About 3000 BCE * Egyptian pyramid of Cheops at Gizeh near Cairo includes a tablet recording mythical explanation of extra

five days added to Egyptian calendar of 360 days. Thoth, god of night, gambled with the moon, winning five new days to add to the calendar, outside the jurisdiction of Ra, the god of creation. [80.30] About 2300 BCE * Emperor Yao of China invents an elaborate game with hundreds of pieces, in which spectators bet on the outcome played by two opponents. [80.31] June 16, 1686 BCE * Hammurabi the Great dies in Babylon. [1] About 1500 BCE * In India, betting herds of cattle on chariot racing and dice games are the chief amusements of the people. [80.33] May 15, 1479 BCE * Pharaoh Thutmose III defeats the King of Kadesh at the Battle of Megiddo. [118.9] July 19, 1321 BCE * Origin of Era of Menophres. [1] June 11, 1184 BCE * Greeks finally capture Troy. [1] June 4, 780 BCE * First total solar eclipse reliably recorded by Chinese. [1] June 15, 763 BCE * Assyrians record total solar eclipse event on clay tablet. [1] April 21, 753 BCE

* Traditional date of the foundation of Rome. [1] February 26, 747 BCE * Origin of Era of Nabonassar. [1] March 19, 721 BCE * First recorded lunar eclipse, seen in Babylon. [1] April 22, 687 BCE * Chinese record a meteor shower in Lyra. [1] February 11, 660 BCE * Traditional founding of Japan by Emperor Jimmu Tenno. [1] April 6, 648 BCE * Earliest total solar eclipse; chronicled by Greeks. [1] May 28, 585 BCE * Thales Miletus predicts solar eclipse; Persian-Lydian battle ends. [1] September 28, 551 BCE * Birth of Confucius (as celebrated in Republic of China (Taiwan)). [1] [5] October 29, 539 BCE * Babylon falls to Cyrus the Great of Persia. [1] September 2, 490 BCE * Phidippides runs first marathon, seeking aid from Sparta versus Persia. [1] September 12, 490 BCE * Athenians defeat second Persian invasion of Greece at Marathon. [1]

September 23, 484 BCE * Birth of Euripides, Greek playwright (Trojan Women). [1] August 9, 480 BCE * Persia defeats Spartan king Leonidas at Thermopylae. [1] July 13, 432 BCE * Origin of Metonic Cycle. [1] May 21, 427 BCE * Birth of Plato (Aristocles), Athens(?). [1] February 15, 399 BCE * The philosopher Socrates is sentenced to death. [1] [5] July 18, 390 BCE * Battle of Allia - Gauls inflict heavy casualties on Romans. [1] July 20, 356 BCE * Birth of Alexander III the Great, to Philip II and Olympus; king of Macedonia, emperor. [5] [192.73] (September 20 [1]) May 334 BCE * First major victory of Alexander, over the Persians. [192.74] October 1, 331 BCE * Alexander the Great of Macedon defeats Persian army at Gaugamela. [1] November 12, 324 BCE * Origin of Era of Alexander. [1] June 13, 323 BCE * Alexander the Great dies of fever after a feast in Babylon, age 32. [1] [5] (June 10 [192.71])

October 2, 322 BCE * Aristotle dies of indigestion. [1] (March 7 [5]) September 1, 312 BCE * Origin of Greek Era - Start of Indiction of Constantinople. [1] April 3, 309 BCE * Origin of Seleucid Era. [1] April 3, 245 BCE * Origin of Era of Arsaces. [1] March 10, 241 BCE * Battle of Aegusa: Roman fleet sinks 50 Carthagean ships. [1] June 19, 240 BCE * Eratosthenes estimates circumference of Earth. [1] March 30, 239 BCE * First recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. [1] June 5, 221 BCE * Chu Yuan, China's poet, drowns. [1] November 24, 166 BCE * Origin of Era of Maccabees. [1] October 19, 125 BCE * Origin of Era of Tyre. [1] October 1, 110 BCE * Origin of Sidonian Era. [1] January 3, 106 BCE

* Birth of Marcus Tullius Cicero, Rome, statesman/author (Academica). [1] September 28, 106 BCE * Birth of Pompey (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus), Rome, warrior. [1] July 12, 100 BCE * Birth of Julius Caesar, Roman Emperor. [1] October 15, 70 BCE * Birth of Virgil (Publius Vergilius Maro), Mantua Italy (Aeneid), poet. [1] December 8, 65 BCE * Birth of Horace, Rome, lyric poet/satirist (Satire, Odes). [1] September 23, 63 BCE * Birth of Octavian (Augustus Caesar), first Roman emperor (27 BC14 AD). [1] February 22, 57 BCE * Origin of Vikrama Samvat Era (India). [1] August 26, 55 BCE * Roman forces under Julius Csar invade Britain. [1] June 9, 53 BCE * Parthians defeat Romans at Battle of Carrhae, killing general Marcus Licinius Crassus. [118.9] January 10, 49 BCE * Julius Cesar crosses the Rubicon, invades Italy. [1] January 1, 45 BCE * Origin of Julian Era; Julian calendar begins. [1]

February 5, 45 BCE * Cato, Roman patriot and philosopher, commits suicide. [1] March 15, 44 BCE * Julius Caesar assassinated in Roman Senate in the Portico of the Theater of Pompey. [1] December 7, 43 BCE * Marcus Tullius Cicero, Roman writer, gets his head and right hand chopped off by Mark Antony's soldiers. [1] [5] November 16, 42 BCE * Birth of Tiberius Cesar, second Roman emperor (14-37 AD). [1] January 1, 38 BCE * Origin of Era of Spain (Cesars). [1] December 7, 36 BCE * Earliest known Mayan inscription, Stela 2 at Chiapa de Corzo. [1] August 30, 31 BCE * Origin of Era of Augustus. [1] September 2, 31 BCE * Battle of Actium; Octavian defeats Antony, becomes Emperor Augustus. [1] January 1, 30 BCE * Origin of Actian Era. [1] August 12, 30 BCE * Cleopatra, seventh and most famous queen of Egypt, commits suicide. [1] [5] August 27, 26 BCE

* Origin of Egyptian Era. [1] August 19, 14 BCE * Octavian [Augustus], Roman general, dies at age 48. [1] May 22, 12 BCE * A daytime meteor shower, possibly Zeta Perseid observed in China. [1] August 1, 10 BCE * Birth of Claudius, fourth Roman emperor (41-54 AD). [1] November 27, 8 BCE * Horace, Latin poet and satirist, dies. [1] December 25, 4 BCE * Birth of Jesus of Nazareth, religious leader/philosopher (estimated date). [1] December 24, 3 BCE * Birth of Servius Sulpicius Galba, sixth Roman emperor (68-69). [1] January 1, 1 BCE * Origin of Era of Pisa. [1] March 1, 1 BCE * Start of revised Julian calendar in Rome. [1] 17 January 2 * Publius Ovidius Naso Roman poet, dies. [1] 29 August 29

* John the Baptist beheaded (Note: Actual date is questionable). [1] 30 April 7 * Jesus Christ crucified by Roman troops in Jerusalem (scholars' estimate, according to astronomer Schaefer). [1] 33 April 3 * Jesus Christ crucified (according to astronomer Humphreys and Waddington). [1] 34 April 23 * Jesus Christ crucified (according to Isaac Newton). [1] 37 February 15 * Birth of Claudius Drusus Germanicus Caesar Nero, emperor of Rome (54-68). [1] March 16 * Tiberius Claudius Nero, emperor of Rome (14-37), dies at age 77. [1] December 15 * Birth of Nero Claudius Augustus Germanicus, 5th emperor of Rome (54-68). [1] 39 November 3 * Birth of Lucan Cordova Spain, Latin poet (Bellum Civile). [1]

December 30 * Birth of Titus, 10th Roman emperor (79-81), conqueror of Jerusalem. [1] 40 June 13 * Birth of Gnaeus Julius Agricola, Roman general; conquered Wales, North England. [1] 41 January 24 * Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (Caligula), Roman emperor (37-41), assassinated at age 28. [1] 53 September 15 * Birth of Trajan, 13th Roman emperor (98-117), conqueror of Ctesiphon. [1] 54 October 13 * Claudius, Roman Emperor, dies. [1] * Prince L Rwagasore of Burundi, murdered; Hero of the Nation Day. [1] 64 July 18 * Great Fire of Rome begins. [1] 66 January 26 * Fifth recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. [1]

68 June 9 * Nero, Roman Emperor, commits suicide. [1] 69 January 1 * Roman garrison of Mainz uprising. [1] January 2 * Roman Lower Rhine army proclaims its commander, Vitellius, emperor. [1] January 10 * Roman emperor Galba adopts Marcus Piso Licinianus as Csar. [1] January 15 * Servius Sulpicius Galba, 6th emperor of Rome (68-69), killed by Praetorian guard in the Forum Rome, at age 70. [1] April 15 * Battle at Bedriacum, North-Italy. [1] June 29 * Saint Peter dies. [5] September 1 * Traditional date of the destruction of Jerusalem. [1] December 20 * Aulus Vitellius Roman, commandant of Rhine and seventh emperor of Rome, murdered. [1] * General Vespasianus occupies Rome. [1] 70

May 31 * Rome captures first wall of the city of Jerusalem. [1] 76 January 24 * Birth of Publius A Hadrianus, 14th Roman Emperor (117-138). [1] March 15 * Birth of Hadrian, Roman Emperor (builder of Hadrian's Wall). [1] 78 March 3 * Origin of Saka Era (India). [1] 79 August 24 * Mount Vesuvius erupts, burying the cities of Pompeii, Herculaneum and Stabiae in volcanic ash. [1] [5] * Pliny the Elder dies. [5] November 1 * Pompei buried by Mount Vesuvius. [1] 86 September 19 * Birth of Antoninus Pius, 15th Roman emperor (138-161). [1] 89 January 1 * Governor Lucius Antonius Saturninus of Germany becomes emperor of Rome. [1] 98

January 27 * Marius Cocceius Nerva, Emperor of Rome (96-98), dies at about age 67. [1] 121 April 26 * Birth of Antonius Marcus Aurelius [Marcus A Verus], Emperor of Rome (161-180). [1] 122 September 13 * Building begins on Hadrian's Wall. [1] 126 August 1 * Birth of Publius Helvius Pertinax, Roman emperor (193 AD). [1] 141 March 20 * Sixth predicted perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. [1] 143 May 21 * Earliest known date in America - pre Mayan king Harvest Bergvorst installed. [1] 155 February 23 * Polycarp, disciple of Apostle John, arrested and burned at stake. [1] 161

March 7 * Antoninus Pius [Titus Aurelius], emperor of Rome (138-61), dies at age 74. [1] 180 March 17 * Antonius Marcus Aurelius [Marcus Verus], Emperor of Rome, dies at age 58. [1] 185 December 7 * Emperor Lo-Yang, China sees supernova (MSH15-52?). [1] 188 April 4 * Birth of Caracalla [Marcus Aureiius Antoniius], Roman emperor (211-17). [1] 192 December 31 * Lucius Aurelius Commodus, Emperor of Rome (180-192), murdered at age 31. [1] 193 March 28 * Publius Helvius Pertinax, Roman Emperor (192-93), assassinated. [1] April 14 * Lucius Septimus Severus crowned emperor of Rome. [1] 197 February 19

* D Clodius Septimus Albinus, Roman bequest in England, dies in battle. [1] * Lucius Septimius Severus' army beats Clodius Albinus at Lyon. [1] 211 February 4 * Lucius Septimus Severus, emperor of Rome (193-211), dies at age 64. [1] 217 April 8 * Caracalla [Marcus Aurelius Antoniius], Roman emperor (198-217), murdered at age 29. [1] 218 May 17 * Seventh recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. [1] 222 March 11 * Varius A Bassianus, Syrian emperor of Rome (218-222), murdered at age 18?. [1] 230 July 21 * Saint Pontianus begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 235 March 18 * Marcus Aurelius Alexander, Syrian emperor of Rome (222-235), murdered. [1] September 29

* Saint Pontianus ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] November 21 * Saint Anterus begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 236 January 3 * Saint Anterus ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] January 10 * Saint Fabian begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 238 May 10 * Gaius Julius Verus Maximinus the Thracian, Roman Emperor, murdered. [1] 250 January 20 * Saint Fabian dies, ending his reign as Catholic Pope (236-50). [1] 253 June 25 * Saint Lucius I begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 254 March 5 * Saint Lucius I dies, ending his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] May 12 * Saint Stephan I replaces Lucius I as Catholic Pope. [1]

257 August 2 * Saint Stephen I ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] August 30 * Saint Sixtus II begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 258 August 6 * Saint Sixtus II ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 260 July 22 * Saint Dionysius begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 268 December 26 * Saint Dionysius dies, ending his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 269 January 3 * Saint Felix I begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 274 December 30 * Saint Felix I dies, ending his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 275 January 4 * Saint Eutychian begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1]

280 February 27 * Birth of Constantine the Great, Roman emperor (306-37), adopted Christianity. [1] 283 December 7 * Saint Eutychian ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] December 17 * Saint Gaius begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 284 August 29 * Origin of Era of Diocletian (Martyrs). [1] 293 March 1 * Roman emperor Maximianus introduces tetrarchy. [1] 295 April 20 * Eighth recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. [1] November 12 * Origin of Era of Ascension. [1] 296 April 22 * Saint Gaius ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] June 30

* Saint Marcellinus begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 303 February 23 * Emperor Diocletian orders general persecution of Christians. [1] February 24 * First official Roman edict for persecution of Christians issued. [1] April 23 * George, knight of Cappadoci/saint/patron of England, beheaded. [1] 305 May 1 * Emperor Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus Jovius of Rome resigns. [1] 306 November 30 * Saint Marcellus I begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 308 January 16 * Saint Marcellus I dies, ending his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 309 February 16 * Pamphilus van Caesarea, Palestinian scholar/martyr, beheaded. [1] 310 April 18

* Saint Eusebius begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] October 21 * Saint Eusebius ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 311 April 30 * Emperor Galerius recognizes Christians legally in the Roman Empire. [1] May 5 * Gaius VM Galerius, emperor of Rome, dies at about age 50. [1] July 2 * Saint Militiades begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 312 January 7 * Lucianus of Antioch, theologist/saint, dies. [1] 313 January 1 * Start of Roman (Pontifical) Indiction. [1] April 30 * Gaius G V Maximus [Daia], Emperor of Rome, dies. [1] 314 January 11 * Saint Militiades ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] January 31

* Saint Silvester I begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 317 August 7 * Birth of Constantius II, Roman emperor (337-61). [1] 323 May 18 * Alexander III the Great, king of Macedonia/conqueror, dies at age 32. [1] 325 May 20 * First Christian ecumenical council opens at Nica, Asia Minor. [1] 329 January 1 * Kontantinus (Konstantin's Son) becomes Caesar of the Western Roman Empire. His capital is Trier. [37] 335 December 31 * Saint Silvester I ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 336 January 18 * Saint Mark begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] October 7 * Saint Mark ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 337

February 6 * Saint Julius I begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] May 22 * Constantine the Great, emperor of Rome (306-37)/anti semite, dies. [1] December 25 * Earliest possible date that Christmas is celebrated on December 25th. [1] 347 May 14 * Pachomius, Egyptian monastery founder/abbot (Coenobieten), dies. [1] 350 January 18 * General Maxentius drives out Western Roman emperor Constans. [1] 352 April 12 * Saint Julius I dies, ending his reign as Catholic Pope (337-352). [1] May 17 * Liberius begins his reign as Catholic Pope replacing Julius I. [1] December 25 * First definite date Christmas is celebrated on December 25th. [1] 354 November 13

* Birth of Saint Augustine of Hippo Numidia, Algeria, convert/Christian philosopher. [1] 356 February 19 * Emperor Constantius II shuts all heathen temples. [1] 357 April 28 * Emperor Constantius II visits Rome. [1] 364 February 17 * Flavius Jovianus, Christian emperor of Rome (363-64), dies at about age 32. [1] 365 November 22 * Felix II ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 366 September 24 * Liberius ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] October 1 * Saint Damasus I begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 374 February 16 * Ninth recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. [1] April 1

* Halley's Comet approaches within 0.0884 astronomical units (AUs) of Earth. [1] 378 August 9 * Battle of Adrianople, Visigoth Calvary defeats Roman Army. [1] 379 January 1 * Basilius the Great of Caesarea, saint (Moralia), dies. [1] January 19 * Theodosius installed as co-emperor of East Roman Empire. [1] 384 May 13 * Servatius/Aravatius, bishop of Tongeren, dies at age 65+. [1] December 11 * Saint Damasus I ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 385 February 11 * Oldest Pope elected; Siricius - bishop of Tarragona. [1] 387 April 18 * Bishop Ambrosius of Milan baptizes Augustinus. [1] 390 December 25

* Roman emperor Theodosius admits debt on mass murder in Thessalonica. [1] 392 May 15 * Valentinianus II, emperor of Rome (375-392), murdered at age 21. [1] 395 January 17 * Theodosius I the Great, Spanish emperor of Rome, dies at age 49. [1] 397 April 4 * Ambrosius, Governor of Liguria/bishop of Milan (374-97)/saint, dies. [1] 399 November 26 * Saint Siricius ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] November 27 * Saint Anastasius I begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 401 April 10 * Birth of Theodosius II the Younger, Eastern Roman emperor. [1] December 19 * Anastasius I, Bishop of Rome (399-401), dies. [1] * Saint Anastasius I ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] December 22

* Saint Innocent I begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 402 April 6 * Battle at Pollentia; Roman army under Stilicho beats Visigoten. [1] 404 January 1 * Last gladiator competition in Rome. [1] * Telemachus, Roman monk, murdered. [1] 406 December 31 * 80,000 Vandels attack the Rhine at Mainz. [1] * Godagisel, king of the Vandals, dies in battle. [1] 410 August 14 * Alaric sacks Rome. [1] August 24 * Rome overrun by Visigoths, symbolized fall of Western Roman Empire. [1] 412 February 8 * Birth of Saint Proclus, patriarch of Constantinople. [1] 414 January 1 * King Ataulf of Narbonne marries emperor Honorius' sister Galle Placidia. [1]

417 March 11 * Zosimus becomes bishop of Rome. [1] March 12 * Saint Innocent I dies, ending his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] March 18 * Saint Zosimus begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 418 March 10 * Jews are excluded from public office in the Roman Empire. [1] December 26 * Saint Zosimus ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] December 28 * Saint Boniface I begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 419 July 2 * Birth of Valentinian III, Roman emperor (425-55). [1] 421 February 8 * Flavius Constantine becomes emperor Constantine III of West Roman empire. [1] March 25 * City of Venice is founded. [1]

422 September 4 * Saint Boniface I ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] September 10 * Saint Celestine I begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 429 January 16 * Honoratius of Arles, bishop/saint, dies. [1] 431 June 22 * Council of Ephesus (third ecumenical council) opens. [1] 432 March 17 * Saint Patrick, a bishop, is carried off to Ireland as a slave. [1] July 27 * Saint Celestine I ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] July 31 * Saint Sixtus III begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 439 December 31 * Melania the Younger, Roman monastery founder/saint, dies at about age 56. [1] 440 August 19

* Saint Sixtus III ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 450 December 3 * Petrus Chrysologus, first archbishop of Ravenna, dies. [1] 451 April 7 * Attila's Hun's plunder Metz. [1] June 24 * Tenth recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. [1] October 8 * Council of Chalcedon (fourth ecumenical council) opens. [1] 452 June 8 * Italy invaded by Attila the Hun. [1] 455 March 17 * Roman senator Petronius Maximus becomes Emperor. [1] May 31 * Petronius Maximus, senator/Emperor of Rome, lynched. [1] June 2 * Gaiseric and the Vandals sack Rome. [1] 461 March 17

* Saint Patrick, patron Saint of Ireland, dies in Saul (according to legend). [1] November 10 * Saint Leo I ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] November 19 * Saint Hilary begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 463 July 16 * Start of Lunar Cycle of Hilarius. [1] 468 February 29 * Saint Hilary [Pope Hilarius], Catholic Pope (461-468), dies. [1] March 3 * Saint Simplicius elected to succeed Catholic Pope Hilarius. [1] December 18 * Huna Mari bar Mar Zutra rabbi, executed in Pumpedita. [1] 472 August 18 * Birth of Flavius Ricimer, general of the Western Roman Empire, kingmaker. [1] 474 February 3 * Leo I, Byzantine Emperor (457-74), dies. [1] 476

September 4 * Romulus Augustulus, last Roman emperor in west, is deposed. [1] 482 January 8 * Severinus, German monastery founder/saint, dies. [1] 483 March 10 * Simplicius, Italian Pope (468-83), dies. [1] March 13 * Saint Felix III begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 485 April 17 * Proclus, Greek mathematician, dies in Athens. [1] 492 March 1 * Saint Felix III ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] * Saint Gelasius I begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 493 March 15 * Ostrogoten King Theodorik the Great defeats Odoaker of Italy. [1] * Odoaker, German army leader/King of Italy (476-493), dies. [1] 496 November 21 * Saint Gelasius I ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1]

November 24 * Anastasius II begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 498 November 19 * Anastasius II ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] November 22 * Saint Symmachus begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] December 25 * French king Clovis baptises himself. [1] 502 March 29 * Bourgundy King Gundobar delegates royal power. [1] 506 February 2 * King Alarik II of Visigoten delegates Lex Romania Visigothorum out. [1] 512 June 29 * A monastic chronicler in Ireland records a solar eclipse. [5] 514 July 19 * Saint Symmachus ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] July 20

* Saint Hormisdas begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 523 May 6 * Thrasamunde king of Vandalen. [1] August 6 * Saint Hormisdas ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] August 13 * Saint John I begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 526 May 18 * Saint John I dies, ending his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] May 20 * Earthquake kills 250,000 in Antioch, Syria. [1] July 12 * Saint Felix IV begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 527 April 1 * Justinianus becomes compassionate emperor of Byzantium. [1] 530 September 22 * Saint Felix IV ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] * Boniface II begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 532 January 11

* Nika-revolt against Justianus and Theodora in Hippodrome Constantinople. [1] January 18 * Nika uprising at Constantinople fails, 30-40,000 die. [1] July 19 * Start of Dionysian Pascal Cycle. [1] October 17 * Boniface II ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 533 January 2 * John II begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] January 13 * Remigius van Reims, first bishop of Reims (459-533)/saint, dies about 96. [1] 535 April 30 * Amalaswintha, queen of Ostrogoten, murdered. [1] May 8 * John II ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] May 13 * Saint Agapitus I begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 536 April 22 * Saint Agapitus I ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1]

June 8 * Saint Silverius begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] December 9 * Byzantines Libya occupies Rome on Ostrogoten. [1] 537 March 11 * Goths lay siege to Rome. [1] November 11 * Saint Silverius ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] December 27 * Saint Sofia, church in Constantinople, initiated. [1] 538 November 30 * Birth of Saint Gregory of Tours, chronicler/bishop. [1] 552 July 10 * Origin of Armenian calendar. [1] 553 May 5 * Second Council of Constantinople (fifth ecumenical council) opens. [1] 555 June 7

* Vigilius ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 556 February 21 * Maximianus van Ravenna, bishop (Basilica S Stefano), dies. [1] April 16 * Pelagius I begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 558 December 23 * Childebert, king of France (511-58), dies at about age 62. [1] 561 March 3 * Pelagius I ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] July 17 * John III begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 565 August 22 * Saint Columba reported seeing monster in Loch Ness. [1] November 14 * Justinian, Roman emperor, dies at age 82. [1] 570 January 19 * Birth of Mohammed, Islamic prophet (Koran). [1] June 8

* Relgion of Islam (submission) founded in Mecca. [1] 574 July 13 * John III ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 575 June 2 * Benedict I begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 579 July 30 * Benedict I ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] November 26 * Pelagius II begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 585 April 28 * War between Lydia and Media ended by solar eclipse. [1] 590 February 7 * Pelagius II Gothic Pope (579-90), dies from plague. [1] September 3 * Saint Gregory I begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 593 March 28 * Guntram, French king in Burgundy, dies at about age 67. [1]

597 December 25 * England adopts Julian calendar. [1] 600 February 16 * Pope Gregory the Great decrees saying "God bless You" is the correct response to a sneeze. [1] 604 March 12 * Gregory I, the Great Pope (590-604), dies at age 64. [1] May 26 * Augustinus van Canterbury, bishop/apostle of England, dies. [1] September 13 * Sabinian begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] December 25 * Battle at Etampes (Stampae): Burgundy beat Neustriers. [1] 606 February 22 * Sabinian ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 607 February 19 * Boniface III begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] March 13 * Twelfth recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. [1]

April 19 * Comet 1P/607 H1 (Halley) approaches within 0.0898 astronomical units (AUs) of Earth. [1] November 12 * Boniface III ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 608 September 15 * Saint Boniface IV begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 609 May 13 * Pope Boniface I turns Pantheon into Catholic church. [1] 610 April 6 * Lailat-ul Qadar, the night the koran descended to Earth. [1] 615 May 25 * Saint Boniface IV dies, ending his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] October 19 * Saint Deusdedit I begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 618 November 8 * Saint Deusdedit I ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 619 December 23

* Boniface V begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 622 July 16 * Origin of the Islamic Era (Muharram 1, 1 AH). [1] September 20 * Mohammad's Hegira. [1] 624 January 8 * Abu Sufjan ibn Harb, Kurashite chief, dies in battle. [1] * Muslim army occupies Kurashitische Caravan. [1] 625 October 25 * Boniface V ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] October 27 * Honorius I begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 627 December 12 * Battle at Nineveh: Byzantine emperor Heraclius beats Perzen. [1] 628 April 3 * Chosroes II, emperor of Persia (579-628), murdered by his son. [1] 632 June 8

* Mohammed prophet of Islam (Koran), dies (according to tradition). [1] June 16 * Origin of Persian [Yezdegird] Era. [1] 636 July 23 * Arabs gain control of most of Palestine from the Byzantine Empire. [1] 638 January 23 * Start of Islamic calendar. [1] March 11 * Sophronius of Jerusalem, saint/patriarch of Jerusalem, dies. [1] October 12 * Honorius I ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 639 January 19 * Dagobert I, king of Austrasia/Soissons/Burgundy/Neustri, dies. [1] 640 May 28 * Severinus begins his reign as Catholic Pope (elected in 638). [1] August 2 * Severinus ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] December 24

* John IV begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 641 February 11 * Heraclius, emperor of Byzantium (610-641), dies at about age 65. [1] May 13 * Eligius (Saint Eloy) becomes bishop of Doornik-Noyon. [1] 642 February 29 * Oswald, English missionary/saint, dies in battle. [1] October 12 * John IV ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] November 24 * Theodore I begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 644 December 8 * Omar I, second kalief of Islam, murdered. [1] December 14 * Osman ibn Affan, appointed third kalief of islam. [1] 649 May 2 * Maruta of Tagrit, theology/first mafriaan Jakobitische church, dies. [1] May 14

* Theodore I dies, ending his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] July 5 * Death of Saint Goar; notable priest of Trier (Germany). [37] * Saint Martin I begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 653 June 17 * Saint Martin I ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 654 August 10 * Saint Eugene I begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 656 February 1 * Sigebert III, king of Austrasia, dies at about age 25. [1] December 9 * Battle of Kameel: Kalief Al ibn Abu Talib beats rebellion. [1] 657 June 2 * Saint Eugene I ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] July 30 * Saint Vitalian begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 659 March 17 * Gertrudis van Nijvel, saint/patron of travellers, dies at about age 32. [1]

660 December 1 * Eligius/Eloy, French bishop of Tournay-Noyon/saint, dies. [1] 661 January 24 * Ali ibn Abu Talib, kalief of Islam (656-61), murdered. [1] 672 January 27 * Saint Vitalian dies, ending his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] April 11 * Deusdedit III begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 673 September 24 * Synod of Hertford opens; canons made for English Church. [1] 676 June 17 * Deusdedit III ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] November 2 * Donus begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 678 April 11 * Donus dies, ending his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] June 27

* Saint Agatho begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 679 December 23 * Dagobert II, king of Austrasia (676-679), murdered. [1] 680 April 18 * Mu'awijja, kalief of Al-Schaam, dies. [1] October 9 * Husain ibn 'Ali, Shi'i religious leader, enters martyrdom. [1] November 7 * Third Council of Constantinople (sixth ecumenical council) opens. [1] 681 January 10 * Saint Agatho dies, ending his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 682 August 17 * Saint Leo II begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 683 July 3 * Saint Leo II ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 684 June 26 * Saint Benedict II begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1]

685 May 7 * Marwan I ibn al-Hakam, fourth kalief of Omajjaden (684-85), dies. [1] May 8 * Saint Benedict II dies, ending his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] May 20 * Picts win Battle of Dunnichen. [241.9] May 21 * Battle at Nechtansmere: Picten beat Northumbrians. [1] July 23 * John V begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 686 August 2 * John V ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] October 21 * Conon begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 687 September 21 * Conon ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] December 15 * Saint Sergius I begins his reign as Catholic Pope succeeding Conon. [1] 689

January 12 * Benedict Biscop, English saint, dies. [1] 695 December 17 * Begga, ancestress of the Carolingians/saint, dies. [1] 701 September 9 * Saint Sergius I ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] October 30 * John VI begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 705 January 11 * John VI dies, ending his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] March 1 * John VII begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 707 October 18 * John VII ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 708 January 15 * Sisinnius begins his reign as Catholic Pope (dies 20 days later). [1] February 4 * Sisinnius, Greek-Syrian pope (708, 20 days), dies. [1]

March 25 * Constantine begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 709 April 24 * Wilfried, bishop of York, dies at about age 76. [1] May 25 * Aldhelmus of Ealdhelm, England, abbot/bishop/poet/saint, dies at about age 69. [1] 711 April 14 * Childebert III, king of French, dies at about age 27. [1] December 11 * Justitianus II, emperor of Byzantium, dies at about age 42. [1] 714 December 16 * Pippin II of Hristal, Duke/prince of France, dies. [1] 715 April 9 * Constantine I, Greek/Syrian Pope (708-15), dies. [1] May 19 * Saint Gregory II begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 722 January 1

* Hofmeier Charles Martel flees from bishop Willibrord. [1] 727 May 30 * Hubertus, bishop of Tongeren-Maastricht/saint, dies at about age 72. [1] 729 April 24 * Egbertus, English bishop/saint, dies in Iona at age 89. [1] 731 February 11 * Gregory II, Greek-Syrian Pope, dies. [1] March 18 * Saint Gregory III begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 732 February 15 * Ho-tse Shen-hui, Zen teacher disputes founder of Northern Ch'an line. [1] 735 May 26 * Beda Venerabilis, English speaking church historian, dies at about age 62. [1] 741 November 28 * Saint Gregory III ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] December 3

* Saint Zachary begins his reign as Catholic Pope succeeding Gregory III. [1] 742 April 2 * Birth of Charlemagne, first Holy Roman emperor (800-14). [1] 743 February 6 * Hisham ibn 'Abd al-Malik, tenth Muslim caliph, dies at about age 52. [1] March 1 * Slave export by Christians to heathen areas prohibited. [1] 749 January 25 * Birth of Leo IV (the Khazar), Byzantine emperor (775-80). [1] 752 March 15 * Zachary Greek/Italian Pope (741-52), dies. [1] March 26 * Pope Stephen II dies only four days after his election. [1] 754 January 7 * Pope Stefanus II arrives in Ponthion. [1] April 14

* Pact of Quierzy between Pope Stephen II, [III] and Pippin the Korte. [1] 756 May 15 * Abd-al-Rahman I becomes emir of Cordova Spain. [1] 757 April 26 * Paolo Orsini replaces his brother Pope Stephen II, as Paul I. [1] * Stephen II Pope (752-57), dies. [1] 760 May 22 * Fourteenth recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. [1] 765 December 31 * Coffin of Ho-tse Shen-hui interred in a stupa built in China. [1] 766 March 6 * Chrodegang, church reformer/bishop of Mainz, dies at about age 50. [1] 767 June 28 * Saint Paul I ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] July 5 * Constantine begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 768

July 30 * Constantine ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] July 31 * Philip begins and ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] August 7 * Stephen III begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 771 December 4 * Karloman II, French king of Burgundy, dies at about age 20. [1] * Karel, the Great, becomes king of all France. [1] 772 January 24 * Stephen III dies, ending his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] February 1 * Adrian I begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] March 1 * Birth of Po Tjiu-i, Chinese poet/Governor of Hang-tsjow. [1] 774 April 6 * Charles the Great affirms Pippins promise of Quiercy. [1] 779 February 25 * Walburgis, Anglo-Saxon abbess/saint (Walpurgis Night), dies. [1]

787 September 24 * Second Council of Nicaea (seventh ecumenical council) opens in Asia Minor. [1] 793 June 8 * Vikings raid Lindisfarne. [241.9] 794 January 8 * Church at Lindisfarne, England destroyed by Vikings. [1] 795 December 25 * Adrian I Italian Pope (772-95), dies. [1] December 26 * Saint Leo III begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 799 April 13 * Paulus Diaconus Warnafridi Longobardisch, writer, dies. [1] 800 December 25 * Pope Leo III crowns Charles the Great (Charlemagne), Roman emperor. [1] 801 December 28

* Louis the Vrome occupies Barcelona. [1] 804 March 30 * Liudger becomes first bishop of Mnster. [1] May 19 * Alcuin of York, English scholar, dies in Tours, France, at age 69. [1] 809 March 24 * Harun al-Rashid, caliph of the Abbasid empire (786-809), dies at age 44. [1] March 26 * Liudger, missionary/first bishop of Mnster/saint, dies at about age 66. [1] 810 July 8 * Pepin, son of Charlemagne, king of Italy, dies. [1] 811 December 4 * Charles, eldest son of emperor Charles the Great, dies at about age 39. [1] 814 January 28 * Charlemagne, German emperor/Roman Emperor (800-814), dies at age 71. [1] 816

February 5 * Frankish emperor Louis grants archbishop Salzburg immunity. [1] June 12 * Saint Leo III ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] June 22 * Stephen IV begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 817 January 24 * Stefanus IV [V/Colonna] dies, ending his reign as Catholic Pope (816-17). [1] * Saint Paschal I begins his reign as Catholic Pope, succeeding Stephen IV. [1] 818 April 17 * King Bernhard I of Italy dies. [1] 820 January 20 * Abu Abdallah M ibn Idris al-Sjafi'i, Islamic (Book of Mother), dies. [1] * The Book of Mother is published. [1] December 25 * Leo V the Armenian, Byzantine general/Emperor (813-20), murdered. [1] 821 February 11 * Benedict of Aniane, saint, dies. [1]

823 April 5 * Pope Peschalis I crowns Lotharius I, co-emperor of France. [1] June 13 * Birth of Charles II (the Bald), king of France (843-77), emperor (875-77). [1] 824 February 11 * Paschal I, Italian Catholic Pope (817-24), dies. [1] 828 April 5 * Nicephorus, patriarch of Constantinopel (806-15), dies at about age 77. [1] 837 February 27 * Fifteenth recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. [1] April 10 * Comet 1P/837 F1 (Halley) approaches within 0.0334 astronomical units (AUs) of Earth, the closest in 2000 years. [1] 838 January 4 * Babak, Persian social/religious reformer, martyred. [1] December 13 * King Pippijn I of Aquitania dies. [1] 840

March 14 * Eginhard, French nobleman/biographer (Vita Karoli Magni), dies at age 69. [1] 842 January 20 * Theophilus, Byzantine kaiser (829-42), dies. [1] February 14 * Charles II and Louis the German sign treaty. [1] February 19 * Medieval Iconoclastic Controversy ends as a council in Constantinople formally reinstates the veneration of icons in the churches. [1] March 20 * Alfonso II the Chaste, king of Asturia (791-842), dies. [1] 843 March 11 * Icon worship officially re-instated in Aya Sofia Constantinople. [1] April 19 * Judith, French empress/second wife of Louis de Vrome, dies. [1] 844 January 25 * Gregory IV begins and ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 847 January 27

* Sergius II dies, ending his reign as Catholic Pope (844-847). [1] April 10 * Saint Leo IV begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 850 April 20 * Guntherus becomes bishop of Cologne. [1] 852 April 29 * Amalarius/Fortunatus/Symphosius of Metz/Lyon, bishop, dies at age 76. [1] 855 July 17 * Saint Leo IV ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] September 29 * Benedict III begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 856 February 4 * Hrabanus Maurus, archbishop of Mainz, dies. [1] 858 January 13 * Aethelwolf, king of Wessex (Battle at Aclea), dies. [1] April 17 * Benedict III dies, ending his reign as Catholic Pope (855-58). [1] April 24

* Nicolas I succeeds Benedict III as Catholic Pope. [1] 863 December 13 * Boudouin with the Iron Arm weds Charles de Kales' daughter Judith. [1] 865 February 3 * Ansgar/Anscharius/Oskar, German first (arch)bishop of Hamburg/saint, dies. [1] 866 January 10 * Lin-chi I-hsuan [J Rinzai Gigen], Zen teacher, dies. [1] May 27 * King Ordoo I of Asturia (850-66) dies. [1] 867 February 11 * Theodora the Saint, beauty queen/empress of Byzantine, dies. [1] November 13 * Saint Nicholas I (the Great) dies, ending his reign as Catholic Pope (858-67). [1] December 14 * Adrian II begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 869 February 14

* Cyrillus, Greek apostle of Slaves, dies. [1] October 5 * Fourth Council of Constantinople (eighth ecumenical council) opens. [1] 870 February 28 * Eighth ecumenical council ends in Constantinople. [1] December 31 * Skirmish at Englefield: Ethelred of Wessex beats Danish invasion army. [1] 871 January 4 * Battle at Reading: Ethelred of Wessex beats Danish invasion army. [1] January 8 * Battle at Ashdown: Ethelred of Wessex beats Danish invasion army. [1] January 22 * Battle at Basing: Danish invasion army beats Ethelred of Wessex. [1] March 2 * Battle at Marton: Ethelred of Wessex beats Danish invasion army. [1] April 23 * Ethelred I, king of Wessex/brother of Alfred the Great, dies. [1] 872

