CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study Since the last centuries man has tried to open the veil of the secret movements of celestial bodies around the earth and eventually people come to a conclusion that the celestial bodies are bound in one system influence each other and is called the solar system. Moon is the largest satellite in the planet in (Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars) and until recently listed as the fifth largest satellite in the solar system. The Moon is a satellite of the earth and moving around the earth in a certain period of time. Moon is the second of celestial bodies as the sun's most interesting lot of hearts of humanity since long ago, to the man on the moon was so impressed by causing a lot of myths about the moon appears. In addition, the admiration of those, make a lot of scientists who pay great attention to the existence of the moon. The existence of scientific exploration of the deeper of the moon to make humanity more and more aware of the importance of the moon as a satellite of the earth as a barrier next to the heavenly bodies that will potentially hit the planet Earth. Therefore, the authors tried to explore the knowledge of the moon as a natural satellite of the earth with a deeper review of the origin, physical condition, orbits, phases, rotation, eclipses, and sinodis sidoris period, as well as size and distance of Earth from the moon and the lunar eclipses and the sun. It aims to provide deeper insight into the use of knowledge as a potential educational personnel in the field of physics.

1.2 Problem Based on the above background, it can be determined several problems as follows. 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.2.4 1.2.5 1.2.6 How does the origin of the moon? How the physical state of the moon? How the rotation, orbit, and the phases of the moon? How does the size, spacing, diameter, and mass of the moon? How Sidereal period and synodic? How does process of solar and lunar eclipses?

1.3 Purpose of Study The purposes of this paper is as follows: 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3 1.3.4 1.3.5 1.3.6 Describe the origin of the moon. Describe the physical state of the moon. Describe rotation, orbit, and the phases of the moon. Analyze size, distance, diameter, and mass of the moon. Describe Sidereal period and synodic. Analyze process of solar and lunar eclipses.

1.4 Benefit The benefits of purposes of this paper is expected to expand their horizons and increase reader knowledge about Earth's natural satellite the moon as a human habitation, including physical terms, and movement activities for the earth as a planet's parent. 1.5 Scope Coverage of the theory of the solar system in the universe in the science of astronomy, is vast and in accordance with the distribution of materials to each group in the lecture, the author is only limited material on the system as a natural satellite of Earth's moon.

CHAPTER II DISCUSSION

2.1 Origin of the Moon The Moon, in Latin "luna", is a celestial body that rotates about its axis, the earth evolved, and evolved along with the earth to the sun, where the moon is an object space closest distance to Earth. The origins of the moon are not known for certain, but scientists have found evidence of that moon came from a small collision with the planet earth is named Theira about 3 billion years ago, and produce dust which amounts to very much and orbit around the earth and gather dust eventually become moons. At first the distance of the moon at first only about 30,000 miles or 15 times closer than the distance of the Moon to the Earth now. The Moon away from the findings of about 3.8 cm per year (Wikipedia, 2008) There are three theories of origin of moon (Suwitra, 2001): 1) The first theory states occur through the cleavage of the separation of the moon when formed, because the rotation is very fast. This theory is supported by the tidal forces between Earth and the moon. But this theory is quite weak, as if the earth rotates so it should be faster now 2) The second theory states that the moon formed themselves in the solar system. Then by changing the disturbance of other planets orbit the moon closer to earth. This theory is supposed to be difficult to prove because the moon's orbit is very eccentric, do not approach the circle like this now. 3) The third theory is the most likely state that received this moon from the discs created by tiny particles that orbit the Earth collide with each other and eventually form a clot and the moon in size like this now. Because these particles trace the formation of the solar nebula that was in orbit. So more and more slowly ended orbit around the earth. Although the third theories are most likely to be accepted, but not yet certain where the most correct theory.

