TP nomer 5 http://www.aquarium.org.hk/attach/167232-Instructions.

doc&sa= U&ei=G_eQT8bxO4rnrAfUn6GFBQ&ved=0CBsQFjAE&sig2=WB_9V _oz5qo1v_xj_aBqTA&usg=AFQjCNG9N5H4GejX27DbBLecKtI7Wzug1g

Hand Refractometer Instructions Operating

SERIES
Style Salinity/ATC Model REF 211 Range 0-100; 1.000~1.070 sg Resolution 1; 0.001 Size 29x40x190mm Weight 220g

NAME OF COMPONENTS

1. Prism 2.Cover plate 3.Correct screw

4.Mirror tube 5.Eyepiece (Adjusting ring of diopter)

METHOD OF OPERATION
1. Aim the front end of the refractometer to the direction of bright light, and adjust the adjusting ring of diopter 5 until the reticle can be seen clearly. 2. Adjustment of null Open the cover plate 2, drop distilled water one or two drops on the surface of the prism. Cover the cover plate, rotate and adjust the correcting screw 3 to make the light/ dark boundary coincide with null line. (Salinity/ATC Model should adjust at 20 environmental temperature) 3. Open the cover plate 2 and clean the water on the prism and cover plate by soft cotton flannel, then drop one or two drops liquid which is needed to be checked on the prism surface and cover the cover plate. The corresponding dial reading of the light/dark boundary can get the percent of the salt content of the liquid. 4. The carved line on the left of scale indicates the specific gravity of the sodium chloride liquor. 5. After measurement, please clean directly the liquid which had been measured on the surface of prism by soft cotton flannel. After drying, please keep appropriately in store.

ATTENTIONS AND MAINTENANCE

1. Adjust the null liquid and specimen should be under the same temperature, if the temperature varied greatly, the null point should be adjusted once per 30 minutes. Effect of temperature on the refractive index of glass is very small, but big enough for most of the liquid and plastic material there is to know its index. Due to the high temperature optical density of a substance is reduced, the refractive index

decreases. Change per C ranged from 5.10-5 to 5.10-4. Careful measurements up to the fourth decimal is only meaningful if thoroughly well known temperature. 2. After usage, dont use water to wash the instrument. 3. As it is a kind of precision optical instrument, you should hand it gently and take good care of it. Dont touch and scratch the optical surfaces. It should be kept in the environment of dry, clean and noncorrosiveness air, so as to prevent the surface of it turning mouldy and foggy. Please avoid strong shock during transportation. 4. If the consumers use the instrument in accordance with the mentioned method of usage, it guarantee that instrument cant break down. The optical performance cant change.

http://www.scribd.com/doc/29535809/Apakah-Indeks-Bias-Itu
APAKAH INDEKS BIAS ITU?? Indeks bias suatu zat adalah perbandingan kecepatan cahaya dalam hampa udara terhadap kecepatan cahaya dalam zat tersebut, atau perbandingan sinus sudut datang terhadap sinus sudut bias. Harga indeks bias berubah-ubah tergantung pada panjang gelombang cahaya dan suhu. Indekst bias nD t adalah indeks bias terhadap udara yang diukur pada suhu t C, menggunakan sinar natrium. Jika tidak dinyatakan lain, gunakan refraktometer Abbe. Indeks bias diukur dalam batas suhu + 0.2 C dari suhu yang dinyatakan pada masing-masing monografi atau jika suhu tidak dinyatakan, indeks bias diukur pada suhu 20 C + 0.2 C. PRINSIP KERJA REFRAKTOMETER

Refractometer adalah alat yang digunakan untuk mengukur kadar / konsentrasi bahan terlarut misalnya : Gula, Garam, Protein dsb. Prinsip kerja dari refractometer sesuai dengan namanya adalah dengan memanfaatkan refraksi cahaya. Seperti terlihat pada Gambar di bawah ini sebuah sedotan yang dicelupkan ke dalam gelas yang berisi air akan terlihat terbengkok. Pada Gambar kedua sebuah sedotan dicelupkan ke dalam sebuah gelas yang berisi lauran gula. Terlihat sedotan terbengkok lebih tajam. Fenomena ini terjadi karena adanya refraksi cahaya. Semakin tinggi konsentrasi bahan terlarut (Rapat Jenis Larutan), maka sedotan akan semakin terlihat bengkok secara proporsional. Besarnya sudut pembengkokan ini disebut Refractive Index (nD). Refractometer ditemukan oleh Dr. Ernst Abbe seorang ilmuwan dari German pada permulaan abad 20. Adapun prinsip kerja dari refractometer dapat digambarkan sebagai berikut : 1. Dari gambar dibawah ini terdapat 3 bagian yaitu : Sample, Prisma dan Papan Skala. Refractive index prisma jauh lebih besar dibandingkan dengan sample. 2. Jika sample merupakan larutan dengan konsentrasi rendah, maka sudut refraksi akan lebar

dikarenakan perbedaan refraksi dari prisma dan sample besar. Maka pada papan skala sinar a akan jatuh pada skala rendah. 3. Jika sample merupakan larutan pekat / konsentrasi tinggi, maka sudut refraksi akan kecil karena perbedaan refraksi prisma dan sample kecil. Pada gambar terlihar sinar b jatuh
TP nomer 3 http://www.scribd.com/doc/89076191/Rheo-Meter