December 14 * Adrian II, Italian Pope (867-72)/last married pope, dies at about age 80. [1] * John VIII begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 875 December 16 * Ado of Vienne, French archbishop of Vienne, dies at about age 75. [1] December 25 * Charles, the Bare, crowned emperor of Rome. [1] 876 January 31 * Charles becomes king of Italy. [1] 879 January 21 * Boudouin with the Iron Arm, Earl of Flanders, dies. [1] April 10 * Louis II, the stutterer, King of France (877-79), dies. [1] * Louis III crowned King of France. [1] September 17 * Birth of Charles III [The Simple], king of France (893-923). [1] 882 January 20 * Louis II/III the Younger, German king (876-82), dies. [1] December 16

* John VIII dies, ending his reign as Italian Catholic Pope (872-82). [1] * Marinus I begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 883 March 8 * Albumasar [Ahmad Aboe M Gafar al-Balkhi], Arabic astronomer, dies. [1] 884 May 15 * Marinus I [Martinus II] dies, ending his reign as Catholic Pope (88284). [1] May 17 * Saint Adrian III begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] December 12 * Carloman, co-king of France (879, 882-884), dies. [1] 885 April 6 * Methodius, Greek apostle of the slaves/archbishop of Sirmium, dies. [1] 888 January 13 * Charles III, the Fat One, King of Franconia/Roman emperor, dies. [1] * Duke Odo becomes king of West-France. [1] 891 February 6 * Photius, Byzantine theologist/patriarch of Constantinople/saint, dies. [1]

September 1 * Northmen defeated near Louvaine, France. [1] September 14 * Stephen V ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] October 6 * Formosus begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1] 896 February 22 * Pope Formosa crowned king Arnulf of Karinthie/French emperor. [1] April 4 * Formosus dies, ending his reign as Catholic Pope (891-896). [1] 898 January 1 * Odo, Earl of Paris/king of France (888-898), dies at about age 39. [1] 899 December 8 * Arnulf of Carinthia, last emperor of Austria-France, dies. [1] 900 October 28 * Alfred the Great, English monarch, dies. [1] (October 26, 901 [1]) 910 December 20 * Alfonso III de Great, king of Asturias, dies. [1]

911 April 14 * Sergius III, Italian Pope (904-11), dies. [1] 912 April 6 * Nottker, "the Stamelaar", benedictine monk/poet, dies at about age 71. [1] May 12 * Leo VI Sophos, Byzantine Emperor (886-912), dies at age 45. [1] 918 March 1 * Balderik becomes bishop of Utrecht. [1] December 21 * Conrad I, Duke of Franconia/German King (911-918), dies. [1] (December 23 [1]) 919 May 12 * Duke Henry of Saxon becomes king Henry I of Oostfrankische rich. [1] 922 March 27 * Al-Hallaj al-Mughith-al-Hsayn Mansur, Persian mystic, beheaded at age 64. [1] 923 February 16

* Abu Dja'far Mohammed Djarir al-Tabari, Islamic historian, dies at age 83. [1] 924 April 7 * Emperor Berengarius I of Italy murdered. [1] 933 March 15 * Battle at Riade: German King Henry I beats Magyaren. [1] 936 January 3 * Duke Alberik II of Spoleto appoints his son Pope Leo VII. [1] 942 May 16 * Saadiah Gaon head of Talmudic Academy of Sura, dies. [1] 946 January 15 * Caliph al-Mustaqfi blinded/ousted. [1] May 25 * Edmund the Older king of Wessex/England (939-46), dies. [1] 947 April 10 * Hugo van Arles count of Arles/king of Italy, dies. [1] 953

April 21 * Otto I the Great gives Utrecht fishing rights. [1] 955 May 16 * Alberich II, illegitimate son of Octavianus elected pope. [1] 956 February 17 * Hugo the Great earl of Paris/duke of Francia, dies at about age 55. [1] 961 May 26 * German King Otto II crowned. [1] 962 January 1 * Boudouin III count of Flanders, dies. [1] February 2 * Pope John XII crowns German King Otto I the Great Emperor. [1] 963 March 15 * Romanus II Byzantine emperor (959-63), dies at age 25. [1] December 6 * Leo VIII elected Pope. [1] 964 May 14

* John XII [Octavianus] Pope (955-64), dies. [1] 965 March 1 * Leo VIII Italian (anti-)Pope (963-65), dies. [1] March 27 * Arnulf I the Elder/the Great, count of Flanders (918-65), dies. [1] 967 December 7 * Birth of Abu Sa'id ibn Aboa al-Chair Persian mystic. [1] December 25 * John XIII crowned Otto II the Red German compassionate emperor. [1] 969 January 29 * Peter tsar of Bulgaria (927-69), dies. [1] December 10 * Nicephorus II Phocas Byzantine co-Emperor (963-69), murdered. [1] December 25 * Johannes I Tzimisces, crowned emperor of Byzantium. [1] 972 April 14 * Notger becomes bishop of Liege. [1] 973

January 14 * Ekkehard I monk of Saint Gallen (Vita Waltharii manu fortis), dies. [1] January 19 * Pope Benedictus VI elected. [1] May 6 * Birth of Henry II Roman Catholic German king/emperor (1002/1424). [1] May 7 * Otto I the Great Holy Roman Emperor (962-973), dies at age 60. [1] 974 April 25 * Ratherius of Verona/Liege bishop/abbot, dies at about age 84. [1] 975 July 25 * Birth of Thietmar bishop of Merseburg, German chronicler. [1] December 27 * Balderik bishop of Utrecht (918-75), dies. [1] 976 January 10 * John I Tzimisces co-emperor of Byzantium (969-76), dies at age 51. [1] 978 March 18

* Edward the Martyr, King of Anglo-Saxons (975-78)/st, murdered at age 15. [1] * Saint Edward the Martyr king of Anglo-Saxons (975-78) dies. [1] 979 April 14 * Challenge to throne of King Aethelred II of England. [1] December 25 * Rotardus appointed as bishop of the kingdom. [1] 981 June 19 * Death of Saint Adalbert von Magdeburg; established Christianity in Russia in 961, Bishop of Magdeburg. [37] 983 December 7 * Otto II the Red German king/emperor (973-83), dies at about age 28. [1] 986 March 2 * Lotharius King of France (954-86), dies at age 44. [1] 987 May 21 * Louis V last Carlovingians King of France (966-987), dies. [1] May 22 * Louis V le Faineant the Lazy, king of France (986-87), poisoned at age 20. [1] December 30

* French King Hugo Capet crowns his son Robert the compassionate king. [1] 988 March 30 * Arnulf II count of Flanders (965-988), dies. [1] * Boudouin IV with the Beard becomes earl of Flanders. [1] May 6 * Dirk II West Frisian count of Holland. [1] May 19 * Dunstan[us] English archbishop of Canterbury, dies. [1] 989 April 13 * Battle at Abydos Byzantine emperor Basilius II beats Bardas Phocas. [1] 990 January 1 * Russia adopts Julian calendar. [1] April 23 * Ekkehart II [Palatinus] monk to St-Gallen/poet, dies. [1] 994 November 7 * Birth of Muhammad ibn Hazm historian/jurist/writer of Islamic Spain. [1] 995 May 10

* Boudouin bishop of Utrecht. [1] 996 May 21 * Pope Gregory V crowns his cousin Otto III German emperor. [1] 997 April 23 * Vojtech "Adalbert" of Prague second bishop of Prague/apostle, dies at age 40. [1] 999 February 18 * Gregory V [Bruno] first German Pope, dies. [1] April 2 * Gerbert of Aurillac elected as first French Pope. [1] December 16 * Adelheid the Saint German empress of Otto I/saint, dies at about age 68. [1] December 25 * Heribertus becomes bishop of Cologne. [1] 1000 March 12 * Odo of Lagery elected as Pope Urban II, replacing Victor III. [1] October 9 * Leif Ericson becomes the first known European to walk in North America. [1] [5] December 25

* Monarch Istvn crowned king of Hungary. [1] 1002 January 23 * Death of Otto III, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire at age 21 in Viterbo, Italy (born in Germany in 980). King of the Germans 983+, crowned Holy Roman Emperor 996. [1] [37] June 21 * Birth of Pope Leo IX (original name Bruno von Egisheim und Dagsburg) in Egisheim, Germany; cousin of the Holy Roman Emperor, became Pope in 1049. [37] November 13 * English king Ethelred II launches massacre of Danish settlers. [1] 1003 May 12 * Gerbert French scholar, dies in Rome. [1] * Sylvester II [Gerbert van Aurillac], first Fren Pope (999-1003), dies. [1] 1004 May 14 * Henry II the Saint crowned as king of Italy. [1] May 15 * Henry II the Saint crowned king of Italy. [1] 1006 April 30 * Brightest supernova in recorded history is observed. [1] May 1

* Supernova observed by Chinese and Egyptians in constellation Lupus. [1] May 4 * Birth of Abd-Allah Ansari Persian mystic/poet (Monadjat). [1] 1008 April 10 * Notger bishop of Luik (972-1008), dies. [1] 1009 March 9 * Death of St. Bruno von Querfurt (970 - 1009); missionary to Poland. [37] 1010 May 3 * Ansfried 9th bishop of Utrecht (995-1010)/saint, dies at about age 69. [1] 1011 February 23 * Death of St. Willigis von Mainz; chancellor of Germany under emperor Otto I, Archbishop of Mainz. [37] 1012 May 12 * Sergius IV [Pietro Crescentii], Italian Pope (1009-12), dies. [1] 1013 July 18

* Birth of Hermann von Reichenau in Saulgau, (Germany); chronicler of information. [37] 1014 February 14 * Pope Benedict VIII crowns Henry II, Roman German emperor. [1] April 23 * Brian Boru king of Ireland, dies in battle at age 87. [1] * King Brian Boru of Ireland beats Danes at Battle of Clontarf. [1] * Sweyn Forkbeard Viking king of England (1013-14), dies. [1] 1016 April 23 * Aethelbred II "the Unready" king of England (979-1016), dies. [1] October 18 * Danes defeat Saxons at Battle of Assandun (Ashingdon). [1] November 30 * Edmund II Ironsides, King of the Saxons (1016), dies at age 27. [1] 1017 October 28 * Birth of Heinrich III, Holy Roman Emperor (1046-56). [37] (October 8 [1]) 1018 December 1 * Death of Dietmar in Merseburg, Germany; chronicler of information. [37] 1021 March 16

* Death of St. Heribert von Kln; Archbishop of Cologne. [37] 1024 April 9 * Benedict VIII [Theophylactus van Tusculum] Pope (1012-24), dies. [1] July 13 * Death of St. Heinrich II; Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, Duke (Herzog) of Bavaria, King of Germany. [37] 1025 December 15 * Basilius II the Bulgarendoder, Byzantine emperor (976-1025), dies. [1] 1026 March 23 * Koenraad II crowns himself king of Italy. [1] 1027 March 26 * John XIX crowns Conrad II the Salier Roman German emperor. [1] May 14 * Robert II, the Vrome, names son Henry I, king of France. [1] 1028 April 14 * German emperor Conrad II the Sailor crowns his son Henry III, king. [1] May 5

* Alfonso V King of Len/Galicia (999-1028), dies in battle. [1] 1030 April 30 * Mohammud van Ghazna Turkish mayor (G'widen)/Islamic ruler, dies. [1] July 29 * King Olav Haraldsson of Norway, dies in battle of Stiklestad. [1] 1031 November 30 * Birth of Davey Jones rocker (Monkees-Daydream Believer, Last Train To Clarksville, I'm A Believer). [1] 1032 February 2 * Koenraad II succeeds Rudolf III as king of Bourgundy. [1] * Rudolf III last independent king of Bourgundy, dies. [1] 1034 March 15 * Mieszko II King of Poland (1025-34), dies. [1] April 11 * Romanus III Argyrus Byzantine emperor (1028-34), assasinated by wife. [1] 1035 May 30 * Boudouin IV count of Flanders (988-1035), dies. [1] * Boudouin V van Rijsel becomes earl of Flanders. [1]

November 12 * Canute "The Great" King of the Danes (1016-1035), dies at age 41. [1] 1036 December 19 * Birth of Su Tung-p'o China, poet/essayist/painter/calligrapher. [1] 1037 May 28 * German emperor Koenraad II removes "Constitutio the Feudis". [1] 1038 January 9 * In Shensi, China, a magnitude 7.4 earthquake occurs, resulting in 23,000 deaths. [53] 1039 May 27 * Dirk III Hierosolymita Count of Holland, dies. [1] 1040 March 7 * Harold I King of England (1035-40), dies. [1] March 17 * Harold British King (1035-40), dies. [1] May 21 * King Henry III gives Utrecht the Groninger currency. [1] 1041

December 10 * Michael IV Paphlagonicus, emperor of Byzantine, dies. [1] 1043 February 15 * Gisela wife of Roman Catholic-German emperor Conrad II the Salier, dies at age 52. [1] April 3 * Edward the Confessor crowned king of England. [1] 1044 April 19 * Gothelo duke of Netherlands-Lotharingen, dies. [1] 1045 January 20 * Giovanni di Sabina elected Pope Sylvester III. [1] 1046 December 20 * German king Heinrich III arrives in Rome. He deposes three Pope claimants: Gregory VI, Benedictus IX, and Silvester III. [1] [37] December 25 * German king Heinrich III installs Suidiger, bishop of Bamberg, as Pope Clement II. [1] [37] 1047 October 9 * Death of Suidiger (Pope Clement II), the second German pope; most noted for his efforts to eliminate the buying and selling of church

offices; he convoked the council of Rome; only pope to be buried in Germany. [37] 1048 May 1 * Bishop Bernold flees Saint Pieterskerk for Utrecht Netherlands. [1] July 17 * The third German pope, Damasus II, is enthroned in Rome. Originally named Poppo, he was born in Bavaria. He was the Bishop of Brixen in Tyrol when Heinrich III nominated him as pope. [37] August 9 * Death of Pope Damasus II, the third German pope, of malaria. [37] December 13 * Al-Biruni Arabic royal astrologer, dies at age 74. [1] December 25 * Parliament of Worms: Emperor Henry III names his cousin count Bruno van Egisheim/Dagsburg as Pope Leo IX. [1] 1049 January 12 * Abu Sa'id ibn Aboa al-Chair Persian mystic, dies at age 81. [1] January 13 * Derrick IV Count of Holland (1039-49), dies in battle. [1] February 12 * Bruno count of Egesheim and Dagsburg crowned Pope Leo IX. [1] 1050 May 17

* Guido van Arezzo Italian music theorist, dies. [1] July 19 * The Zentralrat der Juden in Deutschland (Central Council of Jews in Germany) is founded in Frankfurt am Main. [37] November 11 * Birth of Heinrich in Saxony; German King (1054), Holy Roman Emperor (1084). [1] [37] 1051 June 10 * Death of St. Bardo in Paderborn (Germany); Benedictine monk, abbot, Archbishop of Mainz (1031), constructed Cathedral of Mainz. [37] 1054 February 20 * Yaroslav I the Wise, ruler (Kiev), dies. [1] March 12 * Pope Leo IX escapes captivity and returns to Rome. [1] April 19 * Leo IX [Bruno von Egesheim und Dagsburg] Pope (1049-54), dies at age 51. [1] July 4 * The Chinese, the Arabs and possibly Amerindians observe a bright supernova, the remnants of which form the Crab Nebula. [1] [5] September 24 * Death of Hermann von Reichenau in Reichenau (Germany); chronicler of information in his age. [37] 1055

January 11 * Constantine IX Monomachos emperor of Byzantium, dies. [1] April 13 * Bishop Gebhard van Eichsttt named Pope Victor II. [1] December 19 * Seldjuken under Toghril Beg occupy Baghdad. [1] 1056 April 22 * Supernova Crab nebula last seen by the naked eye. [1] October 5 * Birth of Heinrich III; Holy Roman Emperor. [37] 1057 August 15 * Macbeth, King of Scotland, slain by son of King Duncan. [1] August 31 * Leofric husband of Lady Godiva, dies. [1] 1058 March 29 * Stephen IX [Frederik van Lotharingen], first Belgian Pope (105758), dies. [1] April 5 * Bishop John "Minchio", [domkop] elected as Pope Benedictus X. [1] 1059

May 23 * Henri I crowns his son compassionate King Philip I of France. [1] 1061 April 24 * Halley's Comet sparks English monk to predict country'll be destroyed. [1] 1064 April 1 * Body of bishop Eleutherius of Blandain moved to Doornik. [1] April 30 * German King Henry IV gives away Utrecht county of West Friesland. [1] 1065 April 12 * Pilgrims under bishop Gnther of Bamberg reach Jerusalem. [1] December 27 * Ferdinand I the Great, king of Castile, dies. [1] December 28 * Westminister Abbey opens in London. [1] 1066 January 5 * Edward de Belijder the Confessor, king of England (1043-66), dies. [1] * King Edward the Confessor of England, dies. [1] January 6

* King Harald of England crowned. [1] February 28 * Westminster Abbey opens. [1] March 23 * 18th recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. [1] July 18 * Death of St. Answer by stoning in far north of German area (born about 1035); Benedictine monk. [37] September 28 * William the Conqueror lands in England. [1] October 14 * Battle of Hastings, in which William the Conqueror wins England. [1] December 25 * William the Conqueror, crowned king of England. [1] 1069 December 24 * Godfried II with the Beard, duke of Neder-Lutherans, dies. [1] 1070 June 4 * Roquefort cheese created in a cave near Roquefort, France. [1] 1071 February 22 * Arnulf III earl of Flanders/Hainault (Arnulf I), dies in battle. [1] * Battle of Cassel-Robert I the Frisian defeats Arnulf III/I. [1]

1072 January 10 * Robert Guiscard conquers Palermo. [1] March 16 * Adalbert archbishop of Bremen-Hamburg, dies. [1] 1073 April 21 * Alexander II [Anselmo da Baggio] Pope (1061-73), dies. [1] April 22 * Pope Alexander II buried/Ildebrando chosen as Pope Gregory VII. [1] December 20 * Domingo Spanish monastery founder/abbot/saint, dies. [1] 1075 February 16 * Birth of Ordericus Vitalis French monk/historian/poet. [1] March 8 * Birth of Abu 'l-Kasim Mahmud ibn Omar al-Zamachshari Arab theologist. [1] August 2 * John VIII Xiphilinus theologian/patriarch of Constantinople, dies. [1] 1076 January 1

* The Holy Roman Emperor, Heinrich IV, persuades 26 bishops to refuse obedience to the Pope. [37] January 24 * The Holy Roman Emperor writes a letter to Pope Gregory VII condemning him as a usurper of the papacy. [1] [37] February 14 * Pope Gregory VII excommunicates Henry IV. [1] February 22 * Godfried III with the Hump, duke of Lower Lorraine, murdered. [1] April 27 * Willem bishop of Utrecht (1054-76), murderer of earl Floris I, dies. [1] 1077 January 21 * German King Heinrich IV petitions Pope Gregory VII for forgiveness. [1] January 28 * Pope Gregory VII pardons German emperor Heinrich IV. [1] March 1 * Imperial diet removes Heinrich IV as Kaiser and subsequently elects Rudolf von Schwaben. [37] April 24 * Geza I King of Hungary (1074-7), dies. [1] December 14 * Agnes of Poitou German empress/wife of emperor Henry III, dies. [1]

1078 February 22 * Johannes van Fcamp Italian mystic writer, dies. [1] * John of Fcamp Italian mystic writer, dies. [1] 1079 March 6 * Omar ibn Ibrahim al-Chajjam completes Jalali-calendar. [1] March 16 * Iran adopts solar Hijrah calendar. [1] May 9 * Stanislaus Polish bishop of Cracow, murdered. [1] 1081 January 8 * Birth of Henry V Roman German king/emperor (1098/1111-25). [1] April 4 * Alexius I Comnenus occupies Byzantine throne. [1] 1082 May 12 * Battle at Mailberg: Vratislav II of Bohemia beats Leopold II of Austria. [1] 1084 March 31 * Anti-pope Clemens crowns German emperor Hendrik IV. [1] 1085

May 6 * King Alfonso VI of Len conquered Toledo, dies. [1] May 25 * Gregory VII [Ildebrando] Pope (1073-85), dies. [1] * King Alfonso VI of Castily/Len occupy Toledo on Moren. [1] 1086 May 24 * Abbott Dauferio/Desiderius becomes Pope Victor III. [1] August 11 * Birth of Heinrich V, King of the Germans and Holy Roman Emperor. [37] 1087 May 30 * German emperor Henry IV crowns his son Koenraad. [1] September 9 * William I The Conqueror, King of England, and Duke of Normandy, dies. [1] 1088 January 6 * Berengarius of Tours French theologist, dies. [1] 1089 April 28 * Dirk de Grote bishop of Verdun/Basel/archbishop of Trier, dies. [1] May 28 * Lanfrance Archbishop of Canterbury, dies. [1]

1090 October 6 * Death of St. Adalbero von Wrzburg (born about 1010 in Austria); Bishop of Wrzburg (1045). [37] 1091 April 29 * Battle at Monte Levunium Emperor Alexius I beats Petshegenes. [1] May 31 * Hendrik van Verdun bishop of Luik (1075-91), dies. [1] 1092 May 9 * Lincoln Cathedral is consecrated in England. [1] [5] [241.9] 1093 July 14 * Death of St. Ulrich von Zell in the Black Forest (born 1029 in Regensburg (Germany)). [37] 1095 February 25 * Council of Rockingham bishop Anselmus versus King William II Rufus. [1] November 27 * Pope Urban II orders first Crusade, calling all Christians in Europe to war against Muslims in order to reclaim the Holy Land. [1] [129] 1096 May 18

* Crusaders massacre Jews of Worm. [1] 1098 February 10 * Crusaders defeat Prince Redwan of Aleppo at Antioch. [1] June 3 * Christian Crusaders seize Antioch, Turkey. [1] December 12 * First Crusaders capture and plunder Mara Syria. [1] 1099 January 6 * Henry V crowned German king. [1] January 13 * Crusaders set fire to Mara Syria. [1] January 28 * First Crusaders begins siege of Hosn-el-Akrad Syria. [1] April 14 * Conrad bishop of Utrecht, stabbed to death. [1] August 19 * Crusaders beat Saracens in Battle of Ascalon. [1] 1100 May 30 * Burchard becomes bishop of Utrecht. [1] September 8

* Clement III first antipope (1084-1100), dies (birth date unknown). [1] December 25 * Boudouin I of Boulogne crowned king of Jerusalem. [1] 1101 December 25 * Henry I of Limburg becomes duke of Netherlands-Lutherans. [1] 1103 January 17 * Frutolf German monk/musicologist/historian, dies. [1] 1105 December 31 * Heinrich V arrests his father Heinrich IV, forces him to abdicate and himself becomes the Holy Roman Emperor (crowned in Rome in 1111). [37] 1106 April 6 * Fire in Venice. [1] May 13 * Henry I of Limburg becomes duke of Netherlands-Lutherans. [1] August 7 * Heinrich IV, the Holy Roman Emperor, dies in Liege, Lorraine (born in Saxony). (1077). [37] 1109 January 26

* Albericus of Cteaux French saint, dies. [1] April 21 * Anselmus philosopher/archbishop of Canterbury, dies. [1] April 28 * Hugo van Cluny 6th abbott of Cluny/saint, dies. [1] 1110 May 13 * Crusaders march into Beirut causing a bloodbath. [1] December 4 * Syria harbor city Saida (Sidon) surrenders to Crusaders. [1] 1111 February 12 * German King Hendry V arrives at Saint Peter, Rome. [1] March 7 * Bohemund I of Tarente French ruler of Antioch, dies. [1] April 13 * In Rome, Pope Paschalis II crowns Heinrich V Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. [1] [37] 1112 December 12 * Tancred monarch of Galilea/Edessa/Antioch, dies. [1] 1113 August 24 * Birth of Geoffrey Plantagenet France, conquered Normandy. [1]

1115 April 16 * Svjatopolk II great monarch of Kiev, dies [or 1113]. [1] 1116 December 23 * Ivo van Chartres French canonist/bishop of Chartres/saint, dies. [1] 1117 December 21 * Birth of Thomas Becket archbishop of Canterbury. [1] 1118 January 21 * Paschalis II [Raniero], pope (1099-1118), dies. [1] January 24 * Giovanni Caetani elected Pope Gelasius II. [1] April 2 * Boudouin I of Bologne/Edessa, first crusader/king of Jerusalem, dies. [1] April 7 * Pope Gelasius II excommunicated Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor. [1] December 18 * Alfonso van Aragn occupies Saragossa on Almoraviden. [1] 1119 January 17

* Boudouin VII Hapkin count of Flanders, dies. [1] January 28 * Gelasius II [Giovannis Caetani], pope (1118-19), dies. [1] February 2 * Guido di Borgogna elected Pope Callistus II. [1] 1121 March 2 * Dirk VI becomes count of Holland. [1] December 25 * Norbertus van Xanten finds order of the Norbertijnen. [1] 1122 March 2 * Floris II the fat one, count of Holland, dies. [1] September 23 * The Concord of Worms is reached between Pope Callistus II and the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, Heinrich V. It is determined who has the right to invest clergy. [37] 1123 March 18 * First Latern Council (9th ecumenical council) opens in Rome. [1] 1124 February 8 * Stefanus of Thiers/Muret founder of order of Grammond/saint, dies. [1]

April 27 * Alexander I king of Scotland (1107-24), dies. [1] May 6 * Balak Emir of Aleppo, murdered. [1] December 13 * Callistus II [Guido di Borgogna] Italian Pope (1119-24), dies. [1] December 14 * Theobald Buccapecus elected Pope Coelestinus II (he refuses). [1] December 15 * Chancellor Haimeric selects pope (Lamberto becomes Honorius II). [1] 1125 May 23 * Death of Heinrich V, King of the Germans (1098) and Holy Roman Emperor (1111-1125). [1] [37] 1126 December 13 * Hendrik IX the Black, Duke of Bayern (1120-26), dies. [1] 1127 March 2 * Charles the Good, Count of Vlanderen, murdered. [1] 1128 February 12 * Toghtekin slave/atabek of Damascus, dies. [1]

1129 February 18 * Jerusalem taken by Emperor Frederik II. [1] 1130 January 7 * Baldricus Burgoliensis French historian/archbishop, dies at about age 83. [1] February 12 * Pope Innocent II elected. [1] February 13 * Gregorio de' Papareschi elected as Pope Innocent II. [1] * Honorius II [Lamberto], Pope (1124-30), dies. [1] February 14 * Jewish Cardinal Pietro Pierleone elected as anti-pope Anacletus II. [1] December 25 * Anti-pope Anacletus II crowns Roger II the Norman, king of Sicily. [1] 1131 March 1 * Stephen II King of Hungary (1116-31), dies. [1] 1133 March 25 * Birth of Henry II King of England (1154-89). [1] * William the Conqueror orders first Domesday Survey of England. [1]

1134 February 10 * Robert III/II Curthouse Duke of Normandy, dies. [1] March 28 * Stefanus Harding third abbott of Cteaux/saint, dies. [1] June 6 * Death of St. Norbert von Xanten (born about 1080 in Xanten (Germany); founded a religious order at Prmontr (modern France), founded abbeys in Westphalia, Archbishop of Magdeburg. [37] 1135 March 30 * Birth of Maimonides [Moses Ben Maimon] Crodoba Spain, philosopher/physician. [1] December 1 * Henry I Beauclerc king of England (first king that could read), dies. [1] December 22 * Norman nobles recognize Stefanus van Blois as English king. [1] 1136 November 15 * Death of St. Leopold III (born about 1073 in Melk, Austria); duke of Austria from 1095, founded three monasteries. [37] December 14 * Harald IV "Gylle Krist", king of Norway, murdered. [1] 1137 December 3

* Lotharius III of Supplinburg, Roman-German emperor (1133-37), dies at age 67. [1] December 4 * Lotharius III of Supplinburg emperor (1125, 33-37), dies at age 67. [1] 1138 January 25 * Anacletus II [Pietro Pierleone], Jewish anti-pope (1130-38), dies. [1] March 7 * Conrad II von Hohenstaufen re-elected German king. [1] March 13 * German king Koenraad II von Hohenstaufen crowned. [1] May 29 * Anti-Pope Victor IV (Gregorio) overthrows self for Innocentius II. [1] August 9 * In Aleppo, Syria, one of the world's most destructive earthquakes occurs, claiming 230,000 deaths. [53] 1139 January 25 * Godfried I with the Beard, duke of Brabant/Earl of Leuven, dies. [1] * Godfried II the Young becomes duke of Brabant. [1] April 20 * Second Lateran Council (10th ecumenical council) opens in Rome. [1] 1140

February 6 * Thurstan archbishop of York, dies. [1] 1141 February 2 * Battle at Lincoln King Stephen captured. [1] February 11 * Hugo of St-Victor philosopher/theologist/mystic, dies. [1] December 29 * Yue Fei Chinese general, executed. [1] 1142 April 21 * Pierre Ablard French philosopher (Sic et Non, Hlose), dies at age 62. [1] 1143 April 8 * John II Comnenus Emperor of Byzantium (1118-43), dies in an accident. [1] 1144 March 8 * Celestine II [Guido], Italian Pope (1143-44), dies in battle. [1] March 12 * Gherardo Caccianemici elected Pope Lucius II, succeeding Callistus II. [1] May 24 * Petronella wife of earl Floris II the Vette of Holland/regent, dies. [1]

1145 February 15 * Bernardo elected Pope Eugene III. [1] * Lucius II [Gherardo Caccianemici], Italian Pope (1144-45), dies. [1] April 22 * 19th recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. [1] 1147 March 26 * Jewish community in Cologne fast to commemorate anti-Jewish violence. [1] 1150 March 26 * Tichborne family of Hampshire England started tradition of giving a gallon of flour to each resident to keep deathbed promise. [1] 1151 September 7 * Geoffrey Plantagenet conquered Normandy, dies at age 38. [1] 1152 February 15 * Konrad III Roman-German King (1138-1152), dies at about age 58. [1] March 4 * Friedrich I (Barbarossa) is elected German King in Frankfurt. [1] [37] June 18

* Friedrich I (Barbarossa) is crowned Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire by Pope Adrian IV in Rome. [37] 1153 March 23 * Treaty of Konstanz between Frederik I "Barbarossa" and Pope Eugene III. [1] May 23 * David I, king of Scotland (1124-53), dies at about age 68. [1] May 24 * Malcolm IV becomes king of Scotland. [1] 1154 February 26 * Rogier II Guiscard King of Sicily (1101-54), dies at age 60. [1] April 23 * Damascus surrenders to sultan Nur ad-Din van Aleppo. [1] December 3 * Anastasius IV Pope (1153-54), dies. [1] December 19 * King Henry II of England crowned. [1] 1155 December 24 * Danish Prince Magnus Henriksson arranges the death of Swedish King Sverker, on the evening before Christmas. [7] 1156 January 30

* Herman van Horn bishop of Utrecht (1151/52-56), dies. [1] May 28 * Battle at Brindisi: King Willem of Sicily beats Byzantine fleet. [1] December 25 * Peter Venerabilis French theologist/9th abbot of Cluny, dies at about age 61. [1] 1157 September 8 * Birth of Richard I [Richard the Lion Hearted], King of England (1189-99). [1] 1158 January 11 * Vladislav II of Bohemia becomes king. [1] 1159 September 1 * Adrian IV only English pope (1154-59), dies (birth date unknown). [1] 1160 May 18 * King Erik of Sweden is killed by the Danish prince. [7] December 6 * Jean Bodels "Jeu de Saint Nicholas" premieres in Arras. [1] 1162 February 10

* Boudouin III son of King Fulco of Anjou/husband of Theodora, dies. [1] 1163 January 14 * Ladislaus I Arpad king of Hungary (1162-63), dies. [1] December 21 * Hurricane hits villages in Holland/Friesland, causing floods. [1] 1164 January 27 * Abraham ibn Ezra poet/philosopher, dies. [1] February 10 * Hugo van Fosses/Prmontr abbott of Prmontr, dies. [1] April 20 * Victor IV [Ottaviano Montecello] Italian antipope (1159-64), dies. [1] April 22 * Raynald of Dassel names Guido di Crema as anti-pope Paschalis III. [1] July 29 * King Olaf of Norway, dies. [1] 1165 May 16 * Ramjbam and his family reach Acre Palestine. [1] July 28 * Birth of Ibn al-'Arabi Muslim mystic/philosopher. [1]

August 21 * Birth of Philip II Augustus first great Capetian king of France (11791223). [1] December 9 * Malcom IV king of Scotland (1153-65), dies at age 24. [1] 1166 May 7 * Willem I the Bad, king of Sicily (1154-66). [1] 1167 January 12 * Aelred of Hexham/Rievaulx English abbot/saint, dies at about age 56. [1] February 27 * Robert of Melun English philosopher/bishop of Hereford, dies. [1] March 18 * Battle of El-Babein, Egypt: Franks under Amalrik versus Syrians. [1] May 29 * Lombard League defeat Frederick Barbarossa at Battle of Legnano. [1] December 1 * Northern Italian towns form Lombardi League. [1] December 24 * Birth of John "without a land" king of England (1199-1216). [1] 1169

March 23 * Shirkuh Kurd General/vizier of Cairo/Saladin's uncle, dies. [1] 1170 December 29 * Thomas Beckett archbishop, assassinated by four knights of King Henry II. [1] 1171 May 1 * Dermot MacMurrough last Irish king of Leinster, dies. [1] 1172 March 4 * Stephan III King of Hungary (1162-72), dies. [1] 1173 February 21 * Pope Alexander III canonizes Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury. [1] 1174 May 15 * Nur ad-Din Mahmud King of Syria, dies. [1] December 23 * Birth of Louis I Duke of Wittelsbach. [1] 1176 May 22 * Murder attempt by "Assassins" on Saladin near Aleppo. [1]

May 29 * Battle at Legnano: Lombardi League beats Frederik Barbarossa. [1] 1177 January 13 * Hendrik Jasomirgott Babenberg Duke of Austria, dies. [1] 1178 May 27 * Godfried van Rhenen bishop of Utrecht, dies. [1] June 18 * Proposed time of origin of lunar crater Giordano Bruno. [1] June 25 * Five Canterbury monks report something exploding on Moon. [1] 1179 March 5 * Third Lateran Council (11th ecumenical council) opens in Rome. [1] September 17 * Death of Hildegard von Bingen near Bingen; born in Bermersheim (Germany) near the Rhine; founded her own Benedictine convents near Bingen, and near Rdesheim, she was a natural scientist, healer, artist, poet and musician. [37] 1180 April 13 * Republic day of Gelnhausen. [1] September 24 * Manuel I Comnenus Byzantine emperor (1143-80), dies. [1]

1181 August 4 * Supernova seen in Cassiopia. [1] August 6 * Supernova observed by Chinese and Japanese astronomers. [1] September 26 * Saint Francis of Assisi is born (dies 1226). [5] 1182 December 4 * Henry Earl of Gelre/Zutphen (1141/79-82), dies. [1] 1185 April 24 * Antoku Taira emperor of Japan (1180-85), drowns. [1] * Battle at Danoura: Yoshitsune Minamoto's fleet beats imperial fleet. [1] April 25 * Sea battle at Dan-no-ura: Minamoto Yoritomo beats Taira-family. [1] December 6 * Afonso I the Conqueror, king of Portugal (1143-85), dies at age 76. [1] 1187 September 5 * Birth of Louis VIII [Coeur-de-Lion] king of France (1223-26). [1] October 2

* Sultan Saladin captures Jerusalem from the Crusaders. [1] December 17 * Gregory VIII [Alberto de Morra] Italian Pope (1187), dies. [1] 1188 March 24 * Birth of Ferrand of Portugal earl of Flanders/son of Sancho I. [1] 1189 January 21 * Philip II, Henry II and Richard Lion-Hearted initiate third Crusade. [1] February 4 * Gilbert of Sempringham English monastery founder/saint, dies. [1] February 6 * Riots of Lynn in Norfolk spread to Norwich England. [1] May 11 * Emperor Frederik I Barbarossa and 100,000 crusaders depart Regensburg. [1] July 6 * Henry II King of England (1154-89), dies at age 56. [1] September 3 * England's King Richard I (the Lion-Hearted) crowned in Westminster. [1] * Rabbi Jacob of Orleans killed in anti Jewish riot in London England. [1] 1190 March 16

* Jews of York England commit mass sucide rather than submit to baptism. [1] March 18 * Crusaders kill 57 Jews in Bury Street, Edmonds, England. [1] June 10 * Death of Friedrich I (Friedrich Barbarossa). [37] 1191 March 3 * Saladin [Salah ad-Din]) Yusuf sultan of Egypt/Syria, dies at age 52. [1] March 20 * Clement III [Paolo Scolari], Pope (1187-91, third crusades), dies. [1] April 14 * 85-year old Giacinto Bobo becomes Pope Coelestinus III. [1] 1192 December 20 * Richard the Lionhearted captured in Vienna. [1] 1194 February 4 * Richard I Lion Hearted pays Leopold O Fenrik VI's ransom of 100,000. [1] February 20 * Tancredo of Lecce King of Sicily, dies. [1] May 2

* Portsmouth, England, is granted a Royal Charter. [241.9] May 5 * Kazimierz II the Justified, grand duke of Poland (1177-94), dies. [1] December 26 * Birth of Frederick II Iesi Italy, German Emperor (1212-1250)/King of Sicily. [1] 1195 April 8 * Alexius III Angelus drives out brother Isak II as Byzantine emperor. [1] December 17 * Boudouin V count of Hainault/Flanders (Boudouin VIII), dies. [1] 1196 April 26 * Alfonso II King of Aragon (1162-96), dies. [1] April 30 * Boudouin II bishop of Utrecht (1178-96), dies. [1] December 6 * Northern Dutch coast flooded, "Saint-Nicolaas Flood". [1] 1197 December 4 * Crusaders wound Rabbi Elezar ben Judah. [1] 1198 January 8

* Coelestinus III [Giacinto Bobo], pope (1191-98), dies. [1] * Lotario di Segni elected Pope Innocentius III. [1] March 5 * The Teutonic Knights are established as a military order in a ceremony at Acre in Palestine. [37] May 31 * Moses ben Solomon Ha-Cohen rabbi of Mainz, dies. [1] December 10 * Averros ibn-Rusjd Moorish philosopher, dies. [1] December 26 * French bishop Odo van Sully condemns Zottenfeest. [1] 1199 February 13 * Stefanus Nemanja (Symeon) monk, dies. [1] February 19 * Pope Innocent III assigns the uniform of the white tunic with a black cross to the Teutonic Knights. [37] April 6 * Richard I the Lion-hearted, King of England (1189-99), dies at age 41. [1] 1200 January 19 * Birth of Dogen Kigen Japan, Zen teacher, first patriarch of the Japanese Soto. [1] May 22 * Peace of Goulet. [1]