2.2 The physical state of the moon The moon is the largest celestial bodies closest to the earth and is the only celestial objects that have been visited by humans. Based on the results of research by scientists and their statistical calculations, is obtained data include the moon is round shape with a texture that is full of craters caused by colliding with an object - the object space (Suwitra, 2001). Here's an example photo of the lunar surface:

Gambar 1. Surface of moon source: Wikipedia, 2008 After the man had landed on the moon, the the moon known to be a barren desert area covered by the dust space and an infinite number of dominant soil on the lunar surface contain some iron and pure titanium especially when seen through the hole craters in the the moon are lava where large lava contains various metals are very rare element on Earth such as titanium, chromium, yttrium, and others. the moon about the parts we can look at the picture below.

Crust

Core

Mantle

Figure2.Parts of moon Source: Hanif, 2004

Based on the above image that the the moon has parts such as core, mantle, and crust of the earth as well. For more details about the physical state of the kuantitatis the moon can be seen in the table below (wikipedia, 2001): TABLE 1. Physical state of moon
Orbital Charecteristic 2,413,402 km (0.016 AU) 363,104 km (0.0024 AU) 405,696 km (0.0027 AU) 27.321 66155 days (27 d 7 h 43.2 min) Sidereal period 29.530 588 days (29 d 12 h 44.0 min) Synodic period Average orbital velocity 1.022 km/s Maximum orbital velocity 1.082 km/s Minimum orbital velocity 0.968 km/s Inclination. Antara 28.60 dan 18.30 The slope of the polar axis perpendicular to its 60 orbit Orbital circumference Perigee Apogee Physical Charecteristic 3,476.2 km (0.273 earth) 3,472.0 km (0.273 earth) 2.19581010 km (0.020 earth) 7.347 6731022 kg (0.0123 earth) 3,346.2 kgm3 1.622 ms2 2.38 kms1 27.321 661 days 16.655 kmh1 (at the equator)

Equator diameter Pole diameter Volume Massa Average density Equator Gravitation Escape Velocity Rotate period Period velocity Moon temperarture oxygen Magnesium Silicon Iron Calcium Aluminium Nickel Chromium Manganese Titanium

min 40 K

average 250 K

max 396 K

Composition of the outer layer of the moon 42.6 % 20.8 % 20.5 % 9.9 % 2.31 % 2.04 % 0.472 % 0.314 % 0.131 % 0.122 % Atmosphere Charecteristic atmospheric pressure 3 10-13kPa Helium 25 % Neon 25 % Hydrogen 23 % Argon 20 %

On the surface of the Moon there are thousands of craters formed by meteoroid-meteoroid that reaches the surface of the moon. The number of craters is due to The moon has no atmosphere to burn up enough meteoroid-meteoroid is. The moon's gravity is very small about 1.61 m/s2 and speeds off around 2.38 km/s (speed off the earth 11.2 km / s) causes the air to easily escape from the lunar surface. Without air it does not allow the presence of water on the surface of the moon, no clouds, rain, snow, or fog. Therefore, without water and air do not cause erosion of the lunar surface that faces the moon almost never changes, what was formed thousands of millions of years ago continue to since their establishment until now. Without the presence of air and sea, the temperature of the lunar surfaces once the difference between day and night. Because the moon rotates about the sun in 29.5 days. So that every place in the moons of day and night about 2 weeks. Without air can absorb or reflect sunlight, so nearly 90% of absorbed radiation energy causes the temperature on the lunar surface during the day can reach 1100 C and at night around the -1730 C case during the eclipse, the moon surface temperature over the temperature decreased 1500 C (Suwitra, 2001). By using the telescope, Galileo had discovered the existence of mountains, craters, valleys, and plains that look like the ocean, called maria (Latin means sea) such as the face of the the moon is bending over a vast plain and flat and appear more darker than the surrounding circumstances. Some of the 14 largest in the plains of Mare Imbrium other antra the moon 1100 km, Nubium Mare, Mare Nectaris, Mare Tranquilitatis, Serenetatis Mare, and others. On the plains, or maria, there are thousands of tiny holes measuring about 1 m, which looks like freckles. Maria plains are generally composed of fine granules of various sizes (with a diameter of about 0:02 mm), which form clumps or rocks hard (Suwitra, 2001). in the moon, there were 30 000 craters, with a range from 1 km to more than 200 km. The largest of them is Clairus and Grimaldi are both nearly 240 km in diameter. Many of these craters have peaks such as adjoining the crater Copernicus. In the series there are also some mountain named after the Alps mountains on earth including, Apenis, Charpathians, etc. (Bresnick, 2002)

