1

The dynamics of behavior in the process of

polyester yarn from the knitting warp

Prof.dr Vojislav Gligorijevic
University of Nais
Faculty of Technology, Leskovac
Serbia
E-maill: vojatriks@yahoo.com

Apstract
In this study the dynamics of longitudinal tensile polyester yarn tex 19:53 mass in the knitting process
and withdrawal the taffeta knitwear knitting machine on Super Grant RE-4. The machine is operated
with two knitting speed, low speed from 8.5 min
-1
and higher speed of 580 min
-1
with four different
densities of knitting yarn. With the help of sensors, which were built on the needle segment in the zone
of compensation, and other parts, measured by the tensile force exceeds the compensation zone and the
zone of knitting needles in themselves in order to monitor the dynamic behavior of polyester yarns in
the area of compensation and the process creating a loop in the individual phases. Based on the results
calculated yarn tension in certain stages of the knitting of both speed knitting with four different
densities.
Based on the parameters of the machine, the moment of inertia of the spool with yarn, yarn longitudinal
mass in the zone of compensation, the module exceeds the elastic stiffness and other things, set the
nonlinear differential equation of second order on the basis of which we have calculated the time of the
creation of a loop or cycle period and compared with the same period cycle of creating loops obtained
experimentally. Discrepancies were minimal to neglect some of the parameters in the system of solving
differential equations.
Based on the current elastic stiffness and friction coefficient exceeds in certain phases of the process of
making loops calculated tension in the yarn loops and half loops in the process of creation. .
An important contribution is given in calculating the reduced friction angle of the yarn on the needle
phase wefting with the forces at the ends of half loop and loop, the force of normal pressure while
moving the needle half loop and the friction force to pull knitting down. As a novelty at this stage of
research.
Key words: loop, half loop, wefting, friction, phases, tension, force, cycle time

Introduction
The warp knited knitwear (Figures 1 and 2) can be analyzed in view of a number of parameters in order
to obtain a uniform knitted structure. The yarn length in the loop is the most important parameter in the
knitwear analysis. Equable yarn lengths in the loops, as well as their regular geometric shape
characterizing the knitwear structure uniformity, are determined by the physical-mechanical properties
of the yarn, the wefting depth, structure characteristics of the knitwear, and the intensity of the yarn
tension force variation in the compensation and knitting zones of the machine [1].
Certain influence on the yarn tension force at the wefting moment is exercised by the mechanical
properties of the yarn, yarn stiffness, yarn feeding speed knitwear pulling force, yarn friction with the
devices for yarn guiding, feeding or tensioning, yarn friction with the loop creation elements, the
friction between the yarns at the point of half loop passing over the needle butt, and the yarn contact
angle with the needles.
The basic requirement of modern knitwear production on heavy duty warp-knitting machines is to
maintain the constant yarn length in the loops. To achieve this, the operation elements of the machine
must be supplied with precisely projected yarn lengths from the warp beam. The production of high
quality knitwear is possible only in conditions of comprehensive and complete analysis of the knitting
process, where the essential role is given to the dynamics of the yarn tension force in the compensation
and knitting zones of the machine [2, 6, 7].
An important element in the process of warp knitting machine for knitting the optimization of adding
warp yarns in the area of compensation with respect to the minimum point of the load added to the
warp back
The machine is knited taffeta polyester yarn knitwear from the longitudinal mass of 19.53 tex knitting
speed of 8.5 and 850 lines per minute, for four variants of the loop length of yarn, knitting four densities
and four levels of speed receipt of knitwear.
2
During the investigation, adding warp yarn length was variable.
There are many approaches to the analysis knited process on knitting machines, including the analysis
and modeling of process automation, optimization of production processes, quality of the process and
the yarn produced in strictly defined parameters estimates [13-16].
From the technological point of view one of the parameters that have the greatest impact on the process
of knitting the yarn in the warp geometry of zone passes, species and production of equipment for the
add, and the basic parameters-finesse needles or machines.
This publication aims to present the results obtained by nonlinear differential equations of second order
and the same compared with the results obtained experimentally on a machine with sensors designed
specifically for this type of machine in relation to the load dynamics in warp yarn and knitting zone,
defined process of adding. Analysis of changes in force osnovinim yarns is differentiated depending on
the design parameters of the machine. In [17] discussed the process of yarn dodavanjawarp the constant
length of warp yarns addition, under certain conditions, as for example that the yarn viscoelastic body
is not taking into account the stiffness, which is at this stage of research is of great importance.
Mechanical designers in the process of technical and commercial designs focus their attention on the
problems of the kinematics and dynamics of sub-machines, types and properties of materials, as well as
to optimize the dimensions of the machine, safety and ergonomics, among others [18].

1. Experimental
1.1. Investigation scope
The scope of this investigation is to determine the behavior and tension variation of yarn in the
compensation and the knitting zones of the knitting machine in the knitting process on a SUPER
GRANT RE-4 warp-knitting machine as a function of the machine speed and the knitting density at
various measuring points, in order to determine the influence of individual yarn guiding, directional
and feeding elements on the yarn tension structure as a condition for good quality of knitting.
1.2. Materials, machines and the testing equipment
In Table 1 given is the information on polyester yarn used for the measuring of the yarn tension force in
the compensation and knitting zones of the machine, the friction coefficients at all contact points of yarn
with the knitting, compensation and guiding elements of the machine, measuring of the current yarn
stiffness, the contact angle between the yarn and the operation elements and yarn wefting depths. The
machine chosen for the knitting was a SUPER GRANT RE-4 Raschel machine produced by K. Mayer
and installed in the knitting plant of the NITEX Company in Nais. The polyester yarn was knitted in the
single warp right-left knitted fabrics, the diagram of which is knitted in figures 1a and b, in open and
closed layout, and the photo there of is knitted in figures 2a and b, front and reverse side of the taffeta.
Table 1. Physical-mechanical
characteristics of the yarn
Average yarn fineness (tex) X
19.53
Fineness reliability range Q
0.06
Fineness variation coefficient (%) CV
0.42
Stretching (%)
31.90
Stretching variation coefficient (%) CV
1.85
Breaking strength (N tex
-1
)F
43.22
Variation coefficient CV 2.52
Number of twist S 32
Uniformity to Uster (%)
0.50