October 28 * Birth of St. Ludwig IV von Thringen. [37] 1201 March 31 * Absalon Asserssn Danish archbishop of Lund/statesman, dies. [1] 1202 March 13 * Mieszko III the Elder, grand duke of Poland (1173-77, 1200-02), dies. [1] March 30 * Joachim Van Fiore Italian religious founder (Joachimism), dies. [1] April 28 * King Philip II throws out John without Country, from France. [1] 1204 February 1 * Alexius IV Angelus regent of Byzantium (1203-04), murdered. [1] April 1 * Eleanor of Aquitaine wife of Louis VII and Henry II, dies at age 81. [1] April 12 * 4th Crusade occupies and plunders Constantinople. [1] April 13 * Crusaders occupy Constantinople. [1] December 12

* Maimonides [Moses Ben Maimon] Jewish philosopher/talmudic scholar, dies in Cairo at age 69. [1] 1205 March 6 * Aken, [Philips van Zwaben], crowned Roman-Catholic German King. [1] April 1 * Amalrik II King of Cyprus/Jerusalem, dies. [1] April 15 * Battle at Adrianople Bulgaria beats Emperor Boudouin of Constantinople. [1] May 7 * Ladislaus III Arpad King of Hungary (1204-05), dies at age 5 or 6. [1] 1207 October 1 * Birth of Henry III king of England (1216-72). [1] 1208 January 15 * Peter of Castelnau French nobleman, murdered. [1] February 24 * Saint Francis of Assisi, 26, received his vocation in Portiuncula Italy. [1] 1209 March 12 * Djamal al-din Abu Mohammed Iljas Nizami Persian poet, dies. [1]

1210 October 3 * Hermann von Salza is elected Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights. [37] November 1 * King John of England begins imprisoning Jews. [1] 1211 February 12 * Birth of Henry VII Roman catholic German king (1220-35). [1] March 27 * Sancho I King of Portugal (1185-1211), dies at age 56. [1] 1212 June 25 * Simon de Montfort a leader of the crusades, dies at age 67. [1] July 16 * Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa; end of Muslim power in Spain. [1] December 5 * Derek II of Are Bishop of Utrecht (1197-1212), dies. [1] December 9 * Frederik II crowns himself Roman Catholic king. [1] 1213 February 22 * Wibert of Gembloers benediction/writer/abbot of Gembloers, dies. [1]

May 15 * English king John names Stephen Langton Archbishop of Canterbury. [1] December 17 * Jean de Matha French saint, dies at age 53. [1] 1214 January 8 * Earl Ferrand of Flanders drops ties with France. [1] April 25 * Birth of Louis IX king of France (1226-70). [1] April 30 * Huguccio/Hugo van Pisa Italian bishop, dies. [1] June 20 * University of Oxford in England receives its charter. [5] 1215 May 12 * English barons serve ultimatum on king John without Country. [1] June 15 * In Runnymede, England, King John affixes his royal seal to the Magna Carta. The document guarantees that the king would respect feudal rights and privileges, uphold the freedom of the church, and maintain the nation's laws. [1] [129] [241.9] November 11 * 4th Lateran Council (12th ecumenical council) opens in Rome. [1] 1216

May 21 * French crown prince Louis enters England. [1] June 16 * Innocent III pope, dies at age 54. [1] December 22 * Pope Honorius III delegates degree "Religiosam vitam eligentibus". [1] 1217 February 18 * Alexander Neckum de Sancto Albano English encyclopedist, dies at age 59. [1] 1218 May 1 * Birth of Rudolf I in Limburg-im-Breisgau (Germany); first King of the Germans from the Habsburg dynasty. [37] 1219 January 16 * Floods in Northern Netherlands after storm, 1,000s killed. [1] June 15 * King Valdemar brought victory for Denmark. [1] 1220 April 15 * Adolf I archbishop of Cologne, dies. [1] April 26

* German king Frederick II grants bishops sovereign rights. [1] May 30 * Birth of Alexander Nevski [Aleksandr] Russian great ruler (125263). [1] 1221 November 23 * Birth of Alfonso X (the Wise) king of Castile and Leon (1252). [1] 1222 February 4 * Willem I earl of Holland (1203-22), dies. [1] March 30 * Birth of Nichiren Japan, Buddhist priest/saint. [1] 1223 March 25 * Afonso II third King of Portugal (1211-23), dies at age 36. [1] December 25 * Saint Francis of Assisi assembles first Nativity scene (Greccio, Italy). [1] 1227 January 6 * Ferrand of Portugal freed from the Louvre. [1] March 18 * Honorius III [Cencio Savelli], Pope (1216-27), dies. [1] March 19

* Count Ugolino of Segna elected Pope Gregory IX. [1] August 18 * Genghis Khan Mongol conqueror, died. [1] September 11 * Death of St. Ludwig IV von Thringen, during the Crusades. [37] 1228 April 25 * Birth of Koenraad IV Roman Catholic German king (1237-54). [1] 1229 January 17 * Albert bishop of Riga/founder (Sword Knights), dies at about age 68. [1] March 18 * German emperor Frederick II crowns himself king of Jerusalem. [1] April 4 * Hugo van Pierrepont bishop of Liege, dies. [1] April 12 * Queen Blanche of Castili and earl Raymond VII van Toulouse sign peace. [1] 1230 December 15 * Ottokar I king of Bohemia (1197-1230), dies. [1] 1231 November 17

* Death of St. Elisabeth von Thringen (born 1207 in Hungary); devoted to caring for the sick, most notably lepers. [37] 1233 December 28 * The Charter of Culm is issued by the Teutonic Knights as a part of their efforts to colonize Prussia. The charter granted settlers civic freedoms including the right to elect local judges, the right to free travel, and the right to hereditary possession of land and buildings, guarantees against excessive taxation, and against quartering troops in private homes. [37] 1235 January 2 * Emperor Joseph II orders Jews of Galicia Austria to adopt family names. [1] 1236 January 14 * English king Henry III marries Eleonora of Provence. [1] * Sava [Rastko] son of Serbia's king/saint, dies at age 64. [1] December 23 * Philippus Cancellarius French theologist/poet (Summa Cum Laude), dies. [1] 1237 January 14 * Saint Sava son of Serbia's king, dies. [1] February 13 * Jordanus of Saxon second general of Dominicans, drowns. [1] March 23

* Jan of Brienne King of Jerusalem/Emperor of Constantinople, dies. [1] May 12 * The crusading order, "The Swordbrothers" is incorporated into the order, "The Teutonic Knights" by decree of Pope Gregory. [37] 1238 February 7 * Mongols attack and burn Vladimir in Russia. [118.44] March 4 * Some 200,000 Mongols defeat the Russian armies, killing Grand Prince Yuri II. [118.44] May 1 * Birth of Magnus VI Lagabuter King of Norway (1263-80). [1] 1239 March 20 * Death of Hermann von Salza in Salerno, Italy (born in Thringen, Germany, about 1170); Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights. [37] June 17 * Birth of Edward I king of England (1272-1307). [1] 1240 April 11 * Llywelyn ab Iorwerth the Great monarch of Wales (1194-1240), dies. [1] April 14 * Llywelyn ap Iorwerth Prince of Wales, dies. [1] December 6

* Mongols under Batu Khan occupy and destroy Kiev. [1] 1241 March 24 * Kaidu's Mongol army enters abandoned Cracow in Poland, burning the city. [118.45] April 9 * Battle of Liegnitz - Mongol armies under Kaidu Khan defeat Poles and Germans. Almost the entire European army perishes. Duke Henry II of Silesia is decapitated. [1] [118.45] April 11 * King Bla of Hungary, with 100,000 men, face the army of Mongol leader Batu Khan at the Sajo River. While the Hungarians engage at a stone bridge, the main force of Mongols attack from the south with 30,000 men. Hungarians retreat in a column from their beseiged camp, and are then attacked from both sides. 50-70,000 killed. [118.45] May 25 * First attack on Jewish community of Frankfort-on-the-Main Germany. [1] 1242 February 12 * Hendrik VII Roman Catholics German king (1220-35), commits suicide. [1] April 5 * Alexander Nevsky of Novgorod defeats Teutonic Knights. [1] * Battle on the More of Pskov Estonia. [1] 1243 October 15

* Death of St. Hedwig von Schliesen (born 1174 in Bavaria); she dedicated herself to the spread of Christianity, care for the poor and sick and the founding of womens' monasteries. [37] 1244 December 5 * Johanna of Constantinople countess of Flanders (1205-44), dies. [1] 1245 February 8 * Johannes de Rupella/de la Rochelle French theologist, dies. [1] May 1 * Birth of Philippe III Poissy Yvelines France, King of France (127085). [1] June 28 * First Council of Lyons (13th ecumenical council) opens. [1] 1247 February 16 * Hendrik Raspe [Papenking], count of Thringen, dies. [1] February 25 * Hendrik IV duke of Limburg/earl of Bergen (1226-47), dies. [1] 1248 February 1 * Hendrik II duke of Brabant (1235-48), dies. [1] May 15 * Archbishop Konrad von Hochstaden lays cornerstone for Kln (Cologne) cathedral. [1] [37]

August 14 * Construction is begun on the gothic cathedral in Cologne. [1] [37] 1249 December 25 * Peter Nolascus, Spanish monastery founder/Saint, dies. [1] 1250 April 7 * Death of St. Hermann Joseph von Steinfeld (born about 1150 in Cologne). [37] April 15 * Pope Innoncent III refuses Jews of Cordova Spain to build a synagogue. [1] May 2 * Toeransa sultan of Egypt, murdered. [1] December 13 * Frederick II German Emperor (1212-1250), dies at age 55. [1] 1252 March 25 * Birth of Konradijn Hohenstaufen [Koenrad van Zwaben], son of Konrad IV. [1] [37] April 6 * Peter of Verona [Peter Martyr] Italian inquisitor/st, dies at age 45. [1] May 30 * Ferdinand III the holy King of Castili/Len, dies. [1]

1253 April 22 * Elias van Cortona Italian General (1232-39), dies at about age 53. [1] April 28 * Utrecht destroyed by fire. [1] July 23 * Jews are expelled from Vienne France by order of Pope Innocent III. [1] October 9 * Grosseteste an English scholar, dies at age 78. [1] 1254 May 21 * Koenraad IV Roman Catholic-German king (1237-54), dies at age 26. [1] December 7 * Innocent IV [Sinibaldo dei Fieschi] Pope (1243-54), dies. [1] 1256 January 28 * Willem II Earl of Holland/German emperor (1238, 47-56), dies at age 22. [1] 1258 March 26 * Floris the Guardian, count-regent of Holland, dies. [1] April 5

* Julian of Cornillon/Liege Flemish visionary/saint, dies. [1] 1259 May 28 * Christoffel I King of Denmark, dies. [1] December 4 * Treaty of Paris: English king Henry III and French king Louis IX. [1] 1260 February 19 * Boniface of Lausanne, Belgian bishop/saint, dies. [1] March 1 * Hulagu Khan, grandson of Genghis, conquerors Damascus. [1] 1261 February 28 * Hendrik duke of Brabant (1248-61), dies. [1] May 25 * Alexander IV [Rinaldo dei conti di Segni] Pope (1254-61), dies. [1] 1262 January 28 * Flemish/Dutch coast ravaged by north western storm. [1] November 28 * Shinran founder of Japan's True Pure Land Buddhist sect, dies. [1] 1263 March 19

* Hugo of St-Cher/a S Caro French cardinal, dies. [1] August 19 * King James I or Argon censors Hebrew writings. [1] December 12 * Hakon IV Gamli, King of Norway (1217-63), dies. [1] 1264 May 12 * Battle of Lewes begins in England. [241.9] May 14 * Baron's War fought in England. [1] * Battle at Lewes: Simon van Leicester beats English king Henry III. [1] August 5 * Anti-Jewish riots break out in Arnstadt Germany. [1] October 2 * Pope Urban IV (1261-64), dies (birth date unknown). [1] October 3 * Comet said to predict the death of Pope Urban IV is last seen. [1] 1265 January 20 * First English Parliament called into session by Earl of Leicester. [1] January 23 * First English Parliament formally convened (some authorities). [1] May 9

* Birth of Dante Alighieri Italian poet (Divina Commedia). [1] August 4 * Simon de Montfort English baron, dies in battle. [1] 1266 February 26 * Battle of Benevento. [1] * Manfred bastard son of Emperor Frederik II/king of Sicily, dies. [1] 1267 February 9 * Synod of Breslau orders Jews of Silesia to wear special caps. [1] May 10 * Vienna's church orders all Jews to wear a distinctive garb. [1] September 1 * Ramban (Nachmanides) arrives in Jerusalem to establish Jew community. [1] 1268 October 29 * Death of Konradin (Konrad der jngere), beheaded in the marketplace in Naples, Italy (born in Wolfstein, Germany). [37] 1270 April 5 * Ramban Nachmanides Talmudic scholar (Hiddushei Ha-Ramden), dies. [1] August 25 * Louis IX of France dies while on his second crusade. [117.10]

October 30 * 8th and last crusade is launched. [1] 1271 January 10 * Otto II the Lame, Earl of Gelre, dies. [1] September 17 * Birth of Wenceslas II king of Bohemia and Poland (1278-1305). [1] 1272 March 14 * Re Enzo Italian poet/son of Emp Frederik II von Hohenstaufen, dies. [1] April 17 * Zita/Cita Italian maid/saint, dies at about age 59. [1] November 20 * Edward I proclaimed King of England. [1] 1273 October 24 * Rudolf I is crowned in Aachen as the German King. [37] 1274 March 7 * Thomas Aquinas, Italian thelogian, religious writer, influenced official policy of Catholic Church, dies at age 48. [1] [117.9] May 7 * Second Council of Lyons (14th ecumenical council) opens. [1]

July 11 * Birth of Robert the Bruce Scotland, King (1328-1329). [1] 1275 January 6 * Raymundus of Peafort Spanish church law scholar, dies. [1] March 4 * Chinese astronomers observe a total eclipse of the sun. [5] May 23 * King Edward I of England orders cessation of persecution of French Jews. [1] 1276 January 10 * Gregorius X [Tedaldo Visconti], pope, dies. [1] January 21 * Pierre de Tarantaise elected Pope Innocent V. [1] 1277 May 1 * Stefanus IV Uros I de Great King of Serbia (1243-76), dies. [1] May 20 * John XXI [Petrus Juliani/Hispanus] Port Pope (1276-77), dies. [1] 1278 May 10 * Jews of England imprisoned on charges of coining. [1] November 17

* 680 Jews arrested (293 hanged) in England for counterfeiting coins. [1] 1279 February 16 * Afonso III King of Portugal (1248-79), dies. [1] 1280 May 9 * Magnus VI Lagaboeter King of Norway (1263-80), dies at age 42. [1] November 15 * Death of Albertus Magnus (Albert von Bollstdt) in Cologne (born about 1200); German scholar. [1] [37] 1281 February 22 * Simon de Brion elected Pope Martinus IV. [1] May 27 * Flemish Earl Gwijde Dampierre takes financial responsibility of Brugge. [1] 1282 March 30 * Furious inhabitants of Palermo attack French occupation force. [1] December 11 * Llywelyn ab Gruffydd monarch of North Wales (1246-77), dies. [1] * Michael VIII Paleologus, Byzantine emperor (1259-82), dies. [1] 1283

April 1 * Birth of Ludwig IV of Baveria Roman Catholic Bavarian emperor (1314-47). [1] 1284 April 4 * Alfonso X "El Sabio" King of Castili/Len (1252-84), dies at age 62. [1] April 25 * Birth of Edward II king of England (1307-27). [1] June 26 * According to legend, the Pied Piper lures 130 children away from Hamelin. [5] 1285 January 7 * Charles I of Anjou king of Naples/brother of King Louis IX, dies at age 58. [1] March 28 * Martinus IV [Simon de Brion], Pope (1281-85), dies. [1] October 12 * 180 Jews refuse baptism in Munich Germany, they are set on fire. [1] December 6 * Birth of Ferdinand V king of Castile and Len. [1] 1287 April 3 * Honorius IV [Giacomo Savelli], Italian Pope (1285-87), dies. [1]

December 14 * Zuider Zee seawall collapses with loss of 50,000 lives. [1] 1288 February 22 * Girolamo Masci elected Pope Nicolas IV. [1] April 24 * Jews of Yroyes France are accused of ritual murder. [1] June 16 * A shareholders' company is formed to safeguard mining of the Falu Copper Mine in Sweden. (This is the earliest recorded reference to the Stora Kopparberg mine, and the first company in recorded history to issue public shares.) [7] 1289 October 4 * Birth of Louis X (the Stubborn) king of France (1314-16). [1] 1290 July 12 * Jews are expelled from England by order of King Edward I. [1] September 22 * Birth of Bilbo Baggins (in Shire Reconning). [1] September 27 * Earthquake in Gulf of Chili China, reportedly kills 100,000. [1] December 18 * Magnus I Laduls [Barn Bolt] king of Sweden (1277-90), dies. [1]

1291 February 8 * Birth of Afonso IV King of Portugal (1325-57). [1] March 5 * Sa'ad al'Da'ulah Jewish grand vizier of Persia, assassinated. [1] May 10 * Scottish nobles recognize authority of English king Edward I. [1] May 18 * Sultan of Egypt and his son take last Christian stronghold of Acre. [1] July 15 * Death of Rudolf I in Limburg-im-Breisgau, Germany; first King of the Germans from the Habsburg dynasty. [37] August 1 * Everlasting League forms, basis of Swiss Confederation (National Day). [1] 1292 April 4 * Nicholas IV [Girolamo Masci] Pope (1288-92), dies. [1] June 24 * Graf Adolf von Nassau is crowned German King at Aachen. [37] December 8 * John Peckham English archbishop of Canterbury, dies at age 62. [1] December 9 * Sa'di great Persian poet (Orchard, Rose Garden), dies. [1]

1293 May 20 * Earthquake strikes Kamakura Japan, 30,000 killed. [1] 1294 February 1 * Louis II the Stern, ruler of Upper-Bayern, dies. [1] May 3 * Jan I duke of Brabant/Limburg/poet, dies. [1] * John II becomes duke of Brabant/Limburg. [1] June 30 * Jews are expelled from Berne Switzerland. [1] December 10 * Pope Coelestinus V becomes Pope (until December 13th). [1] December 13 * Pope Coelestinus V ends term. [1] December 24 * Cardinal Benedetto Gaetani chosen as Pope Boniface VIII. [1] 1295 March 21 * Birth of Heinrich von Berg [Seuse] in Konstanz, Germany; mystic. [37] April 25 * Sancho IV the Brave, scholar/king of Castile/Len, dies. [1] 1296

January 9 * Earl Floris V signs accord with French king. [1] February 24 * Pope Boniface VIII degree Clericis Iaicos. [1] May 19 * Celestine V [Pietro del Murrone] Pope (1294), dies. [1] 1297 April 17 * Willem van Afflighem Flemish poet/abbot Saint Truiden, dies at about age 86. [1] 1298 March 14 * Petrus Johannis Olivi South France theologist, dies. [1] July 2 * Death of Graf Adolf von Nassau near Worms, Germany; King of the Germans until deposed by the Habsburg, Albert I. [37] July 22 * English defeat Scots at Battle of Falkirk. [1] July 23 * Jews are massacred at Wurzburg Germany. [1] October 19 * Rindfleish-140 Jews of Heilbron Germany are murdered. [1] 1299 November 19

* Death of St. Mechtilde von Hackeborn (born about 1241 near Halle (Germany)). [37] 1300 February 22 * Pope Boniface VIII delegates degree. [1] May 24 * King Philip IV occupies Flanders, Earl Gwijde captured. [1] 1301 January 14 * Andreas III Arpad king of Hungary (1290-1301), dies at age 50. [1] February 7 * Edward of Caernarion (later Edward II) becomes first prince of Wales. [1] December 5 * Pope Boniface VIII's degree Ausculta fili (only nominee). [1] 1302 January 27 * Dante becomes a Florentine political exile. [1] March 11 * Romeo and Juliet's wedding day, according to Shakespeare. [1] May 18 * Trades people assault on French garrison (Brugse Metten). [1] 1303 February 8

* Nanshu Zen teacher (Rinzai line)/founder (Zounan temple), dies. [1] May 4 * Flemings conquers Middelburg. [1] May 20 * Treaty of Paris restores Gascony to British in Hundred Years War. [1] 1304 February 24 * Birth of Muhammad ibn Battutah Arab travel writer (Travels in Asia and Africa). [1] July 20 * Birth of Francesco Petrarch Italy, poet (Italia Mia). [1] 1305 March 7 * Gwijde van Dampierre count of Flanders/count of Namur, dies at age 78. [1] 1306 March 25 * Robert the Bruce crowned king of Scotland. [1] 1307 January 13 * Arnoud van Foreest Dom deacon of Utrecht, dies. [1] January 18 * German king Albrecht I makes his son Rudolf king of Bohemia. [1]

November 18 * William Tell shoots apple off his son's head. [1] 1308 May 1 * Albrecht I van Habsburg German King (1298-1308), murdered. [1] November 8 * Death of Duns Scotus (original name: Johannes) in Cologne [Germany] (born in Scotland); Franciscan, controversial scholar, concluded that Mary had been born without sin. [1] [37] December 21 * Henry I the Child, first landgrave of Hessen (1256-1308), dies. [1] 1309 May 5 * Charles II the Lame, King of Naples (1285-1309), dies. [1] 1310 May 20 * Shoes were made for both right and left feet. [1] 1311 April 24 * General Malik Kafur returns to Delhi after campaign in South India. [1] October 16 * Council of Vienne (15th ecumenical council) opens. [1] 1312 April 3

* Second council of Vienna. [1] May 6 * Pope Clement V closes Council of Vienna. [1] 1313 February 15 * Peace of Angleur. [1] September 14 * Death of St. Notburga von Rattenberg (born about 1265); patroness of servants and peasants. [37] 1314 March 18 * Jacques De Molay the last grand master of Order of Knights, dies. [1] April 20 * Clement V [Bertrand Got] pope (1305-14) move papacy to Avignon, dies. [1] June 24 * Battle of Bannockburn: Robert the Bruce leads Scots to regain independence from England with victory at Bannockburn. [1] [118.9] 1315 February 13 * Jean I of Chalon-Arlay mayor of Neuchtel, dies. [1] November 15 * The Habsburgs, attempting to gain control of the Reuss Valley and the St. Gotthard Pass in Switzerland, are ambushed and defeated by Swiss peasant foot soldiers. [37]

December 9 * Swiss Woudsteden renews Eternal Covenant (Oath Society). [1] 1317 January 9 * Phillips V, the Tall, crowned king of France. [1] April 20 * Agnes van Montepulciano Italian mystic/saint, dies. [1] May 28 * Guy van Avesnes/Henegouwen bishop of Utrecht, dies at about age 63. [1] December 30 * Pontifical degree "Sancta Romania" against spiritualists. [1] 1319 May 8 * Haakon V King of Norway (1299-1319), dies. [1] 1320 January 20 * Duke Wladyslaw Lokietek becomes king of Poland. [1] 1321 September 13 * Dante Alighieri author of the Divine Comedy, dies. [1] 1322 January 3

* Philip V the Tall, King of France (1316-22), dies. [1] June 24 * Jews are expelled from France. [1] 1323 March 6 * Treaty of Paris. [1] 1324 January 8 * Marco Polo, Venetian explorer/Governor of Nanking, dies. [1] [5] January 21 * Zen Buddhist religious debate between Tendai and Shingon. [1] February 26 * Dino Compagni Italian silk seller/poet/chronicler, dies. [1] March 5 * Birth of David II Bruce king of Scotland (1331..71). [1] 1325 January 7 * Afonso IV succeeds Dionysius as king of Portugal. [1] * Dionysius the justified, King of Portugal (1279-1325), dies. [1] January 16 * Laure de Noves, beloved of Petrarch, marries Hugues de Sade. [1] 1326 March 5

* Birth of Louis I [the Great] King of Hungary (1342-82), Poland (1370-82). [1] December 8 * Daitokuji temple, Rinzai line, established in Kyoto by Daito Kokushi. [1] 1327 January 25 * King Edward III accedes to British throne. [1] April 6 * Italian poet Petrarch first sets eyes on his beloved Laura. [1] September 21 * Edward II king of England (1307-1327), dies at age 43. [1] 1328 January 24 * King Edward III of England marries Philippa of Henegouwen. [1] February 1 * Charles IV the Handsome, King of France (1322-28), dies. [1] April 30 * Meister Johann Eckhard German theologist/mystic, dies. [1] May 12 * Louis IV de Beier selects P Rainalducci as anti-Pope Nicolaas V. [1] May 26 * William of Ockham forced to flee from Avignon by Pope John XXII. [1] May 27

* French king Philip VI Valois crowned. [1] 1329 June 7 * Robert Bruce leader of the Scots, dies at age 53. [1] 1330 January 13 * Frederick (III) the Handsome, duke of Austrian/German anti-king, dies. [1] May 11 * Constantinople (Istanbul) becomes new capital by Roman Emperor Constantine for Eastern Roman Empire. [1] June 15 * Birth of Edward the black prince, prince of Wales (1343-1376). [1] 1332 February 13 * Andronicus II Paleologus Byzantine emperor (1282-1328)/monk, dies. [1] May 27 * Birth of Ibn Khaldun Tunis, Arab historian/sociologist (Muqaddimah). [1] August 12 * Battle of Dupplin Moor; Scottish dynastic battle. [1] 1333 March 2 * Wladyslaw IV the Short One/Great, duke/king of Poland, dies. [1]

1334 January 4 * Birth of Amadeus VI [Green Earl], Earl of Savoye. [1] December 4 * John XXII [Jacques Duze] Pope (316-34), dies. [1] 1336 January 8 * Giotto di Bondone Italian Renaissance painter, dies at about age 71. [1] January 22 * Louis III last Earl of Loon, dies. [1] January 24 * Alfonso IV the Benignant, king of Aragon (1327-36), dies at age 36. [1] March 12 * Birth of Eduard Duke of Gelre (1361-71) husband of Catharina of Bayern. [1] May 9 * Italian poet Francesco Petrarca climbs Mont Ventoux. [1] 1337 December 22 * Daito Kokushi leader of O-To-Kan Rinzai school in Japan, dies at age 54. [1] 1338 January 3

* Jacob of Arteveld elected mayor of Ghent. [1] January 21 * Birth of Charles V (the Wise) king of France (1364-80). [1] 1340 January 26 * English king Edward III proclaimed king of France. [1] March 31 * Ivan I Kalita grand-duke of Vladimir, dies. [1] 1341 April 8 * Francesco Petrarca crowned in Rome. [1] 1342 January 17 * Birth of Philip the Bold, duke of Burgundy. [1] April 25 * Benedict XII [Jacques Fournier] Pope (1334-42), dies. [1] May 3 * Count Hartmann II becomes ruler of Vaduz (Liechtenstein). [1] June 22 * Bilbo Baggins returns to his home at Bag End, (Shire Reconning). [1] 1343 January 16

* Robert of Anjou king (Naples), dies. [1] 1345 March 16 * Holy spirit glides above fire; "the miracle of Amsterdam" (legend). [1] March 20 * Saturn/Jupiter/Mars-conjunction; thought "cause of plague epidemic". [1] May 2 * "Quaden Maendach" in Gent: Battles between volders and weavers. [1] 1346 January 15 * Emperor Louis IV of Bavaria gives his wife Margaretha, Holland/Zealand. [1] April 13 * Pope Clemens VI declares German emperor Louis of Bavaria, envoy. [1] April 16 * King Stefanus IX of Serbia proclaims himself czar of Greece. [1] August 26 * English longbows defeat French in Battle of Crcy. [1] 1347 May 20 * Rienzo calls Rome for people's tribunal. [1] December 3

* Pope Clemens VI declares Roman tribunal Coke di Rienzo as heretics. [1] 1348 January 25 * In Austria - northern Italy, an Intensity X earthquake occurs, destroying Villach and claiming 5,000 deaths. [1] [53] April 6 * Petrarch's Laura dies of plague. [1] April 7 * Prague University, first university in central Europe, formed by Charles IV. [1] April 23 * First English order of knighthood founded (Order of the Garter). [1] September 21 * The Jews of Zrich, Switzerland are accused of poisoning the wells. [1] [37] 1349 January 5 * Margaretha of Bavaria names her son Willem V Earl of Holland/Zealand. [1] January 9 * 700 Jews of Basel Switzerland, burned alive in their houses. [1] January 30 * Gnther of Schwarzburg chosen German anti-king. [1] * Jews of Freilsburg Germany are massacred. [1] February 13

* Jews are expelled from Burgsordf Switzerland. [1] February 14 * 2,000 Jews burned at the stake in Strasbourg France. [1] February 16 * Jews are expelled from Burgsdorf Switzerland. [1] February 22 * Jews are expelled from Zurich Switzerland. [1] March 21 * 3,000 Jews killed in Black Death riots in Efurt Germany. [1] March 22 * Townspeople of Fulda Germany massacre Jews (blamed for black death). [1] April 30 * Jewish community at Radolszell Germany, exterminated. [1] May 28 * 60 Jews murdered in Breslau Silesia. [1] September 10 * Jews who survived a massacre in Constance Germany are burned to death. [1] September 29 * People of Krems Austria accuse Jews of poisoning the wells. [1] December 5 * 500 Jews are massacred at Nremberg in Black death riots. [1] 1350

March 12 * Orvieto city says it will behead and burn Jewish-Christian couples. [1] March 26 * Alfonso XI King of Castile and Len, dies. [1] 1351 March 20 * Mohammed ibn-Tughluq sultan of Delhi India, dies. [1] 1352 January 6 * French king Jean II introduces Order of the Star. [1] December 6 * Clement VI [Pierre Roger] Pope (1342-52), dies. [1] December 18 * Etienne Aubert elected as Pope Innocentius VI. [1] 1354 December 7 * Margaretha van Bavarian's son earl Willem V signs peace treaty. [1] 1355 April 22 * Eleonora Plantagenet daughter of King Edward II, dies at age 36. [1] May 7

* 1,200 Jews of Toledo Spain killed by Count Henry of Trastamara. [1] December 5 * Jan III duke of Brabant/Limburg, dies. [1] December 20 * Stefanus IX Uros IV Dusan king (1331-46)/Serbia (1346-55), dies. [1] 1356 January 10 * German emperor Charles I delegates Golden Degree. [1] January 20 * Scottish king Edward Baliol resigns. [1] January 23 * Margaretha of Bavaria Empress of Germany, dies. [1] September 19 * English defeat French at Battle of Poitiers. [1] 1357 January 4 * Flemish Earl Louis and Luxembourg Duke Wenceslaus sign peace treaty. [1] April 22 * Birth of Johan I King of Portugal (1383-1433). [1] May 28 * Afonso IV King of Portugal (1325-57), dies at age 66. [1] November 25

* Charles IV issues letter of protection of Jews of Strasbourg Alsace. [1] 1358 February 25 * Dalmati flees Venice. [1] May 28 * Daint-Leu at Oise begins French boer uprising. [1] 1360 March 15 * France invasion army lands on English south coast, conquers Winchel. [1] May 8 * Treaty of Brtigny signed by English and French. [1] July 25 * Jews are expelled from Breslau Silesia. [1] 1362 April 6 * Jacques de Bourbon count of Marche, killed in battle. [1] * Robber bastion Tard-Venus strikes at Brignais France. [1] April 10 * Machteld countess of Holland, dies. [1] 1364 April 8 * Jan II the Good, King of France (1350-64), dies at age 44. [1] April 24

* Pope Urbabus V names John V van Virneburg as bishop of Utrecht. [1] May 13 * Peter Coutherel banished from Leuven. [1] May 20 * Birth of Henry Percy [Harry Hotspur], British soldier/politican. [1] September 29 * Battle of Auray, English forces defeat French at Brittany. [1] 1365 March 12 * University of Vienna founded. [1] 1366 January 25 * Death of Heinrich Seuse (original name Heinrich von Berg) in Ulm [Germany]; outstanding mystic. [37] 1367 January 6 * Birth of Richard II Bordeaux, France, king of England (1377-99). [1] January 18 * Pedro I king of Portugal (1357-67), dies at age 46. [1] April 3 * Birth of Henry IV Bolingbroke Lincolnshire, King of England (13991413). [1] April 13

* Battle at Njera Spain Castili and England beat Aragn and France. [1] 1369 March 23 * Pedro the Cruel, King/tyrant of Castile and Leon, murdered. [1] 1370 February 17 * Battle at Rudau: Germany beats Lithuania. [1] April 22 * Bastille begins being built in Paris France. [1] May 22 * Jews are expelled/massacred from Brussels Belgium. [1] May 24 * Hanzesteden signs peace treaty with Danish king Waldemar IV. [1] December 19 * Urban V [Guillaume de Grimoard] first Avignon Pope (1362-70), dies. [1] 1371 January 22 * King Robert II Stuart of Scotland crowned. [1] February 22 * David II Bruce king of Scotland (1331-71), dies at age 46. [1] May 28 * Birth of John the Fearless Burgundy France, Duke of Burgundy/warrior. [1]

December 4 * Reinald III the Fat Duke, Duke of Gelre (1343-61), dies at age 38. [1] * Stefanus X Uros V King of Serbia (1355-71), dies. [1] 1373 June 13 * Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of Alliance (world's oldest) signed. [1] 1374 January 6 * Andreas Corsini Italian saint/bishop of Fiesole, dies. [1] July 18 * Francesco Petrarch Italian poet, dies at age 69. [1] December 1 * Magnus Eriksson king of Norway/Sweden, dies. [1] 1375 August 2 * First roller skating rink opens (London). [1] December 21 * Giovanni Boccaccio Italian poet (Vita di Dante, Decameron), dies. [1] 1376 April 3 * Battle of Navarrete (Najera), English beat France. [1] April 28

* English parliament demands supervision on royal outlay. [1] 1377 February 3 * Cardinal Robert of Geneva (anti-pope Clemens VII) starts term. [1] * Mass execution of population of Cesena Italy. [1] 1378 March 27 * Gregory XI [Pierre R the Beaufort], last French Pope (1370-78), dies. [1] April 8 * Bartolomeo Prignano elected as Pope Urban VI. [1] November 29 * Death of Karl IV (King Wenceslas) in Prague, Bohemia; German King, Holy Roman emperor, established the University of Prague. [37] December 31 * Birth of Callistus III [Alfonso the Borja] Pope (1455-58). [1] 1379 March 24 * End of Gelderse war victory. [1] 1380 February 11 * Birth of Gianfrancesco Poggio Bracciolini Italy, humanist. [1] March 18 * Birth of Liduina van Schiedam Dutch "Christ's bride"/saint. [1] September 8

* Russians defeat Tatars at Kulikovo, beginning decline of Tatars. [1] December 24 * John von Neumarkt German bishop/Chancellor Karel IV, dies. [1] 1381 January 13 * Birth of Saint Colette abbess/reformer (Poor Clares). [1] May 13 * John of Chatillon Governor/Viceroy of Holland, dies. [1] May 30 * English boer uprising begins in Essex. [1] June 15 * Wat Tyler leader of English Peasants' Revolt, beheaded in London. [1] * Wat Tyler, leader of English Peasants' Revolt, beheaded in London. [1] 1382 March 1 * French Maillotin uprises against taxes. [1] March 15 * Conservative "Popolo Grasso" regain power in Florence Italy. [1] May 3 * Battle on Beverhoutsfield near Brugge. [1] May 5 * Battle of Beverhoutsveld - population beats drunken army. [1]

May 12 * Johanna I Queen of Naples/Provence, dies. [1] December 31 * Daigaku Zen teacher/46th head of Engakuji, dies in Kamakura Japan. [1] 1383 March 1 * Amadeus VI (Green Earl), earl of Savoy, dies at age 49. [1] March 2 * Amadeus VI count of Savoy, dies. [1] December 7 * Wenceslaus duke of Brabant, dies. [1] 1384 January 30 * Louis van Male count of Flanders/Nevers/Rthel, dies. [1] December 31 * John Wycliffe English religious reformer/bible translator, dies. [1] 1385 April 12 * Willem van Oostervant weds Philip the Stout's daughter Margaretha (10). [1] May 18 * Peace of Doornik: Gent and Louis van Thoughts. [1] August 14

* Portuguese defeat Castilians at Aljubarrota, retain independence. [1] 1386 February 15 * Duke Philip the Stout forms Council of Flanders. [1] May 9 * Treaty of Windsor between Portugal-England. [1] 1387 January 1 * Birth of Charles The Angry One, king of Navarra (1349-87). [1] * Karel de Boze king of Navarra (1349-87), dies. [1] January 5 * Pedro IV king of Aragon/conqueror of Sicily, dies at age 67. [1] September 16 * Birth of Henry V king of England (1413-22). [1] 1388 April 9 * Battle of Nfels; Glarius Swiss defeat Habsburg (Austrian) army. [1] 1389 February 24 * Battle at Falkping: Danes defeat King Albert of Sweden. [1] March 31 * Everhard Tserclaes sheriff of Brussels, murdered. [1] June 15

* Battle of Kossovo; Turks defeat Serbs, Bosnians. [1] 1390 January 12 * Peter van Herenthals Dutch theologist/church historian, dies at age 67. [1] April 19 * Robert II King of Scotland, dies. [1] May 13 * Robert II the Steward King of Scotland (1371-90), dies. [1] 1391 February 16 * Johannes V Palaeologus Emperor of Byzantium (1341-91), dies. [1] March 15 * Jew hating Monk in Seville Spain stirs up people to attack Jews. [1] 1392 December 9 * Birth of Peter Prince/Regent of Portugal/writer (Virtuosa benfeitoria). [1] 1393 January 28 * Earl of Joigny burned at royal ball. [1] * Fire during Royal Ball at Paris, four die (Ball of the Ardents). [1] January 30 * Aimery Poitiers French nobleman, burned at royal ball. [1] * Yvain son of Earl of Foix, burned at royal ball. [1]