2.3 Rotation, Orbit, and The Phases Of The Moon 2.3.1 Rotational motion Rotation is the rotation of the satellite the moon on its axis like the Earth spins on its axis every day. At present the moon rotates once every 27.3 days. Thus one day in the moon equal to 27.3 Earth days, or 27.3 times longer than on our planet. In 1959 Russian spacecraft Luna 3, managed to create photographic images back the moon. Surface of the moon facing the earth's surface is always the same, but the moon is due to evolve around the earth, he also rotates on its axis with a rotation period equal to the period of revolution. However, if properly considered, for certain observers on earth, the moon does not always show the exact same surface, but less than 50% for one period (Suwitra, 2001). Motion of the moon and Earth causes at different times we could see the moon's surface is slightly different and the trail is called librasi. This phenomenon was first described by Galileo. There three libration are

geometric: libration on longitude, libration on latitude, and libration diurna (Suwitra, 2001). 1) Libration On Longitude is the result of the evolution of motion in the form of an ellipse that the moon angular velocity varies. This leads us to see the next few the moon and then slightly west side next to the east, and each in the range of approximately 8 . 2) libration on latitude the moon due to improper rotation axis perpendicular to its orbital plane, but tilted at an angle of 6 . As a result we see the moon about 6 outside the polar north, and two weeks later we see a 6 beyond the south pole. 3) libration diurna caused by Earth's rotation so that the surface of the the moon that we see at sunrise shifted about 1 on the east edge of the moon when we see the time going down. caused by Earth's rotation so that the surface of the the
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moon that we see at sunrise shifted about 1 on the east edge of the moon when we see the time going down. Total effect libration cause for long intervals of time we can see about 60% of the surface of the the moon is completely hidden is about 40% and that always seems about 10% and 20% variable (Suwitra, 2001).

2.3.2 Moon Orbital In general, the moon orbits around the earth, but in fact the earth and the the moon around the center of mass together. Because the Earth's mass is very large compared to the the moon, then the center of mass along the earththe moon is about 1600 km below the earth's surface, the side facing the moon. Common center of mass is also called barysenter, because the earth rotates on its axis, then the location is constantly changing its position barysenter continuously towards the center of the earth (Suwitra, 2001). More detail can be seen in the picture below.
Earth trajectory sebenarnya

Center of earth

x
Barysente r
barysenter trajectory around the sun

Moon

Figure 3. Barysenter Earth-Moon System Moving Around the Sun Source: Suwitra, 2001 Besides, the moon moves around the earth (revolution) also rotates on its axis (rotation). We always see the same moon's surface. In the past people thought it was due that moon still does not rotate. If so, then we will look at the moon's surface is always changing. Actually, the moon rotates with a period equal to the period of revolution around the earth. As a result the surface of the moon facing the earth's surface is always the same while the
8

other side is always hidden from the face of the earth (Suwitra, 2001). More detail can be seen in the image below.
A A A A A A

A a b

Gambar 4. (a) if the moon doesnt rotate; (b) Rotation period of moons equal to the period of revolution. Source : Suwitra, 2001 In accordance with the laws of Kepler I, basically elliptical orbit the moon and the earth is at one focal point, but the field of the moon's orbit is tilted about 50 toward the ecliptic plane. This moon cut the ecliptic trajectory disua point on the opposite side of the ball in the sky. Both of these points, A and B, called the nodes of the moon's orbit and the line connecting points A and B are called line of nodes. Node where the moon passes the ecliptic as the moon moves toward the north is called the knot up, and the node where the moon passes the ecliptic as the moon stir down south called the node (Suwitra, 2001). More detail can be seen in the picture below .

