SUBMITTED BY : PRASHANT YADAV 2008BARC09 SAURABH CHAWLA 2008BARC059 KARISHMA BANSAL 2008BARC060

Pre-stressed concrete is a method for overcoming concrete's natural weakness in tension. It is used to produce beams, floors or bridges with a longer span as compare to ordinary reinforced concrete.

Pre-stressed concrete is a form of reinforced concrete that builds in compressive stresses during construction to oppose those found when in use.
Pre-stressing can be accomplished in three ways: Pre-tensioned concrete, and bonded or un-bonded post-tensioned concrete.

STEEL BARS BEING STRETCHED BY JACKS

Pre-tensioned concrete is when the steel reinforcement is stressed prior to concrete being placed around the steel. Post- tensioned concrete is when unstressed pre-stressing steel is placed with in the concrete and then tension stressed after concrete has harden to required strength

 Forms Wires

Strands
Tendons Cables

Bars
Source of Force Mechanical

Hydraulic
Electrical Chemical

POST TENSIONING
The tension is applied to the tendons after hardening of the concrete. The pre-compression is transmitted from steel to concrete by the anchorage device . The following figure shows a post-tensioned box girder of a bridge.

CONSTRUCTION
In slab-on-ground construction, unbonded tendons are typically prefabricated at a plant and delivered to the construction site, ready to install. The tendons are laid out in the forms in accordance with installation drawings that . After the concrete is placed and has reached its required strength, usually between 3000 and 3500 psi (pounds per square inch), the tendons are stressed and anchored.

 The tendons, like rubber bands, TENDS to return to their original length but are prevented from doing so by the anchorages. The fact the tendons are kept in a permanently stressed (elongated) state causes a compressive force to act on the concrete. The compression that results from the post-tensioning counteracts the tensile forces created by subsequent applied loading (cars, people, the weight of the beam itself when the shoring is removed). This significantly increases the load-carrying capacity of the concrete. Since post-tensioned concrete is cast in place at the job site, there is almost no limit to the shapes that can be formed.

BONDED POST TENSIONED CONCRETE

In bonded post-tensioned concrete unstressed pre-stressing steel is placed with in the concrete and then tension stressed after concrete has harden to required strength . Predominantly meant for bridge construction Multi-strands (many cables) are anchored with a common anchorage Grouting is necessary for protection of cables Restricting the movement of cable within duct to surrounding concrete

UNBONDED POST TENSIONING SYSTEM Unlike bonded, un-bonded provides tendons freedom of movement by coating each tendon with grease and covering it with a plastic sheathing Tension on the concrete is achieved by the cables acting against the steel anchors that are buried in the perimeters of the concrete
ADVANTAGES:

No need of grouting (Grouting activity is eliminated) Saving of Cost and Time and Material Installation made easier and flexible Each cable can be managed individually It can work efficiently in lesser depths where ducts can not work efficiently Better elastic behavior as far as earthquake event is concerned. Post-quake residual deformation is lesser.

First figure shows the anchoraging of the strand

Second figure showing the coating and sheathing of the strand

ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATION

Post-tensioning allows longer clear spans, thinner slabs, fewer beams and more slender, dramatic elements. Thinner slabs mean less concrete is required. It means a lower overall building height for the same floor-to-floor height. Post-tensioning can thus allow a significant reduction in building weight versus a conventional concrete building with the same number of floors reducing the foundation load and can be a major advantage in seismic areas. A lower building height can also translate to considerable savings in mechanical systems and faade costs. Another advantage of post-tensioning is that beams and slabs can be continuous, i.e. a single beam can run continuously from one end of the building to the other. Reduces occurrence of cracks . Freezing & thawing durability is higher than non prestressed concrete.

Post-tensioning is the system of choice for parking structures since it allows a high degree of flexibility in the column layout, span lengths and ramp configurations. Post-tensioning allows bridges to be built to very demanding geometry requirements, including complex curves, and significant grade changes. Post-tensioning also allows extremely long span bridges to be constructed without the use of temporary intermediate supports. This minimizes the impact on the environment and avoids disruption to water or road traffic below. Post-tensioning can also be used to produce virtually crack-free concrete for watertanks. The high tensile strength & precision of placement gives maximum efficiency in size & weight of structural members. Applications of various prestressed techniques enable quick assembly of standard units such as bridge members,building frames, bridge decks providing cost-time savings.

CASE STUDY TREASURE MARKET INDORE

Building type : Owner : Location : Architect : Construction : Multifunctional real state complex Treasure Group, Chairman Mr. A Kalani A.B road By pass, MR-10, Indore Madhya Pradesh P.G. Patki architects, Mumbai Entertainment World Developers Pvt. Ltd. (EWDPL)

BACKROUND:
Treasure group is one of the leading real state developer in central India. It had already established its feet in the year 2005 December, by inaugurating first ever mall of Madhya Pradesh, , Treasure Island (TI), Indore. Very soon it was awarded the mall of the year award in the year 2007. Since then Treasure Group had introduced Treasure Township at Rajendra Nagar Indore , Central Mall at Regal Square Indore and Treasure Market City, Indore.

PROCESS AND TECHNOLOGY ADOPTED

Treasure Market City with a complex design, heavy loads, floor parkings and long span roof slabs is constructed with the most modern and hi-tech technology.