3

Figure 1. Graphic representation of laying taffeta Figure 2. Knitwear taffeta photographed
Interlacement in closed (a) and open laying (b) on the front side (a) and the reverse side (b)

1.2.1.Testing devices sensors
The apparatus used for measuring, together with the measuring equipment layout (Figure 3) consisted
of the following devices:
- LDSM, G-I and G-II TR sensors, Ljubljana
- Typ Q11 Waggezelle measuring heads, HBM, Kraftaufnehmer, Germany
- Adapter for yarn tension forces transformation,
- Microprocessor measuring amplifier DMC 9012 A,
- Warp feeding measuring device, AG Wahli, Switzerland,
- Stroboscope, Strobotac Type 1538 A, Genera radio,


Figure 3. Measuring equipment layout
Legend : MV- measuring the size; EV- electrical size; DEV- strengthened by measuring the size; FOEV-
filtered electrical size; MV,R- result of measuring the size measurement.

1.2.2. Methods and testing sequence
In order to carry out the experiment on the RE-4 Raschel machine it was necessary to prepare the
machine for the warp tension measuring in the compensation and knitting zones of the machine.
4
Figure 4a shows the machine outlay with the measuring points indicated in the zones. In zone I,
between the bobbin (1) and the guide bar (3), the yarn (2) (warp) tension variations were measured by
sensors and supplementary equipment. The yarn tension variation was also monitored in zone II,
between the guide bar (3) and the tensioning device (4), and in zone III, at the tensioning device (4) and
the yarn feeder (5). In the knitting zone, the yarn tensioning was monitored in particular stages of the
loop creation process by a sensor mounted directly on the needles (the needle segment).
The knitwear tension variation was observed in zone IV between the needles (6) and the directional
roller (7), and in zone V between the pressure roller (9) and the cloth roller (10).The knitwear is pulled
by the pulling roller (8).
In figure 4b [10, 11] given is a simplified layout of the yarn motion from the warp beam (1) to needles
(5). The yarn (2) passes below the guide bar (6), over the tensioning device (3) to be introduced into the
yarn feeder (4), and thence knitted-in by the needles (5).


Figure 4. Scheme Raschel machines with a layout of measuring points
and display the original image sensors up
sensor
sensor
5
2. The determination of the yarn length in the loop in the knitting process
To determine the yarn length directly in the knitting process, at the machine operation speed of 580 min
-
1
, an AG Wahli yarn feeding measuring device was used and the gear wheel was changed in four
density levels. The total length of the fed yarn in the knitting determined was dividing by 480
revolutions of the main machine shaft, giving the length of yarn per loop for particular density per
vertical ribs Gv. In Table 2 given are the values of loop lengths and their average values with the
corresponding densities per vertical Gv, for all four knitting densities (I to IV).

2.1. Calculation of the wefting depth and the yarn-to-needle angle
To calculate the wefting depth, hk, from equation (1) it is necessary to know the dimensions of the basic
operational elements of the knitting machine. In the given case, the machine fineness was 20, according
to the english numeration system, so the needle pitch would be P = 1.27 mm. The relation [1] is valid for
the warp-knitting machines, where p/P = 0.20, therefore, the sinker thickness is p = 0.20 1.27 = 0.254
mm. For right-left machines, r1 = 0, and r2 = 0.4318 mm, which is the needle thickness, di, obtained from
the relation di/P = 0.34.To calculate the contact angle, amounting to 1/2 of the sinker thickness, r1 must
also be known; i.e., r1 = 0.5 0.254 = 0.127 mm.
Table 2. Yarn length in the loop
Additional warp length L
[mm]
Yarn length in the loop
[mm]
Knitting
density
[cm
-1
]
L1 L2 L3 Lsr 1 2 3 sr
Density
Gv
[cm
-1
]
I 2514 2532 2506 2517 5,237 5,275 5,220 5,244 10,4
II 2512 2503 2508 2507 5,233 5,214 5,225 5,224 10,4
III 2474 2476 2470 2473 5,158 5,158 5,145 5,152 12,1
IV 2359 2359 2345 2351 4,895 4,914 4,885 4,898 13,1

According to Table 2, the yarn length in the loop at density I is 5.244 mm. The wefting depth, i.e., the
length of the yarn in the loop, can be calculated using equation (1). Garbaruk suggested use of equation
(1.1) for approximate calculation of the yarn-to-needle contact angle.
hk = 0.5(-p + 2r1)sin-(r1 + r2 + d)X(sin + cos - 1) - d, (1)
whence the length of the yarn in the loop is
= 2
(

+ + + +
+

sin
) 1 cos sin ( ) )( (
) 5 . 0 (
2 1
1
d X d r r d h
r p
k
[mm].
, 0
) ( 2
) ( 3
) ( 4
) 2 ( 3
2 1 3 2 1
2
1 3
=
+ +

+
+ +
+

d r r
P l
r r r
r p l
(1.1)
Assuming that
) ( 4
) 2 ( 3
2 1
1
d r r
r p l
K
+ +
+
= and
) ( 2
) ( 3
1 1
2
d r r
p l
m
+ +

= ,
we get
2
2
m
K

+ = .
By solving this equation we get K = 5.672, calculated from the data for , p, r1, r2, and d, and m
2
/
2
=
4.14 and = 1.525 rad. The same method is used to calculate other contact angle values for other
densities.
Once the contact angles have been calculated, we can also calculate the wefting depth, the values there
of being given in table 3.
Known the wefting depth, we can calculate the yarn length in the loop for the four densities.
6

Table 3. Yarn wefting depth
Density Contact angle
[rad]
Loop length
[mm]
Wefting depth hk
[mm]
I 1,525 5,244 1,9630
II 1,515 5,224 1,9528
III 1,490 5,152 1,9140
IV 1,440 4,898 1,7807