Figure 5. Intersecting the Moon's orbit and the ecliptic at two points Source: Wikipedia, 2008
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Because disruption of the sun's gravitational pull, then the orbit of the moon continues to evolve, so the line of nodes regresses around the ecliptic in 18.6 years. Similarly, disruption of the planets orbit eccentricity changes as well. There are two types of moon that is useful for predicting eclipses (Suwitra, 2001): 1) Nordic Moon or draconic moon is the time interval between the two as it passes through the same node and the length of 27.21220 days. 2) Anomalistic moon, an interval of two as it passes through perigee is the length of 27.25455 days. Not every new moon or full moon eclipse will occur as moon orbital plane tilted slightly (about 5o) to the plane of the ecliptic. Therefore, the new moon is just above or below the earth's sun. Full moon is usually through a little to the north or south of the shadow of the earth. The intersection area of the moon's orbit to the ecliptic plane is called a node (Suwitra, 2001). 2.2.3 Phases of Moon The position of moon toward the earth and the sun is always changing because its revolution around the earth. moon does not emit its own light, but the moon was shining because of reflected sunlight. That's why the visible surface of the moon shining ever-changing, light from a thin crescent moon to shine in a full circle. Changes in the shape of this moon called the phases of the moon changes. When moon and sun are on opposite sides of the earth or the moon's surface facing opposition to the earth so completely got the sun from the earth we see the shining surface of the moon is full or what we call the moon. Meanwhile, when moon and the sun is at the same position, then the observer on Earth will see a crescent moon and at new moon is called a (Suwitra, 2001). More detail can be seen in the picture below.

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Figure 6. Phases of moon Source: Wikipedia, 2008 The picture above shows some of the position of moon in its orbit around the Earth which in position 1 shows moon is conjuncted , almost the entire surface of the moon facing earth is dark, so now we do not see moon at all and the event is said to be the position of moon new moon phase. A few days after new moon, moon reaches position 2, where a fraction of the hemisphere can be seen during the moon and we see it as a crescent. On these days, the moon is called the crescent phase dilated (waxing crescent). About a week later, moon reaches of the path and be in a position called a phase 3 first quarters (first quarter). At this moment between the earth and moon line perpendicular to the line between earth and sun during the day and of moon visible from earth to moon appear as a moon and a half. Quarters for a week after the first phase, moon is shining more and more rounded look and the material unless the 4 position is called the waxing Crescent. Finally, one week after the first quarters, months and at position 5 in which the sun-facing surface of the moon facing the earth so well at this moon said the full moon phase. During two weeks of successive shrinking roundabout moon reached a position F (waxing phase of the Crescent), position 7 (phase two quarters), position 8 (sickle shrink) and returned to position 1, the new moon. Thus, the period from one new moon to the next new moon, was 29.5 days (Suwitra, 2001).

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2.4 Size, Distance, Diameter, and Mass of the Moon 2.3.1 Size and Distance of moon In the sky moon and the sun seemed almost as big around on the celestial sphere. While the sun is 400 times larger than moon. Sighting angle with the same size, meaning the distance the sun is also 400 feet farther than the distance of the moon like in the picture below.

From the figure, we can look that

r OB b OM rm

O
P engamat

b ulan

M
r B

b ulan

Figure 7. Measuring the Diameter of Moon Source: Suwitra, 2001 One of the ancient Greek astronomer named Ptolemaeus who lived about 140M have carried out measurements of the distance of the moon. The trick is to paralaksis method as below

E B umi

A ulan

12
B

EARTH MOON

Figure 8. Measuring the Distance of the Moon using Paralaksis Methode Source: Suwitra, 2001 For example, an observer on A look at the moon directly overhead (zenith), and at the same time there is an observer in another place B see the moon at an angle ZBM position, the angle between the direction of the moon with the point directly overhead the observer Z (M is the center of the moon and E 'center of the earth). From the triangle can be determined the magnitude of angle MBE namely the angles 180 - angle ZBE. Distance from A to B can be measured so that the angle BEM can be searched geometrically. For example, if the distance of AB is 1/12 the circumference of the earth, then the BEM angle = 30 . From the triangle BEM has known two angles, namely BEM angles and MBE angels, and one side of the BE is equal to the radius of the earth by trygonometry methode can be determined the EM side, the distance between the center of the earth to the center of the moon. Results Ptolemaeus gets the distance of the moon is 59 times the radius of the Earth, or about 29 times the diameter of the earth. In accordance with the growing age then found a new way (modern) to measure the distance of the moon is by using radar or laser. The best result obtained is 384.304 km (Suwitra, 2001). 2.3.2 Diameter of The Moon The average angels diameter of moon is 31 5 Because the distance of the moon has to be determined, then the geometrycally can be determined diameter of the moon (Figure 9).