March 20 * Johannes Nepomucenus [Jan Nepomucky], Czechoslovakian saint, killed. [1] April 4 * Floris van Wevelinkhoven bishop of Utrecht, dies. [1] 1394 March 4 * Birth of Prince Henry the Navigator; sponsors Portuguese voyages of discovery. [1] [5] May 1 * Ekiho, exorcised the Zen temple and its surroundings from an old badger. [1] September 17 * Jews are expelled from France by order of King Charles VI. [1] November 3 * Jews are expelled from France by Charles VI. [1] 1396 April 30 * Crusaders and earl of Nevers depart from Dijon. [1] July 13 * Birth of Philip the Good Duke of Burgundy. [1] 1397 February 18 * Enguerrand VII French master of Coucy/count of Soissons, dies at age 56. [1]

June 17 * On Trinity Sunday in Midsummer in Kalmar, at a coronation ceremony, Erik of Pomerania is crowned King of Sweden, Denmark, and Norway. Members of the three kingdoms meet for four weeks to discuss future relations. [7] July 13 * Two documents are produced at Kalmar by members of the three Scandinavian kingdoms, one announcing the king's coronation, the other declaring a union of Norway, Denmark, and Sweden with a common king, but separate laws for each realm. [7] November 15 * Birth of Nicholas V pope (1447-55); ended schism, founded Vatican Library. [1] 1398 August 19 * Birth of Iigo Lpez Spain, marques de Santillana, poet (Comedieta de Ponza). [1] 1399 February 3 * John of Gaunt duke of Lancaster/king of Castile and Len, dies at age 58. [1] 1400 February 14 * Richard II British King (1377-99), murdered at age 33 at Pontefract Castle. [1] March 24 * Florens Radewijns Dutch priest/leader Modern Devotion, dies. [1] October 25

* Geofrey Chaucer author, dies in London. [1] December 22 * Birth of Luca della Robbia Italy, sculptor (Madonna of Rose Garden). [1] 1401 February 19 * William Sawtree first English religious martyr, burned in London. [1] 1402 June 20 * Battle of Angora (Ankara)-Tatars defeat Turkish Army. [1] 1403 January 11 * Birth of Jan IV Duke of Brabant/Limburg. [1] February 22 * Birth of Charles VII king of France (1422-61), drove out English. [1] March 8 * Bajezid I Jildirim fourth sultan of Turkey (1389-1403), dies at age 42. [1] 1404 February 9 * Birth of Constantine XI Dragases last Byzantine Emperor. [1] February 18 * Birth of Leon B Alberti Italian humanist/architect (Della Pittura). [1] April 27

* Philip the Stout, Duke of Burgundy, dies at age 62. [1] December 13 * Albrecht duke of Bavaria, dies at age 74. [1] December 16 * Albrecht of Bavaria duke of Bavaria, dies at about age 74. [1] 1405 February 14 * Timur/Tamerlan "Lenk" [Crippled], Mongols monarch, dies at about age 68. [1] March 6 * Birth of Johan II King of Castille. [1] 1406 January 13 * Birth of Matteo Palmieri Italian writer (Della vita civile). [1] April 4 * Robert III King of Scotland (1390-1406), dies. [1] December 18 * Anton van Bourgondies becomes duke of Brabant. [1] 1407 January 3 * Bloody battles between Hoeksen and Kabeljauwen in Dordrecht. [1] 1409 March 2

* Birth of John II French duke of Alenon/co-fighter of Jeanne d'arc. [1] March 3 * Austrian civil war ends. [1] March 25 * Council of Pisa opens. [1] 1410 April 27 * Birth of John Van Lannoy Flemish Governor of Holland/Zealand/West Frisia. [1] May 3 * Alexander V [Petros Philargi], Kreta's Pope (1409-10), dies. [1] May 18 * Ruprecht Roman catholics German king, dies. [1] July 15 * Poland and Lithuania defeat Teutonic Knights at Tannenberg. [1] 1412 October 28 * Queen Margaret of Sweden dies on a ship in Flensburg. [7] 1414 February 19 * Thomas Arundel archbishop of Canterbury/chancellor of England, dies. [1] November 5

* The Council of Constance opens in Constance (Konstanz), Germany, to deal with the situation of three elected popes. John XXIII is deposed, Gregory XII agrees to abdicate, and Benedict XIII is deposed. [1] [37] 1415 March 20 * Henry IV Bolingbroke King of England (1399-1413), dies at age 45. [1] April 15 * Manuel Chrysoloras Byzantine leader/diplomat (Erotmata), dies. [1] May 29 * Council of Konstanz. [1] July 6 * Jan Hus is burned for heresy in Constance, Germany. [1] [37] August 15 * English King Henry V lands on the Seine estuary near Harfleur, France, intending to take the port, then march upriver on Paris. [118.76] October 25 * At Agincourt, France, the English army of 900 men-at-arms and 5000 longbowmen battle the French army of 7000 mounted knights, 1500 dismounted men, and 3000 crossbowmen. French charge across the mud field, and the English archers shoot them. French lose 812,000, the English lose 200 dead. [1] [118.77] 1416 April 2 * Alfonso V succeeds his father as king of Aragn. [1] * Ferdinand I the Justified, king of Aragon/Sicily, dies at age 52. [1]

April 23 * Blaise/Blasius of Parma Italian astrologist/philosopher/algebra, dies. [1] May 7 * Monk Nicolaas Serrurier arrested because of heresy at Tournay. [1] May 30 * Jerome of Prague burned as a heretic by the Church. [1] 1417 April 4 * John van Touraine first husband of Jacoba of Bavaria, dies. [1] May 31 * Jacoba van Bavarian becomes countess of Holland/Zealand/Henegouwen. [1] December 1 * Walraven I van Brederode viceroy of Holland, dies. [1] December 14 * John Oldcastle Lord Cobham, English nobleman, hanged and burned. [1] 1418 March 8 * Jacoba van Bayern marries her cousin John IV van Brabant. [1] 1419 January 19 * French city of Rouen surrenders to Henry V in Hundred Years War. [1]

August 16 * Death of Wenceslas in Prague (born in Nrnberg, Germany); German King, King of Bohemia and King of the Romans. [37] September 10 * John the Fearless Burgundy France, warrior, murdered at age 48. [1] December 11 * Heretic Nicolaas Serrurier exiled from Florence. [1] December 22 * John XXIII [Baldassare Cossa] Italian Pope (1410-15), dies. [1] 1420 March 1 * Pope Martinus I calls for crusade against the hussieten. [1] April 21 * Treaty of Saint Maartens Dike. [1] May 21 * Treaty of Troyes-French King Charles VI gives France to English. [1] May 23 * Jews of Syria and Austria expelled. [1] 1421 March 21 * Battle of Beauge-French beat British. [1] April 17 * Dikes at Dort Holland breaks, 100,000 drown. [1]

May 11 * Jews are expelled from Styria Austria. [1] May 23 * Jews of Austria imprisoned and expelled. [1] May 26 * Mohammed I sultan of Turkey (1413-21), dies. [1] November 18 * Zuider Zee floods 72 villages, killing an estimated 10,000 in Netherlands. [1] December 6 * Birth of Henry VI king of England (1422-61, 1470-71). [1] 1422 March 30 * Ketsugan, Zen teacher, performs exorcisms to free aizoji temple. [1] August 13 * Birth of William Caxton first English printer (Histories of Troy). [1] 1423 May 23 * Benedict XIII [Pedro the Luna] Spanish Pope (1394-1423), dies. [1] July 3 * Birth of Louis XI king of France (1461-83). [1] 1424 December 6

* Don Alfonso V of Aragon grants Barcelona the right to exclude Jews. [1] 1425 January 5 * John of Bavaria/Bayern liege of Holland/Zealand/Dordrecht, poisoned. [1] January 6 * Jan of Bavaria liege of Holland/bishop/duke, dies. [1] December 9 * Pope Martinus V forms University of Leuven. [1] 1427 April 14 * John IV duke of Brabant, dies. [1] April 17 * Jan IV duke of Brabant/Limburg/wife of Jacoba van Bayern, dies. [1] May 10 * Jews are expelled from Berne Switzerland. [1] 1428 January 4 * Death of Friedrich I in Altenburg, Germany; Elector of Saxony in the Holy Roman Empire. [37] January 9 * Pope Martinus V declares Jacoba van Beierens marriage invalid. [1] February 5

* King Alfonso V, orders Sicily's Jews to attend conversion sermons. [1] December 22 * Birth of Richard Neville Warwick second earl of Salisbury. [1] 1429 January 10 * Order of the Golden Fleece established in Austria-Hungary and Spain. [1] April 27 * Joan of Arc and a small army set out for Orlans, besieged by the English since October 1428. [129] April 29 * As a French sortie distracts the English troops on the west side of Orlans, Joan of Arc enters unopposed by its eastern gate, bringing greatly needed supplies and reinforcements and inspiring the French to a passionate resistance. [1] [129] May 7 * English siege of Orlans broken by French. [1] [118.9] May 8 * English forces retreat from Orlans. [1] [129] July 16 * The French royal army reaches Reims, which opens its gates to Joan of Arc and the Dauphin. [129] July 17 * Charles VII is crowned king of France. [129] December 21 * Jacquemart de Blharies Tournay "heretic", burned to death. [1]

1430 January 1 * Jews of Sicily are no longer required to attend conversionist services. [1] January 10 * Duke Philip the Good marries Isabella of Portugal. [1] * Order of the Guilder forms. [1] May 5 * Jews are expelled from Speyer Germany. [1] May 23 * Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians at Compiegne, France. The Burgundians sell her to the English. [1] [129] [246.47] October 3 * Jews are expelled from Eger Bohemia. [1] 1431 January 1 * Birth of Alexander VI [Rodrigo Borgia] Spanish/Italian pope (14921503). [1] January 3 * Joan of Arc handed over to the bishop. [1] February 20 * Martinus V [Oddo Colonna], Italian Pope, dies. [1] February 21 * England begins trial against Joan of Arc. [1] March 3

* Bishop Gabriele Condulmer elected as Pope Eugene IV. [1] May 24 * Joan of Arc is sentenced to be executed for rejecting church authority. On hearing the verdict, Joan agrees to recant and is is instead condemned to perpetual imprisonment. (she changes her mind a few days later, and is again condemned to death.) [129] May 30 * At Rouen in English-controlled Normandy, Joan of Arc is burned at the stake for heresy, at age 19. [1] [5] [129] December 16 * King Henry VI of England crowned king of France. [1] 1432 January 15 * Birth of Afonso V "the African" king of Portugal (1438-1481). [1] March 30 * Birth of Mehmed II [Ftih] Sultan of Turkey (1451-81). [1] August 15 * Birth of Luigi Pulci Italy, poet (Morgante). [1] 1433 April 14 * Liduina van Schiedam Dutch mystic (Christ's Bride)/saint, dies at age 53. [1] 1434 March 1 * Jacoba of Bavaria marries Frank van Borselen. [1]

May 16 * Pieter Appelmans Flemish architect/master builder, dies at about age 60. [1] May 30 * Battle at Lipany. [1] * Prokopius Bohemian leader of taboriets, dies in battle. [1] 1435 February 2 * Johanna II lawless Queen of Naples (1414-35), dies at age 61. [1] 1437 December 9 * Death of Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor from 1433-1437, in Znojmo, Bohemia (born near Nrnberg); last emperor of the House of Luxembourg. [1] [37] December 27 * Albrecht II von Habsburg becomes king of Bohemia. [1] 1438 January 1 * Albrecht II von Habsburg becomes king of Hungary. [1] January 5 * Pope Eugenius IV deallocated council of Basel to Ferrara. [1] February 12 * Birth of Adolf van Egmond duke of Gelre/earl of Zutphen. [1] March 18 * Albrecht II von Habsburg becomes king of Germany. [1]

April 3 * Birth of John III van Egmont [Manke John], viceroy of Holland. [1] 1439 July 16 * Kissing is banned in England. [1] 1440 January 22 * Birth of Ivan III the Great, Russian czar (1462-1505)/conquered Lithuania. [1] February 13 * Birth of Hartmann Schedel German physician/humanist/historian. [1] February 22 * Birth of Ladislaus V Posthumus King of Hungary/Bohemia. [1] December 22 * Bluebeard pirate, executed. [1] 1441 February 9 * Birth of Ali Sjir Neva'i [Fani] Turkish poet/author (Mahbub al-kulub). [1] March 24 * Birth of Ernst I elector of Saxon (1464-86). [1] June 24 * Eton College founded by Henry VI. [1] [5] [241.9] 1442

April 20 * Birth of Edward IV King (England, 1461-83). [1] April 28 * Birth of Edward IV king of England (1461-70, 1471-83). [1] May 3 * Engelbert I Earl of Nassau-Dillenburg, dies. [1] 1443 May 9 * Niccol d'Albergati Italian cardinal, dies. [1] December 4 * Birth of Pope Julius II (1503-13), patron of Michelangelo, Bramante, Raphael. [1] 1444 February 17 * Birth of Rudolf Agricola [Roelof Huysman], Dutch humanist/organist. [1] April 7 * John Capreolus French theologist (Libri IV), dies at about age 50. [1] April 26 * Robert Campin South Netherlands painter/porter of Doornik, dies at about age 65. [1] May 17 * Birth of Sandro Botticelli Italian painter (Birth of Venus). [1] May 20

* Bernardinus van Siena Italian saint, dies at age 63. [1] 1446 April 16 * Filippo Brunelleschi architect, dies. [1] May 3 * Birth of Margaretha English princess/duchess of Bourgondie. [1] October 9 * Korean Hangual alphabet devised. [1] December 28 * Clemens VIII [Aegyd Muoz] Spanish anti-pope (1423-29), dies. [1] 1447 February 23 * Eugene IV [Gabriele Condulmer], Italian Pope (1431-47), dies. [1] March 6 * Tommaso Parentucelli succeeds Pope Eugene IV as Nicolas V. [1] May 1 * Louis VII Duke of Baveria (1413-43), dies. [1] 1448 January 6 * Christopher III king of Denmark/Norway/Sweden, dies. [1] December 5 * Bishop Jona of Moscow chosen as metropolitan of Kiev/Intoxication. [1]

December 20 * Pope Nicolaas V named Utrechts bishop Rudolf of Diepholt, cardinal. [1] 1449 January 1 * Birth of Lorenzo de' Medici [The Magnificent] of Florence. [1] January 11 * Birth of Domenico Ghirlandajo Italy, renaissance painter. [1] April 25 * Anti-pope Felix V resigns. [1] May 20 * Peter Prince/regent of Portugal/writer (Virtuosa Benfeitoria), dies. [1] October 27 * Ulugh Beg a USSR astronomer, dies at age 56. [1] 1450 April 15 * French defeat English at Battle of Formigny in 100 Years' War. [1] May 8 * Jack Cade's Rebellion-Kentishmen revolt against King Henry VI. [1] [241.9] July 12 * Jack Cade slain in a revolt against British King Henry VI. [1] October 5 * Jews are expelled from Lower Bavaria by order of Ludwig IX. [1]

1451 January 7 * Amadeus VIII last anti-pope Felix V (1439-49), dies at age 67. [1] January 14 * Birth of Franchinus Gaffurius composer. [1] February 3 * Murad II sultan of Turkey (1421-51), dies. [1] April 19 * Alam Shah of Delhi resigns throne. [1] April 22 * Birth of Isabella I of Castile, Queen of Spain (1479-1504), patron of Columbus. [1] May 17 * Birth of Engelbert II earl of Nassau-Dillenburg-Dietz/viceroy of Luxembourg. [1] September 21 * Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa orders Jews of Holland to wear a badge. [1] 1452 March 9 * Pope Nicolaas I crowns Frederik III Roman Catholic-German emperor. [1] March 10 * Birth of Ferdinand II the Catholic, King of Aragon/Sicily (expelled Jews). [1] March 19

* Frederick III of Hapsburg crowned Roman German Emperor. [1] September 30 * Johann Guttenberg prints his first book, the Bible, at his workshop in Mainz, Germany. [1] [37] 1453 January 6 * Emperor Frederik III becomes archduke of Austria. [1] April 21 * Turkish fleet sinks ships Golden Receiver in Constantinople. [1] May 29 * Constantine XI Dragases last Byzantine Emperor, dies at age 49. [1] * Constantinople falls to Muhammad II (Turks); ends Byzantine Empire. [1] * French banker Jacques Coeurs possessions confiscated. [1] December 24 * John Dunstable English composer, dies. [1] 1454 April 9 * Milan/Venice signs peace of Lodi. [1] August 22 * Jews are expelled from Brunn Moravia by order of King Ladislaus. [1] 1455 January 8

* Laurentius Justitianus [Lorenzo Giustiniani], saint, dies at age 73. [1] February 18 * Fra Angelico Italian monk/painter, dies. [1] March 24 * Nicholas V [Tommaso Parentucelli] Italian Pope (1447-55), dies at age 57. [1] * Rudolf van Diepholt bishop/cardinal of Utrecht (1448-55), dies. [1] April 8 * Alfonso de Borgia elected as Pope Callistus III. [1] May 3 * Jews flee Spain. [1] May 22 * Richard of York takes Saint Albans, kidnapping King Henry VI. [1] [241.9] December 1 * Lorenzo Ghiberti Italian sculptor, dies at age 77. [1] 1456 March 1 * Birth of Wladyslaw Jagiello king of Bohemia/Hungary (1471/901516). [1] March 30 * Prince Louis of Bourbon elected bishop of Liege. [1] April 7 * Louis van Burbon becomes prince-bishop of Luik. [1] May 1

* Hugues de Lannoy Flemish viceroy of Holland/Zealand, dies. [1] June 9 * 23rd recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. [1] August 24 * The printing of the Gutenberg Bible is completed. [5] December 5 * Earthquake strikes Naples; about 35,000 die. [1] 1457 July 2 * Kristian of Oldenburg, King of Norway and Denmark, is elected King of Sweden, after agreeing to limitations on royal prerogative. [7] August 14 * Oldest known exactly dated printed book (about three years after Gutenberg). [1] 1458 January 24 * Matthias I Corvinus chosen king of Hungary. [1] March 2 * Hussite George van Podiebrad chosen king of Bohemia. [1] March 25 * Inigo Lpez de Mendoza Spanish marquis of Santillana/poet, dies. [1] July 15 * Death of Bl. Bernhard von Baden (born near Baden-Baden, 1428); margrave (Markgraf) of Baden. [37]

1459 March 3 * Ausias March Catalan poet, dies. [1] May 2 * Pierozzi Antoninus Italian archbishop of Florence/saint, dies. [1] May 12 * Sun City India founded by Rao Jodhpur. [1] December 22 * Birth of Djem Sultan son of Turks sultan Mehmed II. [1] 1460 March 6 * Treaty of Alcacovas-Portugal gives Castile Canary Islands for West Africa. [1] April 4 * University of Basle in Swizerland forms. [1] April 8 * Birth of Ponce de Len San Tervas de Campos Spain, Spanish conqueror/explorer, searched for fountain of youth, found Florida. [1] May 9 * Court yard episcopal palace Atrecht has witch burnings. [1] * Jean Lavite Atrechts painter, dies. [1] November 13 * Henry the Navigator, prince of Portugal, dies at age 66. [1] [5] 1461

February 2 * Second battle of Saint Alban's-Lancastrians defeat Yorkists. [1] February 6 * Birth of Dzore Drzic Croatian poet. [1] March 4 * Battle at Towton: Duke Edward of York beats English queen Margaretha Edward IV recognized as king of England. [1] March 5 * Henry VI is deposed by Duke of York during War of the Roses. [1] March 29 * Battle near Towton Field, 33,000 die (War of the Roses). [1] July 22 * Charles VII king of France (1422-61), dies at age 58. [1] 1462 February 14 * Birth of Edzard I Cirksena the Great, earl of East-Friesia (14941528). [1] April 22 * Gilbert of Lannoy master of Villerval/Tronchiennes/Santes, dies. [1] June 27 * Birth of Louis XII (the Just) king of France (1498-1515). [1] 1463 January 5 * French poet Franois Villon banished from Paris. [1]

January 17 * Birth of Friedrich III (the Wise), Elector of Saxony in Torgau, Germany; protector of Martin Luther, patron of Albrecht Drer, and Luchas Cranach the Elder, founded the University of Wittenberg in 1502. [1] [37] February 24 * Birth of Giovanni Pico della Mirandola Italy, scholar/platonist. [1] December 2 * Albrecht VI archduke of Habsburg, dies. [1] December 3 * Louis Chalon prince of Orange, dies. [1] 1464 January 9 * First meeting of States-General of Netherlands. [1] April 23 * Birth of Johanna van Valois Queen of France. [1] * Birth of Robert Fayrfax composer. [1] August 11 * Death of Nikolaus von Kues, German scholar in many areas, priest/bishop/cardinal at age 63. [37] 1465 February 4 * Birth of French van Brederode leader of Hoeksen. [1] February 11 * Birth of Elizabeth of York London, Consort of King Henry VII. [1] December 22

* Peace of Saint Truiden: Louis van Bourbon becomes bishop of Luik. [1] 1466 February 14 * First recorded lottery to involve buying of tickets and distribution of prize money, held in Bruges, Belgium, run to raise money for the poor of the town. [80.230] March 8 * Francesco Sforza Italian condottiere/duke of Milan, dies at age 64. [1] March 21 * Birth of French van Brederode leader Hoeksen. [1] October 26 * Birth of Desiderius Erasmus Holland, scholar/author (In Praise of Folly). [1] October 30 * Death of Johann Fust, a financial backer of Johannes Gutenberg. [37] November 30 * Birth of Andrea Doria Genoese statesman/admiral. [1] 1467 January 1 * Birth of Sigismund I the old, king of Poland. [1] January 14 * Birth of Henry van Stolberg and Wernigerode German Governor/Viceroy of Frisia. [1]

January 30 * Battle at Velke Kostolany Hung king Mtys Corvinus beats Bratrci. [1] June 15 * Philip the Good Duke of Burgundy, dies at age 76. [1] 1468 February 3 * Death of Johannes Gutenberg in Mainz; invented printing in the Western World. The first printed bibles came from the press in the workshop of Johannes Gutenberg. [1] [37] February 29 * Birth of Paul III last Renaissance pope (1534-49). [1] March 28 * Birth of Charles I Duke of Savoy. [1] 1469 February 13 * Birth of Elijah Levita in Neustadt an der Aisch (Germany); scholar of the Hebrew language, dictionaries and grammars (died in 1549 in Venice, Italy). [37] April 15 * Birth of Nanak first guru of Sikhs. [1] May 3 * Birth of Niccolo Machiavelli in Florence, Italy; philosopher and writer (The Prince). [1] [129] May 19 * Birth of Giovanni della Robbia Italian sculptor. [1]

May 31 * Birth of Manuel I king of Portugal (1495-1521) during era of exploration. [1] October 19 * Ferdinand II of Aragon marries Isabella of Castile, paving the way to the unification of Aragon and Castile into a single country, Spain. [5] December 3 * Piero de' Medici ruler of Florence, dies at about age 53. [1] 1470 May 15 * King Karl Knutsson of Sweden dies. [7] May 20 * Birth of Pietro Bembo cardinal/theologian. [1] June 30 * Birth of Charles VIII king of France (1483-98), invaded Italy. [1] November 2 * Birth of King Edward V of England (1483); deposed, murdered? by Richard III. [1] 1471 March 12 * Dionysius the Carthusian/van Rijkel Dutch scholastic theologist, dies. [1] March 22 * George van Podiebrad king of Bohemia (1458-71), dies. [1] March 24

* Sir Thomas Malory author (Le Morte d'Arthur), dies at age 55. [1] April 11 * King Edward IV of England conquers London from Henry VI. [1] April 14 * Battle of Barnet-King Edward IV versus Earl of Warwick. [1] * Richard Neville Warwick second earl of Salisbury, dies at age 42. [1] May 1 * Thomas a Kempis spiritual writer (Navolging of Christ), dies at age 91. [1] May 4 * Battle of Tewkesbury - King Edward IV defeats ex-Queen Margaretha. [1] [241.9] May 20 * Henry VI king of England (1422-61, 1470-71)/France (1431-71), dies. [1] May 21 * Birth of Albrecht Drer in Nrnberg (Germany); court painter to the Holy Roman Emperors, Maximilian I and Charles V: The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, The Passion of Christ, Adam and Eve. [1] [37] * King Edwards IV enters London. [1] October 10 * The Battle of Brunkeberg takes place, north of Stockholm, between forces of Sten Sture and Ivar Axelsson on one side, and forces of the Union King Kristian, German soldiers, and many Swedish nobles on the other. The Sture forces command a decisive victory. Danish King Kristian is forced to sail back to Denmark, and make peace. [7] December 17 * Isabella of Portugal duchess of Burgundy, dies. [1]

1472 March 27 * Janus Pannonius Hungarian poet/translator, dies at age 37. [1] March 28 * Birth of Fra Bartolomeo monk, Florentine Renaissance painter. [1] April 6 * Pieter Bladelin Belgium, land owner (Middelburg castle), dies. [1] April 15 * Leon B Alberti Italian humanist/architect (Philodoxis), dies at age 68. [1] April 25 * Leon Battista degli Alberti scupltor/musician (Dinner Pieces), dies. [1] May 31 * Birth of Erardus van der Mark prince-bishop of Luik/cardinal. [1] 1473 January 24 * Conrad Paumann German blind organist/composer, dies. [1] February 19 * Birth of Nicolaus Copernicus in Torn, Poland (dies 1543); astronomer (heliocentrism). [1] [5] March 17 * Birth of James IV king of Scotland (1488-1513). [1] 1474 February 12

* Birth of Lorenzo Campeggi(o) archbishop of Bologna/diplomat. [1] March 21 * Birth of Angela Merici Italian monastery founder/saint. [1] March 30 * Duke Sigismund van Tirol ends contacts with Switzerland. [1] April 9 * Breisach land guardian Peter von Hagenbach throws out Walloon/Italians. [1] May 9 * Peter van Hagenbach Elzasser knight/land guardian, beheaded. [1] September 8 * Birth of Ludovico Ariosto Italy, poet (Orlando Furioso). [1] December 12 * Isabella crowns herself queen of Castile and Aragon. [1] 1475 March 6 * Birth of Michelangelo Buonarroti painter/sculptor/architect (David, Pita). [1] April 13 * Matteo Palmieri Italian writer (Citt di Vita), dies at age 69. [1] May 6 * Dieric Bouts Dutch painter, dies at about age 64. [1] December 11 * Birth of Leo X [Giovanni de' Medici] Italy, Pope (1513-21). [1]

1476 May 6 * Emperor Frederik III of Habsburg and duke Charles the Stout arrange marriage of their children. [1] July 6 * Regiomontanus [Johannes Mller of Knigsberg], dies. [1] [37] December 24 * 400 Burgundy soldiers freeze to death during siege of Nancy. [1] December 26 * Galeazzo Maria Sforza duke of Milan, murdered. [1] 1477 January 5 * Battle at Nancy, Burgundy versus Switzerland, 7000+ killed. [1] * Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy/writer, dies at age 43. [1] January 25 * Birth of Anna de Bretagne wife of Maximilian of Austria and Louis XII. [1] April 21 * Maximilian of Habsburg marries Maria of Bourgondi at proxy. [1] December 11 * Duchess Maria van Bourgondie ends Great Privilegie. [1] 1478 January 18 * Grand Duke Ivan II of Moscow occupies Novgorod. [1] February 7

* Birth of Sir Thomas More lawyer/lord chancellor of England/saint (Utopia). [1] February 18 * Duke of Clarence forced drowning in a wine barrel. [1] February 22 * Hendrik Herp (Herpius/Harphius) writer (Spieghel volcomenheit), dies. [1] April 26 * Easter is celebrated for the first time. [1] * Giuliano de' Medici Medeheerser of Florence, murdered at about age 24. [1] * Pazzi conspirators attack Lorenzo and kill Giuliano de'Medici. [1] May 26 * Birth of Clement VII [Giulio de' Medici], Italy, Pope (1523-34). [1] July 22 * Birth of Philip I (the Handsome) first Habsburg king of Spain (1506). [1] 1479 January 18 * Louis IX the Rich, duke of Bayern (University of Ingolstadt), dies at age 61. [1] January 19 * Johan II king of Aragn/Navarra, dies at age 81. [1] March 12 * Birth of Giuliano de' Medici monarch of Florence. [1] March 26

* Birth of Vasili III great prince of Moscow (1505-33)/son of Ivan III. [1] December 12 * Jews are expelled from Schlettstadt Alsace by Emperor Frederick III. [1] 1480 February 13 * Birth of Hieronymus Aleander [Girlamo Aleandro], Italian diplomat/cardinal. [1] April 18 * Birth of Lucretia Borgia murderess (poison)/daughter (Pope Alexander VI). [1] 1481 May 3 * Mohammed II [Ftih], sultan of Turkey (1451-81), dies. [1] May 21 * Christian I king of Denmark/Norway/Sweden, dies. [1] December 26 * Battle at Westbroek: Dutch army beats Utrecht. [1] 1482 February 10 * Luca della Robbia Italian sculptor (majolica reliefs), dies at age 81. [1] March 27 * Maria duchess of Burgundy/countess of Holland, dies at age 25. [1] April 25

* Margaret of Anjou Queen (Henry VI), dies. [1] May 15 * Paolo Toscanelli Italian physician and mapmaker, dies. [1] December 23 * Peace of Atrecht. [1] 1483 January 12 * Birth of Hendrik van Nassau-Dillenburg en Dietz Governor/Viceroy of Holland. [1] February 14 * Birth of Zahir al-Din Mohammed Babur Shah prince/founder Mogols-dynasty. [1] February 15 * Birth of Babur founder of Mughal dynasty in India (1526-30. [1] March 6 * Birth of Francesco Guicciardini Italy, attorney/president of Romagna. [1] March 18 * Birth of Raphael painter (Sistine Madonna). [1] March 28 * Birth of Raphael Urbino Italy, painter (School of Athens). [1] April 6 * Birth of Raphael [Raffaello Sanzio] Urbino Italy, painter/master builder (Madonna Sistina). [1] April 9

* Edward I (12) succeeds Edward IV as king of England. [1] * Edward IV King of England (1461-70, 71-83) dies at age 38. [1] June 26 * Richard III usurps English throne. [1] July 6 * England's King Richard III crowned. [1] August 30 * Louis XI king of France (1461-83), dies at age 60. [1] October 13 * Rabbi Issac Abarbanel starts his exegesis on the Bible. [1] December 3 * Birth of Nicolaus von Amsdorf; German reformation theologist. [1] [37] 1484 January 1 * Ulrich Zwingli is born in Wildhaus, Switzerland; influential church reformer in the development of Swiss Protestantism. [37] (1481 [1]) January 17 * Birth of Georg Spalatin (pseudonym of Georg Burkhardt) in Spalt, Germany (died 1545); close friend and collaborator of Martin Luther. [37] February 21 * Birth of Joachim I Nestor elector (Brandenburg, Constitution). [1] March 4 * Kazimierz the Saint, Polish ruler/saint, dies at age 25. [1]

March 29 * Birth of Johann Spangenberg composer. [1] April 23 * Birth of Julius Csar Scaliger Italy, scholar (On the Subtlety of Things). [1] December 28 * Birth of Joachim Vadianus [von Watt] Swiss physician/mayor of Sankt Gallen. [1] 1485 April 3 * Birth of Lieven van der Maude [Ammonius] South Netherlands poet. [1] August 22 * Richard III slain at Bosworth Field-last of Plantagenets. [1] December 16 * Birth of Catherine of Aragon Spanish princess/first wife of Henry VIII. [1] 1486 January 6 * Birth of Martin Agricola (pseudonym of Martin Sore) in Schwiebus; German music scholar and composer in Magdeburg. [1] [37] January 18 * King Henry VII of England marries Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV. [1] February 16 * Diet of Frankfort. [1]

March 11 * Albrecht III Achilles elector of Brandenburg, dies at age 71. [1] April 9 * The Habsburg, Maximilian I is crowned German king at Aachen. (He will later become the Holy Roman emperor.) [37] July 14 * Birth of Andrea del Sarto Italy, painter (Recollets). [1] 1487 January 30 * Bell chimes invented. [1] February 14 * Birth of Henry II of Bavaria bishop of Utrecht/Worms/Freising. [1] March 21 * Nicholas van Flu, Swiss saint/patron of Switzerland, dies. [1] [37] May 24 * Imposter Lambert Simnel ceremony crowned as King Edward VI of Dublin. [1] July 17 * Birth of Esma'il I shah who converted Iran from Sunni to Shi'ah. [1] September 10 * Birth of Julius III Counter-Reformation pope (1550-55). [1] 1488 January 6 * Birth of Helius Eobanus Hessus German poet (Silvae). [1]

January 13 * Hermann Vischer "the Old", buried. [1] February 3 * Bartholomeus Diaz discovers Mosselbaai (Angra dos Vaqueros). [1] February 5 * Roman catholic German emperor Maximilian I caught in Belgium. [1] April 21 * Birth of Ulrich von Hutten German poet/humanist/patriot. [1] May 2 * Jacob van Horne Burgundy statesman, dies. [1] June 11 * Battle of Sauchieburn, Scotland. [1] December 15 * Bartholomeus Diaz returns to Portugal after sailing round Cape of Good Hope. [1] 1489 April 6 * Hans Waldmann Swiss military/mayor (Zurich), beheaded. [1] July 2 * Birth of Thomas Cranmer England, archbishop/reformer/martyr. [1] December 4 * Battle of Baza-Spanish army captures Baza from the Moors. [1] 1490

January 23 * First printing of Ramban's Sha'ar ha-Gemul. [1] February 17 * Birth of Charles de Bourbon officer/governor (Lombardy). [1] March 14 * Charles I Duke of Savoy, dies at age 21. [1] March 23 * First dated edition of Maimonides "Mishna Torah" published. [1] April 6 * Matthias Corvinus king of Hungary, dies. [1] May 17 * Birth of Albrecht von Hohenzollern first duke of Prussia. [1] June 28 * Birth of Albert Margrave of Brandenburg, cardinal (attacked by Luther). [1] December 10 * Antoine Haneron Bourgundy diplomat, dies at about age 90. [1] December 14 * Anna van Bretagne marries a proxy Maximilian of Austria. [1] 1491 February 2 * Martin Schongauer German painter, dies at age 40. [1] June 28 * Birth of Henry VIII; King of England (1509-47). [1] [241.9]

December 3 * Thomas Basin French historian/bishop of Lisieux, dies. [1] December 6 * King Charles VIII of France marries Anna of Bretagne. [1] 1492 January 2 * Spain recaptures Granada from the Moors (Granada Day). [1] January 12 * Birth of Andrea Alicati Italian author. [1] January 23 * "Pentateuch" (Jewish holy book) first printed. [1] March 4 * Birth of Francesco de Layolle composer. [1] March 6 * Birth of Jean Luis Vives Spanish theory/humanist/reformer. [1] March 21 * Alonzo Pietro, pilot, sailed with Columbus. [1] March 30 * King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella sign decree expelling Jews from Spain. [1] March 31 * Queen Isabella of Castilia and Ferdinand of Aragon expels Jews. [1] April 8

* Lorenzo I de' Medici"il Magnifico" ruler of Florence (1469-92), dies. [1] April 9 * Lorenzo de' Medici Florentine statesman, dies. [1] April 17 * Christopher Columbus signs contract with Spain to find the Indies. [1] April 30 * Columbus is given royal commission to equip his fleet. [1] May 8 * Birth of Andreas Alciatus [Giovanni Andrea-Alciato], Italian lawyer. [1] May 15 * Cheese and Bread rebellion: German mercenaries kills 232 Alkmaarse. [1] August 2 * Jews are expelled from Spain by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella. [1] August 3 * Christopher Columbus sets sail from Palos de la Frontera, Spain for "Indies". [1] [5] September 25 * Crewman on the Pinta sights "land"-a few weeks early. [1] October 12 * Columbus arrives in the Bahamas; the real Columbus Day. [1] October 17

* Columbus sights isle of San Salvador (Watling Island, Bahamas). [1] October 28 * Christopher Columbus discovers Cuba. [1] November 5 * Christopher Columbus learns of maize (corn) from the Indians of Cuba. [1] November 7 * The Ensisheim Meteorite, the oldest meteorite with a known date of impact, strikes the earth around noon in a wheat field outside the village of Ensisheim, Alsace, France. [5] November 15 * Christopher Columbus notes first recorded reference to tobacco. [1] * In Spain, six Jews and five Conversos are accused of using black magic. [1] December 5 * Columbus discovers Hispaniola (El Espanola/Haiti). [1] December 6 * Haiti discovered by Columbus, at Mle Saint Nicolas. [1] December 25 * Columbus' ship Santa Maria docks at Dominican Republic. [1] December 26 * First Spanish settlement in New World founded, by Columbus. [1] December 31 * 100,000 Jews expelled from Sicily. [1] 1493

January 4 * Christopher Columbus leaves the New World, ending his first journey. [1] [5] January 9 * Italian explorer Christopher Columbus, sailing near the Dominican Republic, sees three "mermaids" - in reality manatees. [1] [129] January 12 * Last day for all Jews to leave Sicily. [1] January 16 * Columbus returns to Spain on his first trip. [1] January 19 * France cedes Roussillon and Cerdgne to Spain by treaty of Barcelona. [1] March 15 * Birth of Anne Pierre Adrien duke of Montmorency marshal of France. [1] * Christopher Columbus returns to Spain after first new world voyage. [1] March 18 * John of Lannoy Flemish Governor/viceroy of Netherlands/Zealand, dies at age 82. [1] April 15 * Columbus meets with King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella. [1] May 1 * Birth of Phillippus Paracelsus Switzerland, physician/alchemist. [1] May 4

* Spanish Pope Alexander VI divides non-Christian world between Spain and Portugal. [1] May 23 * King Charles VIII and Maximilian I of Austria signs Peace of Senlis. [1] August 19 * Frederick III Innsbruck Austria, German Emperor (1440-1493). [1] September 24 * Columbus' second expedition to the New World. [1] September 25 * Columbus sails on second voyage to America. [1] November 19 * Christopher Columbus discovers Puerto Rico, on his second voyage. [1] December 17 * Birth of Philippus A Paracelsus Swiss physician/alchemist (Liber paramixum). [1] 1494 January 1 * Juw Dekama elected potentate of Frisia. [1] January 25 * Alfonso II replaces his father as king of Naples. [1] * Ferdinand I cruel king of Naples, dies. [1] February 20 * Birth of Johan Friis chancellor (Denmark, helped establish Lutheranism). [1]