For density I and the wefting depth 1.963mm we obtain

1
1.963 0.4318
3.014
0.5(1.27 0.2540
tg

= =

,
1
= arctg 3.014 = 1.25 rad.
2
0.56646
sin 0.351
0.25806 2.3445
=
+
,
2
= arcsin 0.351 = 0.358 rad.
whence the angle
= 1 +2 = 1.608 rad.
In Table 4 given are the corresponding values of the angles and the yarn lengths in the loop for known
wefting depths. The calculated values for the yarn length in the loop differ from the experimental values
because we have obtained approximate values for the wefting depth and contact angles. To enable
precise calculation of the angles the fifth grade equation should be applied.
Table 4. Yarn length in the loop
Density Contact angle
[rad]
Wefting depth hk
[mm]
Loop length
[mm]
I 1,608 1,9630 4,9875
II 1,601 1,9528 4,9670
III 1,609 1,9140 4,8900
IV 1,613 1,7807 4,6720
2.2. Yarn stiffness and friction coefficient determination
To calculate the maximum tension forces of warp yarns in the wefting phase (point 0 in the loop
creation cycle density I (Table 4), the existing stiffness and yarn friction coefficient in that phase must be
calculated. From D-10 graph ( Figure 6), the maximum force in cycle I in the compensation zone is 6 cN,
and from the knitting zone graph in the wefting phase point zero 14.21 cN, making a total of 20.21
cN in the half loop wefting phase.
From D-11 graph (Figure 7), the maximum force in cycle I in the compensation zone is 8 cN, and from
the knitting zone graph 14.21 cN, which amounts to 22.21 cN.
To calculate the stiffness and the friction coefficient of the yarn the two equations with density data I
and II are brought together. The maximum forces in the wefting phase are the forces in the half loop,
and in this case the necessary force is in the half loop side. In the first instant, the force in the half loop
side is 20.21:2 = 10.105 cN, and in the second 22.21:2 =11.105 cN.
max 2 1
2
exp exp 1
2( )
R B R
T T T
R r R r R r

| |
= = +
|
+ + +
\ .
,
i.e,
10.105 = 6exp2.75 ( ) 1 75 . 2 exp
4982 . 0
+
B
,
7
11.105 = 8exp2.75 ( ) 1 75 . 2 exp
4982 . 0
+
B
,
where 2.75 = K.
Solving the equation gives the friction coefficient = 0.253, and stiffness B = 7.031 cN mm
2
.
The yarn stiffness can be calculated from the formula

B = 0.05 Ed
4
,
where d yarn diameter,
E longitudinal yarn elasticity module.
This formula can be used only to calculate the initial stiffness, and the existing stiffness in the knitting
process itself is interesting.

2.2.1. The determination of the yarn diameter and the yarn cross section area
In the knitting process we have used texturized polyester of fineness 19.53 tex with 32 filaments and
specific mass 1.38 gcm
-3
.
The fineness of the elementary fiber:
1
1000
32 1638.5
19.53
t
T mg

= = .
The area of the fiber cross section:
2
3
6
32 1
S 0.01415
1.6385 10 1.38 10
mm

= =

.
where the length of the elementary fiber L is assumed to be 163850 mm, and 1g in mass.
The yarn diameter:
2
1/ 2
1/ 2
3.57 10
19.53 0.134645
1.38
d mm

= = .
3. Yarn tension forces in the phases of the loop creation process
In figure 5 given is the diagram of the yarn tension force in the loop creation process with several cycles.
The period of one cycle at the machine knitting speed of 8.5 min
-1
is 7.05 s. The maximum yarn tension
in the loop creation process is in points 5, 8 and 0. Points 5 and 8, the maximum tension, correspond to
the motion of the warp (yarn) feeder in final front and rear positions. The tensioning of the yarn is at its
maximum at the end of the wefting phase (point 0), when the needles reach the lowest position. The
minimum yarn tension corresponds to the feeder section between latch needles during the forward and
backward motion (points 4 and 7), and during the needle rising for latch opening (point 9). The tension
variations were also observed in other loop creation process phases. For example, during the half loop
pass over the other half of the needle latch (points 10 and 10a) [3, 4, 5].This tension variation can be
explained by the fact that the yarn has a lower tension on its way from the warp beam towards the
needles than the yarn moving toward the half loops, i.e., from the zone between the feeder and the latch
needles that have an increased tension in the loop creation zone from the additional part of the yarn
moving towards the warp beam, when it is added to the half loop at an increased tension [12]. The
increased yarn unwinding resistance also increases the maximum yarn tension, but, at the same time,
the scattered tension is also increased, thus producing a decreased average yarn tension.Such yarn
tension variations lead us to investigate the yarn tension from the aspect of both maximum tension
value and the average tension value [8]. In table 5 given are the forces per phases in the knitting zone for
density I at machine speed of 8.5 min
-1
, based on the input forces from the compensation zone I in the
graph D-10 (Figure 6) and at machine speed of 580 min
-1
as shown in graph D-13 in figure 9. Diagram of
the yarn tension in knitting phases and compensation zone at a speed knitting machines 8.5 min
-1
and
580 min
-1
density in the knitting and the diagram in Figure 6, and 9.
8
In figures 7, 8 and 9 shown are the diagrams of the yarn tension at the knitting speed of 8.5 min
-1
for the
compensation zones I, II and III, and in figures 10, 11and 12 at the speed of 580 min
-1
or the same
compensation zones.
I
Figure 5. Diagram of the yarn tension forces in the loop creation process
with several cycles

The average values of the force in the knitting process, and the maximum values in the wefting phase of
the compensation zone are given in table 6.
Table 5. Forces in the knitting zone, per phases
Knitting zone at
8.5 min
-1
Compensation zone at
8.5 min
-1

Compensation zone at
580 min
-1

Phase
Yarn tension force T
[cN]
Yarn tension force T
[cN]
Yarn tension force T
[cN]
0 14,21 17,49 21,27
1 13,23 16,51 20,29
2 11,27 14,55 18,33
3 5,39 8,67 12,45
4 1,47 4,75 8,53
5 20,09 23,37 27,15
6 5,88 9,16 12,94
7 0,735 4,01 7,79
8 16,17 19,45 23,23
9 0,49 3,77 7,55
10 12,25 15,53 19,31
10a 11,27 14,55 18,33
11 14,21 17,49 21,27
Average
value
9,743 13,022 16,8

Table 6. The average and maximum tension
forces in the knitting process

F[cN[

0
n = 8,5 min
-1
/ 2s cm
-1
1cm 4,9 cN
T = 2 / = 7,o5s
9
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1 3 5 7 9 11 13
Phase Phase
Phase Phase
Phase Knitting
zone T cN
Phase Zone
compensation T
cN
Phase Zone
compensation
TcN/8,5min-1
In Figure 6. gives a diagram of the yarn tension in knitting phases and compensation zone at a
speed knitting machines 8.5 min
-1
and 580 min
-1
for the density and knitting I.
The diagram on the basis of values given in Table 5 shows that in the knitting zone of maximum
force in a process of creating loops in phase 5 minimum phase in the 7 In the zone of
compensation at a speed knitting of 8.5 min
-1
maximum force in the process of creating loops in
phase 5, the minimum in the fourth phase In the zone of compensation at a speed knitting 580
min
-1
exceeds the maximum tension force is also in phase 5, the minimum in the 4 phase.

