSION ON SOURCE EHRPD AND PARTIAL HSGW CONTEXT AVAILABLE A13 NOT AVAILABLE CELL RESELECTION WITH PREVIOUS SESSION ON TARGET EHRPD AND NO SAVED PARTIAL HSGW CONTEXT CELL RESELECTION WITH PREVIOUS SESSION ON SOURCE EHRPD WITH NO SAVED PARTIAL HSGW CONTEXT A13 AVAILABLE CELL RESELECTION WITH PREVIOUS SESSION ON SOURCE EHRPD WITH NO SAVED PARTIAL HSGW CONTEXT A13 NOT AVAILABLE CELL RESELECTION WITH NO PREVIOUS SESSION ON EHRPD CELL SELECTION TO 1XRTT DUE TO LTE SYSTEM LOST CELL SELECTION TO 1XRTT/HRPD DUE TO LTE SYSTEM LOST RRC RELEASE WITH REDIRECTION AND MEASUREMENT GAPS SCHEDULED WITH PREVIOUS SESSION ON TARGET EHRPD AND PARTIAL HSGW CONTEXT AVAILABLE RRC RELEASE WITH REDIRECTION AND MEASUREMENT GAPS SCHEDULED WITH PREVIOUS SESSION ON SOURCE EHRPD AND PARTIAL HSGW CONTEXT AVAILABLE A13 AVAILABLE RRC RELEASE WITH REDIRECTION AND MEASUREMENT GAPS SCHEDULED WITH PREVIOUS SESSION ON SOURCE EHRPD AND PARTIAL HSGW CONTEXT AVAILABLE A13 NOT AVAILABLE RRC RELEASE WITH REDIRECTION AND MEASUREMENT GAPS SCHEDULED WITH PREVIOUS SESSION ON TARGET EHRPD AND NO SAVED PARTIAL HSGW CONTEXT RRC RELEASE WITH REDIRECTION AND MEASUREMENT GAPS SCHEDULED WITH PREVIOUS SESSION ON SOURCE EHRPD WITH NO SAVED PARTIAL HSGW CONTEXT A13 AVAILABLE RRC RELEASE WITH REDIRECTION AND MEASUREMENT GAPS SCHEDULED WITH PREVIOUS SESSION ON SOURCE EHRPD WITH NO SAVED PARTIAL HSGW CONTEXT A13 NOT AVAILABLE RRC RELEASE WITH REDIRECTION AND MEASUREMENT GAPS SCHEDULED WITH NO PREVIOUS SESSION ON EHRPD RRC RELEASE WITH REDIRECTION NO MEASUREMENT GAPS SCHEDULED WITH PREVIOUS SESSION ON TARGET EHRPD AND PARTIAL HSGW CONTEXT AVAILABLE RRC RELEASE WITH REDIRECTION NO MEASUREMENT GAPS SCHEDULED WITH PREVIOUS SESSION ON SOURCE EHRPD AND PARTIAL HSGW CONTEXT AVAILABLE A13 AVAILABLE RRC RELEASE WITH REDIRECTION NO MEASUREMENT GAPS SCHEDULED WITH PREVIOUS SESSION ON SOURCE EHRPD AND PARTIAL HSGW CONTEXT AVAILABLE A13 NOT AVAILABLE RRC RELEASE WITH REDIRECTION NO MEASUREMENT GAPS SCHEDULED WITH PREVIOUS SESSION ON TARGET EHRPD AND NO SAVED PARTIAL HSGW CONTEXT RRC RELEASE WITH REDIRECTION NO MEASUREMENT GAPS SCHEDULED WITH PREVIOUS SESSION ON SOURCE EHRPD WITH NO SAVED PARTIAL HSGW CONTEXT A13 AVAILABLE RRC RELEASE WITH REDIRECTION NO MEASUREMENT GAPS SCHEDULED WITH PREVIOUS SESSION ON SOURCE EHRPD WITH NO SAVED PARTIAL HSGW CONTEXT A13 NOT AVAILABLE RRC RELEASE WITH REDIRECTION NO MEASUREMENT GAPS SCHEDULED WITH NO PREVIOUS SESSION ON EHRPD LTE ACTIVE TO 1XRTT/HRPD IDLE CELL SELECTION TO 1XRTT DUE TO LTE SYSTEM LOST CELL SELECTION TO 1XRTT/HRPD DUE TO LTE SYSTEM LOST EHRPD DORMANT TO LTE IDLE MORE PREFERRED SYSTEM RESELECTION CELL RESELECTION HRPD/1XRTT DORMANT TO LTE IDLE MORE PREFERRED SYSTEM RESELECTION LTE DATA THROUGHPUT PERFORMANCE WITH INTERRAT OPERATIONS - FUTURE LTE SUPPLEMENTARY SIGNALING CONFORMANCE FOR LTE-CDMA INTERRAT CAPABLE DEVICES RRC UE FEATURE GROUP SUPPORT
LTE - eHRPD handover demo
CLIENT DUT control IFT - test case script(s)
8960 eHRPD cell
Single DRB SERVER(s) SMS MMS SIP v6 HTTP FTP
LAN
Proprietary i/f
RF
USB
UE under test
SISO 10MHz channel