384.404 km
diameter

0
Center of the Earth (pengamat)

315 = 1865

bulan (d)

13

Figure 9. Measuring the Diameter of the Moon Based on Its Angels Diameter. Source: Suwitra, 2001 If the diameter of moon isd, Distance between Moon and Earth is D, and the angels diameter of Moon is , then geometrycally : d = D. 1 radian = 57,3 so that
1" 1" 1 rad 60 60 57 ,396 1 rad 205 ,265

( in radian)

If the angels diameter stated in second, then obtained :

d D 205 ,265

Because the angles diameter of the moon = 31.5 = 1865, So, the diameter of the moon is:

(384.404km) 1865 3475,9km 205.265

So, the diameter of the moon is times of diameter of the Earth (Suwitra, 2001). 2.3.3 Mass of the Moon Earth-moon is a dual object system with the center of mass is called barysenter. Barysenter point is located 4672 km from the center of the earth. Suppose the center of the earth is E, the center of the moon is M, and barysenter is C, as shown the figure below.
r
1

.
M
1

.
C

r
1

.
M

Figure 10. Calculate the Mass of the Moon from Earth-Moon System. 1 Source: Suwitra, 2001 14

By using the formula: M1 . r1 = M2 . r2 Where r1 = distance between center to barysenter r2 = distance between moon to barysenter M1 = mass of the earth M2 = mass of the moon Then obtained the mass the moon.
M2

r1 M1 r2
4672 10 3 m 6,0 10 24 kg 6 384 10 m

7,35 10 22 kg

But along with the time of the scientists create a new way to measure the mass of the moon is to use the spacecraft to the moon and the obtained results are very close to the 1/81, 3 the mass of the Earth, or about 73,5 1022 kg (Suwitra, 2001). 2.4 Sideris and Sinodis Period Months to complete one revolution around the Earth in 27.3 days. So every 27.3 days, the Moon will return to its original position in the sky (relative to the stars). This period is called the Sidereal month period. At the time of the Moon back to its original position in the sky, the Sun position has shifted due to the movement of Earth around the Sun. To establish the original configuration (Earth-Moon-Sun), and the events that took an additional two days. As for the return from one phase to the same phase (eg from phase to phase the moon is full again) the Moon takes 29.53 days and this period is called sinodis month period. Period of revolution of the moon around the earth is a perfectly round 27d7h43m(11,5)8 or 27.32166 days, and this period is called Sidereal period. But for a Sidereal moon, the earth and moon together have ranged around the sun about 27o or 1/13 trips around the sun (figure 8). So we know two kinds of Sidereal moon is the month that is, the period of revolution of the moon and the
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stars that sinordis moon period, the period of revolution of the moon to the sun (Suwitra, 2001).