Figure 6. Diagram of the
yarn tension in knitting
phases and compensation
zone at a speed knitting
machines 8.5 min
-1
and 580
min
-1
for the density and
knitting I







Figure 7. Diagram D-10 of the yarn tension force in the compensation zone I
at the knitting speed of 8.5 min
-1
and the knitting density I

3.1. Determination of coefficient of friction in the closing phase of the needle
Consider the closing phase of the needle in the figure 13,a, r = arctg r.., which will be the tilting
angle of the half loop repulsive even 0-0 in the closing stage of the needle. To find the reduced
friction coefficient, we count the conditional section is a needle in a plane in which lies half loop
circular (Figure 13, b) in which the normal pressure force N half loop acts in motion by the needle,
a friction force Ft pulls up half loop.







Figure 8. Diagram D-11 of the yarn tension forces in the compensation zone II
at the knitting speed of 8.5 min
-1
and the knitting density I
T= 3,28 cN
T s
T s
T = 2,47 cN
T cN
Phase
10


Figure 9. Diagram D-12 of the yarn tension forces in the compensation zone III
at the knitting speed of 8.5 min
-1
and the knitting density I


Figure 10. Diagram D-13 of the yarn tension forces in the compensation zone I
at the knitting speed of 580 min
-1
and the knitting density I

The slope of the resultant R force N and Ft determine a reduced friction angle r, respectively,.
if the resultant R is known, it will force acting on the ends of half loop to be equal 0.5 R. Friction
between the yarn and needles reduces the transmitting power of 0.5 R along the needles. At point
A the force will act

The point B on the axis of the yarn tension this is minimal and when = 0.200 is
Friction force is
( ) ( )
1 exp 0, 5 .
t r
F N R = =

3.1.1. Forces in the half loop and loop elements
According to Euler formula the forces in the half loop (Figure 14) are
1 1
0
1
exp
T
T = ,
2 2
1
2
exp
T
T = .
The forces in the elements of half loops and loops [9] can be calculated and compared with the
experimentally obtained forces. The maximum input force T0max in the wefting phase according to the
diagram on the compensation zone I (Figure 7) is 6 cN, the yarn friction against the needles is 0.253 and
the angle is 1.485 rad. The force in one side of the half loop will be:

1
0.2531.485
6
4,120 cN T
e

= = ,
T = 1,89 cN
T s
T s
T =7,06 cN
11
i.e. 8.241 cN in the half loop. According the test the average knitwear pulling force amounted to 10.36
cN.
Since

'
p
F < T
0
cos +T
1
+ T
2

and in the given case, = 52
o
, and T1 = 4.120 = T2
F
p
<6 cos 52
o
+ 8.241 .,
'
11.93
p
F cN ,
apropos,
F
p
= 6
o
0.2531.485 0.2531.485
1 1
cos52 1 10.64
e e

( | |
+ + =
| (
\ .
cN.
Consider now the case of higher knitting at density I, when the knitwear pulling force in zone I (Figure
9) is 22 cN. The maximum input force T0max in the wefting phase, according to Diagram D-13, is 16.5 cN,
the friction coefficient is 0.253, and the angle is 1.485 rad. The force in the half loop side
332 . 11
6
5 . 16
485 . 1 253 . 0
1
= =

e
T cN,
and in the half loop 22.66 cN.
According to the experiment, the average knitwear pulling force is 22 cN.
According to the formula Fp< 32.81 cN, i.e., Fp = 29.27 cN.
The yarn tension in the loop side, according the the formula, is 5.5 cN, and in the half loop side 11.332
cN; in other words, this force is twice the force in the loop side, and compared to the loop in zone II it is
5.5 time higher.
Based on the figures 13 and 14, tables 7 and 8 show the values of the reduced coefficient and friction
angle in the wefting phase, as well as the forces at the half loop ends, in points A and B.


Figure 11. Diagram D-14 of the yarn tension forces in the compensation zone II
at the knitting speed of 580 min
-1
and the knitting density I

T s
T =4,81cN
12


Figure 12. Diagram D-15 of the yarn tension forces in the compensation zone III
at the knitting speed of 580 min
-1
and the knitting density I

Figure 14. Phaze closing needle with tongue Figure 14. The intersection of the needle in the plane

Table 7. Reduced coefficient and the friction angle in the wefting phase
Angle
[rad]
Friction
coefficient
[ ]
Reduced
friction
coefficient
[ r]
Reduced
friction
angle
[ r]
Normal
pressure
forces in
half loop N
[cN]
Force
resultant R
[cN]
Forces at
half loop
ends in
point A
[cN]
Forces at
half loop
ends in
point B
[cN]
0,6981 0,2540 0,3289 0,3178 7,376 7,768 3,251 2,605
0,6981 0,2540 0,3289 0,3178 7,494 7,890 3,303 2,647
0,6891 0,2540 0,3289 0,3178 7,623 8,025 3,360 2,692
0,6981 0,2540 0,3289 0,3178 7,784 8,195 3,431 2,749