PXT LTE cell
8960 eHRPD cell
SERVER(s) SMS MMS SIP v6 HTTP FTP
LAN
Proprietary i/f
RF
USB
UE under test
PXT LTE cell
Step 1: setup of an LTE end to end IP connection

8960 eHRPD cell
LAN
Proprietary i/f
RF
USB
UE under test
PXT LTE cell
Step 2: verification of LTE end to end IP connection

8960 eHRPD cell
LAN
Proprietary i/f
RF
USB
UE under test
PXT LTE cell
Step 3: handover to eHRPD serving cell

8960 eHRPD cell
LAN
Proprietary i/f
RF
USB
UE under test
PXT LTE cell
Step 4: verification of e2e IP in eHRPD serving cell

Verizon Wireless LTE-eHRPD Inter-RAT Compliance Testing with IFT
What is LTE voice ?
Through LTE network? Through legacy 2G/3G?
Support for Voice

3GPPs long term solution for voice is to use VoIP and an IMS based core
network It will take time for all networks to support this For networks which do not support IMS several technologies are being considered, namely:-
CSFB (Circuit Switched Fall Back) SVLTE (Simultaneous Voice and Data LTE) VoLGA (Voice over LTE Generic Access) VoLGA involves sending the CS data over an LTE PS bearer- this is not discussed further in this paper
SRVCC will be natural in 3GPP through IMS ,also named as Voice over LTE , VoLTE strongly supported by GSMA
SRVCC : Single Radio Voice Call Continuity

Circuit switched Fallback to 1xRTT

1xCSFB UE 1xRTT CS Access A1 A1 1xRT T MSC
1xCS WS
cdma Network LTE Network
S102
MME
1xCSFB UE S1-MME S102 E-UTRAN S1-U
S11 Serving/PD N GW
SGi
*CS Fallback to 1xRTT and IMS-Based services shall be able to co-exist in the same operators network You take LTE forward. Agilent leads the way
Tunneled 1xRTT messages
SVLTE
CDMA Voice CDMA BTS BSC/ MSC
CS Core Network
LTE Data
EUTRAN
MME
IP
Supports simultaneous voice and data
UE has 2 complete radios

Voice provided through CDMA Data provided via LTE link No interworking required
SVLTE may be the preferred choice for CS voice on CDMA/LTE networks
CSFB (Requires S102 control plane tunnel)

Requires 2 baseband ICs (LTE + CDMA) Some opportunity to share RF resources Significant additional protocol complexity Control plane tunnel required for establishing pre-registration with the CDMA cell (via LTE signaling) More complex than 2G/3G CSFB due to the lack of interworking at the core network level CSFB may be the preferred choice for CS voice on 2G/3G/LTE networks
RRC release with re-direction to CDMA BTS
UE
Broadcast neighbour cell info
Serving eNB
CDMA BTS
Attach with Serving eNB
Configure measurement reports
Send measurement reports
register UE with 1x cdma2000 base station