Figure 11. The Position of the Moon in Sideris Period (A) and Sinedis Period (C). Source: Suwitra, 2001 For example, in the beginning the earth was in E1 and the moon is in A, the full moon phase. After 27 1/3 day, the moon has been circling the Earth is one round, back to its original position on the celestial sphere. But during a period Sidereal, the earth has been in the E2 so that the moon is in position B. To reach the same phase (full moon) the moon must be in C, and for that it takes about 2 days, precisely to achieve a position of opposition is again time for 29 days. This is why the moon appears to move the ball toward the sky to the east averages 13 per day, while the sun itself is also moving toward the east with an average 1
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 every day, so the moon will be visible to the moving direction 12 east of sun per day, and this angle equivalent to 50 minutes. This is why the moon appears rising late 50 minutes each day. Displacement motion 13 per 24-hour mean motion of about arc in the sky, and this distance is equal to the diameter of the moon itself is moving toward the east each day. This shift can be observed from the position of the moon to fixed stars in the sky every hour. The moon's orbit is always a gradual change due to interference from the sun's gravity. Consequently simpangnya point shifts to the west along the ecliptic plane and take one full turn in the celestial sphere in about 18.6 years. This causes the slope of the moon's orbit to the ecliptic varies from 4 57 'to 5 9'. The shift of nodes is called node-month regression. Changes in the slope of the moon's orbit to the ecliptic plane causes the angle of inclination to the equator of the sky the moon's orbit varies between 23 + 5 or 28 to 23 + 5 or about 18 (Suwitra, 2001). 2.4 Lunar Eclipse and Solar Eclipse One of the most prominent symptoms in relation to the motion between the earth and the moon occurs when the shadow falls on the moon or the earth's shadow falls on Earth and occur when Earth, moon and sun are in one straight line. Thus, the eclipse occurs only when the full moon or full moon. However, because the moon's orbit tilted to the ecliptic, an angle of 50 so not every full moon eclipse will occur where the eclipse occurs when the full moon is at its vertices and the sun on a node as shown below.

Gambar 12. Bayangan benda bulat oleh sinar matahari

Figure 12. Shadow of Circular Object by Sun Light Source: Suwitra, 2001

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Part of the shadow cone is really dark and does not receive sunlight called Umbra. Umbra part of the shadow of the moon is sometimes called the shadow cone and the area between the umbra with the area that gets full sun called the penumbra in which every point in the penumbra was just getting some sun. When the moon enters the shadow of the earth and lunar eclipses will occur when the shadow of the moon on the earth will be a solar eclipse (Suwitra, 2001).

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2.4.1 Lunar Eclipse Lunar eclipse occurs when part or the whole cross section of moon covered by the shadow of the earth. When the earth is between sun and moon on the same straight line, so that sunlight can not reach because it is blocked by Earth (Bresnick, 2002). More detail can be seen in the image below.

Gambar 13 : Peristiwa terjadinya gerhana

Figure 13. Lunar Eclipse: Umbra and Penumbra Source: Hanif (2004) The picture above shows the lunar eclipse occurs when the moon at full phase, into the shadow of the earth. Lunar eclipse can be seen from all over the earth's surface that have the night at that time, even they can observe changes in the moon when it passes through the shadow of the earth, and is due to the diameter of Earth's shadow cone is larger than the diameter of the moon, and the total eclipse lasted long enough in about 1 hour 40 minutes (Hanif, 2001). There are three types of eclipses are total eclipses, the partial eclipse, and penumbral eclipse. The figure below shows a number of possible trajectories through the months when the shadow of the earth. Total lunar eclipse occurs when the moon completely through the umbra (path A). Partial eclipse occurs when only some months that go through the umbra (path B), and the penumbral eclipse occurs when the moon through the path C or D in part through a passage (Suwitra, 2001). More detail can be seen in the image below.

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Figure 14. Total Lunar Eclipse, Partial, and Penumbra Source: Suwitra, 2001

2.4.2 Solar Eclipse A very remarkable object of the heavenly bodies are the sun and moon, in addition to the appearance of the two that really stand out compared to other heavenly bodies, but the more remarkable is that both appear in the sky in a size similar to the angular diameter average of about 31', although the actual size of the sun is 400 times larger than the diameter of the moon (Suwitra, 2001). Solar eclipse occurs when the moon completely cover the sun and it is this which produces a total solar eclipse. Only experienced a total solar eclipse on the earth is covered by the umbra and the subject area penumbral shadow of B and C in the figure below will experience a partial solar eclipse. Because of the narrow-sized umbra, then only a small area of the earth's surface which have a total solar eclipse.