TP nomer 10 54771167-Kohesi-Adalah-Gaya-Tarik-Menarik-Antara-Partikel-Partikel-Yang-Sejenis http://www.scribd.com/doc/54771167/Kohesi-Adalah-Gaya-Tarik-Menarik-Antara-PartikelPartikel-Yang-Sejenis Kohesi adalah gaya tarik menarik antara partikel partikel yang sejenis. Kohesi

dipengaruhi oleh kerapatan dan jarak antarpartikel dalam zat. Dengan demikian, kamu pasti tahu bahwa gaya kohesi zat padat lebih besar dibandingkan dengan zat cair dan gas Gaya kohesi mengakibatkan dua zat bila dicampurkan tidak akan saling melekat. Contoh peristiwa kohesi adalah : Tidak bercampurnya air dengan minyak, tidak melekatnya air raksa pada dinding pipa kapiler, dan air pada daun talas. Adhesi adalah gaya tarik menarik antara partikel partikel yang tidak sejenis. Gaya adhesi akan mengakibatkan dua zat akan saling melekat bila dicampurkan. Contohnya : Bercampurnya air dengan teh/kopi, melekatnya air pada dinding pipa kapiler, melekatnya
tinta pada kertas, dll. (Ada 3 kondisi yg mungkin terjadi jika kita mencampurkan 2 macam zat

1. 1. Jika gaya kohesi antar partikel zat yang berbeda lebih besar daripada gaya adhesinya, kedua zat tidak akan bercampur. Contohnya, minyak kelapa dicampur dengan air. 2. Jika gaya adhesi antar partikel zat yang berbeda sama besar dengan gaya kohesinya, kedua zat akan bercampur merata. Contohnya, air dicampur dengan alkohol. 3. Jika gaya adhesi antar partikel zat yang berbeda lebih besar daripada gaya kohesinya, kedua zat akan saling menempel. Contohnya, air yang menempel pada kaca.
Akibat adanya kohesi dan adhesi, terjadi beberapa peristiwa menarik dalam fisika

SURFACE TENSION APPLICATIONS ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY http://www.firp.ula.ve/archivos/cuadernos/02_Chap_Kanicky_Shah.pdf

Theres so much energy resources that exist in this world, but one that have the most attractive side is the petroleum that remaining in depleted well. To recover and have use of it, many of technology has been developed. The most common and well known technologies is the surfactant polymer flooding. But still, te regain the remaining petroleum thats trapped inside the well is an challenge to technologies and scientific department. Furthermore, enhanced oil recovery technologies are usually very expensive because enormous quantities of costly chemicals are injected into an oil well and are completely lost during the process. depleted oil wells still contain approximately 65% of the original oil in place. The surfactant-polymer method is basically used to produce oil from exhausted petroleum well by injecting a slug of surface active agents into the reservoir. This agent is injected to lower and decrease the interfacial tension and this will build the formation of oil bank. The polymer slug prevents water from penetrating the oil bank There also exists a need to avoid surfactant aggregate structures such as lamellar liquid crystals which exhibit high viscosity (2932). System parameters should be such that mixing between the fluids in the surfactant, oil and polymer slugs does not occur. A dispersion of surfactant and oil would form an undesired emulsion, while a dispersion of surfactant and polymer, if incompatible, could lead to phase separation, which would decrease the effectiveness of the process. Interfacial tensions can reach ultra-low values at low as well as high surfactant concentrations At low surfactant concentrations, the system appears to be a two-phase one, namely oil and brine in equilibrium with each other. A small change in the surfactant concentration around this region could strongly affect the interfacial tension. Such a change in surfactant concentration might occur due to adsorption of surfactant molecules Surface charge density is another parameter that can strongly and favourably affect the displacement efficiency of oil. To support the surfactant-polymer methods, theres also the foaming of the oil bank and acid fracturing of oil well. The foaming have a concept involves the unique of rheogilical properties , the most usual is carbon dioxide. Surfactants are used to overcome some of the disadvantagesthat the CO2 flooding system offers. The crucial disadvantage of CO2 flooding is the low viscosity of liquid CO2 when compared to the heavy fractions in the oil. A low viscosity implies a higher mobility and this means a possibility of CO2 leakage via finger formation or channelling. Surfactants are used to decrease this higher mobility by enhancing foam stability. The surface tension is properly needed and used as the basic concept of

Laporan Praktikum Pengantar Teknik Kimia Modul 4 Penentuan kadar Protein dengan analisa volumetri Nama Praktikan NRP Nama Partner NRP Nama Partner NRP Nama Asisten Tanggal Praktikum Tanggal Pengumpulan Shift : Michael Renaldo W.P. : 6210063 : Kevin Kurnia : 6210089 : Evandi : 6210021 : : 19 April 2012 : 24 April 2012 : Pagi

Jurusan Teknik Kimia Fakultas Teknologi Industri Universitas Katolik Parahyangan Bandung 2012