Page UE
S102control plane tunnel
Tunnel paging info from CDMA BTS to LTE enB
Establish voice call between UE and CDMA cell
Circuit switched Fallback to GERAN/UTRAN

Uu
UTRAN
Lu-PS Gb
SGSN Gs
Lu-CS A S 3 MSC server
LTE/UMT S UE
Um
UMTS Network
LTE Network
GERAN
LTE/UMT S UE
LTE-Uu
EUTRAN
S1-MME MME
SGs
*CS Fallback and IMS-Based services shall be able to co-exist in the same operators network You take LTE forward. Agilent leads the way
Single radio voice Call Continuity (SRVCC)

The continuity of voice when a customer moves from LTE to where LTE coverage is not available In 2009 ,the consortium includes AT&T,Orange, Verizon,Vodafone,AlcatelLucent,Ericsson ,and other key players announced One Voice initiative GSMA VoLTE initiative was formally announced at MWC in 2010 It is voice over IMS network SR-VCC is in 3GPP TS 23.216 in R9
Single radio voice Call Continuity (SRVCC)

LTE/UMT S UE
Uu/Um
GERAN/ UTRAN
Lu-CS/A
MSC server
Sv
Gb/Lu-PS
SGSN
S3
S6a
IM S HSS
MME
S1-MME
LTE/UMT S UE
LTE-Uu
EUTRAN
S1-U
S11 Serving / PDN GW
SGi
Bearer path before HO Bearer path after HO SIP Signaling path before HO
Thanks!
Page 81

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3GPP LTE Technologies

JianHua Wu Application Engineer

LTE context and timeline

You take LTE forward. Agilent leads the way

3GPP standards evolution (RAN & GERAN)

Rel-99 Rel-4 Rel-5

2003 Trials 2006

HSPA+ 2009 LTE 2010+ 2011 2014

You take LTE forward. Agilent leads the way

Wireless evolution 1990 - 2010

Increasing efficiency, bandwidth and data rates

802.11g 802.11h 802.11n 802.16d Fixed WiMAXTM

E-GPRS EDGE 1xEV-DO Release A

W-CDMA TDD HSDPA FDD & TDD

TD-SCDMA LCR-TDD HSUPA FDD & TDD

1xEV-DO Release B Edge Evolution

LTE Rel-8 LTEAdvanced Rel-9/10

802.16e Mobile WiMAXTM

You take LTE forward. Agilent leads the way

You take LTE forward. Agilent leads the way

LTE timeline for 3GPP, GCF & LSTI

Proof of concept Interoperability Field trials

You take LTE forward. Agilent leads the way

You take LTE forward. Agilent leads the way

You take LTE forward. Agilent leads the way

(Europe Bands) TeliaSonera Metro PCS , Verizon

You take LTE forward. Agilent leads the way

You take LTE forward. Agilent leads the way

Flexible Channel Bandwidth

You take LTE forward. Agilent leads the way

You take LTE forward. Agilent leads the way

LTE Network Architecture

MME = Mobile Management entity

SAE = System Architecture Evolution

You take LTE forward. Agilent leads the way

Logical high level architecture for evolved system

HSS - Home subscriber server SGSN GPRS Core

Evolved Packet Core

Op. IP Serv. (IMS, PSS, etc)

WiMAX could connect here

non 3GPP IP Access

WLAN 3GPP IP Access

3GPP 23.882 Figure 4.2-1

You take LTE forward. Agilent leads the way

Why OFDM for the downlink?

You take LTE forward. Agilent leads the way

CDMA vs. OFDM

You take LTE forward. Agilent leads the way

LTE Air Interface

You take LTE forward. Agilent leads the way

LTE Air Interface

You take LTE forward. Agilent leads the way

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

3GPP 25.892 Figure 1: Frequency-Time Representation of an OFDM Signal

OFDM is a digital multi-carrier modulation scheme,

You take LTE forward. Agilent leads the way

OFDM vs. OFDMA

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access

OFDMA = OFDM + TDMA

LTE uses OFDMA a variation of basic OFDM

You take LTE forward. Agilent leads the way

Why Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA)?