T s
T =5,81cN
13
Table 8. Reduced coefficient and friction angle in the needle closing phase
Friction
coefficient
[ ]
Reduced
friction
coefficient
[ r]
Reduced
friction
angle
[ r]
Force
resultant
R
[cN]
Normal
pressure
forces N
[cN]
Angle
[rad]
Forces
at half
loop
ends in
point A
[cN]
Forces
at half
loop
ends in
point B
[cN]
0,257 0,332 0,320 7,765 7,369 0.698 3,244 2,592
0,257 0,332 0,320 7,890 7,487 0.698 3,297 2,634
0,257 0,332 0,320 8,025 7,616 0.698 3,353 2,679
0,257 0,332 0,320 8,195 7,777 0.698 3,424 2,736
0,252 0,326 0,315 7,765 7,380 0.698 3,256 2,613
0,252 0,326 0,315 7,890 7,449 0.698 3,308 2,655
0,252 0,326 0,315 8,025 7,628 0.698 3,365 2,701
0,252 0,326 0,315 8,195 7,789 0.698 3,436 2,758
0,248 0,322 0,312 7,765 7,389 0.698 3,265 2,629
0,248 0,322 0,312 7,765 7,389 0.698 3,265 2,629
0,248 0,322 0,312 7,890 7,508 0.698 3,317 2,672
0,248 0,322 0,312 8,025 7,637 0.698 3,374 2,718
0,248 0,332 0,312 8,195 7,799 0.698 3,446 2,775


4. Determination of the suspended period of one
cycle in the process of creating a loop

To determine the conditional period of one cycle in the process of creating a loop taffeta knitwear it was
necessary to determine the total moment of inertia, which consists of the moment of inertia coil, where it
was necessary to know its dimensions and the specific weight of the material from which the coil is
made. Total moment of inertia of the coil is from the moment of inertia of trees and moment of inertia
reel spool pages. It was also necessary to calculate the moment of inertia of polyester yarn that is wound
on the coil with a diameter of 15.1 cm, weighing 9.632 kg and specific gravity exceeds 1.38 g cm-3
exceeds that in our case is 2991276.6 g cm
2
, or with a total moment of inertia of the coil, 52475.2 g cm s
2
..
Poisson coefficient of 0.5 is taken from the literature
Elastic modulus of stiffness was determined by the expression

2 1
1
,
P
E cN
S

( =


where S is the cross-section of yarn in cm
3
;
P1 -load of yarn in the yarn cN which deforms by 1%.

Home zone length exceeds the compensation machinery was 50 cm. For the yarn elongation for 1%
elongation according to the diagram was necessary powers of 2 cN and we got the yarn length 50.5 cm.
Longitudinal weight yarn at this point was Tt = 18.217 tex.
Cross sectional Yarn: S = 0.01320 mm
2
. Based on the specific weight of polyester yarn from the ratio of
force and cross-sectional area, we calculated the cross module "elastic stiffness: E1 = 15151.5 cN cm
-2
.
Equation object, for experimental verification, can be written in the form of:

2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
0 0 0
+1 .
k
M d T A I dT d d L A I A I I dI I dr
T
S r dt S r dt S r dt r r dt r dt r dt
| | | |
+ + = + +
| |

\ .
\ .


In
2
v const = and, the slow change I = const, r = const, to disregard the last member of the equation,
we get

14
2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
0 0
2 2
2 2
1
1 0 1 0
2
2 2
2 2

,
2 2 2
where A= ; ; ; .
100 100 100
1
respectively .
k
k
M d T A v I dT L A I
T
S r dt S r dt r
v I v L I
Q R R Q
E E r S Er S L
d T dT
Q R T M
dt dt r

+ + =
= = =
+ + =






Connecting with the tension T2 braking torque Mk transfer function can be written as::

( )
( )
( )
1
2
2
.
1
p
p
k p
T
r
K
M Q p R p

= =
+ +


From the transfer function shows that the transfer coefficient transfer function is equal to r
-1
, or in steady
mode, T2 r = Mk.

Now we can calculate the Q and R:
2
2
2 2
2 52, 5 5475, 2 2 0, 5 10
1, 293 ,
100 100 76776, 98 15,1 0, 01269
L I
Q s
E r S

= = =


2
2 2
2 0, 5 5475, 2 2 0, 5 10
0, 0123 .
100 100 76776, 98 15,1 0, 01269
I
R s
E r S

= = =



As the
2
2 2
2 2
1
.
k
d T dT
Q R T M
dt dt r
+ + =

replacement values for Q and R and to disregard the Mk we get T2 = x

3
1, 293 0, 0123 0,
respectively x+9,512 10 0, 77339 0
x x x
x

+ + =
+ =

How is the general form of nonlinear differential equations of second order

( ) ( )
2
0
2 2
0
2 0,
and its general solution:
exp cos ;
where
x h x x
x k ht t
h

+ + =
= +
=



Conditional period damped oscillatory system amount to
.
2
.
us
T

=
As in our case


The coefficient of attenuation amount:

15
3
0
5
.
2 9, 512 10 , 0, 77339; substituting we get
0, 77339 2, 26 10 0, 8794 .
Conditional cycle period amount to
6, 28
T 7,14 .
0, 8794
Substituting values for h and the general solution of the equatio
us
h a
s
s

= =
= =
= =
3
n, we get
x= k exp(-4,756 10 ) cos(0, 8794 ). t t

+

0, 0123
0, 01081 .
1, 293 1
s = =

As in our case 0 1 , oscillation is damped.
The occurrence of high amplitude in the coincidence of their own and disturbance frequency of
oscillation is called resonance, and only matching resonance frequencies are called conditional. If the
increase in the amplitude follows the corresponding increase in stress that occurs in the oscillating
elements of the then clear resonance in the design-construction design of machines is very important.
The frequency of oscillation is even greater if the yarn is greater rigidity and decreases with increasing
length of the yarn and the yarn size of the oscillation. At high speeds, when the drag force is
proportional to the velocity, it is necessary in preparing the oscillation equations take into account the
force of resistance.

Based on the solution of nonlinear differential equations of second order we get the period of one cycle
in the process of creating a loop, or one row of loops on the whole working width of the machine, the
knitting of the knitwear taffeta polyester yarn. This is a novelty at this stage of research, however, to
show that we need to be verified experimentally in the process of knitting machine with a sensor that is
mounted on the needle segment, and the same set of rail together with other segments of the needle,
which is also a novelty in this stage of research.

