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2 The microphones
The microphone is a sensor that converts acoustic energy (sound waves) into electrical energy (AC voltage). A microphone is defined by: Type: what technology is used for the transformation of acoustic energy in electricity? That is to say the transducer. Directivity (microphone sensitivity compared to the angle of incidence of the acoustic wave): In which side do we ear the sounds? Performance: How is it sensible? What are its limitations?

2.1 Type of transducer - microphone

There are 3 main types of transducers use on microphones: Electrodynamics: a small dynamic speaker whose operation is reversed. Electrostatic: a membrane stretched located 10 to 20 microphones of a metal or ceramic foil forming the two plates of a capacitor. It requires a polarization. An electret: a transducer that does not require electrostatic polarization. It is a film of polycarbonate or fluaro-carbonate electrically polarized life. All type of microphones listed below transform an acoustic energy (sound wave as our voice) into an electrical signal (alternative tension). Lets see the electrodynamics system as an example. There are three steps: 1. Transform the acoustic energy into a mechanical energy. This is done by a membrane sensitive to the air pressure caused by our voice for exmple. 2. The membrane is connected to a coil, so its movement caused by the acoustic energy will make the coil move. This is a mechanical energy 3. The coil moving into a magnetic field will create an electrical energy corresponding exactly to the original acoustic energy.

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2.2

The microphones directional sensitivity

The directional sensitivity defines a microphone in relation to the source of a sound (angle incidence of the acoustic wave). Omnidirectional The omnidirectional microphone does not recommend any specific source. It picks up sound from all directions. It is used rarely for sound, but with registration.

Directional Hemispheric It picks up sound from the top. This is the directivity of PZM. Directional bidirectional The bi-directional microphone is sensitive to sounds from the front and the rear of its membrane; however it does not capture the sounds coming from the sides. The microphone duets: Choirs are placed on both sides of the microphone. Directional cardioid (heart-shaped) The cardioid microphone is sensitive to sounds from the front and not very sensitive to sounds from the rear. We will use it whenever we would need to isolate a source over another or reverberant environment.

Directional hypercardioid (heart-shaped)

The hyper-cardioid microphone is that the directional cardioid; capture its scope is more stretched forward and there is a slight sensitivity to the rear. We use this type of microphone when needed more selectivity forward.

Directional microphones "canon"

Their bodies relatively long (50 cm or more) is an interference tube placed in front of the capsule. This particular that captured the airwaves in the axis of micro arrive in phase when the waves cancel each side versus phase within the interference tube. This microphone is therefore highly prescriptive. It is primarily used outdoors (for the source as with a rifle) to capture remote sounds in reducing pests. A reportage probe.