March 1 * Birth of Il Bacchiacca [Franceso Ubertini] Italian painter. [1] March 24 * Birth of Georgius Agricola Germany, mineralogist (De Re Metallica). [1] April 20 * Birth of John Agricola [Schneider] German theologist/prime minister. [1] May 3 * Jamaica discovered by Christopher Columbus; he names it "St Iago". [1] May 4 * Christopher Columbus lands in Jamaica. [1] May 5 * Christopher Columbus first sights Jamaica on his second voyage to the New World. [1] May 25 * Birth of Jacopo Pontormo II Italy, painter (Sepulture of Christ). [1] 1495 January 28 * Pope gives his son Cesare Borgia as hostage to Charles VIII of France. [1] February 10 * Sir William Stanley English lord chamberlain, executed for conspiracy. [1] February 22

* French King Charles VIII enters Naples to claim the crown. [1] February 25 * Djem Sultan son of Turkish sultan Mehmed II, dies at age 35. [1] March 6 * Birth of Luigi Alamanni Italian poet (Opere Toscane, La Coltivazione). [1] March 8 * Birth of Juan de Dios Portugal/Spain, saint/founder (Brothers of Mercy). [1] March 25 * Birth of Leonhard Paminger composer. [1] May 20 * French King Charles VIII leaves Naples. [1] May 31 * Emperor Maximilian, Pope Alexander VI, Milan, King Ferdinand, Isabella and Venice sign anti-French Saint League. [1] June 1 * First written record of Scotch Whiskey appears in Exchequer Rolls. [1] November 21 * Birth of John Bale England, bishop/anti-catholic playwright (Kynge Johan). [1] 1496 January 6 * Moorish fortress Alhambra, near Grenada, surrenders to the Christi. [1]

February 24 * England's Henry VII ends commercial dispute with Flanders. [1] March 5 * English King Henry VII hires John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto) to explore. [1] March 9 * Jews are expelled from Carintha Austria. [1] March 12 * Jews are expelled from Syria. [1] * Johannes de Lapide [Johan Heynlin], German philosopher, dies. [1] April 16 * David van Bourgondie Bishop of Utrecht (1456-96), dies at about age 69. [1] December 5 * Jews are expelled from Portugal by order of King Manuel I. [1] 1497 January 6 * Jews are expelled from Graz (Syria). [1] February 6 * John Ockeghem Flemish singer/composer, dies at age 79. [1] February 15 * Birth of Philipp Melanchthon Germany, Protestant reformer. [1] February 16 * Birth of Philipp Melanchthon Germany, Protestant reformer (Augsburgse Confessie). [1]

February 25 * Italians troops reconquer Taranto on France. [1] March 9 * Nicolaus Copernicus first recorded astronomical observation. [1] May 2 * John Cabot departs to North-America. [1] May 10 * Italian navigator Amerigo Vespucci leaves for first voyage to New World. [1] May 13 * Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola. [1] June 22 * Antitax insurrection in Cornwall suppressed at Blackheath. [1] June 24 * John Cabot claims eastern Canada for England. [1] November 18 * Bartolomeu Dias discovers Cape of Good Hope. [1] November 26 * King Hans of Denmark and Norway is acclaimed King of Sweden. [7] 1498 March 2 * Vasco da Gama's fleet visits Mozambique Island. [1] April 7

* Charles VIII King of France (1483-98), dies at age 27. [1] * Crowd storms Savonarola's convent San Marco Florence Italy. [1] April 8 * Charles VIII King of France (1483-98), beheaded at age 27. [1] May 20 * Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama arrives at Calcutta India. [1] May 23 * Girolamo Savonarola dictator of Florence (1494-98), tortured and executed in Florence at age 45. [1] May 30 * Columbus departs with six ships for third trip to America. [1] June 21 * Jews are expelled from Nurenberg Bavaria by Emperor Maximillian. [1] July 31 * Christopher Columbus discovers island of Trinidad. [1] August 7 * Columbus arrives in Caribbean. [1] September 16 * Tomas de Torquemada inquisitor who burned 10,000 people, dies. [1] December 19 * Birth of Andreas Osiander Germany, Protestant Reformation theologist. [1] 1499 January 8

* Louis XII of France after papal divorce marries Anne, Duchess of Brittany to keep the duchy for the crown. [1] January 9 * Johan Cicero elector of (Brandenburg, 1486-99), dies at age 43. [1] February 9 * France and Venice sign treaty against Milan. [1] March 31 * Birth of Pius IV [Gianangelo de' Medici], Italian lawyer/pope (155965). [1] April 29 * John IV Dutch army leader/earl of Egmond, dies. [1] 1500 January 5 * Duke Ludovico Sforza's troops reconquer Milan. [1] March 9 * Pedro Cabral departs with 13 ships to India. [1] April 8 * Battle at Novara; King Louis XII beats duke Ludovico Sforza. [1] April 10 * France captures duke Ludovico Sforza of Milan. [1] April 11 * Michael T Marullus Greeks poet, drowns. [1] April 22 * Pedro Alvarez Cabral discovers Brazil and claims it for Portugal. [1]

April 23 * Pedro lvarez Cabral lands and annexes Brazil (Terra da Vera Cruz). [1] May 29 * Bartholomeu Diaz de Narvaez (Novaez) Portuguese sea explorer, drowns. [1] 1501 January 3 * Ali Sjir Neva'i [Fani] Turkish poet/author, dies at age 59. [1] January 17 * Cesare Borgia returns in triumph to Rome from Romagna. [1] March 20 * Jean Carondelet lawyer/chancellor of Burgundy (1480-96), dies at age 72. [1] May 20 * Joao da Nova Castell discovers Ascension Islands. [1] May 22 * Robert Gaguin French writer/diplomat (Arte Metrificandi), dies at age 66. [1] July 27 * Copernicus formally installed as canon of Frauenberg Cathedral. [1] 1502 January 1 * Gregorius XIII [Ugo Buoncampagni], Italy, pope (1572-85), dies. [1] * Portuguese navigators discover Rio de Janeiro. [1] February 1

* Olivier de la Marche Flemish writer/poet/governor, dies. [1] February 12 * Granada Muslims forced to convert to Catholicism. [1] February 25 * Austrian emperor Maximilian I reformats government machine. [1] March 11 * Tebriz shah Ismail I of Persia crowned. [1] April 2 * Arthur English crown prince/husband of Catharina of Aragn, dies. [1] April 15 * Jan IV Chalon prince of Orange, dies. [1] May 9 * Christopher Columbus leaves Spain with four ships on his fourth (and final) trip to New World, to search for a sea passage to India. [1] [5] [66.11] May 21 * Portuguese Admiral Da Nova discovers Saint Helena. [1] December 23 * Margaretha English princess of Burgundy, dies at age 57. [1] December 31 * Cesare Borgia (son of pope Alexander VI) occupies Urbino. [1] 1503 January 20

* Casa Contratacion (Board of Trade) found (Spain) to deal with American affairs. [1] February 4 * Queen Elizabeth consort of Henry VII of England, dies. [1] February 11 * Elizabeth of York Consort of King Henry VII, dies on 38th birthday. [1] February 15 * Henry Deane Archbishop of Canterbury (1501-03), dies. [1] February 18 * Henry Tudor created Prince of Wales (later Henry VIII). [1] April 28 * Battle at Cerignalo Spanish army under G Crdoba beats France. [1] May 10 * Columbus discovers Cayman Islands. [1] August 18 * Death of Pope Alexander VI, born Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia. [66.8] December 27 * Battle at Garigliano - Spanish army under G Crdoba beats France. [1] December 29 * Battle at Carigliano: Spanish army beats France. [1] 1504 January 1

* King Louis XII loses last bulwark in Naples, Caeta. [1] January 31 * By treaty of Lyons, French cede Naples to Ferdinand of Aragon. [1] February 29 * Columbus uses a lunar eclipse to frighten hostile Jamaican Indians. [1] March 31 * France and Spain signs ceasefire. [1] April 1 * English guilds/corp goes under state control. [1] April 18 * Filippino Lippi painter, dies at about age 52. [1] April 23 * King Maximilian I routes troops to Bavaria. [1] May 5 * Anton of Burgundy the Great Bastard, knight, dies at about age 82. [1] May 31 * Engelbert II earl of Nassau-Dillenburg-Dietz, dies. [1] 1505 February 4 * Joan of Valois Queen of France/saint, dies at age 40. [1] April 20 * Jews are expelled from Orange Burgundy by Philibert of Luxembourg. [1]

December 18 * John IX van Horne prince-bishop of Lieges, executed. [1] 1506 April 18 * The cornerstone of St. Peter's Basilica is laid. [5] April 30 * Philip of Bourgondy and England sign trade agreement. [1] May 19 * Christopher Columbus selects his son Diego as sole heir. [1] May 20 * Christopher Columbus, explorer, dies in poverty in Spain at age 55. [1] [5] (May 6 [66.11]) May 29 * Earl Willem I van Nassau-Dillenburg weds countess Walburg van Egmont. [1] 1507 March 12 * Cesare Borgia cardinal/soldier/politician, killed in battle at age 31. [1] April 25 * Geographer Martin Waldseemuller first used name America. [1] 1508 February 4 * Death of Conradus Celtis, poet, in Vienna, Austria. [37] * Maximilian I assumes imperial title without being crowned. [1]

February 6 * Maximilian I crowned Holy Roman Emperor. [1] May 27 * Ludovico Sforza [il Moro] Italian duke of Milan, dies at age 55. [1] August 12 * Ponce de Len arrives in Puerto Rico. [1] December 10 * League of the kingdom signed (covenant against Venice). [1] 1509 March 18 * Emperor Maximilian I names Margaretha land guardians of Netherlands. [1] April 7 * France declares war on Venice. [1] April 16 * French army under Louis XII enters Alps. [1] April 21 * Henry VII first Tudor king of England (1485-1509), dies at age 52. [1] April 22 * Henry VIII ascends to throne to become King of England. [1] April 27 * Pope Julius II excommunicates Italian state of Venice. [1] May 14

* Battle of Agnadello, French beat Venitians in Northern Italy. [1] May 20 * Catharina Sforza Italian duchess of Forli, dies at age 45. [1] June 11 * Henry VIII weds Catherine of Aragon. [241.9] June 24 * Henry VIII crowned King of England. [1] 1510 January 22 * Jews are expelled from Colmar Germany. [1] February 13 * Charles of Gelre conquerors Oldenzaal. [1] February 24 * Pope Julius II excommunicates the republic of Venice. [1] March 1 * Francisco d'Almeida viceroy of India, dies in battle at about age 59. [1] March 25 * Georges d'amboise French archbishop of Narbonne/Rouen, dies at age 49. [1] May 25 * Georges d'Amboise French cardinal/viceroy in North Italy, dies at age 49. [1] July 19

* 38 Jews are burned at the stake in Berlin Prussia. [1] 1512 February 5 * French troops under Gaston de Foix rescues Bologna. [1] February 16 * Battle at Valeggio French troops beat Venetianen. [1] February 19 * French troops under Gaston de Foix occupy Brescia. [1] February 22 * Amerigo Vespucci, Italian explorer (America), dies at age 61. [1] [5] April 3 * Richard Pafraet Dutch printer, dies. [1] April 10 * Pope Julius II opens 5th Council of Lateranen. [1] April 11 * Battle at Ravenna France under Gaston de Foix beat Spanish Army. [1] * Gaston de Foix French pretender to Navarra throne, dies in battle. [1] May 3 * Pope Julius II opens 5th Council of Lateranen (18th ecumenical council) in Rome. [1] May 26 * Bajezid II Governor of Amasja/8th Sultan of Turkey, dies. [1] August 17

* French army burns Smolensk, Russia. [245.4] November 1 * The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome is exhibited to the public for the first time. The epic ceiling fresco was created by artist Michelangelo Buonarroti. [1] [129] 1513 January 20 * Christian II succeeds Johan I as Danish/Norwegian king. [1] February 8 * Alonso de Ojeda Spanish explorer (Curaao and Bonaire), dies. [1] February 21 * Julius II [Giuliano dellea Rovere], Roman Catholic Pope (1503-13), dies at age 69. [1] March 11 * Giovanni de' Medici chosen Pope Leo X. [1] March 27 * Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Len sights Florida. [1] April 2 * Explorer Juan Ponce de Len claims Florida for Spain. [1] September 9 * Battle of Flodden Fields; English defeat James IV of Scotland. [1] September 25 * Spanish explorer Vasco Nez de Balboa is the first European to reach what will be known as the Pacific Ocean. [1] [5] December 25

* Johannes Amerbach Swiss publisher/printer, dies at about age 70. [1] 1514 January 9 * Anna de Bretagne wife of Maximilian, dies at age 36. [1] January 10 * Complutensian New Testament in Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek and Latin finished. [1] April 26 * Copernicus makes his first observations of Saturn. [1] December 4 * Richard Hunne English "heretic", commits suicide(?). [1] 1515 January 1 * Franois, Duke of Angoulme succeeds Louis XII as Franois I of France. [1] * Jews are expelled from Laibach Austria. [1] * Louis XII Father of People, "the Justified" King of France (14981515), dies at age 52. [1] May 3 * Persian Gulf: Portugese fleet occupies Ormuz. [1] May 19 * George van Saksen-Meissen sells Friesland for 100,000 gold guilders to arch duke Charles. [1] December 1 * Gonzalo Fernndez de Crdoba [el Gran Capitn] Spanish general, dies at age 62. [1]

December 2 * Gonzalo de Crdoba Spanish general/strategist/viceroy of Naples, dies. [1] December 15 * Alfonso de Albuquerque viceroy of Portuguese Indies, dies. [1] December 24 * Thomas Wolsey appointed English Lord Chancellor. [1] 1516 January 23 * Ferdinand II king of Aragon/Sicily, dies at age 63. [1] March 13 * Vladislav II Jagiello king of Bohemia (1490-1516), dies at age 60. [1] March 17 * Giuliano de' Medici monarch of Florence, dies at age 37. [1] April 6 * A Willaert installed as singer of cardinal Ippolito I d'Este. [1] April 10 * First ghetto, Jews are compelled to live in specific area of Venice. [1] 1517 January 1 * Hermann Vischer the Younger, German bronze merchant, dies. [1] January 12

* Vasco Nez de Balboa Spanish conquistador/admiral, beheaded at age 41. [1] January 22 * Turks conquer Cairo. [1] March 16 * Pope Leo X signs 5th Council of Lateranen. [1] April 13 * Osmaanse army occupies Cairo. [1] * Tuman Bey last Mamelukken sultan of Egypt, hanged. [1] May 19 * Philip van Bourgondie installed as bishop of Utrecht. [1] June 11 * Sir Thomas Pert reached Hudson Bay. [1] October 31 * Priest and scholar Martin Luther nails a piece of paper to the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany. The paper contains 95 revolutionary opinions that begins the Protestant Reformation. [1] [129] 1518 April 27 * Treaty of Saint Truiden anti-French Trapdoors/Bourgondisch covenant. [1] 1519 January 4 * First Altenburger sermon (Luther and Karl von Miltitz). [1] January 12

* Death of Maximilian I in Wels, Austria; Archduke of Austria, German king, Holy Roman Emperor. [1] [37] March 13 * Cortez lands in Mxico. [1] May 2 * Leonardo Da Vinci artist/scientist, dies at age 67. [1] May 9 * Austrian adel/burgerij in uprising against central government. [1] August 10 * Magellan's five ship set sail to circumnavigate the Earth. [1] August 15 * Panama City founded. [1] September 20 * Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan with five ships and 270 men sets sail from Spain in an effort to find a western sea route to the rich Spice Islands of Indonesia. [1] [129] 1520 January 18 * Christian II of Denmark and Norway defeats the Swedes at Lake Asunde. [1] April 6 * Raphael [Sanzio] artist (Sistine Madonna), dies on his 37th birthday. [1] June 15 * Pope threatens to toss Luther out of Catholic Church. [1] September 22

* Selim I captured Baghdad, dies at age 53. [1] October 21 * Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan discovers the strait separating Tierra del Fuego and the continental mainland, near the tip of South America. [1] [129] November 8 * In Sweden, followers of Sten Sture are tried in an ecclesiastic court presided over by the Archbishop, in the presence of the King. All are found guilty of heresy. Bishop Mattias of Strngns is beheaded first, then Bishop Vincentius of Skara. A total of 82 men are put to death over three hours. This becomes known as the Stockholm Bloodbath. Orders are sent to Finland for execution of Hemming Gadh. Kristina Gyllerstierna and Anna Bielke are taken as prisoners to Denmark. [7] November 28 * After navigating through the South American strait, three ships under the command of Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan reach the Pacific Ocean, becoming the first Europeans to sail from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific. [1] [5] December 10 * Martin Luther publicly burns papal edict demanding he recant. [1] 1521 January 3 * Pope Leo X publishes his Papal Bull Decet Romanum pontificem, condemning Martin Luther and officially excommunicating the Augustinian monk for burning Leo's previous bull Exsurge Domine. [1] [37] March 6 * Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan complete crossing the Pacific Ocean (from the Latin word pacificus, meaning "tranquil") in 99 days, landing at the island of Guam. [1] [129] March 16

* Magelhaes' fleet discovers Zamal (Samar). [1] * Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan reaches Philippines. [1] March 17 * Magelhaes lands on Homohon. [1] March 31 * Magelhaes takes possession of Homohon, Archipelago of Saint Lazarus. [1] April 7 * Inquisitor-General Adrian Boeyens bans Lutheran books. [1] * Magelhaes' fleet reaches Cebu. [1] April 16 * Martin Luther arrives at Diet of Worms. [1] April 17 * Martin Luther is excommunicated from the Roman Catholic Church. [1] April 18 * Parliament of Worms Cardinal Alexander questions Martin Luther. [1] April 21 * Battle at Villalar Emperor Charles I beats Communards. [1] April 22 * French king Franois I declares war on Spain. [1] * Juan de Padilla Spanish nobleman/communero-rebel, beheaded. [1] April 27 * Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan is hit by a poisoned arrow while fighting in the Philippine islands, and dies. [1] [129]

April 28 * Treaty of Worms Emperor Charles names his brother Ferdinand Arch duke of Netherlands-Austria. [1] May 8 * Parliament of Worms installs edict against Marten Luther. [1] May 20 * Ignatius Loyola seriously wounded by a cannon ball. [1] May 26 * Edict of Worms outlaws Martin Luther and his followers. [1] May 28 * Pope Leo X signs treaty with German emperor Charles V. [1] * Willem van Croij duke of Soria, dies at about age 62. [1] August 13 * Spanish conquerors captured Mexico City from Aztecs. [1] December 1 * Leo X [Giovanni de' Medici] Italian Pope (1513-21), dies at age 45. [1] December 13 * Manoel I "the Great" King of Portugal (1495-1521), dies at age 52. [1] December 27 * "Zwickauer profeten" appear in Wittenberg. [1] 1522 January 9 * Adriaan F Boeyens of Utrecht elected only Dutch/last non-Italian pope (Adrian VI). [1]

January 21 * Head inquisitor Adrian Florisz Boeyens elected pope. [1] January 30 * Duke of Albany takes captured French back to Scotland. [1] February 7 * Treaty of Brussels Habsburgers split into Spanish/Austrian Branches. [1] March 9 * Marten Luther preaches his Invocavit. [1] April 27 * Battle at Bicacca Charles I and Pope Adrianus VI beat France. [1] April 29 * Emperor Charles V names Frans van Holly inquisitor-General of Netherlands. [1] May 25 * Emperor Karel I returns to Spain. [1] May 30 * French troops driven out of Genoa. [1] September 6 * Basque navigator Juan Sebastian de Elcano on the Vittoria arrives at the Spanish port of Sanlucar de Barrameda, becoming the first to circumnavigate the globe, having left September 20, 1519 with Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan. [1] [129] December 25 * Turkish troops occupy Rhodos. [1]

1523 January 29 * Sermon of Constanz: Zwingli defends 67 Schlussreden. [1] May 1 * Danish king Christian III arrives in Veere. [1] May 7 * Franz von Sickingen German knight/protect of poor, dies of wounds at age 42. [1] June 6 * Gustavus I becomes king of Sweden (Swedish National Day). [1] 1524 January 5 * Marko Marulic/Marulus/Splichanin/Pecinich Croatian poet, dies at age 73. [1] March 19 * Giovanni de Varrazano of France sights land around area of Carolinas. [1] April 7 * Philip of Burgundy bishop of Utrecht, dies. [1] April 17 * Giovanni Verrazano, a florentine navigator, discovers New York Bay. [1] April 19 * Pope Clemens VII fires Netherlands inquisitor-General French Van de Holly. [1] April 24

* Duke of Bourbon drives Admiral Bonnivet out of Milan. [1] May 20 * Duke of Albany leaves Scotland. [1] May 21 * Thomas Howard second duke of Norfolk general/premier, dies at about age 80. [1] September 1 * At the Malm Recess, peace between Sweden and Denmark is reached. Sweden surrenders rights to Gotland and Blekinge to Denmark, Denmark grants Sweden temporary possession of Viken (Bohusln). [7] December 10 * Henry van Zutphen Dutch Augustine/Lutheran minister, burned to death. [1] December 11 * Henry Van Zutphen Dutch protestant martyr, burned at stake. [1] December 12 * Pope Clement VII approves Organization of Jewish Community of Rome. [1] December 24 * Vasco da Gama Portuguese explorer/viceroy of Cochin India, dies at about age 55. [1] 1525 February 20 * Swiss and German mercenaries desert Franois I's army. [1] February 24

* Battle at Pavia: Emperor Karel V's troops beat French king, Franois I caught taken/8700 killed. [1] March 20 * Paris' parliament begins pursuit of Protestants. [1] April 3 * Giovanni Rucellai Italian poet (Le Api), dies at age 49. [1] May 5 * Frederik III the Wise, ruler of Saxon (1486-1525), dies at age 62. [1] May 10 * Church reformer John Pistorius caught in the Hague. [1] May 12 * Battle at Bblingen: Zwabische Union beats rebel Wrttembergse farmers. [1] May 15 * German boer army surrounded/slaughters 5,000; ends Boer war. [1] May 17 * Battle at Zabern: duke of Lutherans beats rebels. [1] May 27 * Thomas Mnzer German vicar/boer leader, executed. [1] December 30 * Jacob Fugger German banker/merchant, dies at age 66. [1] 1526 January 14

* Charles V and Francis I sign Treaty of Madrid; Francis I forced to give up claims in Burgundy, Italy and Flanders. [1] February 8 * Heavy storm strikes Dutch coast, many die. [1] February 27 * Saxony and Hesse form League of Gotha (league of Protestant princes). [1] March 10 * Emperor Charles V marries princess Isabella of Portugal. [1] March 17 * French king Franois I freed from Spain. [1] March 26 * King Franois I returns Spanish captivity to France. [1] April 21 * Battle at Panipat Mogol Emperor Babur beats sultan Ibrahim Lodi. [1] April 22 * First slave revolt occurs in South Carolina. [1] April 27 * Mogol King Babur beats sultan of Delhi. [1] May 2 * German evangelical monarchy joins Schmalkaldische League. [1] May 21 * Sermon of Bathe, Aargau: TC evangelical theology. [1] May 22

* Pope Clemens VII, France, Genoa, Venice, Florence and Milan form Anti-French League of Cognac. [1] August 4 * Juan Sebastin Cano Spanish explorer, dies. [1] August 29 * Hungary conquered by Turks in Battle of Mohcs. [1] November 9 * Jews are expelled from Pressburg Hungary by Maria of Hapsburg. [1] December 17 * Ferdinand of Austria chosen as King of Bohemia. [1] * Pope Clemens VII publishes degree Cum ad zero - forms Inquisition. [1] 1527 February 24 * Ferdinand of Austria crowned as king of Bohemia. [1] March 16 * Battle at Khanua: Mogol Emperor Babur beats Rajputen. [1] April 30 * England and France sign treaty of Westminster. [1] May 6 * Karel van Bourbon military governor (Lombardije), dies at age 37. [1] * Spanish and German Imperial troops sack Rome; ending the Renaissance. [1] May 16

* Florence becomes a republic. [1] May 17 * Pnfilo de Narvaz departs to explore Florida. [1] May 30 * University of Marburg (Germany) founded. [1] August 3 * The first known letter is sent from North America by John Rut while at St. John's, Newfoundland. [5] December 6 * Pope Clemens VII flees to Orvieto. [1] December 12 * Composer Adrian Willaert moves from Milan to Venice. [1] 1528 January 12 * Gustav Eriksson Vasa is formally crowned King of Sweden. [7] January 22 * England and France declare war on Emperor Charles V. [1] January 28 * Philips of Cleve ruler of Ravenstein, dies. [1] February 12 * Treaty of Dordrecht between emperor and ecclesiastical power. [1] February 14 * Edzard I the Great count of Austria-E Frisia (1494-1528), dies at age 66. [1]

February 24 * Jnos Zpolyai, Hungarian king, recognizes Sultan Suleiman's suzerainty. [1] February 29 * Patrick Hamilton Scottish protestant martyr, burned at stake. [1] March 5 * Utrecht Governor Maarten van Rossum plunders The Hague. [1] April 6 * Albrecht Drer German painter/graphic artist, dies in Nrnberg Germany at age 56. [1] May 1 * Pnfilo the Narvaz begins exploration to with 350 men to Florida. [1] 1529 January 7 * Peter Vischer the Old, German count of Sebaldus, dies. [1] April 16 * Louis de Berquin French humanist/reformer/heretic, burned at stake. [1] April 19 * Second Parliament of Spiers bans Lutheranism. [1] * John Cuspinianus [Spiessheimer] German physician, dies at about age 55. [1] April 22 * Treaty of Saragosa Spain and Portugal divide eastern hemisphere. [1] May 6

* Battle at Gogra: Mogol emperor Babur beats Afghans and Bengals. [1] May 27 * 30 Jews of Posing Hungary, charged with blood ritual, burned at stake. [1] 1530 February 24 * First imperial coronation by a Pope, Charles V crowned by Clement V. [1] March 7 * King Henry VIII's divorce request is denied by the Pope Henry then declares that he, not the Pope, is supreme head of England's church. [1] April 18 * Franois Lambert d'Avignon French church reformer, dies at about age 43. [1] April 24 * Jacopo Sannazaro Italian poet (De partu Virginis), dies. [1] November 29 * Cardinal Thomas Wolsey adviser to England's King Henry VIII, dies. [1] December 1 * Margaretha of Austria governess of the Netherlands, dies at age 51. [1] December 25 * Babur emperor of Delhi, dies. [1] December 26

* Zahir al-Din Mohammed Babur Shah founder Mogols-dynasty, dies at age 47. [1] 1531 January 5 * Pope Clemens VII forbids English king Henry VIII to re-marry. [1] January 16 * English Reformation parliament's second sitting. [1] January 22 * Andrea del Sarto Italian artist, dies at age 43. [1] January 26 * In Lisbon, Portugal, an Intensity X earthquake occurs, claiming 30,000 deaths. [1] [53] January 31 * Kings Ferdinand of Austria/Jnos Zpolyai of Hungary accept each other. [1] February 11 * Henry VIII recognized as supreme head of the Church in England. [1] February 26 * Earthquake in Lisbon Portugal, kills 20,000. [1] February 27 * Evangelical German monarchy/towns form Schmalkaldische Union. [1] March 20 * Sicke Freerks/Frericx [Cutter], Dutch anabaptist, beheaded. [1]

April 5 * Richard Roose boiled to death for trying to poison an archbishop. [1] May 31 * "Women's Revolt" in Amsterdam: wool house in churchyard aborted. [1] December 6 * John Volkertsz Trimaker Dutch anabaptist leader, beheaded. [1] 1532 March 18 * English parliament bans payments by English church to Rome. [1] April 26 * Sultan Suleiman through Hungary on away to Vienna. [1] May 16 * Sir Thomas More resigns as English Lord Chancellor. [1] [241.9] November 16 * Francisco Pizarro, the Spanish explorer and conquistador, springs a trap on the Incan emperor, Atahualpa. Pizarro's 200 men massacre five thousand Incans and capture Atahualpa. [1] [129] 1533 January 25 * England's King Henry VIII marries Anne Boleyn (approximate date). [1] March 30 * Henry VIII divorces his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. [1] * Thomas Cranmer becomes archbishop of Canterbury. [1]

April 10 * Frederik I King of Denmark/Norway (1523-33), dies at age 61. [1] May 23 * King Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon marriage declared null and void. [1] May 28 * England's archbishop voids King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn's marriage. [1] June 1 * Anne Boleyn crowned Queen of England. [241.9] July 11 * Pope Clement VII excommunicated England's King Henry VIII. [1] August 29 * Death of Atahualpa, captured king of the Inca Empire, executed by strangulation. [1] [129] December 3 * Vasili III great prince of Moscow (1505-33), dies at age 54. [1] 1534 January 24 * Franois I signs classified treaty with evangelical German monarchy. [1] February 26 * Pope Paul II affirms George van Egmond as bishop of Utrecht. [1] March 23 * Aragn legal. [1]

March 26 * Lbeck accept free Dutch ships into East Sea. [1] April 17 * Sir Thomas More confined in London Tower. [1] April 20 * Elizabeth Barton [Nun of Kent] British prophet, is executed. [1] May 10 * French navigator Jacques Cartier reaches Newfoundland. [1] May 12 * Wrttemberg becomes Lutheran. [1] May 28 * Dirk Martens Flemish printer/humanist, dies at about age 83. [1] June 9 * Jacques Cartier first sails into mouth of Saint Lawrence River. [1] December 4 * Turkish sultan Suleiman occupies Baghdad. [1] December 6 * Quito, Ecuador founded by Spanish. [1] 1535 January 6 * City of Lima Peru founded by Francisco Pizarro. [1] January 15 * Henry VIII declares himself head of English Church. [1]

January 18 * Francisco Pizarro founds Lima Peru. [1] February 10 * Twelve nude Anabaptists run through Amsterdam streets. [1] February 18 * Agrippa von Nettesheim German royal astrologer, dies at age 48. [1] * Cornelius Agrippa von Nettesheim physician/theologian, dies. [1] March 1 * Bernardo Accolti [Unico Aretino], Italian writer (Virginia), dies. [1] March 10 * Bishop Toms de Berlanga discovers Galpagos Islands. [1] March 28 * Bloemkamp Abbey (Oldeklooster) attacked and destroyed. [1] April 29 * John Houghton English, executed. [1] June 24 * Anabaptists Protestants conquerered and disbanded. [1] July 1 * Sir Thomas More goes on trial in England charged with treason. [1] July 6 * Sir Thomas More executed in England for treason. [1] August 15 * Asuncin, Paraguay founded. [1]

August 31 * Pope Paul II deposed and excommunicated King Henry VIII. [1] October 2 * Jacques Cartier discovers Mount Royal (Montreal, Quebec). [1] [5] 1536 January 6 * Baldassare Peruzzi Italian architect/painter, dies. [1] January 7 * Catherine of Aragon first wife of England's King Henry VIII, dies. [1] January 17 * Franois Rabelais absolved of apostasy by Pope Paul III. [1] February 2 * Pedro de Mendoza finds the Argentine city of Buenos Aires. [1] February 3 * Garca de Resende Port writer/publisher (Cancioneiro Geral), dies. [1] February 18 * France and Turkey sign military/trade agreement against King Karel. [1] March 16 * Ibrahim Pasha grand-visier of Osmaanse Rich, murdered at about age 45. [1] April 14 * English king Henry VIII expropriate minor monasteries. [1] May 2

* King Henry VIII accused Anna Boleyn of adultery and incest. [1] May 6 * King Henry VIII, orders bible be placed in every church. [1] May 15 * Anna Boleyn and Lord Rochford accused of adultery/incest. [1] May 17 * Anne Boleyn's four "lovers" executed. [1] May 19 * Anne Boleyn, Queen of England/wife of Henry VIII, beheaded. [1] [241.9] * Lord Rochford, English brother of Anna Boleyn, beheaded. [1] May 23 * Pope Paul III installs Portugese inquisition. [1] May 30 * English king Henry VIII marries Jane Seymour. [1] July 18 * Pope's authority declared void in England. [1] December 22 * English scholar Reginald Pole appointed cardinal. [1] 1537 January 7 * Alessandro de' Medici Italian monarch of Florence, assassinated. [1] January 12

* Lorenzo di Credi Italian painter, dies. [1] February 9 * Pope Paul III routes Cardinal Pole to England. [1] February 19 * Weavers of Leiden Netherlands strike. [1] March 17 * French troops invade Flanders. [1] April 8 * Willem Aerts Flemish architect, dies. [1] October 24 * Jane Seymour third wife of Henry VIII, dies. [1] 1538 January 27 * States of Gelderland accepts Willem van Kleef as viceroy. [1] February 12 * Albrecht Altdorfer German painter, dies at about age 57. [1] February 16 * Everhard/Erardus van de Mark prince-bishop of Liege, dies at age 65. [1] February 24 * King Ferdinand of Austria and King Jnos Zpolyai of Hungary sign Peace of Grosswardein. [1] February 26 * Worp van Thabor Frisian abbott of Thabor (Chronicon Frisiae), dies. [1]

March 21 * Hugo earl of Leisnig, Governor of Frisia, dies at about age 79. [1] April 9 * Danish king Christian III enters Schmalkaldische Union. [1] May 26 * Genve throws out Calvijn. [1] December 16 * King Franois I orders renewed pursuit of Protestants. [1] December 17 * Pope Paul III excommunicated England's King Henry VIII. [1] 1539 February 1 * Emperor Karel and King Franois I sign anti-English treaty. [1] February 15 * Emperor Charles receives Cardinal Pole in Toledo. [1] February 19 * Jews of Tyrnau Hungary (then Trnava Czechoslovakia), expelled. [1] April 19 * Charles, protestant German monarch, signs Treaty of Frankrfurt. [1] May 28 * Hernando de Soto lands in Florida. [1] May 30 * Spanish explorer Fernando de Soto discovers Florida. [1]

June 3 * Hernando De Soto claims Florida for Spain. [1] [5] December 29 * Saint Jacobs Church burns after being hit by lightning. [1] 1540 January 6 * King Henry VIII of England married his fourth wife, Anne of Cleves. [1] January 27 * Angela Merici Italian monk/monastery, dies. [1] February 2 * George Schenck van Toutenburg governor/viceroy of Frisia/Groningen. [1] February 14 * Emperor Charles V enters Ghent without resistance, executes rebels. [1] February 25 * Francisco Vsquez de Coronado searches for 7 cities of Cibola Mxico. [1] March 4 * Protestant count Philip of Hessen marries second wife. [1] March 19 * Court of Holland names Amsterdam sheriff John Hubrechtsz a "heretic". [1] April 29

* Emperor Charles V declares all privileges of Gent ended. [1] May 4 * Venice and Turkey sign Treaty of Constantinople. [1] May 6 * Jean Luis Vives Spanish theory/humanist/reformer, dies at age 48. [1] May 22 * Francesco Guicciardini Italian historian/President of Romagna, dies at age 57. [1] June 24 * Henry VIII divorces his fourth wife, Anne of Cleves. [1] July 9 * England's King Henry VIII six-month marriage to Anne of Cleves annulled. [1] July 28 * Thomas Cromwell King Henry VIII's chief minister, executed. [1] September 27 * Society of Jesus (Jesuits) founded by Ignatius Loyola. [1] 1541 January 6 * Bernard van Orley Flemish royal painter of Hungary, dies at about age 52. [1] February 24 * Santiago, Chile founded by Pedro de Valvidia. [1] April 4

* Ignatius of Loyola becomes first superior-General of the Jesuits. [1] April 25 * Liege flooded after heavy down pour. [1] May 8 * Hernando de Soto discovers Mississippi River. [1] May 27 * Margaretha duchess of Salisbury, beheaded. [1] September 15 * At Brmsebro, the Kings of Sweden and Denmark conclude a treaty of friendship and alliance between their countries. [7] December 24 * Andreas R Bodenstein von Carlstadt radical Lutheran, dies at about age 61. [1] December 29 * Isabella of Poland and King Ferdinand of Austria sign Treaty of Gyalu. [1] 1542 January 10 * Gerardus Noviomagus [Gerrit Geldenhauer], Dutch theologist, die at age 59. [1] January 21 * Parliament passes bill of attainder against Queen Katherine Howard. [1] February 1 * Hieronymus Aleander [Girlamo Aleandro], Italian diplomat, dies at age 61. [1]

February 13 * Catherine Howard queen of England/5th wife of Henry VIII, is beheaded. [1] May 21 * Hernando de Soto dies while searching for gold, near Mississippi River. [1] September 28 * Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo discovers California, at San Diego Bay. [1] October 7 * Explorer Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo discovers Santa Catalina Island off the California coast. [5] December 14 * James king of Scotland (1513-42), dies at age 30. [1] December 28 * Albert Pigge [Pighius] Dutch theologist/astronomer, dies at about age 52. [1] 1543 January 3 * Juan Cabrillo conqueror of Central America, discoverer of California, dies. [1] February 11 * Ahmed Gran sultan of Adal, dies in battle. [1] * Battle at Wayna Daga Ethiopian/Portugese troops beat Muslim army. [1] * Karel/Henry VIII sign anti-French covenant. [1] March 18 * Hernan de Soto observes first recorded flood in America (Mississippi River). [1]

May 24 * Nicolas Copernicus astronomer, dies in Poland. [1] July 12 * England's King Henry VIII weds Catherine Parr (6th and last wife). [1] 1544 January 30 * Adrian van Goes becomes land advocate of Holland. [1] April 14 * Battle at Carignano French troops under Earl d'Enghien beat Swiss. [1] May 1 * Turkish troops occupy Hungary. [1] May 17 * Scottish Earl Matthew van Lennox signs secret treaty with Henry VIII. [1] May 23 * German emperor Charles V recognizes king Christian III of Denmark. [1] May 29 * Jacobus Latomus [Jasques Masson] Belgian inquisitor, dies at about age 68. [1] 1545 February 13 * Willem of Nassau becomes prince of Orange. [1]

February 19 * Pierre Brully [Peter Brulius], calvinist minister, burned to death. [1] March 24 * German Parliament opens in Worms. [1] April 12 * French king Franois I orders protestants of Vaudois to be killed. [1] July 19 * English King Henry VIII's flagship Mary Rose sinks off Portsmouth harbor. [118.10] December 13 * Pope Paul III opens Council of Trente (19th ecumenical council). [1] 1546 February 18 * Martin Luther biblical scholar/religious reformer, dies at age 62. [1] March 10 * Thomas Elyot English diplomat (Boke named the Governor), dies at age 46. [1] March 26 * Thomas Elyot British diplomat, dies. [1] March 29 * Cardinal Beaton English archbishop of Saint Andrews, murdered. [1] 1547 January 13 * Earl Henry Howard of Surrey sentenced to death. [1]