The roof slabs are constructed with post tension technique. This is economical an also saves the space. The slabs are also constructed in parts because of its large size and complex design, post-tensioning is to be done within the slab at different points. The reinforcement is laid on the formwork as in case of a normal slab leaving a depth of effective cover as per the structural design details.
After this the tendons are laid as per design details in various directions making different bearings . In this case the tendons are not in a regular order or pattern, they form an abstract form.

 This is due to the variations in load at different points of the building and also due to the

complex design pattern. Also one of the end of tendon rest completely inside the slab, leaving the other end out for the purpose of post-tensioning or stretching of the tendons. After posttensioning this end is also covered within the slab in the next part of construction. Tendons The tendons are made of desired length using twisted wire cable. The tendon cover is of an special aluminum steel alloy. The tendon cover has C shaped twists on its surface to increase the bounding between the tendon and concrete. The mouth of the C shaped is face to an side from where the tendon is to be starched or post-tension. Also the tendon cover coming from the manufacture is in a cylindrical shape. It is manually flattened at the side as per the design details. Each tendon consists of seven stands of twisted wire cable. C SHAPED TENDONS

Anchoring Devices There are two types of Anchoring Devices used. The one which is used at the extreme end of the tendon which would be covered inside the slab molding is a fixed lock Anchoring Devices i.e. the tendon cables can not further move from this end. The other Anchoring Devices is on the end from where the tendons are to be stretched/ tensioned with a hydraulic jack. This device is one-side injected anchoring device i.e. it allows the tendon cables to move only in one direction while locking cables there itself to go in the reverse direction. It is same as an single-use medical injection which can not further used after starching once.

Extreme end of tendons laying inside the slab

End from where tendons are post tensioned

laying of tendons

Reinforcement chair to place tendons at desired depth

Pipe for grouting concrete paste inside the tendon after post tensioning.

CONCLUSION
Use of prost-tension slabs over long span slabs is cost effective, time saving and more durable too. Highly significant reductions in materials and space is achieved. Moreover it is makes the structure seismic resistant.

Pre-tensioned concrete is when the steel reinforcement is stressed prior to concrete being placed around the steel. Strong abutments/supporting sides are needed to hold the cable stressed well-before concrete pouring. Suitable for pre-cast concrete members with regular and typical (repetitive) size and shape. Not preferred for in-situ concrete prestressing.

 In pre-tensioning system, the high-strength steel tendons are pulled between two

end abutments prior to the casting of concrete. The abutments are fixed at the ends of a prestressing bed. Once the concrete attains the desired strength for prestressing, the tendons are cut loose from the abutments. The prestress is transferred to the concrete from the tendons, due to the bond between them. During the transfer of prestress, the member undergoes elastic shortening. If the tendons are located eccentrically, the member is likely to bend and deflect .

The various stages of the pre-tensioning operation are summarised as follows.

1) Anchoring of tendons against the end abutments

2) Placing of jacks 3) Applying tension to the tendons

4) Casting of concrete 5) Cutting of the tendons.

During the cutting of the tendons, the prestress is transferred to the concrete with elastic shortening and camber of the member.

 Pretension is the easiest controlled of the bonded stressings with the least chance

of error in the bonding process. Tension caused by the steel is spread throughout the length of the concrete since it is bonded within the concrete along the length of the member. Pre-tensioning is suitable for precast members produced in bulk. In pre-tensioning large anchorage device is not present.

The relative disadvantages are as follows.

A prestressing bed is required for the pre-tensioning operation.

There is a waiting period in the prestressing bed, before the concrete attains

sufficient strength. There should be good bond between concrete and steel over the transmission length.

Usually uses a mold which is able to resist the forces within the tendons. Which are more expensive than regular molds. Exception comes when the sides of the mould are anchored allowing mold to be created between the anchors without supporting stress.

 Concrete sample should be taken for every new mix so that strength obtained may

be determined before cutting the tendons releasing the stresses onto the concrete. Since pre-tension may only be set once calculations for the camber must be correct. So, pre-stress takes a large amount of preplanning. Must consider self-weight deflections, pre-stress deflections, dead load deflections, and live load deflections. Since it may only tightened once and cannot be retightened the designer must also account for Creep of concrete, elastic shortening of concrete, shrinkage of concrete, relaxation of steel, slip at the anchorage, and friction losses due to intended and unintended (wobble) curvature in the tendons in calculations for the camber of the member in order to have lasting quality of the structure.

 Pretension requires for a slightly higher compression rating to cut the steel over

post-tensioned .6 instead of .55 of the compressive strength of concrete at the time of initial pre-stress before accounting losses such as creep, relaxation and shrinkage, and redistribution of force effect.

 Mold capable of supporting stresses created by the steel is either delivered to job

site or molds are located off site. Required or preplanned pre-stresses are determined and required reinforcement steel is determined and set. Proper concrete mix is determined and placed into molds. Self-consolidating concrete is massively used for ease of finishing. Concrete is allowed to cure and reach a needed strength great enough to support the tension in the steel without cracking. Then steel is cut and member is removed from mold and is ready to install.

The essential devices for pre-tensioning are as follows.

Prestressing bed
End abutments Shuttering / mould

Jack
Anchoring device