Figure 15. Solar Eclipse

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Source: Suwitra, 2001 But when the eclipse occurs when the moon and sun in a state of maximum, ie when the moon is at apogee and the Earth in apheliumnya, so the umbra, or shadow cone of the moon can not reach the earth's surface (Figure 18), so at the earth's surface area is crossed by the extension of the shadow cone or umbra of this month (D) will observe the eclipse of the ring, because not all sunlight is blocked the moon, but the light from the sun can reach the edge of the disc area (D) (Suwitra, 2001).

SUN D MOON EARTH

D

Orbit bulan

Figure 16. Solar Eclipse: D Bolt Eclipse. Source: Wikipedia, 2008

While in the ring solar eclipse, the tip does not reach the surface of the Earth's umbra. It is only an extension of the umbra (the so-called anti antumbra or umbra) that reaches the Earth's surface. Although the entire record month in front of the sun's disc, but its size is smaller than the disk of the sun, the result is not the whole disk of the sun covered. Part of the rim of the sun disk that is not covered dish of the moon, still luminous, while the middle plate covered with a dark moon. Because it is called a ring solar eclipse. Based on his appearance at the peak of the eclipse, solar eclipse can be divided into three total solar eclipses, rings, and some of it. More detail can be seen in the image below.
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Figure 17. Types of Solar Eclipse. (a) Total Solar Eclipse; (b) Ring Solar Eclipse; (c) Partial Solar Eclipse Source: Hanif, 2004

CHAPTER III CLOSING

3.1 Conclusion

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Based on the background and discussion of the issue mentioned above, can further be concluded as follows: 3.1.1 The origin of the moon are not known for certain, but scientists have found evidence of that month came from a small collision with the planet earth is named Theira about 3 billion years ago, and produce dust which amounts to very much and orbit around the earth and finally dust clump together into months. 3.1.2 In the largest celestial bodies closest to the earth and is the only celestial objects that have been visited by humans. On the surface of the Moon there are thousands of craters formed by meteoroids that reaches the lunar surface. 3.1.3 The rotation is the rotation of the satellite the moon on its axis as the earth rotates on its axis every day. At present the moon rotates once every 27.3 days, which is generally said that the moon is orbiting around the earth, but in fact the earth and the moon around the center of mass together. The visible surface of the moon shining ever-changing, from a light thin crescent moon to shine in a full circle. Changes in the shape of this month called the phases of the moon changes. 3.1.4 Distance of moon from the Earth is 384 304 km, the diameter of the moon is 3475.9 km or a diameter of about the diameter of Earth. The mass of the moon is 1/81, 3, and the mass of the Earth is 73,5 1022 kg. 3.1.5 Moon to complete one revolution around the earth in 27.3 days. So every 27.3 days, the moon will return to its original position in the sky. This period is called the Sidereal month period. To return from one phase to the same phase (eg from phase to phase of the moon is full again) moon takes 29.53 days and this period is called sinodis month period. 3.1.6 The eclipse occurs due to obstruction of sunlight. If sunlight can not reach the moon in whole or in part, because it was blocked by the earth, then the event is called a lunar eclipse. Whereas if the moon's shadow falls to the earth's surface, then the event is called a solar eclipse. 3.2 Recommendation
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As for suggestions that can be given the author is that educators should further add knowledge about astronomy, making it easier for the transfer of information about astronomy in general and the moon in particular to students and to facilitate the understanding of the material should be linked with phenomena that exist in everyday life.

DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Bresnick. 2002. Ilmu Pengetahuan Bumi dan Antariksa. Jakarta: Hipokrates Hanif. 2004. Bulan. Diakses dari

http://www.solarviews.com/cap/moon/moonint.htm, pada tangal 1 Mei 2009. Surya. 2006. Bulan Satelit Bumi. Diakses dari http://erabaru/k_01_art_53.htm, pada tanggal 30 April 2009.
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Suwitra. 2001. Astronomi Dasar. Singaraja Wikipedia. 2008. Fase-Fase Bulan. Diakses dari

http://en.wikipedia.org./wiki/moon_fase, pada tanggal 30 April 2009. Wikipedia. 2008. Keadaan Fisis Bulan. Diakses dari

http://en.wikipedia.org./wiki/lunar_eclipse, pada tangal 30 April 2009.

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