5. The interrelation of force acting on the loop
warp tension and withdrawal knitwear

With the help of G-2 sensors and related equipment, we measured the force the withdrawal of knitwear
immediate withdrawal of the needle or the needle and the tensioning roller, the below zone 1, and the
tension roller-directing and roll merchandise at below zone 2 .
Force the withdrawal of knitwear in zone 1 is two to four times the force of pulling in the second zone,
which is understandable by the forces acting inside the knitting zone, or on the needle in certain stages
of the process of creating a loop. Force diagram for the withdrawal of knitwear and density is shown in
figure 15, where the force the withdrawal of knitwear 2 cN. Force the withdrawal of knitwear for
density II (Figure 16) was 2.5 cN, density III (Figure 17) and density of 4.5 cN IV (Figure 18) 5 cN.
This is also reflected on the elements of the force in half loop and the loop in various stages of the
process of creating loops, we have experimentally proved.
Figure 19 shows a diagram of the filtered force the withdrawal of knitwear in the knitting zone at a
speed 8.5 min
-1
and the density of knitting I. At high speed knitting of 580 min
-1
density and knitting I,
knitwear withdrawal force of 22 cN (Figure 20).
The above diagram shows that the increase of tension warp and drag force change knitwear knitted .

16


Figure 15. Diagram of tensile force at density I taffeta knitwear
and speed of 580 min
-1





Slika.16. Diagram of force withdrawal taffeta density II of knitwear
and knitting speed of 580 min
-1








Figure 17. Diagram of force withdrawal taffeta density III of knitwear and knitting
speed of 580 min
-1


17


Figure 18. Diagram of force withdrawal taffeta density IV of knitwear
and knitting speed of 580 min
-1




Figure 19. Diagram of force withdrawal taffeta knitting knitwear in the zone directly
from the density of needle knitting and knitting and speed of 8.5 min
-1




Figure 20. Diagram of force withdrawal taffeta knitwear in the zone directly
from the density of needle knitting and knitting and speed 580 min
-1


In table 9 are given force by stages of the process of creating a loop for knitting density N at kniting 8.5
min
-1,
based on input forces from the zone of compensation according to the diagram in figure
20, and at the speed machines 580 min
-1
at D-13 chart in figure 23.
In figure 21, and 22 are shown diagrams of the yarn tension during knitting speed of 8.5 min
-1
for the
compensation zone 2 and 3, and figure 23, 24 and 25 at a speed knitting 580 min
-1
zone compensation of
1, 2 and 3.
Table 10 give the average values of the force in the knitting process and the maximum force in the area
wefting phase compensation.

18
Table 9: The tension in the yarn in phase knitting zone
In Figure 21, based on force
values given in table 9 shows the
diagram changes in tension in the
knitting yarn in knitting zone and
the zone of compensation at a
speed of 8.5 knitting and 580 min
-
1
. In the knitting zone maximal
force is in phase 5, the minimum
phase in 9. In the zone of
maximum force compensation is
also in phase 5 (23.37 and
27.15cN), the minimum phase 9
(3.77 and 7.55 cN).
Why does occur in phase 5 the
maximum tension, and the
minimum phase 9. This question
is for now not to give answers
without a deeper study of the
processes of creating the loop on
this machine.


0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1 3 5 7 9 11 13
Phase
Knitting zone at
8.5 min-1 Yarn
tension force T
[cN]
Compensation
zone at 8.5 min-1
Yarn tension force
T [cN]
Compensation
zone at 580 min-1
Yarn tension force
T [cN]

Figure 21. Diagram showing changes in tension on the yarn and knitting phases in the area of
compensation for the different two-speed knitting with a density of I..

Diagram of the yarn tension in knitting phases and compensation zone at a speed knitting machines 8.5
min-1 and 580 min
-1
density in the knitting and the diagram in figure 22 and 25.

Table 10. Average and maximum force in
phase wefting the compensation zone
Sped knitting 8,5 min
-1
Sped knitting 580 min
-1

Diagram
T cN Tmax cN T cN Tmax cN
D-10 3,28 6 - -
D-11 2,47 7 - -
D-12 1,89 4
D-13 - - 7,06 16,5
D-14 - - 5,81 15,75
D-15 - - 4,81 12,5
Phase
Phase

Knitting
zone

Zone
compensation


Zone
compensation
T cN

TcN/8,5min
-1


TcN/580 min
-1

-

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
10a
11
14,21
13,23
11,27
5,39
1,47
20,09
5,88
0,735
16,17
0,49
12,25
11,27
14,21
17,49
16,51
14,55
8,67
4,75
23,37
9,16
4,01
19,45
3,77
15,53
14,55
17,49
21,27
20,29
18,33
12,45
8,53
27,15
12,94
7,79
23,23
7,55
19,31
18,33
21,27
Average
value
9,743 13,022 16,8
T cN
Phase
19



Figure .22. Diagram of tensile forces in the area of compensation
at a speed knitting 8.5

min
-1
density I and knitwear














Figure 23. Diagram of tension in the zone 2 at a speed compensati
on knitting 8.5 min
-1
density I and knitwear



Figure 24. Diagram of the yarn tension in the zone 3 of compensation
at a speed knitting 8.5 min
-1
density I and knitting

6. Yarn tensile force by phases of the process of creating loops
the density of yarn II

In Table 11 are given by the yarn tension phases of the process of creating a loop for density knitting II,
based on the input force on the charts. As seen from table values of tension move in different phases at
the speed machines of 8.5 min
-1
are different, caused by input forces. At high speed knitting of 580min
-1

forces are greater in certain phases for larger loads at higher speeds yarn knitting.
T =1,89 cN
T s
T s
T=2,47 cN
20

















Figure .25. Diagram of the yarn tension in a compensation zone 1
at a speed knitting 580 min
-1
and the density I and knitting



Figure .26. Diagram of the yarn tension in a compensation zone 2
at a speed knitting 580 min
-1
density I and knitting