January 16 * Ivan IV the Terrible (17) crowns himself first tsar of Russia. [1] January 19 * Henry Howard Earl of Surrey, army commander/poet, beheaded at age 29. [1] January 24 * Henry Howard Earl of Surrey, executed for treason. [1] January 25 * Lieven Algoet Flemish humanist, dies. [1] January 28 * 9-year-old Edward VI succeeds Henry VIII as king of England. [1] * Henry VIII King of England (1509-47), dies at age 55. [1] February 3 * Russian czar Ivan IV (17) marries Anastasia Romanova. [1] February 20 * King Edward VI of England is enthroned following death of Henry VIII. [1] March 30 * Franois I of Valois-Angoulme King of France (1515-47), dies at age 52. [1] March 31 * Henry II succeeds Franois I as king of France. [1] April 24 * Battle of Mhlberg Emperor Karel V versus ruler Johan F the Brave. [1]

May 16 * Protestant German monarch surrenders to Karel in Wittenberg. [1] May 19 * Monarch Johan Frederik surrenders to Karel. [1] September 2 * Hernan Cortes Spanish general defeated Aztec Indians. [1] 1548 January 23 * Bernardo Pisano composer, dies at age 57. [1] April 1 * Sigismund I the Elder, King of Poland, dies at age 81. [1] May 11 * Great fire in Brielle. [1] July 16 * La Paz, Bolivia is founded. [1] December 24 * Maximilian of Egmond Dutch count/stadholder of Frisia, dies. [1] 1549 January 19 * Barthout van Assendelft first land advocate of Holland, dies. [1] January 28 * Elia Levita German-Yiddish writer (Habachur), dies at about age 80. [1] February 10

* Tom de Sousa appointed Governor-General of Brazil. [1] March 20 * Thomas Seymour of Sudely English Lord Admiral, beheaded. [1] May 27 * Lijsbeth Dirksdr Fries antabaptist, drowns. [1] July 17 * Jews are expelled from Ghent Belgium. [1] 1550 January 10 * First sitting of "Vurige Chamber" in Paris. [1] February 2 * English Edward Seymour duke of Somerset, freed. [1] February 7 * Giovanni Maria del Monte elected Pope Julius III. [1] March 8 * Juan de Dios Port/Sp saint (Brothers of Mercy), dies at age 55. [1] March 24 * France and England sign Peace of Boulogne. [1] April 2 * Jews are expelled from Genoa Italy. [1] April 12 * Claude of Lorraine duke of Guise, dies at age 53. [1] April 28

* Powers of Dutch inquisition extends. [1] April 29 * Emperor Charles V gives inquisiters additional authority. [1] December 6 * Pieter Coecke van Aelst Flemish painter, dies at age 48. [1] 1551 March 9 * Emperor Karel appoints son Philip as heir to the throne. [1] April 6 * Joachim Vadianus Swiss physician/mayor of Sankt Gallen, dies at age 66. [1] April 11 * English premier John Dudley appointed duke of Northumberland. [1] April 20 * John Dudley becomes English Earl Marshal. [1] May 1 * Council of Trente resumes. [1] May 12 * San Marcos University in Lima Peru, opens. [1] May 31 * Aristotele "Basiano" da Sangallo Italian set designer, dies. [1] December 19 * Dutch west coast hit by hurricane. [1]

1552 January 3 * Henry II of Bavaria bishop of Utrecht (1524-29), dies at age 64. [1] January 11 * Johannes Cochlaeus [Dobeneck], German humanist/theologist, dies. [1] January 12 * Dutch west coast hit by heavy storm, 100s killed. [1] January 15 * France signs secret treaty with German Protestants. [1] January 22 * Edward Seymour Duke of Somerset, beheaded for treason. [1] January 23 * Second version of Book of Common Prayer becomes mandatory in England. [1] February 15 * Dutch coast hit by heavy storm. [1] February 24 * Privileges of the Hanseatic League in England are abrogated. [1] April 4 * Mauritius van Saksen begins alliance with Karel Anikita Stroganov. [1] April 10 * Henri II of France occupies Metz. [1]

April 14 * Laurentius Andreae [Lars Andersson] Swedish church reformer, dies. [1] April 18 * John Leland antiquary, dies. [1] * Mauritius of Saksen occupies Linz. [1] April 19 * Mauritius of Saksen captures Karel. [1] April 21 * Peter Apianus [Bennewitz/Bienewitz] German astronomer, dies at age 50. [1] 1553 February 4 * Caspar Othmayr composer, dies at age 37. [1] February 19 * Erasmus Reinhold German mathematician, dies at age 41. [1] April 9 * Franois Rabelais French author (Gargantua/Pantagruel), dies at age 49. [1] April 29 * Flemish woman introduces practice of starching linen into England. [1] May 5 * Erasmus Alberus German theologist (Barfsser Mnche), dies at about age 52. [1] May 21

* English Lady Jane Grey marries Guildford Dudley. [1] July 19 * 15-year-old Lady Jane Grey deposed as England's Queen after 9 days. [1] August 12 * Pope Julius III orders confiscation and burning of the Talmud. [1] September 4 * Cornelia da Nomatalcino monk converted to Judaism, burned at stake. [1] September 8 * City of Lichfield, England established. [1] October 21 * Volumes of the Talmud are burned. [1] October 27 * Michael Servetus Spanish physician burns at stake for heresy. [1] 1554 January 5 * Great fire in Eindhoven Netherlands. [1] January 25 * Sir Thomas Wyatt gathers an army in Kent, rebels against Queen Mary. [1] February 9 * Battle at London Sir Thomas Wyatt defeated. [1] February 11

* Lady Jane Grey deposed Queen of England, beheaded after 9 day rule at age 17. [1] February 12 * Lord Guildford Dudley Jane Grey's husband, beheaded. [1] February 21 * Hieronymus Bock German doctor (founder of modern botany), dies. [1] February 23 * Henry Grey Duke of Suffolk, Lady Jane Grey's father, executed. [1] March 3 * Johan Frederik de Greatmoedige ruler of Saxon (1532-47), dies at age 50. [1] 1555 February 9 * John Hooper deprived Bishop of Gloucester, burnt for heresy. [1] March 23 * Julius III [Giovanni M del Monte], Pope (1550-55), dies at age 67. [1] April 9 * Marcello Cervini elected Pope Marcellus II. [1] April 12 * Johanna de Wanzinnige Queen of Castilie (1504-20), dies at age 75. [1] April 17 * Siena surrenders for Spanish troops. [1] May 1

* Marcellus II [Marcello Cervini] Italian Pope (1555), dies at age 53. [1] May 23 * Giampietro Caraffa elected Pope Paul IV. [1] May 25 * Gemma Frisius Frisian geographer/astronomer, dies at age 46. [1] November 21 * Georgius Agricola mineralogist, dies in Germany at age 61. [1] 1556 January 16 * Emperor Karel appoints his son Philip II, king of Spain. [1] January 23 * In Shensi Province, China, a magnitude 8.0 earthquake occurs. Worst death toll in history: 830,000 deaths. [1] [53] January 27 * Willem of Orange becomes knight of Guilder Flies. [1] February 5 * Kings Henri I and Philip II sign Treaty of Vaucelles. [1] February 14 * Archbishop Thomas Cranmer declared a heretic. [1] March 19 * Lieven van der Maude [Ammonius], South Netherlands poet, dies at age 70. [1] March 21

* Thomas Cranmer archbishop of Canterbury, burned at stake at age 66. [1] March 22 * Cardinal Reginald Pole becomes archbishop of Canterbury. [1] March 28 * Karel V's son Philip II crowned king of Spain. [1] * Origin of Fasli Era (India). [1] April 13 * Portuguese Marranos who revert back to Judaism burned by order of Pope. [1] April 18 * Luigi Alamanni Italian poet (Flora, Antigone), dies at age 61. [1] July 31 * Saint Ignatius of Loyola founder of Society of Jesus, dies in Rome. [1] 1557 January 1 * Jacques Cartier French explorer (Canada), dies at age 65. [1] February 27 * First Russian Embassy opens in London. [1] April 9 * Michael Agricola Finnish theologist/church reformer/bishop, dies. [1] September 1 * Jacques Cartier French explorer, dies (birth date unknown). [1] December 3

* First Covenant of Scottish protestants form. [1] December 13 * Niccol Tartaglia Italian mathematician, dies. [1] 1558 January 7 * Calais, last English possession in France, retaken by French under Francois, Duke of Guise. [1] January 8 * French troops under duke de Guise occupy Calais. [1] January 9 * Geneva becomes independent from Berne canton, Switzerland. [1] January 11 * Westmunster Church in Middelburg destroyed by heavy storm. [1] February 3 * Alfonsus de Castro Spanish theologist (council of Trente), dies. [1] March 5 * Smoking tobacco introduced in Europe by Francisco Fernandes. [1] March 13 * Jean Fernel French physician/physiologist, dies. [1] March 14 * Ferdinand I appointed Holy Roman emperor. [1] March 24 * Anna van Buren countess of Egmond/Buren/Lingen, dies. [1]

April 4 * Czar Ivan IV gives parts of North-Russia to fur traders. [1] April 24 * Queen Mary Stuart of Scotland marries French crown prince Franois. [1] April 26 * Jean Franois Fernel French physician, dies. [1] November 12 * Rabbi Shalom Shakna ben Joseph founder of first Polish Yeshiva, dies. [1] November 17 * Queen Mary I, the monarch of England and Ireland, dies and is succeeded by her half-sister, Elizabeth. [1] [129] December 29 * Charles V, German emperor, buried. [1] * Hermann Finck composer, dies at age 31. [1] 1559 January 1 * Christian III king of Denmark/Norway (1534-59), dies. [1] January 13 * Elizabeth I crowned queen of England in Westminster Abbey. [1] January 29 * Sir Thomas Pope English politician, benefactor, dies at about age 52. [1] February 16

* Pope Paul IV calls for deposition of sovereigns supporting heresy. [1] March 14 * Jacques d'Auchy Walloon baptist merchant, executed. [1] * Storm floods ravage Gorinchem, Dordrecht and Woudrichem, Netherlands. [1] April 3 * Peace of Cateao Cambresis, ending French war with Holy Roman Empire. England loses its last possession in France, Calais. [1] [244.4] May 10 * Scottish Protestants under John Knox uprise against queen-mother Mary. [1] May 13 * Excavated corpse of heretic David Jorisz burned in Basel. [1] 1560 January 1 * Guillaume du Bellay Sieur de Langey, French soldier, dies. [1] January 3 * Peder Palladus Danish church reformer (Visitasbog), dies at about age 56. [1] January 28 * John a Lasco [John Laski], Polish nobleman/reformed theologist, dies. [1] January 31 * Spanish king Philip II marries Elisabeth van Valois. [1] March 7 * Christian fleet under Gian Andrea lands at Djerba, N Africa. [1]

March 13 * Spanish fleet occupies Djerba, at Tripoli. [1] March 15 * Failed assault on royal palace in Amboise France. [1] April 19 * Philipp Melanchton [Schwazerd] church reformer, dies at age 63. [1] August 21 * Tycho Brahe becomes interested in astronomy. [1] December 5 * Franois II King of France (1559-60), dies at age 16. [1] 1561 January 28 * By Edict of Orleans persecution of French Huguenots is suspended. [1] January 31 * Menno Simonsz Dutch priest/vicar (Foundation Book), dies. [1] February 22 * William of Orange appointed viceroy of Burgundy/Charolais. [1] March 5 * Carlo Caraffa Italian cardinal, dies at age 41. [1] December 21 * Archbishop Granvelle installed. [1] 1562

January 15 * Third sitting of Council of Trente opens. [1] January 17 * Edict of Saint Germain recognizes the Huguenots in France. [1] March 1 * Blood bath at Vassy; General de Guise allows 1200 huguenots murder. [1] March 9 * Kissing in public banned in Naples (punishable by death). [1] March 15 * General Franois de Guise enters Paris France. [1] April 30 * First French colonists in US Jean Ribaut and Hugenots at Parris Island North Carolina. [1] October 9 * Gabriel Fallopius Modena Italy, anatomist. [1] December 6 * Jan van Scorel Dutch painter/architect, dies. [1] December 17 * Adrian Willaert Flemish singer/bandmaster/composer, dies at about age 82. [1] December 19 * Battle at Dreux: Anne de Montmorency and huguenots under Cond captured. [1] 1563

February 2 * Hans Neusiedler Hungarian/German luitist/author, dies at approximately 54. [1] February 15 * Russian troops occupy Polotsk Lithuania. [1] February 18 * Huguenot Jean Poltrot de Mr shoots General Franois De Guise. [1] February 24 * Franois Guise French General/duke, assassinated at age 44. [1] February 27 * William Byrd is appointed organist at Lincoln Cathedral. [1] March 11 * League of High Nobles' second protest against King Philip II. [1] March 19 * Peace of Amboise; Rights for Huguenots. [1] April 30 * Jews are expelled from France by order of Charles VI. [1] December 4 * Council of Trent holds last session, after 18 years. [1] 1564 February 18 * Michelangelo Buonarroti Italian sculptor/painter/architect/poet (David), dies at age 88. [1]

February 21 * Philip II routes cardinal Granvelle to Franche-Comt. [1] February 26 * Christopher Marlowe, dramatist (Dr Faustus), baptized in Canterbury, England. [1] [66.36] March 13 * Cardinal Granvelle flees Brussels. [1] April 11 * England and France sign Peace of Troyes. [1] * Liege Prince-Bishop Robert van Bergen resigns. [1] April 26 * William Shakespeare baptized. [1] May 27 * Jean Caulvin [John Calvin] priest/church reformer, dies at age 54. [1] May 31 * Battle on Gotland: Lbeck and Denmark beat Sweden. [1] October 15 * Andreas Vesalius anatomist, dies at age 49. [1] December 31 * Willem van Orange demands freedom of conscience/religion. [1] 1565 January 25 * Battle at Talikota India Muslims destroy Vijayanagar's army. [1] January 27

* Robrecht de Berghes prince-bishop of Liege (1557-64), dies. [1] March 1 * Spanish occupier Estacio de S founds Rio de Janeiro. [1] March 17 * Alexander Alesius [Aless/Alane], theologist/physician, dies at age 64. [1] April 27 * First Spanish settlement in Philippines, Cebu City, forms. [1] May 14 * Nicolaus von Amsdorf German reform theologist, dies. [1] September 8 * First permanent settlement in US forms (Saint Augustine, Florida). [1] * Turkish siege of Malta broken by Maltese and Knights of Saint John. [1] September 20 * Spaniards capture Fort Caroline Fla and massacre the French. [1] October 22 * Jean Grolier de Servires French bibliophile, dies. [1] December 9 * Pius IV [Gianangelo de' Medici] Italian Pope (1559-65), dies at age 66. [1] December 13 * Konrad von Gesner naturalist, dies at age 49. [1] December 18

* Benedetto Varchi Italian humanist/historian (L'Ercolano), dies at age 62. [1] December 24 * Compromise of the Nobles closes against inquisition. [1] 1566 January 7 * Antonio Michaele Ghislieri is elected Pope Pius V. [1] * Ludovicus Blosius [Louis de Blois "Dacrianus"], wrtier, dies. [1] February 13 * Saint Augustine Florida founded. [1] March 9 * David Riccio Italian singer/secretary of Mary Stuart, murdered. [1] March 26 * Antonio de Cabezon composer, dies. [1] March 28 * Siegmund Freiherr von Herberstein Austrian diplomat, dies at age 79. [1] April 5 * 200 Brussel nobles offer Margaretha of Parma a petition. [1] April 25 * Diane de Poitiers lover of French King Henry II, dies. [1] May 10 * Leonhard Fuchs German botanist, dies at age 65. [1] July 2

* Nostradamus French astrologer/physician/prophet, dies in Salon. [1] December 1 * Spanish king Philip II names Fernando Alvarez, duke of Alva. [1] 1567 January 8 * Jacob Vaet Flemish composer/royal chaplain master, dies at about age 37. [1] February 10 * Henry Stuart earl of Darnley/Consort of Mary Queen of Scots, murdered. [1] March 11 * Geuzen army leaves Walcheren to return to Oosterweel. [1] March 13 * Battle at Oosterweel: Spanish troops destroy Geuzenleger. [1] March 31 * Philip the Generous, count of Hessen, dies at age 62. [1] April 11 * Dutch Prince William of Orange flees from Antwerp to Breda. [1] April 18 * Wilhelm von Grumbach German military man, dies at age 63. [1] April 19 * Michael Stifel German theologist/mathematician, dies at about age 79. [1] May 2

* Marin Drzic Croatian playwright (Dundo Maroje), dies. [1] May 3 * Leonhard Paminger composer, dies at age 72. [1] May 15 * Mary, Queen of Scots marries James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell. [1] May 31 * Preguin de la Grange French minister/martyr of Reform, dies. [1] June 15 * Jews are expelled from Genoa Italy. [1] June 16 * Mary Queen of Scots thrown into Lochleven Castle prison. [1] June 20 * Jews are expelled from Brazil by order of regent Don Henrique. [1] 1568 January 24 * Abdij Church in Middelburg destroyed by fire. [1] * In the Netherlands, Duke of Alva declares William of Orange an outlaw. [1] February 15 * Hendrik van Brederode Dutch noble (Compromise of Nobles), dies at age 36. [1] February 17 * Holy Roman Emperor agrees to pay annual tribute to Sultan for peace. [1] February 19

* Miles Coverdale translator (first complete English Bible), dies at age 80. [1] March 20 * Albrecht von Hohenzollern first duke of Prussia, dies at age 77. [1] March 23 * Treaty of Longjumeau: French huguenots go on strike. [1] May 13 * Mary Queen of Scots is defeated by English at battle of Langside. [1] May 16 * Mary Queen of Scotland flees to England. [1] May 19 * English queen Elizabeth I arrests Scottish queen Mary. [1] May 23 * Adolf van Nassau German son of Willem the Rich, dies in battle at age 27. [1] * Battle at Heiligerlee: Dutch rebels beat Spanish, 100s killed. [1] July 13 * Dean of Saint Paul's Cathedral perfects a way to bottle beer. [1] December 24 * Uprising of Morisco's in Granada. [1] December 26 * Uprising of Morisco's against suppression in Granada. [1] 1569 January 11

* The first British royal lottery draw begins, lasting until May 6, drawing every ticket with a name and a corresponding prize ticket. Tickets had been sold for two years, but only 1/12th of expected 400,000 tickets are sold. Top prize is 1/12 of 5000 pounds Sterling. [1] [187.123] January 20 * Miles Coverdale English bible translator Great bible, dies at age 80. [1] February 7 * King Philip II forms inquistion in South America. [1] February 20 * Mark van Vaernewijck Flemish nobleman/politician, dies at age 50. [1] March 13 * Battle of Jarnac, Count of Anjou defeats Huguenots. [1] * Louis Cond French prince/co-leader of Hugenot, dies in battle. [1] March 20 * Duke van Alva leads "tenth penning" in Ponts the C. [1] May 10 * Juan the Avila Spanish minister/writer. [1] May 27 * Franois de Coligny French general (Jarnac), dies. [1] December 15 * Westmoreland flees to Scotland. [1] December 23 * Saint Philip of Moscow martyred by Ivan the Terrible. [1] 1570

January 2 * Tsar Ivan the Terrible march to Novgorod begins. [1] January 3 * Bartholomeus Latomus [Steinmetz], Flemish archbishop of Trier, dies. [1] January 4 * Spanish viceroy Alva banishes Zutphen City's only physician, Joost Sweiter, "because he is a Jew". [1] January 9 * Tsar Ivan the terrible kills 1000-2000 residents of Novgorod. [1] January 23 * Earl of Moray, regent of Scotland, assassinated; civil war breaks out. [1] February 25 * Pius V excommunicates Elizabeth, absolves her subjects from allegiance. [1] February 28 * Anti-Portugese uprising on Ternate, Moluccas. [1] March 4 * King Philip II bans foreign Dutch students. [1] March 12 * Jacob van den Eynden Grand Pensionary of Holland, dies. [1] April 14 * Polish Calvinists/Lutherians/Hernhutters unify against Jesuits. [1] April 24

* Battles between Spanish troops and followers of sultan Suleiman. [1] May 10 * Czar Ivan IV becomes Protestant. [1] May 20 * Egidius Coppens publishes Abraham Ortelius' "Theatrum Orbis Terrarum", first modern atlas, with 70 maps. [1] [5] December 9 * Geuzen under Herman de Ruyter occupies Loevestein. [1] December 13 * Sweden and Denmark sign Peace of Stettin. [1] 1571 January 3 * Death of Joachim II Hektor at age 65; Elector of Brandenburg. [1] [37] January 11 * Emperor Maximilian II grants Austrian adel freedom of religion. [1] January 23 * Queen Elizabeth I opens Royal Exchange in London. [1] February 14 * Benvenuto Cellini Italian sculptor/metalsmith/author (Perseus), dies at age 70. [1] * Odet de Coligny Cardinal of Chtillon/count of Beauvais, dies at age 53. [1] March 19 * Spanish troops occupy Manila. [1]

March 25 * Catholic Italian businessman Roberto Ridolfi leaves Enngeland. [1] May 16 * Johannes Kepler, by his own calculations, is conceived at 4:37 AM. [1] May 19 * Miguel Lopez de Lagazpi founded Manilla in the Phillipines. [1] May 20 * Venice, Spain and Pope Pius form anti-Turkish Saint League. [1] October 7 * Turkish fleet defeated by Spanish and Italians in Battle of Lepanto. [1] 1572 February 5 * Beggars assault Oisterwijk Netherlands, drive nuns out. [1] March 12 * Lus Vaz de Camoes publishes "Os Lusados" in Portugal. [1] April 1 * Bloys van Treslong conquers Brielle. [1] April 21 * France and England sign anti-Spanish military covenant. [1] May 1 * Pius V [Antonio Ghislieri] great-inquisiteur/Pope (1566-72), dies. [1] May 4

* Veere sides with Geuzen. [1] May 15 * Louis van Nassau and huguenots occupy Valenciennes. [1] August 24 * Saint Bartholomew Massacre: King Charles IX orders massacre of 30,000 Huguenots. [1] [262.152] November 6 * Supernova is observed in the constellation known as Cassiopeia. [1] November 24 * John Knox Scottish preacher, dies. [1] December 10 * Cornelis Musius Dutch humanist/poet, murdered at age 72. [1] December 11 * Spanish troops begin siege of Haarlem. [1] December 13 * Spanish army beats Geuzen fleet under Admiral Lumey. [1] December 17 * Spanish army begins fires in Haarlem Netherlands. [1] December 30 * Galeazzo Alessi Italian architect (Palazza Marino, Milan), dies at age 60. [1] 1573 January 1

* Geuzen sets fire to Woudrichem. [1] February 11 * First European, Francis Drake sees the Pacific (from Panam). [1] February 28 * Jan "Hans" Liefrinck Flemish engraver/publisher, dies at about age 54. [1] March 7 * Turkey and Venice signs peace treaty. [1] March 13 * Michel de l'Hpital chancellor of France (1560-68), dies at about age 65. [1] March 14 * Claude II of Lotharingen, duke of Aumale/murdered Admiral Coligny, dies. [1] May 9 * Polish Parliament selects duke of Anjou as king. [1] November 7 * Solomon Luria (Maharshal) talmudic author (Yam Shel Shelomo), dies. [1] December 11 * Alardus/Eilard de Waterlant duke of Alva, hanged. [1] 1574 January 29 * Sea battle of Reimerswaal - Admiral Boisot beats Spanish fleet. [1] February 9

* Louis of Nassau ends siege of Maastricht. [1] February 18 * Zeeland falls to Dutch rebels. [1] February 19 * Spanish troops plunder Krommenie, Wormerveer and Jisp Netherlands. [1] February 21 * Spanish garrison of Middelburg Netherlands surrenders. [1] February 23 * France begins 5th Holy War against Huguenots. [1] March 5 * Philip of Saint-Aldegonde Flemish viceroy Holland/Zealand/Utrecht, dies. [1] April 1 * Origin of All Fool's Day as King Charles IX of France changes calendar to start January 1. [242.4] April 14 * * * * Battle of Mookerhei-D'Avila beats Louis of Nassau. [1] Christoffel Palts German General strategist, dies in battle. [1] Hendrik count of Nassau-Dillenburg, dies in battle. [1] Louis earl of Nassau-Dillenburg, dies in battle at age 35. [1]

April 17 * Joachim Camerarius [Liebhard Kammerer] German philologist, dies. [1] April 21 * Cosimo de Medici Italian duke of Toscane, dies at about age 54. [1] May 30

* Charles IX King of France (1560-74), dies. [1] * Henry III follows brother Charles IX as king of France. [1] * Sea battle at Lillo Belgium (Adolf Van Haemstede versus Louis de Boisot). [1] December 13 * Selm II Sari the blonde, sultan of Turkey (1566-74), dies at age 50. [1] 1575 January 22 * English queen Elizabeth I grants Thomas Tallis and William Byrd music press monopoly. [1] February 8 * University of Leiden Netherlands opens. [1] February 11 * King Frederick of Denmark offers island of Hveen to Tycho Brahe. [1] May 17 * Matthew Parker archbishop of Canterbury (1559-75), dies at age 68. [1] December 14 * Polish Parliament selects Istvn Bthory as king of Poland. [1] 1576 January 19 * Hans Sachs composer, dies at age 81. [1] February 3 * Henry of Navarre (future Henry IV) escapes from Paris. [1]

February 5 * Henry of Navarre abjures Catholicism at Tours. [1] March 5 * Don Lus de Requesens y Zuiga viceroy of Netherlands (1573-76), dies at age 70. [1] April 27 * Peace of Beaulieu and Paix de Monsieur. [1] May 14 * Dutch Council of State replaced by Council of Beroerten. [1] May 23 * Tycho Brahe given Hveen Island to build Uraniborg Observatory. [1] May 27 * Louis de Boisot Dutch Admiral, drowns at about age 44. [1] May 29 * Spanish army under Mondragn conquerors Zierik sea. [1] August 27 * Titan Italian artist, dies. [1] September 24 * Girolamo Cardano, Italian mathematician (explored probability theory of gambling), dies at age 74 (born 1501). [1] [187.75] November 4 * Spanish defeat Walloons and take Antwerp Belgium. [1] December 4 * Rheticus mathematician, dies. [1]

December 15 * Joachim Hopperus [Hoppers] Frisian lawyer/politician, dies at age 53. [1] 1577 February 6 * King Henri de Bourbon of Navarra becomes leader of Huguenots. [1] February 12 * Spanish land guardian Don Juan of Habsburg signs "Eternal Edict". [1] February 26 * Erik XIV Wasa King of Sweden (1560-69), dies at age 43. [1] May 8 * Viglius ab Aytta Zuichemus lawyer/President (Raad van State), dies. [1] December 13 * Sir Francis Drake sets sail from England to go around the world. [1] December 16 * Danzig surrenders to troops of Polish king Istvn Bthory. [1] December 18 * Anna duchess of Saxon/wife of prince Willem of Orange, dies at age 32. [1] 1578 January 31 * Battle of Gembloers. [1] February 5

* Giovanni B Moroni Italian portrait painter, dies. [1] March 10 * Queen Elizabeth I gives Johan Casimir 20,000 to aid Dutch rebellion. [1] March 31 * Juan de Escobedo Secretary of Spanish land guardian Don Juan, murdered. [1] April 1 * William Harvey of England discovers blood circulation. [1] August 4 * Battle of Alcazarquivir, Morrocans defeat Portugeese. [1] 1579 January 6 * Artois/Hainault/Dowaai sign pro-Spanish Union of Arras. [1] January 7 * England signs an offensive and defensive alliance with the Netherlands. [1] January 23 * Union of Utrecht signed, forming protestant Dutch Republic. [1] January 25 * Treaty of Utrecht signed, marks beginning of Dutch Republic. [1] March 5 * Betuwe joins Union of Utrecht. [1] March 6

* Veluwe joins Union of Utrecht. [1] March 23 * Friesland joins Union of Utrecht. [1] April 11 * Venlo joins Union of Utrecht. [1] May 7 * Congress of Cologne forms in Netherlands. [1] May 17 * Artois/Henegouwen/French-Flanders sign Treaty/Peace of Parma recognizing Spanish duke van Parma as land guardian. [1] June 17 * Sir Francis Drake lands on the coast of California. [1] August 8 * Cornerstone is laid for Tycho Brahe's Uraniborg observatory. [1] December 21 * Juan de Juanes [Vicente Juan Maip] Spanish ecclesiastical painter, dies at age 56. [1] 1580 January 18 * Antonio Scandello Italian composer (Passion of John), dies at age 63. [1] January 31 * Hendrik Portuguese cardinal/epilepticus/regent (1578-80), dies. [1] February 15 * Cunerus Petri Dutch theologist/bishop of Leeuwarden, dies. [1]

March 3 * Jacob Hillebrand Dutch mayor of Groningen, dies. [1] March 15 * Spanish king Philip II puts 25,000 gold coins on head of prince Willem of Orange. [1] March 17 * Prince Willem of Orange welcomed in Amsterdam. [1] April 11 * Drenthe joins Union of Utrecht. [1] May 27 * Jonker Barthold Entens van Mentheda until Middelstum dies. [1] June 10 * Lus Vaz de Camoes Portugal's national poet, dies. [1] August 25 * Battle of Alcantara, Spain defeats Portugal. [1] September 26 * Sir Francis Drake circumnavigates the globe. [5] December 1 * Edmund Campion English jesuit, hanged at age 42. [1] * Giovanni Morone Italian theologian/diplomat/cardinal, dies at age 71. [1] 1581 January 16 * English parliament passes laws against Catholicism. [1]

January 22 * Joost de Damhoudere Flemish lawyer, dies. [1] * Seerp Galama Dutch nobleman/military/politician, dies at age 52. [1] January 28 * James VI signs the second Confession of Faith in Scotland. [1] February 24 * Pope Gregory approves the results of his calendar reform commission. [1] March 25 * Portugese Cortes calls Philip II king of Portugal. [1] April 1 * Portugese Cortes subjects himself on Philip II. [1] April 3 * Huibert Duifhuis Roman Catholic pastor (Rotterdam/Utrecht), dies. [1] April 4 * Francis Drake completes circumnavigation of the world and is knighted. [1] April 15 * Cortes van Thomar accepts Philip II as king of Portugal. [1] 1582 January 15 * Russia cedes Livonia and Estonia to Poland, loses access to the Baltic. [1] February 19

* Francis of Valois becomes duke of Brabant. [1] February 24 * Pope Gregory XIII announces New Style (Gregorian) calendar. [1] March 18 * Jean Jaurequi, of Basque, Spain, attempts an assassination of Willem of Orange at Antwerp. He fails, is caught and lynched. [1] April 3 * French van Valois honored as duke of Gelre/earl of Zutphen. [1] May 5 * Charlotte de Bourbon Princess of Orange, dies. [1] October 4 * Last day of the Julian calendar in Italy, many Catholic countries. [1] October 5 * Gregorian calendar introduced in Italy, other Catholic countries. [1] October 15 * Many Catholic countries switch to Gregorian calendar, skip 10 days. [1] November 28 * In Stratford-upon-Avon, William Shakespeare and Anne Hathaway pay a 40 bond for their marriage license. [5] December 10 * France begins use of Gregorian calendar. [1] December 11 * Fernando Alvarez de Toledo marquis of Soria, dies at about age 75. [1]

December 14 * Zealand/Brabant Netherlands adopt Gregorian calendar, tomorrow is 12/25. [1] December 15 * Leidse University names Rembert Dodoens professor of botany/medicine. [1] * Spanish Netherlands/Denmark/Norway adopt Gregorian calendar. [1] December 21 * Flanders adopts Gregorian calendar, tomorrow is January 1 1583. [1] December 25 * Zealand/Brabant adopts Gregorian calendar, yesterday was December 14th. [1] 1583 January 1 * First day of the Gregorian calendar in Holland and Flanders. [1] January 12 * Holland begins use of Gregorian calendar (yesterday was 1/1/1583). [1] February 9 * Jeseph Sanalbo Jewish convert in Rome, burned at stake. [1] February 21 * Groningen Netherlands begins using Gregorian calendar. [1] March 6 * Zacharias Ursinus German theologist (Heidelberger), dies at age 48. [1]

March 18 * Dutch States General and Anjou sign treaty. [1] April 12 * William of Orange marries Louise de Coligny. [1] August 5 * Gilbert claims Newfoundland (first English colony in North America). [1] December 31 * Thomas Erastus Switzerland, theologist, dies. [1] 1584 January 4 * Tobias Stimmer Swiss painter/cartoonist/playwright, dies at age 44. [1] January 7 * Last day of the Julian calendar in Bohemia and Holy Roman empire. [1] January 17 * Bohemia adopts the Gregorian calendar. [1] January 22 * Parts of Switzerland adopt Gregorian calendar (and parts in 1812). [1] January 30 * Jonker Wigbold van Ewsum mister of Nienoord, dies in battle. [1] * Pieter Jansz Pourbus Flemish painter, dies. [1] March 18 * Ivan IV the terrible, Russian tsar (1547-84), dies at age 53. [1]

March 25 * Sir Walter Raleigh renews Humphrey Gilbert's patent to explore North America. [1] April 7 * Ieper surrenders to duke Van Parma. [1] May 16 * Seven Westfriese towns divide monasteries of Egmond/Blokker/StPietersdal. [1] May 30 * Earl Adolf van Nieuwenaar/Meurs becomes viceroy of Gelderland. [1] 1585 January 2 * Spain and Catholic France sign Saint League of Joinville. [1] March 10 * Rembert Dodoens [Rembertus Dodonaeus], physician/botanist, dies at age 67. [1] April 4 * Caspar de Robles Spanish viceroy of Frisia, dies at about age 57. [1] April 5 * Clemens Crabbeels becomes bishop of Hertogenbosch. [1] April 10 * Gregory XIII [Ugo Buoncampagni] Italian Pope (1572-85), dies. [1] May 19

* Spain confisquates English ships. [1] December 20 * English fleet and earl Robert Dudley van Leicester reach Vlissingen. [1] 1586 January 15 * Battle at Boxum Spanish troops under Tassis beat state army. [1] January 25 * Lucas Cranach "the Young" German painter, dies at age 70. [1] February 4 * Robert Dudley, earl of Leicester, becomes governor of Netherlands. [1] March 8 * Johan van Oldenbarnevelt becomes Dutch chief legal advisor. [1] June 19 * English colonists sailed from Roanoke Island North Carolina. [1] July 27 * Sir Walter Raleigh brings first tobacco to England from Virginia. [1] July 28 * Sir Thomas Harriot introduces potatoes to Europe. [1] October 14 * Mary Queen of Scots goes on trial for conspiracy against Elizabeth. [1] December 3

* Sir Thomas Herriot introduces potatoes to England, from Colombia. [1] December 15 * Laevinus Torrentius, becomes bishop of Antwerp. [1] 1587 January 29 * Deventer and Zutphen surrender to Spain. [1] February 1 * English queen Elizabeth I signs Mary Stuart's death sentence. [1] February 8 * Mary Stuart Queen of Scots (1560-87), beheaded at age 44. [1] March 1 * English parliament leader Peter Wentworth confined in London Tower. [1] April 18 * John Foxe author (Book of Martyrs), dies. [1] April 19 * Sir Frances Drake sails into Cadiz Spain and sinks Spanish fleet. [1] May 18 * Felix van Cantalice Italian saint, dies. [1] July 22 * Second English colony established on Roanoke Island off North Carolina. [1] December 8 * Mary Queen of Scots (1560-1587), executed. [1]

December 17 * Earl Leicesters army leaves Netherlands. [1] 1588 January 22 * Pope Sixtus V decrees "Immense aeterni" (Reformed curia). [1] February 9 * Marquis of Santa Cruz Spanish Admiral, dies. [1] February 10 * Joost Sybrantsz Buyck Amsterdam merchant/regent, dies at about age 82. [1] March 17 * Petrus Dathenus Flemish minister/physician (Psalms of David), dies. [1] April 4 * Christian IV succeeds Frederik II as king of Denmark. [1] * Frederik II King of Denmark/Norway (1559-88), dies at age 53. [1] April 19 * Paolo Veronese [Cagliari] painter, dies. [1] May 9 * Duke Henri de Guises troops occupy Paris France. [1] May 12 * Catholic League under duke Henri de Guise occupies Paris France. [1] May 13 * King Henri III flees Paris. [1]

May 19 * Spanish Armada sets sail for Lisbon, bound to England. [1] May 30 * Spanish Aramada under Medina-Sidonia departs Lisbon to invade England. [1] July 21 * English fleet defeats Spanish armada. [1] July 28 * Spanish Armada sails to overthrow England's Queen Elizabeth I. [1] July 29 * Attacking Spanish Armada defeated and scattered by English defenders. [1] December 23 * Hendrik de Guise French leader of Catholic League, murdered at age 37. [1] 1589 January 5 * Catherine de' Medici Queen mother of France, dies at age 69. [1] March 22 * Lodovico Guicciardini Ital historian, dies at age 67. [1] April 10 * Spanish troops conquer Geertruidenberg. [1] 1590 January 7

* Jacob Andreae German theologist (Formulae Concordiae), dies at age 61. [1] February 4 * Gioseffo Zarlino composer, dies at age 73. [1] February 12 * Franois Hotman/Hotomanus French lawyer/diplomat, dies at age 65. [1] February 26 * Mauritius of Nassaus sails to Breda. [1] March 4 * Mauritius of Nassau's ship reaches Breda. [1] March 6 * Earl Mauritius conquerors Breda "turfschip of Breda". [1] March 14 * Battle at Ivry: French King Henri IV beats Catholic League. [1] * Philip van Egmont General/prince of Gavere, dies in battle at age 30. [1] April 2 * States-General appoints earl Mauritius, viceroy of Utrecht. [1] April 6 * Francis Walsingham English Secretary of State, dies at about age 57. [1] May 9 * Karel "Cardinal" van Bourbon archbishop of Rouen, dies at age 66. [1] May 14

