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SSC116: Introduction to Research Methods in Social Sciences

Math Part

Review of Algebra
Chapter 0 & 1

0.1 Sets of Real Numbers


Set of real numbers: Rational numbers + Irrational numbers Rational numbers: can be written as an integer divided by an integer
Positive Integers={1,2, 3, } Negative Integers={-1,-2, -3, } Set of integers = { , -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, } Irrational numbers: Cannot

be written as a quotient of two

integers
: the ratio of any circle's circumference to its diameter http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Pi-unrolled-720.gif

Numbers and Decimals


Rational numbers: All can be represented by decimal

numbers that terminate or non-terminating repeating.


Terminate: a finite decimal expansion

Non-terminating repeating: an infinite repeating decimal

expansion:

Numbers and Decimals


Irrational numbers: be represented by non-terminating

non-repeating decimals.
famous examples are and e; their decimal expansion are

= 3.14159265358979323846264338328 . . . e = 2.71828182845904523536.

Real-number line
Number line: the real number system can be presented by

points on a line. Label the number line: using a symbol such as x, y, or z; in which case the number line is called the x-axis, the yaxis, or the z-axis, respectively. Well label our number line the x-axis.

1.4 Absolute Value


How do you calculate the distance one number is away from zero? Begin by example. The number5 is 5 units away from 0. The number 54.233 is 54.233 units units away from 0. Now for negative numbers. The number 10 is 10 units from 0 and the number 43.6 is 43.6 units from 0.
There is a pattern here.
If x is a positive number, then x is x units away from 0. If x is a negative number, the distance from 0 is obtained by

dropping the negative sign on the number x.

Absolute Value. Let x be a number, the absolute value of x,

denoted by |x|, and is defined by

1.5 Summation Notation


1+2+3+4+5+6+7+.+105 Definition
i is positive integer and represents index of summation. m is the lower bound of summation, and n is the upper bound of summation. Here i = m under the summation symbol means that the index i starts out equal to m. Successive values of i are found by adding 1 to the previous value of i, stopping when i = n.

Example

Variable
Variable A variable is a letter or symbol that represents a

number (unknown quantity). 8 + n = 12

A variable can use any letter of the alphabet.

a xb w/c

0.4 Algebraic expression


Algebraic expression a group of numbers, symbols, and

variables that express an operation or a series of operations.


a+b X-3

0.2 Some Properties of Real Numbers


The Arithmetical Operations
Let the letters a, b, and c represent real numbers. we can add, subtract, multiply, and

divide these numbers. In algebra, these operations are carried out symbolically:

Addition. The sum of a and b is a + b. Subtraction. The difference of a and b is a b. Multiplication. Product of a and b is ab or a b. The numbers a and b are called

factors of the product ab.

Division. The quotient of a by b is or a/b, or less frequently (in algebra), ab. Division is only defined when the denominator b 0. The number a is the numerator, and b is the denominator.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

The Transitive Property of Equality


If a = b and b = c, then a = c.

The Closure Properties of Addition and Multiplication


For all real numbers a & b, there are unique real numbers a+b and ab.

The Commutative Properties of Addition and Multiplication


a + b= b +a and ab = ba

The Associative Properties of Addition and Multiplication


a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c and a(bc) = (ab)c

The Identity Properties


0 + a = a, and 1a = a

The Inverse Properties


a + (-a) = 0 a = 1, -a is called the negative of a is called the reciprocal of a

7.

The Distributive Properties


a (b +c) = ab + ac and (b+c) a = ba + ca

0.3 Exponents and Radicals


Integer Exponents: let a be a number, and n N be a

natural number. The symbol an is defined as


That is, is the product of a with itself n times.

Sometimes, negative exponents enter in to the mix. These are

defined by

Operation Rules
Law of Exponents P10 Operations with Algebraic Expressions P16 Rules for Factoring P19 Fractions: Operations P21-25

0.7 Linear Equations


A linear equation is an equation of the form

Strategy for Solving: Isolate the unknown, x, on one side of the equation with other terms of the equation on the other side. Divide through both sides by the coefficient of the unknown to obtain the solution.

Applications of Equations
Business/Economic terms: Fixed costs, Variable cost, Total cost; Total

revenue; Profit (Example 3 Profit P48) The Anderson Company produces a product for which
the variable cost per unit is $6 and fixed cost is $80,000. Each unit has a selling price of $10.

Determine the number of units that must be sold for the company to earn a profit of $60,000.
Solution: Let q be the number of units that must be sold. Revenue = Pq = 10q Cost = Fixed Cost +Variable Cost = 80,000 + 6q Profit = Revenue Cost = 10q (80,000 + 6q) = 4q -80,000 Since Profit = 60,000 = 4q 80,000 => q = 35,000 35,000 units must be sold to earn a profit of $60,000.

0.8 Quadratic Equations


A quadratic equation in the variable x is an equation that can be written in the form

where a, b, and c are constants and a 0.

There are two standard methods of solving this kind of

equation:
(1) by factoring the left-hand side : (2) by applying the Quadratic Formula.

Quadratic Formula
Theorem. Consider the quadratic equation (1)
If

4ac < 0, equation (1) has no solutions; if 4ac = 0, equation (1) has only one solution; if 4ac > 0, equation (1) has two distinct solutions. In the latter two cases, the solutions are given by the Quadratic Formula:

Example:
Solution by Factoring: Factoring, we obtain
Thus

Solution by quadratic formula Here Thus,

the roots are

and

Applications of Equations
Market Equilibrium When the price of a product is p dollars each,

suppose that a manufacturer will supply units of the product to the market and that consumers will demand to buy units. At the value of p for which supply equals demand, the market is said to be in equilibrium. Find this value of p.
Supply = Demand = Market Equilibrium => Supply=Demand =>

=> Since thus

Because price is non negative number,

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