Figure 27. Diagram of the yarn tension in the zone 3 of compensation
at a speed knitting 580 min
-1
density I and knitting
.
In table.12 give the average values of maximum force and the phase velocity for both wevting knitting
density. Figure 28. Diagram showing changes in tension on the yarn and knitting phases in the zone of
compensation for the different two-speed knitting with a density II. Table 13 are given force bystages of
the process of creating the loop density III based on the input force on the diagram which are not shown
here. Table 14 are given as mean values and the maximum force being wefting by zones. Table 15 are
21
given force in stages IV to the density in the knitting zone and the zone of compensation based on the
diagrams for both speed knitting machines. In Table 16 are given the average and maximum values of
the force being wefting.
Table 11. Tension in the phases
the processs creating a loop
0 14,21 17,74 19,51
1 13,23 16,76 19,15
2 11,27 14,80 17,19
3 5,39 8,92 11,31
4 1,47 5,00 7,39
5 20,09 23,62 26,01
6 5,88 9,41 11,80
7 0,735 4,26 6,65
8 16,17 19,70 22,09
9 0,49 4,02 6,41
10 12,25 15,78 18,17
10a 11,27 14,80 17,19
11 14,21 17,74 20,13
Average
value
9,74 13,264 15,655

Figure 28. Diagram of
the yarn tension in
knitting phases and
compensation zone at a
speed knitting machine
8.5 min
-1
and 580 min
-1

for knitting II density at
the input forces
From the diagram we
see that the maximum
tensile force in the yarn
knitting zone in phase 5,
the minimum phase in
the 9. In the zone of
compen sation at a spe
ed knitting 8.5 min
-1

maximum ten sile force
is also.In phase 5, the
minimum phase in 9. At
high speed knitting of
580min
-1
maximum
tensile force is in phase
5, the minimum phase in 9.
Table 12 .The average and maximum force in phases wefting
8,5 min
-1
580min
-1

Diagram
T
cN
Tmax
cN
T
cN
Tmax
cN
D-16 3,53 8 - -
D-17 2,41 7 - -
D-18 2,14 4 - -
D-19 - - 5,30 15
D-20 - - 4,94 13,5
D-21 - - 4,25 8,25

Knitting zone Zone
compensation
Zone
compensation

Phase
T cN T cN at
8,5 min
-1

T cN at
580 min
-1

T cN
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
Knitting zone
Knitting zone
Zone
compensation
Zone
compensation T
cN at 8,5 min-1
Zone
compensation
Zone
compensation T
cN at 580 min-1
T cN
Phase
22
Table 13. Tension in the phases of
the processs creating a loop

0 14,21 18,1 24,33

6 5,88 9,77 15,98

1 13,23 17,21 23,33

7 0,735 4,625 10,83

2 11,27 9,28 21,37

8 16,17 20,06 26,27

3 5,39 9,28 15,49

9 0,49 4,38 10,59

4 1,47 5,36 11,57

10 12,25 16,39 22,35

5 20,09 23,89 30,19

10a 11,27 15,16 21,37

11 14,21 18,01 24,31
Average
value 9,74 13,171 19,836

Table 14. The average and maximum
force in phases wefting

















Figure 29. Diagram of the yarn tension in
knitting phases and compensation zone
at a speed knitting machines 8.5 min
-1

and 580 min
-1
III on the knitting density
of the input forces.

In Figure 25.2 gives a diagram of changes
in tension on the yarn and knitting
phases in the knitwear of compensation
for the different two-speed knitting with
density III.
The diagram shows the change in yarn
tension in various stages of the process of
creating the loop (0 - 11), where the
maximum tension force in stage 5, the minimum in the phase 3 (blue line). In the area of compensation

Knitting zone
Zone
compensa-
tion
Zone
compen-
sation

T cN at
580 min
-1





Phase

T cN

T cN at 8,5
min
-1




Diagram



8,5 min
-1




580min
-1

T cN

TmaxcN
T cN

TmaxcN
D-25 - - 10,1 21,5
D-22 3,807 6,5 - - D-26 - - 7,98 23,25
D-23 3,73 10 - - D-27 - - 11 12,25
D-24 3,057 6 - -

0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
K
n
i
t
i
n
g

z
o
n
e
P
h
a
s
e 0 2 4 6 8
1
0
1
1
T cN
23
(cyclamen color) at a speed knitting 8.5 min
-1
exceed the maximum tension force is also in phase 5, the
minimum in the third stage At high speed knitting of 580 min
-1
(yellow line) the maximum tensile force
is in phase 5, the minimum in the third stage

Table 15. Tension in the phases of
the processs creating a loop






















Table 16. The average and maximum
force in phases wefting













Knitting zone

Zone
compen-
sation
Zone
compen-
sation

Phase

T cN
T cN at
8,5 min
-1

T cN at
580min
-1


6 5,88 9,77 17,77

0 14,21 18,1 26,1

7 0,735 4,625 12,625

2 11,27 9,28 17,28

8 16,17 20,06 28,06

3 5,39 9,28 17,28

9 0,49 4,38 12,38

4 1,47 5,36 13,36

10 12,25 16,39 24,39

5

20,09
23,89 31,98

10a 11,27
15,16 23,16

11 14,21 18,01 26,10


Aver-
age
value
9,74
13,171 21,646

Diagr-
am

8,5 min
-1


580min
-1


T cN Tmax
cN T cN

Tmax
cN
-
D-28 3,89 10 - - D-31 - - 11,89 23,5
D-29 5,67 8,5 - - D-32 - 8,30 21
D-30 5,27 7 - - D-33 - - 6,53 13,5
24