* Battle at Ivry: French king Henri IV beats Catholic League. [1] June 15 * Pope Leo X threatens to ex-communicate Martin Luther. [1] December 5 * Niccol Sfondrati chosen Pope Gregory XIV. [1] December 20 * Ambroise Par French surgeon, dies at age 80. [1] December 27 * Emmanuel-Philibert of Lalaing marquis of Renty, dies at age 33. [1] 1591 January 7 * Jacobus de Kerle French/Flemish composer, dies at about age 59. [1] January 19 * Edmond Auger French jesuit (under Henri III), dies at about age 60. [1] February 3 * German monarchy forms Protestant Union of Torgau. [1] February 5 * Gerard de Jode Flemish publisher, dies. [1] March 1 * Pope Gregory XIV threatens to excommunicate French king Henri IV. [1] March 13

* Battle at Tondibi: Moroccans army under Judar beats sultan Askia Ishaq II of Songhai. [1] April 19 * Chartres surrenders to king Henri IV in France. [1] May 15 * Dimitri Ivanovitch Russian son of czar Ivan IV, murdered at age 9. [1] May 17 * Jost/Jobst/Jodocus Amman Swiss cartoonist/graphic artist, dies at age 51. [1] May 20 * Spanish troops in Zutphen surrenders to Willem Louis/Mauritius. [1] December 14 * Juan de la Cruz [de Yepes] Spanish Carmelet/poet/saint, dies. [1] December 30 * Innocent IX [Giovanni Facchinetti] Pope, (1591 62 days), dies at age 72. [1] 1592 January 5 * Willem II Duke of Gulik/Kleef/Gelre, dies at about age 75. [1] January 6 * Johan Casimir palsgrave at the Rhine, dies. [1] January 30 * Ippolito Aldobrandini elected Pope Clement VIII. [1] March 10

* Michiel Coxcie Flemish (court)painter/carpet designer, dies. [1] April 22 * Bartolommeo Ammanati Italian sculptor/architect, dies at age 80. [1] December 2 * Alexander Farnese land guardian of Netherlands (1579-92), dies at age 46. [1] 1593 January 5 * William Louis of Nassau becomes Governor/Viceroy of Drenthe. [1] January 27 * Vatican opens 7 year trial against scholar Giordano Bruno. [1] February 7 * Jacques Amyot French humanist/abbot of Bellozanne, dies at age 79. [1] March 23 * English Congressionalist Henry Barrow accused of slander. [1] April 6 * Henry Barrow English puritian/Congressionalist, hanged. [1] * John Greenwood English Congressionalist, hanged. [1] May 29 * John Penry English congressionalist, executed. [1] May 30 * Christopher Marlowe, British dramatist (Tamburlaine the Great), killed in a fight in London, England. [1] [5] [66.38] July 11

* Giuseppe Arcimboldo first surrealist painter, dies (birth date unkn). [1] July 25 * France's Protestant King Henri IV converts to Roman Catholic. [1] December 15 * State of Holland grants patent on windmill with crankshaft. [1] December 24 * Storm hits Texel: 40 ships hit, 500 killed. [1] 1594 February 2 * Giovanni Perluigi da Palestrina Italian composer, dies at age 68. [1] February 27 * Henri IV crowned king of France. [1] March 12 * Company of Distant established for business on East-Indies. [1] March 22 * French King Henri IV festival in Paris France. [1] April 15 * Fleming Pieter Stevens appointed royal painter of Rudolf II (Prague). [1] May 4 * Paul Buys Grand Pensionary of Holland, dies at age 62. [1] May 22 * Earl Mauritius and Willem Louis begins siege of Groningen. [1]

May 31 * Tintoretto Italian Mannerist painter, dies at age 75. [1] December 5 * Gerardus Mercator Flemish philosopher/cartographer, dies at age 82. [1] 1595 January 5 * Ercole Procaccini Italian painter, dies. [1] January 14 * Ferdinand archduke of Austria/mayor of Bohemenia, dies. [1] January 16 * Murad III sultan of Turkey (1574-95), dies. [1] January 17 * French king Henri IV declares war on Spain. [1] January 28 * Sir Francis Drake English navigator/pirate (Porto Bello West Indies), dies at about age 50. [1] February 20 * Ernst archduke of Austria, dies at age 41. [1] February 21 * Robert Southwell English Jesuit/poet, hanged. [1] April 2 * Cornelis de Houtman's ships depart to Asia through Cape of Good Hope. [1]

April 15 * Willem I's daughter of Elisabeth of Nassau marries duke Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne of Broth. [1] April 25 * Torquato Tasso Italian poet/playwright, dies at age 51. [1] May 2 * King Philip II names Albrecht of Austria land guardian of Netherlands. [1] May 26 * Philippus Nerius [Filippo Neri] Italian merchant/saint, dies at age 79. [1] July 9 * Johannes Kepler inscribes geometric solid construction of universe. [1] December 10 * Reynier Cant mayor of Amsterdam, dies at about age 59. [1] December 11 * Philip III van Croij prince of Chimay/general, dies at age 69. [1] December 27 * Pietro Pontio composer, dies at age 63. [1] 1596 January 21 * John Ligarius German theologist/prime minister, dies at age 66. [1] January 31 * Catholic League disjoins. [1]

April 17 * Arch duke Albrecht of Austria occupies Calais. [1] April 24 * Pacificatie of Ireland drawn. [1] May 18 * Willem Barents leaves Amsterdam for Novaya Zemlya. [1] May 26 * England, France and Netherlands signs Drievoudig Covenant against Spain. [1] May 27 * Tibaldi II Italian painter/sculptor/architect, dies. [1] August 3 * David Fabricius discovers light variation of Mira (first variable star). [1] December 8 * Luis de Carabajal first Jewish author in America, executed in Mxico. [1] December 22 * Ferryboat Meuniers crashes in Paris, 150 die. [1] 1597 February 2 * Lucas van Valckenborch Flemish painter, buried at about age 61. [1] February 15 * Pieter J Kies Dutch mayor of Haarlem (1572-73), dies at about age 66. [1]

February 24 * Flemish painter Frederick of Valckenborch becomes porter of Frankfurt-on-Main. [1] March 10 * Petrus Forestus Dutch physician (Willem of Orange), dies. [1] March 11 * Land guardian Albrecht occupies Amiens on France. [1] March 12 * England routes troops to Amiens. [1] May 20 * Matthijs Heldt dies in battle. [1] December 18 * Barbara Blomberg German mistress of emperor Karel, dies at age 67. [1] December 21 * Petrus Canisius Dutch jesuit/saint, dies at age 76. [1] 1598 January 7 * Boris Godunov seizes the Russian throne on death of Feodore I. [1] * Theodorus I [Fedor Ivanovitch], czar of Russia (1584-98), dies at age 40. [1] January 8 * Genoa Italy expels Jews. [1] * Jews are expelled from Genoa Italy. [1] * Johan Georg elector of Brandenburg (1571-91), dies at age 72. [1] January 12

* Pope Clement VIII seizes duchy of Ferrara on death of Alfonso. [1] February 10 * Anna van Bull first wife of Polish/Swedish king Sigismund II, dies. [1] February 17 * Boris Godunov chosen tsar of Russia. [1] February 21 * Boris Godunov crowned tsar. [1] March 11 * Countess Charlotte of Nassau marries duke Claude de la Tremoille. [1] March 20 * French king Henri IV and duke van Mercour sign treaty. [1] March 25 * Cornelis de Houtman's fleet departs for East-Indies. [1] April 13 * Edict of Nantes grants political rights to French Huguenots. [1] April 30 * First theater performance in America (Spanish comedy-Rio Grande). [1] May 1 * Jacob van Necks merchant fleet departs for Java. [1] May 2 * France and Spain signs Peace of Vervins. [1]

May 6 * Arch duke Albrecht and Isabella become monarch of Southern Netherlands. [1] September 13 * Philip II King of Spain (1556-98), dies at age 71. [1] December 6 * Elbertus Leoninus Dutch lawyer/politician, dies at about age 78. [1] December 15 * Philip van Marnix Flemish ruler of Saint Aldegonde/poet, dies at age 58. [1] 1599 January 11 * Jacob van Necks fleet leaves Bantam Java with pepper, clove and muskaat. [1] January 13 * Edmund Spenser poet (Faerie Queene), dies at about age 46. [1] January 22 * Cristofano Malvezzi composer, dies at age 51. [1] March 27 * Robert Devereux becomes Lieutenant-General of Ireland. [1] April 18 * Valencia arch duke Albrecht of Austrian marries Isabella of Spain. [1] July 23 * Caravaggio's first public commission for paintings. [1]

1600 February 4 * Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler meet for first time outside of Prague. [1] February 8 * Vatican convicts scholar Giordano Bruno to death. [1] February 15 * Jos the Acosta Spanish missionary (Peru), dies at age 59. [1] February 16 * Giordano Bruno burned at stake. [1] February 17 * Giordano Bruno advocate of Copernican theory and plurality of worlds, burned at stake by the Inquisition in Rome. [1] April 21 * First date in James Clavell's novel Shogun (OS). [1] October 20 * Battle of Sekigahara sets Tokugawa clan as Japan's rulers (shoguns). [1] December 12 * John Craig Scottish church reformer/James VI's court vicar, dies. [1] December 14 * Olivier van Noort sinks Sp galleon San Diego at Bay of Manila, 350 die. [1] December 20 * Ottario Rinuccini/Giulio Caccini's opera "Euridice" published. [1]

December 31 * British East India Company chartered. [1] 1601 January 7 * Robert, Earl of Essex leads revolt in London against Queen Elizabeth. [1] January 14 * Church authorities burn Hebrew books in Rome. [1] January 17 * France gains Bresse, Bugey, Valromey and Gex in treaty with Spain. [1] February 8 * Earl Robert Devereux of Essex armies draws into London. [1] February 13 * John Lancaster leads first East India Company voyage from London. [1] February 25 * Earl of Essex executed for treason in revolt against Queen Elizabeth. [1] October 13 * Tycho Brahe greatest naked-eye observer, dies in Prague. [1] October 24 * Tycho Brahe astronomer, dies in Prague at age 54. [1] 1602 January 2

* Spanish forces in Ireland surrender to the English at Kinsdale. [1] February 3 * Paul Melissus [Paul Schede], German poet/composer, dies at age 62. [1] February 13 * Alexander Nowell English churchman, dean of Saint Paul's, dies. [1] February 25 * Everard van Reyd Dutch historian, dies at about age 51. [1] March 20 * United Dutch East Indian Company (VOC) forms. [1] May 15 * Cape Cod discovered by English navigator Bartholomew Gosnold. [1] May 21 * Martha's Vineyard first sighted (Captain Bartholomew Gosnold). [1] December 5 * Giulio Caccini's "Euridice" premieres in Florence. [1] 1603 January 5 * Pieter Adriaansz van der Werff mayor of Lead, dies at age 73. [1] March 24 * Elizabeth I Tudor [Maiden Queen] English queen (1558-1603), dies at age 69. [1] * Scottish king James VI becomes King James I of England. [1] [237.53] March 30

* Battle at Mellifont: English army under Lord Mountjoy beats Irish. [1] April 5 * New English king James I departs Edinburgh for London. [1] December 4 * Maarten de Vos Flemish painter, dies at about age 71. [1] December 10 * William Gilbert Queen Elizabeth's physician, dies at age 59. [1] December 13 * Franciscus Vieta mathematician, dies in Paris at age 63. [1] December 18 * Admiral Steven van der Haghens fleet departs to East-Indies. [1] December 22 * Mehmed III sultan of Turkey (1595-1603), dies at age 37. [1] December 27 * Thomas Cartwright English Presbyterian publicist, dies at about age 68. [1] 1604 January 17 * Santino Garsi composer, dies at age 61. [1] January 21 * Tsar Ivan IV defeats the False Dmitri, who claims to be the true tsar. [1] February 29

* John Whitgift Archbishop of Canterbury (1583-1604), dies at about age 74. [1] April 4 * Thomas Churchyard poet/pamphleteer, dies. [1] April 7 * Four ships depart France under commands of Sieur de Monts, Jean de Poutrincourt, and Samuel de Champlain, under commission from King Henry IV, to colonize the new world, search for gold and silver, and grant land. [262.149] April 25 * Count Maurits' army lands at Cadzand. [1] May 4 * Claudio Merulo composer, dies at age 71. [1] May 5 * Claudio Merulo Italian organist/composer, dies at age 71. [1] May 12 * Spanish garrison of Aardenburg surrenders to Mauritius. [1] May 16 * Three ships from France land at the site of modern day Liverpool, Nova Scotia, Canada. [262.149] October 9 * Supernova 1604 - the most recent supernova to be observed in the Milky Way - is seen for the first time. [5] (October 8 [1]) November 1 * William Shakespeare's tragedy "Othello" first presented. [1] December 31

* Admiral Steven van der Haghen's fleet reaches Bantam. [1] 1605 January 31 * In Tokaido, Japan, a magnitude 7.9 earthquake occurs, claiming 5,000 deaths and creating a tsunami wave. [53] February 19 * Orazio Tiberio Vecchi composer, dies at age 54. [1] February 25 * Portuguese garrison on Ambon surrenders to Admiral Van der Haghen. [1] March 5 * Clement VIII [Ippolito Aldofireini], Pope (1592-1605), dies at age 69. [1] March 17 * Pieter Bast [Bastius], Dutch engraver/cartographer, dies at about age 34. [1] April 6 * John Stow British historian, dies. [1] April 15 * Boris Godunov tsar of Russia (1598-1605), dies. [1] April 27 * Leo XI [Alessandro O de' Medici] Italian Pope (1605), dies at age 69. [1] May 4 * Ulisse Aldrovandi Italian biologist/medical, dies at age 82. [1] May 16

* Camillo Borghese elected to succeed Pope Leo XI becomes Paul V. [1] November 5 * Gunpowder Plot; Catholics try to blow up English Parliament. Plot uncovered and leader Guy Fawkes hanged. [1] 1606 January 28 * Carolus Gallus [Karel de Haan], Dutch lawyer/pastor/vicar, dies at age 85. [1] January 31 * Guy Fawkes convicted in the "Gunpowder Plot", executed at age 35. [1] March 23 * Justus Lipsius [Joost Lips], Dutch classic philologist, dies at age 58. [1] April 12 * England adopts the Union Jack as its flag. [1] May 16 * 2,000 foreigners murdered in Russia. [1] May 17 * Forges Dimitri czar of Russia (1605-06), murdered. [1] December 19 * The Susan Constant, the Godspeed, and the Discovery depart England carrying settlers who, at Jamestown, Virginia, found the first of the thirteen colonies that become the United States. [1] [5] 1607

February 23 * Herman Herbertsz vicar, dies at about age 60. [1] February 24 * Claudio Monteverdi's opera "Orfeo" premieres in Mantua. [1] April 15 * Cornelius Kilianus Flemish translator/poet, dies at about age 78. [1] April 25 * Battle at Gibraltar Dutch fleet beats Spanish/Portuguese fleet. [1] * Don Juan Alvarez Spanish Admiral (Gibraltar), dies in battle. [1] * Jacob van Heemskerck Dutch Admiral (Nova Zambia), dies in battle. [1] April 26 * First British to establish an American colony land at Cape Henry Virginia. [1] May 13 * English colonists (John Smith) land near James River in Virginia. [1] May 14 * First permanent English settlement in New World, Jamestown Virginia. [1] June 21 * First Protestant Episcopal parish in America established, Jamestown. [1] June 30 * Annales Ecclesiastici (Scientific History of Catholicism) published. [1] 1608 January 7

* Fire destroys Jamestown, Virginia. [1] April 19 * Earl of Dorset poet/statesman, dies. [1] May 19 * Matthias von Habsburgs army reaches Lieben, at Prague. [1] May 28 * Claudio Monteverdi's "Arianna" premieres in Mantua. [1] July 3 * City of Qubec founded by Samuel de Champlain. [1] September 10 * John Smith elected president of Jamestown colony council, Virginia. [1] October 2 * Hans Lippershey offers Dutch gov't a new invention, the telescope. [1] * Prototype of modern reflecting telescope completed by Jan Lippershey. [1] 1609 January 21 * Joseph Justus Scaliger French inventor of "Julian Period", dies at age 68. [1] January 31 * Wisselbank of Amsterdam established. [1] February 7 * Ferdinand I cardinal/ruler of Toscane, dies. [1]

February 28 * Paul Sartorius composer, dies at age 39. [1] March 12 * Bermuda becomes an English colony. [1] March 25 * Henry Hudson embarks on an exploration for Dutch East India Co. [1] * Johan Willem duke of Jlich/Cleef/Mark/Mountain/Ravensberg, dies. [1] April 9 * Spain and Netherlands sign 12 Year Resistant Pact. [1] May 26 * Cornelis Claesz mapmaker, buried. [1] July 20 * Federico Zuccari Italian Mannerist painter, dies (birth date unknown). [1] July 28 * Admiral George Somers settles in Bermuda. [1] August 8 * Venetian senate examines Galileo Galilei's telescope. [1] August 25 * Galileo demonstrates his first telescope to Venetian lawmakers. [1] August 28 * Delaware Bay explored by Henry Hudson for the Netherlands. [1] September 4

* Navigator Henry Hudson discovers island of Manhattan (or 0911). [1] September 11 * Henry Hudson lands on Manhattan island. [1] [5] September 12 * Henry Hudson discovers Hudson River. [1] [5] 1610 January 1 * German astronomer Simon Marius first discovers the Jupiter moons, but does not officially report it, Galileo does on July 1 1610. [1] January 7 * Galileo discovers first three Jupiter satellites, Io, Europa and Ganymede. [1] January 13 * Galileo Galilei discovers Callisto, fourth satellite of Jupiter. [1] February 14 * Polish king Sigismund III, Forges Dimitri #2 and Romanov family sign covenant against czar Vasili Shushki. [1] February 28 * Thomas West, Baron De La Warr, is appointed governor of Virginia. [1] March 21 * King James I addresses English House of Commons. [1] April 15 * Johan van Duivenoorde mister of Warmond, dies at about age 62. [1]

April 18 * Robert Parsons English jesuit leader/plotter, dies at age 63. [1] May 11 * Matteo Ricci Italian missionary (China), dies. [1] May 14 * Henry IV first Bourbon-king of France (1572, 89-1610), murdered at age 56. [1] May 15 * Parliament of Paris appoints Louis XIII (8) as French king. [1] June 10 * First Dutch settlers arrive (from New Jersey), to colonize Manhattan Island. [1] December 11 * Adam Elsheimer German painter/cartoonist/etcher, buried at age 32. [1] * Forges Dimitri #2 czar of Russia, murdered. [1] 1611 February 8 * Jan H Van Linschoten traveller/writer (Reys-Gheschrift), dies. [1] March 4 * George Abbot appointed archbishop of Canterbury. [1] April 1 * Gillis van Valkenborch Flemish painter, buried at about age 72. [1] April 4 * Denmark issues a declaration of war on Sweden. [7]

April 14 * Word "telescope" is first used (Prince Federico Cesi). [1] May 23 * Matthias von Habsburg chosen king of Bohemia. [1] June 13 * John Fabricius dedicates earliest sunspot publication. [1] June 22 * Henry Hudson and son set adrift in Hudson Bay by mutineers. [1] October 30 * Sweden's King Karl IX dies at Nykping. [7] November 1 * Shakespeare's romantic comedy "The Tempest" first presented. [1] December 17 * In Sweden, the Riksdag declares Gustav Adolf to be of age to become King. His title is Elected King and Hereditary Prince of the Swedes, Goths, and Vandals. [7] 1612 January 4 * Henry L Spieghel Dutch merchant/writer, dies at age 62. [1] January 20 * Rudolf II von Habsburg emperor of Germany (1576-1612), dies at age 59. [1] January 27 * Maarten van Valckenborch Flemish painter, buried at about age 77. [1]

January 28 * Thomas Bodley diplomat/founder (Bodleian Library), dies. [1] February 6 * Christopher Clavius calendar reformer, dies (birth date unknown). [1] February 17 * Ernst of Bayern prince/bishop of Luik/archbishop of Cologne, dies at age 57. [1] * Jodocus Hondius Flemish cartoonist/mathematician, dies at age 48. [1] March 14 * Philip Galle Flemish engraver, dies at about age 74. [1] April 18 * Emanuel Van Meteren merchant/historian, dies. [1] May 24 * Robert Cecil first Earl of Salisbury/Prime Minister (1598-1612), dies at age 48. [1] June 29 * In England, Virginia Company begins drawing tickets in a lottery sanctioned by King James I to raise funds for the Virginia colony in the New World. The drawing of all tickets ends July 20. [80.42,234] [187.124] December 15 * Simon Marius, is first to observe Andromeda galaxy through a telescope. [1] December 28 * Galileo Galilei becomes the first astronomer to observe the planet Neptune, although he mistakenly catalogues it as a fixed star. [5] (January 29, 1613 [1])

1613 January 20 * The Peace of Knred is signed between Sweden and Denmark in Halland, mediated by King James I of England. Kalmar is retured to Sweden, but Denmark retains the fortress of lvborg and Gteborg at the mouth of the Gta river for six years or until one million riksdaler (25,000 kg silver) is paid. Sweden surrenders claims to the far north of Norway. [7] January 24 * Amsterdam merchant Hans Bontemantel baptized. [1] February 7 * Michail Romanov (16) becomes czar of Russia. [1] February 14 * King James I's daughter Elizabeth marries Frederik. [1] February 20 * Gerard Reynst appointed Dutch Governor-General of East-Indies. [1] February 21 * Michael Romanov, son of the Patriarch of Moscow, elected Russian tsar. [1] February 24 * English princess Elizabeth marries earl Frederik of Palts. [1] May 5 * Johann Steuerlein composer, dies at age 66. [1] June 29 * Shakespeare's Globe Theater in London, England burns down. [1] [66.38] [241.9]

December 25 * Johan Sigismund of Brandenburg becomes protestant. [1] 1614 April 5 * Second parliament of King James I begins session (no enactments). [1] * Indian princess Pocahontas marries English colonist John Rolfe. [1] April 7 * El Greco Spanish painter (View of Toledo), dies (birth date unknown). [1] April 14 * Pocahontas, daughter of chief Powhatan, marries planter John Rolfe. [1] April 25 * Amsterdam Bank of Loan forms. [1] May 3 * Sasbout Vosmeer Roman Catholic theologist/apostole vicar, dies at age 66. [1] June 7 * Second parliment of King James I, disolves passing no legislation. [1] September 1 * Vincent Fettmich expells Jews from Frankfurt-on-Main, Germany. [1] December 19 * Melchior Bischoff composer, dies at age 67. [1] December 28

* Sperm whale beached at Noordwijk. [1] 1615 March 4 * Hans von Aachen German painter, dies. [1] March 6 * Pieter Both Dutch Admiral/first Governor-General (East Indies, 1609-14), drowns. [1] 1616 January 24 * Jacques Le Maire discovers Street Lemaire/Cape Receiver. [1] February 12 * John Drusius of Driesschen, Flemish Hebraist, dies at age 65. [1] February 26 * Spanish Inquisition delivers injunction to Galileo. [1] March 5 * Copernicus' "de Revolutionibus" placed on Catholic Forbidden index. [1] March 6 * Francis Beaumont Elizabethan dramatist, dies (birth date unknown). [1] March 20 * Walter Raleigh released from Tower of London to seek gold in Guyana. [1] April 23

* Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra Spanish writer (Don Quixote), dies at age 69. [1] * Netherlands buys De Briel/Vlissingen/Fort Rammekens from England. [1] * William Shakespeare English author (Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet), dies on his 52nd birthday. [1] April 30 * English King Jacob I leaves Brielle/Vlissingen. [1] May 3 * Treaty of Loudun kills French civil war. [1] July 25 * Andreas Libavius German alchemist, dies. [1] December 10 * Diogo do Couto Portuguese historian/archivist of Goa, dies at age 74. [1] December 31 * Jacques Le Maire pirate/explorer (Lemaire Strait), dies at age 31. [1] 1617 January 1 * Hendrick Goltzius Dutch painter/cartoonist/engraver, dies. [1] January 17 * Pieter C Bockenberg Dutch historian, dies at age 68. [1] February 4 * Louis Elsevier Dutch publisher, dies at about age 76. [1] February 6 * Prosper Alpinus Italian physician/botanist, dies at age 63. [1]

February 9 * Hans Christoph Haiden composer, dies at age 44. [1] February 27 * Peace between Sweden and Russia is reached in the Treaty of Stolbova, with English mediation. Sweden renounces all claims to the Russian throne and Novgorod, gives back three towns for 20,000 rubles, and holds Gdov until new boundaries are delimited. Russia gives up Ingria and Karelia, including Ivangorod, Jama, Kexholm, Kopore, Nteborg, abandons claims on Livonia, and agrees not to aid Poland against Sweden. [7] March 4 * Arcangelo Crivelli composer, dies at age 70. [1] March 9 * Sweden and Russia sign Peace of Stolbowa. [1] March 20 * Franciscus Aguilon physicist/theologist/mathematician, dies at age 50. [1] March 21 * Pocahontas dies. [5] April 4 * John Napier Scottish mathematician/inventor (logarithms), dies. [1] April 24 * Carlo Concino French marquis of Ancre/state advisor, murdered. [1] May 7 * David Fabricius German astronomer, dies at age 53. [1] August 23

* First one-way streets established (London). [1] December 16 * Spanish viceroy Hernando Arias de Saavedra founds provinces Ro de la Plata (Argentina)/Guaira (Paraguay). [1] 1618 January 7 * Francis Bacon becomes English lord chancellor. [1] February 28 * Filips Willem Prince of Orange, dies at age 63. [1] May 15 * Johannes Kepler discovers harmonics law. [1] May 23 * Second Defenestration of Prague; the beginning of the 30 Years War. [1] * Imperial civil servants thrown out a window of Prague Castle. [1] September 4 * "Rodi" avalanche destroys Plurs Switzerland, 1,500 killed. [1] October 29 * Sir Walter Raleigh is executed in London. [1] December 11 * Russia and Poland signs Peace treaty of Dailino. [1] 1619 February 19 * Trial against Johan van Oldenbarnevelt begins in The Hague. [1] March 1

* Thomas Campion English physician/composer/poet (Poemata), dies at age 53. [1] March 2 * Anne of Denmark daughter of Danish king Frederik II, dies at age 44. [1] March 12 * Dutch settlement on Java changes name to Batavia. [1] March 13 * Richard Burbage English actor (Shakespeare), dies. [1] March 20 * Matthias II Holy Roman Catholic emperor (1611-19), dies. [1] April 16 * Denijs Calvaert/Caluwaert [Dionisio Fiamingo] Flemish painter, dies. [1] April 19 * Theatrum Anatomicum opens in Amsterdam. [1] May 13 * Johan van Oldenbarnevelt lands advocate, beheaded. [1] May 18 * Hugo the Great sentenced to life in prison. [1] July 30 * House of Burgesses Virginia formed, first elective US governing body. [1] August 1 * First black Americans (20) land at Jamestown, Virginia. [1]

December 4 * America's first Thanksgiving Day (Virginia). [1] December 23 * Johan Sigismund elector of Brandenburg/duke of Prussia, dies at age 47. [1] December 29 * Antoine Arnauld French lawyer (Philippica), dies. [1] 1620 January 17 * Diego Alvarez de Paz Spanish missionary/writer (Peru), dies at about age 59. [1] February 4 * Prince Bethlen Gbor signs peace with emperor Ferdinand II. [1] February 19 * Roemer P Visscher poet, buried in Amsterdam. [1] March 9 * Aegidius Albertinus German writer (Lucifer's Kingdom), dies at age 59. [1] May 17 * First merry-go-round seen at a fair (Philippapolis, Turkey). [1] May 31 * Willem Louis earl of Nassau-Dillenburg, dies at age 59. [1] August 7 * Kepler's mother arrested for witchcraft. [1]

August 15 * Mayflower sets sail from Southampton with 102 Pilgrims. [1] November 3 * Great Patent granted to Plymouth Colony. [1] November 11 * 41 pilgrims land in Massachusetts, sign Mayflower Compact (just and equal laws). [1] (November 21 [5]) December 2 * English language newspaper "Namloos" begins publishing in Amsterdam. [1] December 23 * French huguenots declare war on King Louis XIII. [1] 1621 January 13 * Jan Pieterszoon Coen's fleet sets sail to Moluccas (from Jacarta). [1] January 28 * Paulus V [Camillo Borghese], 233rd pope (1605-21), dies at age 68. [1] February 9 * Alexander Ludovisi is elected Pope Gregory XV. [1] February 15 * Michael Praetorius German composer (In Dulce Jubilo), dies at age 50. [1] February 17 * Miles Standish appointed first commander of Plymouth colony. [1]

March 4 * Jacarta, Java renamed Batavia. [1] March 7 * John Pieterszoon Coen's troops land on Lontor, East Indies. [1] March 16 * Native American chief visits colony of Plymouth Massachusetts. [1] March 22 * Hugo de Grote escapes in bookcase from Loevenstein castle, Netherlands. [1] * Massasoit and Pilgrims agree on league of friendship (Plymouth). [1] March 31 * Felipe III King of Spain (1598-1621), dies at age 42. [1] April 5 * Mayflower sails from Plymouth on a return trip to England. [1] April 9 * Spain and Netherlands 12 Year Resistant Pact ends. [1] April 15 * Hugo the Great arrives in France. [1] May 3 * Francis Bacon accused of bribery. [1] May 15 * Henrick de Keyser Amsterdam's master builder, dies at age 56. [1] May 31 * Sir Francis Bacon thrown into Tower of London for one night. [1]

June 3 * Dutch West India Company receives charter for "New Netherlands". [1] September 16 * After a six-week siege, Riga, Livonia, surrenders to Swedish forces. [7] December 3 * Galileo perfects the telescope. [1] December 13 * Emperor Ferdinand II delegates first anti-Reformation decree. [1] December 15 * Charles d'albert Duke of Luynes/Prime Minister of France, dies at age 43. [1] December 18 * English parliament accept unanimously, Protestation. [1] December 25 * Governor William Bradford of Plymouth forbids game playing on Christmas day. [1] December 30 * English king James I cracks Protestation of Parliament. [1] December 31 * Hungarian King Bethlen Gbor/Ferdinand II sign Treaty of Mikulov. [1] 1622 January 1

* Papal Chancery adopts January 1 as beginning of the year (was March 25). [1] January 6 * Pope Gregory XV forms Congregatio the Propagande Fide. [1] January 7 * Germany and Transylvania sign Peace of Nikolsburg. [1] January 23 * William Baffin British explorer, dies at about age 38. [1] February 8 * King James I disbands the English parliament. [1] February 11 * Alfonso Fontanelli composer, dies at age 64. [1] March 12 * Ignatius of Loyola declared a saint. [1] March 22 * First Indian (Powhattan) massacre of whites, Jamestown VA; 347 slain. [1] May 15 * Peter Plancius Flemish vicar/cartographer, dies at about age 69. [1] May 20 * Osman II sultan of Turkey (1618-22), dies. [1] December 13 * Jan Campanus composer, dies at age 50. [1] December 28

* Franois de Sales French bishop of Genva/writer/saint, dies at age 55. [1] 1623 January 14 * Paolo Sarpi Italian church historian/politician, dies at age 70. [1] February 25 * Duke Maximilian I of Bavaria becomes monarch of Palts. [1] March 5 * First American temperance law enacted, Virginia. [1] April 29 * Eleven Dutch ships depart for the conquest of Peru. [1] June 14 * First breach-of-promise lawsuit: Rev Gerville Pooley, Va files against. [1] November 1 * Fire at Plymouth, Massachusetts destroys several buildings. [1] December 1 * Thomas Weelkes composer, dies at age 47. [1] 1624 February 12 * English parliament comes together. [1] February 21 * Dirck van Baburen Dutch painter (Sepulture), dies at about age 28. [1] February 24

* Vicente Espinel Spanish adventure/chaplain (Marcos de Obrgon), dies at age 72. [1] March 10 * England declares war on Spain. [1] May 3 * Spanish silver fleet sails to Panam. [1] May 7 * Admiral Hermites conquering fleet reaches Callao the Lima, Peru. [1] May 8 * Hung king Bethlen Gbor and emperor Ferdinand II sign Treaty of Vienna. [1] May 10 * Jacob Willekens and Piet Heyn conquer Salvador, Civil rights activist. [1] May 13 * Admiral Hermites fleet blockade Lima Peru. [1] November 21 * Jakob Bohme German philosophical mystic, dies. [1] December 26 * Simon Marius astronomer, dies in Bavaria at age 54. [1] 1625 January 13 * Pieter Bruegel "the Older" (Bloemenbruegel), Flemish painter, dies. [1]

January 17 * Nicolo Rubini composer, dies at age 50. [1] January 19 * Erhard Buttner composer, dies at age 32. [1] January 27 * Adriaen Valerius notary/Netherlands Gedenck-clanck, dies at about age 49. [1] March 5 * James I (VI) king of England (1603-25)/poet/author, dies at age 58. [1] March 27 * Charles I, King Of England, Scotland and Ireland, ascends to throne. [1] * James I Stuart king of Scotland (1567)/England (1603-25), dies at age 58. [1] April 4 * Viceroy Frederik Henry marries Amalia countess von SolmsBraunfels. [1] April 7 * Albrecht von Wallenstein appointed German supreme commander. [1] April 23 * Maurice of Nassau Prince of Orange, dies at age 57. [1] May 1 * Portuguese and Spanish expedition recaptures Salvador (Bahia). [1] * Prince Frederik Henry appointed viceroy of Holland. [1] May 11

* Boers besiege Frankenburg estate in Upper-Austria. [1] May 15 * Sixteen rebellious farmers hanged in Vcklamarkt Upper-Austria. [1] May 18 * Francisco Gmez de Sandoval y Rojas Spanish marquis of Denia, dies. [1] June 8 * Birth of Giovanni Domenico Cassini discovered four satellites of Saturn. [1] September 13 * Rabbi Isiah Horowith and 15 other rabbis arrested in Jerusalem. [1] September 24 * Dutch attack San Juan, Puerto Rico. [1] December 9 * Netherlands and England sign military treaty. [1] * Ubbo Emmius [van Embden] Frisian humanist/historian, dies at age 78. [1] 1626 January 1 * Cornelis Pieterse Hoft Amsterdam merchant/regent, dies at age 68. [1] January 21 * John Dowland English musician/lyric poet (In Darkness We Dwell), dies at about age 63. [1] February 6

* Huguenot rebels and the French sign Peace of La Rochelle. [1] February 20 * John Dowland composer, dies. [1] February 28 * Cyril Tourneur English poet/dramatist, dies at about age 51. [1] April 9 * Francis Bacon Viscount Saint Albans, statesman, dies. [1] April 25 * Battle at the Dessauer bridge Monarch Albrecht von Wallenstein beats Earl of Mansfeld. [1] May 4 * Indians sell Manhattan Island for $24 in cloth and buttons. [1] * Peter Minuit becomes director-general of New Netherlands. [1] May 6 * Dutch colonist Paul Minuit buys Manhattan for $24 in trinkets. [1] May 24 * Peter Minuit buys Manhattan from Indians for trinkets, valued at $24. [1] August 16 * Danish forces and allies are soundly defeated at Lutter-amBarenberg near Wolfenbttel, by an army of the Catholic League under Czech leader Wallenstein. [7] October 30 * Willebord van Roijen dutch mathematician, dies at age 35. [1] December 1

* Pasha Muhammad ibn Farukh tyrannical Governor of Jerusalem, driven out. [1] December 15 * Adriaen de Vries Dutch sculptor/painter, dies at about age 70. [1] December 20 * Emperor Ferdinand II/Transylvanian monarch Gbor Betlen signs Peace of Pressburg. [1] 1627 January 31 * Spanish government goes bankrupt. [1] March 3 * Piet Heyn conquerors 22 ships in Bay of Salvador Brazil. [1] March 20 * France and Spain signs accord for fighting protestantism. [1] March 22 * Cornelis van Aerssen Flemish Clerk of the House, dies at about age 81. [1] May 23 * Luis de Gngora y Argote poet/writer, dies. [1] May 27 * Everhardus van Bronchorst lawyer, dies at age 73. [1] July 4 * Thomas Middleton Elizabethan dramatist, dies (birth date unknown). [1] December 26

* Gonzaga Italian monarch of Mantua/Monferrato, dies. [1] 1628 January 3 * Francesco Maria Guaitoli composer, dies at age 64. [1] February 20 * Gregor Aichinger German composer/organist, dies at about age 63. [1] March 6 * Emperor Ferdinand II delegates Restitutie-edict. [1] March 12 * John Bull thought to have composed British national anthem (God Save The King), dies. [1] March 19 * Massachusetts colony founded by Englishmen. [1] April 28 * King Kristian IV of Denmark signs a three year alliance with Sweden. Both powers agree to come to the defence of Stralsund if attacked. [7] June 9 * First deportation from what is now US, Thomas Morton from Massachusetts [1] August 10 * In Stockholm harbor (Sweden), the Royal warship Vasa makes its maiden voyage. The 1400-ton armed galleon carries 64 bronze cannon on two decks, and has three masts with 13,000 m2 of canvas sails. Off the island of Beckholmen, a crosswind pushes the ship to one side, allowing water to pour in the open gunports. The ship is unable to right itself, and it soon sinks in 110 feet of water. About 50 die. The ship cost

about 100,000 riksdaler to build. (The ship is raised to the surface in 1961.) [7] September 6 * Puritans land at Salem, from Mass Bay Colony, witches soon to settle. [1] 1629 January 19 * Abbas I Shah of Persia (1588-1629), dies at age 57. [1] January 27 * Hieronymus Praetorius composer, dies at age 68. [1] February 13 * Girolamo Giacobbi composer, dies at age 61. [1] March 2 * English King Charles I leaces house of commons. [1] March 10 * King Charles I dissolved Parliament; he called it back 11 years later. [1] March 14 * England granted a royal charter to Massachusetts Bay Colony. [1] March 16 * Emilia of Nassau daughter of Willem of Orange, dies at age 59. [1] March 24 * First game law passed in American colonies, by Virginia. [1] April 8 * Willem Teellinck Dutch theologist/vicar, dies at age 50. [1]