CONCLUSIONS
Based on the results obtained by calculations and by experimental method, the following conclusions
can be given:
1. At slow knitting speed of 8.5 min
-1
and knitting density I, the yarn tension forces in the
compensation zone decrease from the warp beam towards the knitting zone of the machine.
2. At knitting speed of 580 min
-1
and density I, there occurred a tension force decrease in the second
compensation zone, while in the third zone there was an increase of the yarn tension force
compared to the second zone. In our opinion, this yarn tension increase was due to the tensioning
device itself, because it could not evenly compensate the yarn tensioning and feed the exact
projected yarn length to the needles, which had a negative effect on the loop size.
3. In the needle closing phase, the yarn friction coefficient decreased at higher yarn tensioning forces,
with the proportional decrease of the reduced coefficient and friction angle, while the forces at the
half loop ends and the normal pressure forces increased.
4. The normal pressure forces in the half loop and the forces at its ends increased in the wefting phase,
the contact angle and yarn friction values remaining unchanged.
5. The knitwear pulling forces obtained mathematically differ insignificantly from the pulling force
obtained experimentally by a sensor.
6. The mathematical model of the process added, referring to the isotropic and anisotropic knitwear
knitted on the assumptions defined for dynamical systems of equal length and adding yarn for
holding variables knited force structure and characteristics of the warp knitting process on knitting
machines, should be helpful in choice of optimal conditions in the knitting process.
7. Theoretical and experimental research shows that the analyzed structural parameters on knitting
machines have an impact on the optimal conditions for the knitting, the second of great importance
is the use of yarns of different segments in the composition of raw material addition, a compre
hensive corner of ranging from 30 to 70 , and 0 . In the case of anisotropic structures, it is
very important to produce them on the basis of knitting machine knitting needle high division, the
addition of segments from a number of warp yarns back, EBC-controlled system.
Summary
Quality knitwear largely depends on the management and control of the length of yarn needed to create
a loop. That is why more and more attempts to measure the improvement of the system exceeds that
include monitoring the size of the yarn tension, yarn tension oscillation in the knitting process, bringing
balance and expenditure for each knitting yarn system, measuring the speed of the yarn, the yarn length
equal to the loop, as well as their proper geometric shape, are conditioned by the depth and intensity
changes wefting .] 3.4 [tension in countertrade yarn and knitting machines zone This means that the
intensity change of the yarn tension to some extent characterized by the geometry of the loop or the
degree of uniformity of structure of knitwear.
Due to the complexity of the process of knitting on the knitting machines, has not yet reached a high
degree of automation, and new studies are necessary to conception, development of new mechanisms,
in which it would be easier to monitor and regulate all the relevant parameters with the main objective
to achieve even greater automation system this process. For this purpose it is necessary to carry out the
synthesis of mechanisms for the purpose of keeping communication with the control system.
Dynamic analysis of the time yarn tensioning process is the basis for setting up mathematical models of
the dynamics of yarn tension from the moment of separation of the warp yarn bobbins to point wefting
or trawl for determining the force acting on the cross at the moment wefting. The results can be used to
develop and design new systems for measurement and control, in order to find possibilities to improve
the process of knitting in terms of its automation. Based on these studies to cross the appropriate
mixtures of certain longitudinal mass can make recommendations for the optimal processing conditions
on the machine, in order to obtain the parameters of quality knitwear.
From the dynamic point of view of a particular innovation is obtained by comparing the experimental
period of one cycle with a period of damped oscillatory process obtained from the nonlinear differential
equations of second order. Comparing the values of the period we have confirmed the experimental
value of the results as a valuable input for further research in this field of research.
Many studies and investigations of modern machines can be made using traditional methods that do
not allow to achieve the required accuracy of the results and meet the research to the extent necessary.
25
Installing sensors in the knitting zone and countertrade allowed to control the yarn tension, yarn,
tension oscillation mechanism at any point of time during the operation of the machine, especially when
stopping and starting the machines in operation in order to obtain information relating to the
production process, increase quality knitwear, expanded range of possibilities of machine, increase the
choice and use of synthetic yarn, increase the possibility of sampling, and more.

References
[1] Gligorijevi R. V., Uticaj dinamikih karakteristika mehanizama za zatezanje osnove na prugavost
pletiva, magistarski rad, VTO Tekstilna tehnologija, Ljubljana, 1986, 47s.
[2] Gligorijevi R. V., Upliv dinamike in trenja niti v kompenzacijski in pletilni zoni na strukturo
pletiva, disertacija, VTO Tekstilna tehnologija, Ljubljana, 1990.
[3]Vera Havas, V.A. Petrova, Influence of the yarn strukture on the processing behaviour and the
properties., Melliand Textilberichte, 3/1980, 240-24lp.
[4] Vera Havas, V.A. Petrova, Influence of the yarn strukture on the processing behaviour and the
properties., Melliand Textilberichte, 4/1980, 326 p.
[5] Vera Havas, V.A. Petrova, Influence of the yarn strukture on the processing behaviour and the
properties., Melliand Textilberichte,5/1980, 426 p.
[6] Gligorijevi V., Stupica I., Srak M., Petrovi T., Dinamika zatezanja niti u procesu pletenja, Tekstil
Vol. 40 broj 9 str. 415-420 ., Zagreb, 1991.
[7] V.Gligorijevi, M.Stamenkovi, J.Stepanovi, Dinamika zatezanja i oscilovanja pree u procesu
pletenja, Monografija, TF Leskovac, 2001.
[8] Gligorijevi V., Dorevi M., The influence of the force of yarn tension in the compensational and
knitting zone on the structure uniformity of the right-left knitted fabrics, 31. Simpozij o novostih v
tekstilstvu, Ljubljana, 1997.
[9] V. Gligorijevi., M. Dorevi., M. Stamenkovi., D. Trajkovi., Ravnoteni poloaj polupetlje u
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[10] V. Gligorijevi., M. Dorevi., M. Stamenkovi, The influence of the force of yarn tension in the
compensational and knitting zone on the structure uniformity of the right-left knitted knitwear, The
Indian Textile Journal, Mumbai (India), July 1999, page 8-13.
[11]Kazimierz Kopias., Fadenzugkrafte im Bereich des Fadenspanners an Kettenwirkmaschinen.,
Melliand Textilberichte, 9/1985, 646 p.
[12]Vojislav Gligorijevi, Miodrag Dorevi, Nenad irkovi, Duan Trajkovi, Zatezanje i oscilovanje
pree u procesu osnovinog pletenja, Zbornik izvoda radova, VI simpozijum, Savremene tehnologije i
privredni razvoj, Tehnoloki fakultet, Leskovac, 23 i 24 oktobar 2005.
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Flchengeblide, Textiltechnik 36, 1986, Nr 10, pp. 518-520.
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Address author:
Prof. dr Vojislav Gligorijevic,Ph.D.
Head of Textile Department
University of Nais
Faculty of Technology Leskovac
Bulevar Oslobodjenja 124
16000 Leskovac
Serbia
email: vojatriks@yahoo.com
Tel./Fax.: +381 16 215 440
26