April 14 * England and France sign Peace of Susa. [1] April 17 * First commercial fishery established. [1] May 3 * French huguenot leader duke De Rohan signs accord with Spain. [1] May 27 * The Peace of Lbeck is signed between Denmark and the Holy Roman Empire. [7] May 29 * Arnold Baert Flemish lawyer/member of Great Council, dies at about age 74. [1] June 17 * Swedes battle Polish and Imperial troops at Honigfelde (Stuhm). Swedes are forced to retreat with heavy losses. King Gustav Adolf narrowly escapes capture. [7] July 10 * First non-Separatist Congregational Church in America founded (Salem, Massachusetts). [1] August 26 * Cambridge Agreement, Mass Bay Company stockholders agree to emigrate. [1] September 25 * Sweden and Poland sign a six-year truce at Altmark, near Danzig. Sweden retains control of Livonia and the mouth of the River Vistula. Poland regains other Swedish gains since the 1625 invasion. Sweden

will receive all shipping tolls at ports of Poland and Prussia for the six years. [7] 1630 January 1 * Tetsugen Zen teacher (Jodo sect converted to Obaku Zen), dies. [1] January 7 * Composer Pier Cavalli marries rich widow Maria Sosomeno. [1] January 13 * Patent to Plymouth Colony issued. [1] February 14 * Dutch fleet of 69 ships reaches Pernambuco Brazil. [1] February 22 * Indians introduce pilgrims to popcorn, at Thanksgiving. [1] February 26 * William Brade composer, dies. [1] March 22 * First colonial legislation prohibiting gambling enacted (Boston). [1] March 23 * French troops occupy Pinerolo Piedmont. [1] April 17 * Christian I ruler of Anhalt-Bernburg (battle of White Mountain), dies. [1] April 30 * Ercole Porta composer, dies at age 44. [1]

May 17 * Italian Jesuit Niccolo Zucchi, first to see two belts on Jupiter surface. [1] May 29 * Governor John Winthrop begins "History of New England". [1] June 25 * Fork introduced to American dining by Governor Winthrop. [1] June 26 * Sweden enters the German wars, as King Gustav Adolf and 13,000 men land on the island of Usedom off the Pomeranian coast (Poland). His force is comprised of mostly Swedes, with some Scottish and Irish mercenaries. The reasons for entering the war are many, but principally to remove Imperial intervention in Poland. [7] July 10 * King Gustav Adolf of Sweden and Bogislaw XIV of Pomerania sign a treaty of alliance. [7] September 16 * Mass village of Shawmut changes name to Boston. [1] September 17 * City of Boston forms. [1] September 30 * First execution in America-J Billington hanged in Plymouth, Massachusetts. [1] November 15 * Death of German mathematician/astronomer Johannes Kepler in Regensberg, Germany, at age 58. [1] [129] December 29

* Jan Baptist Stalpart van der Wiele Roman Catholic pastor/lyricist, dies at age 51. [1] 1631 January 13 * Sweden and France sign the Treaty of Brwalde, for Sweden to lead an army in Europe for six years. France will pay 400,000 riksdaler per year for Sweden to maintain an army of 36,000 men to fight for German liberties and the freedom of Baltic trade. [7] February 5 * Rhode Island, founder, Roger Williams arrives in Boston from England. [1] March 13 * Imperial army leader Tilly captures New Brandenburg, defended by 2000 Swedish forces. Only 60 survive. [7] March 24 * Philipp Dulichius composer, dies at age 68. [1] March 31 * John Donne Metaphysical poet, dies (birth date unknown). [1] April 3 * Swedish forces storm and quickly capture Frankfort. 3000 of the garrison are killed, in reprisal for New Brandenburg. [7] May 10 * Imperial forces storm the town of Magdeburg following a resisted siege. A large part (20,000) of the population is killed, and a large fire destroys much of the town. The incident is much publicized, leading to support for anti-Imperial forces. [7] May 11 * Christoph Buel composer, dies at age 57. [1]

May 17 * Earl Johann Tilly attacks Maagdenburg. [1] May 18 * English colony Massachusetts Bay grants puritarian voting right. [1] * John Winthrop is elected first governor of Massachusetts. [1] May 30 * France/Maximilian van Bavarian signs Accord of Fontainebleau. [1] June 7 * Mumtax Mahal wife of Shah Jahan of India, her tomb (Taj Mahal). [1] July 4 * The first employment agency opens in Paris, France, the Bureau d'Adresse, opeend by Thophraste, charging 3 sous to employers and employees. [55.58] September 1 * King Gustav Adolf of Sweden reaches an alliance with Johann Georg I, Elector of Saxony, for Saxon forces to join with the Swedes in the war. [7] September 7 * The Swedish and Saxon armies of about 45,000 meet the Imperial army of about 36,000 at Breitenfeld, near Leipzig. An Imperial charge on the Swedish right flank is a disaster for the attacker. A charge on left flank, which the Saxons occupied, causes most of Saxon forces to run away. Tilly then advances his whole center toward the weak left flank. But the Swedes send cavalry from the right flank and attack ferociously. Tilly is wounded with three shots. 7-10,000 of Imperial troops are killed, plus thousands more are killed in retreat by peasants. Swedes lose about 2100 men. The Imperial army loses two-thirds of its troops, and all of its artillery. This battle is called the first battle of the modern age, and King Gustav Adolf is hailed as the father of modern warfare. [7]

November 7 * Pierre Gassendi observes transit of Mercury predicted by Kepler. [1] November 30 * Rabbi Samuel Eliezer ben Judah ha-levi Edels dies. [1] December 6 * First predicted transit of Venus (Kepler) is observed. [1] December 16 * Mount Vesuvius, Italy erupts, destroys six villages and kills 4,000. [1] December 27 * John Pijnas Dutch painter, buried at about age 47. [1] 1632 February 22 * Galileo's 'Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems' is published. [5] April 5 * The Swedish and Imperial armies exchange cannon fire for six hours, killing 2000 of the Swedish force, and 3000 of the Imperial force. Tilly is fatally wounded. Maximilian and the army escape during the night to Ingolstadt. [7] April 16 * Albrecht von Wallenstein appointed supreme commander. [1] April 20 * Nicolas Antione converted to Judiasm, burned at the stake. [1] April 30

* Jean de Tilly fieldmarshal, dies. [1] * Sigismund III King of Poland/Sweden, dies at age 65. [1] May 25 * Albrecht von Wallenstein recaptures Prague on Saksen. [1] June 20 * Britain grants second Lord Baltimore rights to Chesapeake Bay area. [1] November 6 * Armies of Swedish King Gustav Adolf and Imperial general Albrecht von Wallenstein meet in battle at Ltzen. King Gustav is shot three times in a cavalry engagement early in the battle, and dies. Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar takes over command, and wins the battle. One-third (about 4500) of the Swedish-Finnish army is killed. [7] December 20 * Nicolas Antoine French cath pastor who converted to Judaism, executed. [1] 1633 February 2 * M Rossi's opera "Erminia sul Giordano" premieres in Rome. [1] February 13 * Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei arrived in Rome for trial before Inquisition for professing belief that earth revolves around the Sun. [1] March 1 * George Herbert English poet, dies at age 39. [1] March 7 * Prince Frederik Henry appoints himself viceroy of Limburg. [1] April 23

* Sweden and Protestant German monarchy form Union of Heilbronn. [1] December 1 * Isabella of Austria infante of Spain/governess in Holland, dies at age 67. [1] December 18 * Theodoor Galle Flemish engraver, buried at age 62. [1] 1634 January 24 * Emperor Ferdinand II declares Albrecht von Wallenstein a traitor. [1] February 17 * William Prynne tried in Star Chamber for publishing "Histriomastix". [1] February 18 * Ferdinand II orders execution of commander Albrecht von Wallenstein. [1] February 19 * Battle at Smolensk Polish king Wladyslaw IV beats Russians. [1] February 25 * Albrecht WE baron von Wallenstein German duke, murdered at age 50. [1] * Van Friedland/Mecklenburg General-Admiral, dies at age 50. [1] March 1 * Battle at Smolensk; Polish King Wladyslaw IV beats Russians. [1] March 3 * First tavern in Boston opens (Samuel Cole). [1]

March 13 * Acadmie Franaise opens. [1] March 25 * Lord Baltimore founded Catholic colony of Maryland. [1] April 6 * Heeren XIX asks "to secure Eylands Curaao". [1] May 4 * Johan van Walbeecks fleet departs to West-Indies. [1] May 12 * George Chapman English dramatist/interpreter, dies. [1] May 31 * US colony Massachusetts Bay annexes Maine colony. [1] August 27 * The Battle of Nrdlingen is fought. The Imperial armies number 33,000 troops, the Protestant forces with 25,000. At the end of the day, 12,000 Protestants are dead, another 4,000 captured, including Swedish army leader Gustaf Horn. [7] 1635 February 10 * Acadmie Franaise is founded in Paris (by Cardinal Richelieu). [1] February 13 * Georg R Weckerlin German poet, dies at age 50. [1] * Oldest US public institution, Boston Latin School founded. [1] March 3 * Philips de l'Espinoy historian/mayor of Ghent, dies. [1]

March 19 * Pieter Christiaensz Bor Dutch historian, dies. [1] March 24 * Jacques Callot French cartoonist/engraver, dies at about age 42. [1] April 18 * Axel Oxenstierna and French Cardinal Richelieu sign the Treaty of Compigne in Paris, France. Sweden gains control of the Rhine area from Breisach to Strasbourg, and France accepts Sweden as an equal ally, and agrees to declare war on Spain. Both parties agree to assist Protestants in Germany by force, and not to obtain a separate peace. [7] April 25 * Alessandro Tassoni Italian political writer (Rape of Bucket), dies at age 69. [1] April 28 * Virginia Governor John Harvey accused of treason and removed from office. [1] May 19 * France declares war on Spain. [1] May 28 * Zorilla's "El Desafio de Carlos V" premieres in Madrid. [1] May 30 * Emperor Ferdinand II and Saksen sign Peace of Prague. [1] June 28 * French colony of Guadeloupe established in the Caribbean. [1] August 27

* Lope Felix de Vega dramatist/poet (Angelica, Arcadia), dies at age 72. [1] September 10 * Swedish Council concludes the Truce of Stuhmsdorf with Poland, surrendering Prussia to Poland for 26 years truce. [7] October 9 * Religious dissident Roger Williams banished from Mass Bay Colony. [1] December 1 * Melchior Teschner composer, dies at age 51. [1] December 30 * Jan Baptista Van Helmont physician/alchemist, dies. [1] 1636 March 26 * University of Utrecht opening ceremony. [1] April 29 * Prince Frederik Henry occupies Schenkenschans. [1] July 4 * City of Providence, Rhode Island form. [1] October 4 * First code of law for Plymouth Colony. [1] October 28 * Harvard University (Boston) established. [1] December 9

* Giovanni B Aleotti Italian writer/theater architect, dies at about age 90. [1] 1637 January * At the height of the Dutch tulip "bubble", a single bulb of Semper Augustus sells for 10,000 guilders, equivalent to a mansion. [187.119] January 23 * Dutch Governor Johan Mauritius lands in Pernambuco Brazil. [1] February 2 * Zorilla's "El ms Impropio Verdugo Para Las" premieres in Madrid. [1] February 15 * Ferdinand II King of Bohemia/Hungary/German Emperor (1619-37), dies at age 58. [1] * Ferdinand III succeeds Ferdinand II as Holy Roman Emperor. [1] February * The speculative tulip market collapses, causing wiespread ruin throughout Holland. [187.119] May 10 * Susanna van Baerle Dutch wife of Constantine Huygens, dies at age 37. [1] May 13 * Cardinal Richelieu of France creates the table knife. [1] May 26 * 150 Puritans lead by Captain John Mason with 60 Mohegan warriors attack fortified Pequot village at Mystic, in Connecticut River Valley, North America. They burn the entire village, shoot fleeing escapers, killing about 700 men, women, children in under hour. [1] [187.xv]

November 20 * Peter Minuit and first Swedish immigrants to Delaware sail from Sweden. [1] 1638 January 3 * Dutch Premier Van Joost speaks of "Hostage rights of Aemstel". [1] * Schouwburg Theatre, the first in Amsterdam, opens. [1] January 5 * Petition in Recife Brazil leads to closing of their two synagogues. [1] February 11 * Dutch countess Louise of Solms marries earl John of Brederode. [1] February 28 * Claude G Bachet de Meziriac French mathematician/poet, dies at age 56. [1] * Henri duc de Rohan, French soldier/Huguenot leader, dies. [1] * Scottish Presbyterians sign National Convenant, Greyfriars, Edinburgh. [1] March 3 * Duke Bernard van Saksen-Weimar occupies Rheinfelden. [1] March 8 * Jacob C van Neck Admiral/mayor of Amsterdam, dies at about age 73. [1] March 19 * Paul Moreelse Dutch painter/master builder, dies at about age 66. [1] March 22

* Religious dissident Anne Hutchinson expelled from Massachusetts Bay Colony. [1] March 26 * Palamedes "Stevens" Palamedesz painter, dies at about age 30. [1] March 29 * Two Swedish/Dutch ships, the Kalmar Nyckel and the Fogel Grip, arrive at the Delaware river in North America. (Ground is soon bought from the Indians, and Nova Svecia (New Sweden) is established.) [7] April 13 * Henri II duke of Rohan-Gi, French hugenot leader, dies at age 58. [1] May 6 * Cornelius Jansen theologian (Jansenism), dies. [1] May 7 * Cornelis S Goyer takes possession of Mauritius (uninhabited). [1] May 14 * Admiral Adam Westerwolt conquerors Batticaloa, Ceylon. [1] May 27 * Nicolas Forme composer, dies at age 71. [1] June 25 * A lunar eclipse becomes the first astronomical event recorded in US. [1] August 9 * Jonas Bronck of Holland becomes first European settler in the Bronx. [1] September 21

* English colonists in North America make a peace settlement with the Pequot Indians, prohibiting survivors to speak the Pequot language, or call themselves Pequot. [187.xvi] December 10 * Ivan [Dzivo F] Gundulic Dalmatian writer (Osman), dies at age 49. [1] December 17 * French/Swedish troops occupy Breisach on the Rhine. [1] December 18 * Le Pre Joseph French mystic, dies. [1] 1639 January 6 * Virginia is first colony to order surplus crops (tobacco) destroyed. [1] January 14 * First Connecticut constitution (Fundamental Orders) adopted in Hartford. [1] * Rodger Ludlow publishes"Fundamental Orders of Connecticut". [1] January 20 * Mustapha I sultan of Turkey (1622-23), dies. [1] January 23 * Francisco Maldonado da Silva Solis Peruvian poet, burned at stake. [1] January 24 * Connecticut colony organizes under Fundamental Orders. [1] * George Jenatsch Grisons leader, assassinated. [1] February 7

* Acadmie Franaise begins the Dictionary of the French Language. [1] March 13 * Cambridge College renamed Harvard for clergyman John Harvard. [1] March 22 * Thomas Carew English poet/diplomat (The Rapture), dies. [1] May 8 * William Coddington founds Newport Rhode Island. [1] May 20 * Dorchester Massachusetts, forms first school funded by local taxes. [1] May 21 * Giovan D "Tommaso" Campanella Italian philosopher/poet, dies at age 70. [1] June 6 * Massachusetts grants 500 acres of land to erect a gunpowder mill. [1] June 10 * First American log cabin at Fort Christina (Wilmington Delaware). [1] September 25 * First printing press in America. [1] December 3 * First annulment by court decree passes. [1] December 4

* Jeremiah Horrocks makes the first observation of a transit of Venus. [5] (November 24 [1]) 1640 January 22 * Erasmus Quellinus I Flemish wood carver, dies at about age 55. [1] January 25 * Robert Burton author (Anatomy of Melancholy), dies. [1] February 4 * Hendrick C Vroom Dutch seascape painter, dies. [1] February 9 * Murad IV sultan of Turkey (1623-40), dies in Baghdad at age 27. [1] March 8 * Guillaume van Messaus composer, dies at age 50. [1] March 9 * Pierre Corneilles "Horace" premieres in Paris France. [1] March 17 * Philip Massinger dramatist, dies. [1] April 2 * Matthias C Sarbiewski [Sarbievius], Polish jesuit/poet, dies at age 45. [1] April 10 * Agostino Agazzari Italian composer, dies at age 61. [1] * Charlotte Flandrina van Nassau daughter of Willem I, dies at age 60. [1] April 13 * English Short Parliament forms (to May 5). [1]

May 3 * English Upper house accept Act of Attainder. [1] May 5 * English Short Parliament unites. [1] May 12 * Uprising against Spanish king Philip IV. [1] May 30 * Andr Duchesne French historian/genealogy, dies. [1] * Peter Paul Rubens Flemish painter, dies at age 62. [1] December 1 * Portugal regains independence after 60 years of Spanish rule. [1] December 6 * Matthijs Elsevier Flemish/Dutch book publisher/merchant, dies at age 75. [1] December 9 * Settler Hugh Bewitt banished from Massachusetts colony when he declares himself to be free of original sin. [1] December 15 * Duke of Bragana crowned King Johan IV of Portugal. [1] December 25 * Pierre de Fermat writes to Marin Mersenne about Fermat's church thesis. [1] 1641 January 3 * Jeremiah Horrocks English astronomical prodigy, dies at age 22. [1]

January 11 * Franciscus Gomarus [Franois Gomaer], French theologist, dies. [1] January 14 * United East Indian Company conquerors city of Malakka, 7,000 killed. [1] February 16 * English king Charles I accept Triennial Act. [1] March 16 * General court declares Rhode Island a democracy and adopts new constitution. [1] May 12 * Prince Willem II (14) marries English princess Henriette Mary Stuart (9). [1] * Thomas Wentworth English viceroy of Ireland, beheaded at age 48. [1] June 20 * France and Sweden sign the Treaty of Hamburg. Sweden receives increased monetary subsidies from France, and agrees to continue fighting for the duration of the war. [7] July 23 * Spanish galleon Mestra Seora de la pura y Limpia Concepcin leaves Vera Cruz, bound for Havana and Spain. [262.161] August 27 * Spanish galleon Concepcin arrives in Havana from Vera Cruz, to be readied for sailing with treasure fleet for Spain. [262.161] September 20 * Spanish galleon Concepcin sails from Havana with a treasure fleet for Spain. [262.161]

October 15 * Paul de Chomedy de Maisonneuve claims Montreal. [1] October 31 * Spanish galleon Concepcin strikes a coral reef off the Bahamas, breaking up, dumping its huge load of treasure. [262.163] December 1 * Massachusetts becomes first colony to give statutory recognition to slavery. [1] December 6 * Don Francisco de Mello appointed land guardian of South Netherlands. [1] December 9 * Anthonie "Antoon" van Dyck Flemish painter, dies at age 42. [1] December 22 * Maximilien de Bthune duke of Sully Prime Minister of France, dies at age 81. [1] December 25 * Emperor Ferdinand III makes appointments with Sweden and France. [1] December 27 * Franois van d'Aerssen ruler of Sommelsdijk/diplomat, dies at age 69. [1] 1642 January 4 * King Charles I with 400 soldiers attacks the English parliament. [1] January 8

* Galileo Galilei, Italian physicist/astronomer, dies at age 78 in Arceti, Italy. [1] [5] January 10 * King Charles I and family flee London for Oxford. [1] February 24 * Marco da Gagliano Italian opera composer, dies at about age 66. [1] March 1 * Georgeana (York) Maine became the first incorporated American city. [1] March 9 * English Queen Henriette Mary arrives in Hellevoetsluis Netherlands. [1] March 12 * Abel Tasman is first European in New Zealand. [1] May 6 * Frans Francken the Younger, Flemish painter, dies on 61st birthday. [1] * Ville Marie (Montral) forms. [1] May 18 * Montral Canada founded. [1] August 13 * Christiaan Huygens discovers Martian south polar cap. [1] September 23 * Harvard College in Cambridge, Massachusetts, first commencement. [1]

November 24 * Abel Janzoon Tasman discovers Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania). [1] December 4 * Armand-Jean Duplessis Richelieu bishop of Luon, dies at about age 57. [1] December 13 * New Zealand discovered by Dutch navigator Abel Tasman. [1] December 22 * Pope Urbanus VIII publishes degree In eminente. [1] 1643 January 23 * Sir Thomas Fairfax takes Leeds for the Parliamentarians. [1] February 25 * Dutch US colonists kill Algonquin-Indians. [1] * Marco da Gagliano Italian opera composer, dies at age 60. [1] March 1 * Girolamo Frescobaldi Italian composer/organist, dies at age 59. [1] April 4 * Simon Episcopius [Bisschop] Dutch theologist, dies at age 60. [1] April 20 * Christoph Demantius composer, dies at age 75. [1] April 27 * Tirso de Molina's "Bellaco Sois, Gomez", premieres in Madrid. [1] May 13

* Battle at Grantham: English parliamentary armies beat royalists. [1] * Heavy earthquake strikes Santiago Chile; kills 1/3 of population. [1] May 14 * Louis XIII king of France (1610-43), dies at age 41. [1] * Louis XIV (4) becomes king of France. [1] May 19 * Battle at Rocroi/Allersheim: French army destroys Spanish army. [1] * Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Connecticut and New Harbor form United Colonies of New England. [1] July 5 * First recorded tornado in US (Essex County, Massachusetts). [1] December 8 * John Pym English House of Commons member, dies at about age 59. [1] December 25 * Captain William Mynors founds and names Christmas Island. [5] 1644 January 18 * Perplexed Pilgrims in Boston reported America's first UFO sighting. [1] January 24 * Battle at Nantwich Cheshire Parliamentary armies win. [1] January 30 * William Chillingworth English theologian, Cambridge Platonist, dies. [1] February 5

* First US livestock branding law passed, by Connecticut. [1] March 5 * Louise Juliana countess of Nassau, dies at age 73. [1] March 7 * Massachusetts establishes first two-chamber legislature in colonies. [1] March 14 * England grants patent for Providence Plantations (now Rhode Island). [1] March 19 * 200 members of Peking imperial family/court commit suicide. [1] * Si Sang last Ming-emperor of China, commits suicide. [1] March 24 * Cecilia Renata arch duchess of Austria, dies. [1] March 31 * Pope Urbanus VIII and duke of Parma signs Peace of Ferrara. [1] April 29 * Farm leader Li Zicheng becomes emperor of China and flees Peking. [1] May 6 * Johan Mauritius resigns as Governor of Brazil. [1] May 23 * Johan Mauritius van Nassau resigns as head of Civil rights activists. [1] July 2 * Battle of Marston Moor; Parliamentary forces defeat royalists. [1]

* William Gascoigne introduced telescopic sights, is killed at age 24. [1] November 19 * First Protestant ministry society in New England. [1] December 4 * First European peace congress opens in Mnster. [1] December 8 * Kristina, daughter of the late Swedish King Gustav Adolf, is proclaimed of age on her 18th birthday, and becomes ruling Queen of Sweden. [7] 1645 January 10 * William Laud Archbishop of Canterbury is beheaded for treason at age 71. [1] March 24 * Battle at Jankov Bohemia: Sweden beat Roman Catholic emperor Ferdinand III. [1] April 2 * Robert Devereux resigns as parliament supreme commander. [1] April 3 * English parliament accept Self-Denying Ordinance. [1] April 7 * Michael Cardozo becomes first Jewish lawyer in Brazil. [1] April 19 * Anton van Diemen Governor-General (Netherlands East Indies), dies at about age 51. [1] * William Smith composer, dies at age 42. [1]

June 14 * Royalists lose Battle of Naseby. [241.9] August 13 * At Brmsebro, peace is signed between Sweden and Denmark. Sweden gains the islands of Gotland and sel, and Halland (for 30 years) from Denmark. Norway cedes to Sweden the northern provinces of Jmtland and Hrjedalen. Denmark regains Scania and keeps Blekinge. [7] August 30 * Dutch and Indians sign peace treaty. [1] 1646 January 6 * Elias Hill German architect of Augsburg, dies at age 72. [1] February 28 * Roger Scott is tried in Massachusetts for sleeping in church. [1] March 6 * Joseph Jenkes, Massachusetts, receives first colonial machine patent. [1] March 20 * Matthew Vossius historian (Annales Holland Zelandiaeque), dies at age 35. [1] April 27 * King Charles I flees Oxford. [1] May 5 * King Charles I surrenders at Newark, Scotland. [1] [241.9] May 30

* Spain and Netherlands signs temporary cease fire. [1] December 7 * Princess Louise Henriette (19) marries monarch Frederik Henry. [1] 1647 January 19 * Johan van Beverwijck physician (Treasurer of Ongesontheyt), dies at age 52. [1] January 23 * Scottish Presbyterians sell captured Charles I to English parliament. [1] January 30 * Scots agree to sell King Charles I to English Parliament for 400. [1] March 14 * Frederik Hendrik count of Nassau/prince of Orange, dies at age 63. [1] March 25 * Cape of Good Hope; tour ship Haerlem stranded in Tafel Bay. [1] April 25 * Matthias Gallas Austrian earl of Campo/duke of Lucerna, dies at age 62. [1] May 19 * Sebastian Vrancx Flemish painter (captain of vigilante), dies. [1] May 21 * Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft poet/playwright (Warenar), dies at about age 65. [1]

May 23 * Willem II sworn in as viceroy of Holland. [1] May 26 * Massachusetts disallows priest access to colony. [1] May 27 * Achsah Young becomes first woman known to be executed as a witch (Massachusetts). [1] June 4 * British army seizes King Charles I as a prisoner. [1] June 24 * Lord Baltimore's niece ejected requesting vote at Maryland Council. [1] July 7 * Thomas Hooker clergyman, father of American democracy, dies. [1] November 11 * Massachusetts passes first US compulsory school attendance law. [1] December 31 * Giovanni Maria Trabaci composer, dies. [1] 1648 January 14 * Casparus Barleaus Flemish theologist/poet (Muiderkring), dies at age 63. [1] January 20

* Cornerstone of Amsterdam town hall laid. [1] January 23 * Francisco de Rojas Zorrilla Spanish poet (Del Rey Abajo), dies at age 40. [1] January 30 * Spain and Netherlands sign Peace of Mnster, ending Tachtigjarige War. [1] February 21 * Christian IV king of Denmark/Norway, dies. [1] March 12 * Tirso de Molina Spanish author, dies at about age 63. [1] April 5 * Spanish troops/feudal barons strike down people's uprising in Naples. [1] April 11 * Matthaus Apelles von Lowenstern composer, dies at age 53. [1] April 12 * University of Harderwijk Netherlands solemn opens. [1] April 22 * Catharina Belgian van Nassau daughter of Willem, dies at age 69. [1] * English army claims king Charles I responsible for bloodshed. [1] April 26 * Christoph Thomas Walliser composer, dies at age 79. [1] May 6

* Battle at Zlty Wody-Bohdan Chmielricki's Cossaks beat John II Casimir. [1] May 15 * Treaty of Mnster: Spain and Netherlands ratified. [1] May 16 * Battle at Zlty Wody: Bohdan Chmielricki's cosacks beat John Casimir. [1] May 17 * Emperor Ferdinand III defeats Maximilian I of Bavaria. [1] May 20 * Wladyslaw IV Wasa King of Poland, dies. [1] May 23 * Luis de Nain painter, dies. [1] September 1 * Marin Mersenne French mathematician, dies at age 59. [1] October 4 * Peter Stuyvesant establishes Americas first volunteer firemen. [1] October 14 * (1400 hours) At Mnster, the final peace treaties of Westphalia are signed, ending the Thirty Years War in Europe. Sweden gains territory controlling mouths of three German rivers: Oder, Elbe, and Weser. The King adds the titles of duke of Bremen-Verden, duke of Pomerania, prince of Rgen, and lord of Wismar. Sweden is now at peace for the first time in fifty years. [7] October 18 * First US labor organization forms (Boston Shoemakers). [1] November 2

* 12,000 Jews massacred by Chmielnicki hordes in Narol, Podlia. [1] November 11 * Dutch and French agree to divide Saint Maarten, Leeward Islands. [1] December 6 * Pride's Purge: Thomas Pride prevents 96 presbyterians from sitting in English parliament. [1] 1649 January 5 * Francesco Cavalli's opera "Giasone" premieres in Venice. [1] January 30 * Charles I King of Great Britain (1625-49), beheaded for treason. [1] February 5 * Prince of Wales becomes king Charles II. [1] March 11 * Treaty of Rueil destroys first Fronde-uprising. [1] March 17 * Gerardus Johannis Vossius [Gerrit Vos], Dutch regent, dies at age 71. [1] March 26 * John Winthrop Puritan and first Governor (Massachusetts), dies. [1] April 5 * John Winthrop first Governor Massachusetts Bay Colony, dies at age 61. [1] April 21

* Maryland Toleration Act passed, allowing all freedom of worship. [1] May 12 * Isaac Doreslaer English lawyer/diplomat, murdered. [1] September 12 * Drogheda, Ireland falls to Puritan troops; inhabitants massacred. [1] December 4 * Outgert Arisz Akersloot Dutch silversmith, dies at about age 73. [1] 1650 January 11 * Paul Hallman composer, dies at age 49. [1] January 18 * French Prince Louis II of Cond captured. [1] February 1 * Rene Descartes philosopher "I think therefore I am", stops thinking. [1] February 8 * John Adriaensz hydraulic engineer (Haarlemmermeer), dies at about age 74. [1] February 11 * Ren Descartes philosopher "I think therefore I am", stops thinking. [1] March 29 * Cornelis Galle I Flemish engraver, dies at about age 73. [1]

April 20 * VOC-management sets new guidelines. [1] April 27 * Scottish General Montrose defeated. [1] April 30 * French rebel Henri de la Tour Turenne signs treaty with Spain. [1] May 20 * Francesco Sacrati composer, dies at age 44. [1] May 21 * James G Marquis of Montrose, Scottish general, hanged. [1] May 28 * Gilles Hayne composer, dies at age 59. [1] July 18 * Christoph Scheiner German astronomer, dies at age 74. [1] September 29 * Henry Robinson opens first marriage bureau (England). [1] December 21 * Johan de Witt installed as Dutch pension advisor of Dordrecht. [1] 1651 January 1 * Charles II Stuart crowned king of Scotland. [1] January 8 * Giovanni Battista Gagliano composer, dies at age 56. [1]

January 13 * Abraham C Bloemaert painter/cartoonist/engraver, dies at age 86. [1] February 6 * Cardinal Mazarin flees Paris. [1] February 13 * Flemish missionary Joris van Geel departs to Congo. [1] March 5 * South Sea dike in Amsterdam breaks after storm. [1] March 31 * Great earthquake at Cuzco Peru. [1] July 24 * Anthony Johnson, a free black, receives grant of 250 acres in Virginia. [1] August 13 * Litchfield, Connecticut founded. [1] December 1 * Cristobal de Isla Diego composer, dies at age 65. [1] December 6 * Anna Roemers Visscher Dutch poetess, dies at age 68. [1] December 17 * Wolfgang Schonsleder composer, dies at age 81. [1] December 18 * Francisco the Melo Portuguese/Spanish earl of Assumar, dies at age 54. [1]

December 24 * John van Riebeeck departs to Cape of Good Hope. [1] December 25 * Massachusetts General Court ordered a fine (five shillings) for "observing any such day as Christmas". [1] 1652 January 24 * Duke of Orlans joins Fronde rebels. [1] February 17 * Gregorio Allegri Italian singer/composer (Miserere), dies at about age 67. [1] March 21 * Vredius [Olivier de Wree], Flemish historian/mayor (Brugge), dies at age 55. [1] April 6 * Cape Colony, the first European settlement in South Africa, established by John of Riebeeck. [1] April 7 * Dutch establish settlement at Cape Town, South Africa. [1] April 21 * Pietro Della Valle composer, dies at age 66. [1] May 2 * Frederik Hendriks daughter Albertine Agnes marries Willem Frederik. [1] May 4

* Battle at Etampes: French army under Turenne beats Fronde rebels. [1] May 10 * John Johnson, a free black, is granted 550 acres in Northampton Virginia. [1] May 13 * Ingen Ryuki invited to become the abbot of Sofokuji temple in Nagasaki. [1] May 18 * Rhode Island enacts first law declaring slavery illegal. [1] May 19 * Spanish troops occupy Grevelingen. [1] May 27 * Jacques Huyn composer, dies at age 39. [1] May 29 * English Admiral Robert Blake drives out Dutch fleet under Lieutenant-Admiral Tromp. [1] December 8 * Adriaan W "Joris" van Geel Flemish missionary, murdered at age 35. [1] December 10 * Sea battle at Dungeness: Lieutenant-Admiral Maarten Tromp beats English fleet. [1] December 23 * John Cotton Massachusetts Bay Puritan preacher, dies at age 68. [1] December 31

* Frances Cecil second wife of English earl of Shaftesbury, dies. [1] 1653 February 2 * New Amsterdam becomes a city (later New York City, New York). [1] February 3 * Cardinal Mazarin returns to Paris from exile. [1] February 7 * Nicolas Fouquet appointed superintendent of Finance of France. [1] February 16 * Johannes Schultz composer, dies at age 70. [1] February 19 * Luigi Rossi composer, dies. [1] February 20 * Defeat of Dutch fleet under Admiral Van Tromp by Admiral Blake off Portsmouth. [1] February 21 * Adriaen Pauw master of Heemstede/Dutch Grand Pensionary, dies at age 71. [1] February 28 * Three Day Sea battle English beats Dutch. [1] March 14 * Johan van Galen beats English fleet at Livorno. [1] March 17

* Johan van Galen Admiral (battle of Livorno), dies in battle at age 48. [1] March 23 * Johan van Galen Dutch Admiral (Dunes Monte Christo), dies at about age 48. [1] April 20 * Cromwell routes English parliament to house. [1] May 10 * John Bicker ship builder/merchant/regent, dies at age 61. [1] May 18 * Carel Reyniersz Governor-General (Netherlands East Indies), dies at age 48. [1] May 19 * Carel Reyniersz Governor-General of Netherlands East Indies, dies at age 48. [1] May 24 * German Parliament selects Ferdinand II king of Austria. [1] July 4 * Barebones Parliment goes into session in England. [1] December 12 * Barebone-parliament ends. [1] December 16 * Oliver Cromwell becomes Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland. [1] 1654 January 7

* Fire after heavy storm destroys 2/3 of De Rijp Netherlands, one dies. [1] January 17 * Paul Potter Dutch painter, buried. [1] January 26 * Portuguese troops conquer last Dutch base on Recife. [1] February 17 * Michael Lohr composer, dies at age 62. [1] March 21 * Johann Neukrantz composer, dies at age 51. [1] March 24 * Samuel Scheidt German composer (Concertus sacri), dies at age 66. [1] April 12 * England, Ireland and Scotland unite. [1] April 15 * England and Netherlands signs peace treaty. [1] April 21 * England and Sweden sign trade agreement. [1] April 26 * Jews are expelled from Brazil. [1] May 3 * Bridge at Rowley Massachusetts begins charging tolls for animals. [1]

* Franois van Kinschot treasurer-general/chancellor of Brabant, dies at age 77. [1] May 13 * Venetian fleet under Admiral Adeler beats Turkish. [1] June 6 * In Sweden, at the Riksdag in Uppsala Castle, Queen Kristina abdicates the throne. Karl X Gustav is declared new king. [7] June 7 * Louis XIV crowned king of France. [1] November 21 * Richard Johnson, a free black, granted 550 acres in Virginia. [1] 1655 January 7 * Innocentius X [Giambattista Pamfili], pope (1644-55), dies at age 80. [1] February 16 * Dutch Grand Pensionary advisor Johan de Witt marries Wendela Bicker. [1] March 25 * Christiaan Huygens discovers Titan, Saturn's largest moon. [1] [5] March 29 * Valerius Andreas Flemish historian, dies at age 66. [1] April 4 * Battle at Postage Farina, Tunis English fleet beats Barbarian pirates. [1] April 7

* Fabio Chigi replaces Pope Innocent X as Alexander VII. [1] April 14 * Johann Erasmus Kindermann composer, dies at age 39. [1] April 26 * Dutch West Indies Company denies Peter Stuyvesant's desire to exclude Jews from New Amsterdam. [1] April 28 * English Admiral Blake beats Tunen pirate fleet. [1] May 10 * Jamaica captured by English. [1] July 28 * Cyrano de Bergerac French dramatist/novelist, dies in Paris. [1] August 28 * New Amsterdam and Peter Stuyvesant bars Jews from military service. [1] September 7 * Tristan l'Hermite French dramatist/poet, dies (birth date unknown). [1] October 15 * Jews of Lublin are massacred. [1] October 24 * Pierre Gassendi French philosopher, dies at age 63. [1] December 4 * Middelburg Netherlands forbids building of synagogue. [1]

1656 January 8 * Oldest surviving commercial newspaper begins (Haarlem, Netherlands). [1] January 17 * Brandenburg and Sweden sign Treaty of Knigsberg. [1] January 24 * First Jewish doctor in US, Jacob Lumbrozo, arrives in Maryland. [1] February 20 * James Ussher Irish bible scholar/Anglican archbishop, dies at age 76. [1] February 22 * New Amsterdam granted a Jewish burial site. [1] February 27 * Johan van Heemskerk Dutch lawyer/writer/interpreter, dies. [1] March 13 * Jews are denied the right to build a synagogue in New Amsterdam. [1] March 21 * Armagh James Ussher Archbishop (said world began 4004 BC), dies at age 76. [1] March 31 * Pierre de La Barre composer, dies at age 64. [1] April 10 * Dutch fleet occupiers Colombo Ceylon. [1]

April 27 * Gerard van Honthorst painter, dies at age 65. [1] * Jan J van Goyen Dutch landscape painter, dies at age 60. [1] September 22 * All female jury hears case of woman who killed her child (acquit her). [1] October 3 * Myles Standish Plymouth Colony leader, dies (birth date unknown). [1] December 1 * Germany promises Poland aid against Sweden. [1] December 14 * Artificial pearls first manufactured by M Jacquin in Paris made of gypsum pellets covered with fish scales. [1] 1657 February 4 * Oliver Cromwell grants residency to Luis Caravajal. [1] February 10 * Sebastian Stosskopf Elizabethian painter, dies at age 59. [1] March 23 * France and England form alliance against Spain; England gets Dunkirk. [1] March 26 * Jacob van Eyck Dutch blind flautist/carillonneur, dies at age 69. [1] March 31

* English Humble Petition offers Lord Protector Cromwell the crown. [1] April 2 * Ferdinand III King of Hungarian/Bohemia/German Emperor, dies at age 48. [1] April 3 * English Lord Protector Cromwell refuses crown. [1] April 20 * Battle in Santa Cruz Bay, Tenerife English fleet under Robert Blake sinks Spanish silver fleet. [1] May 9 * William Bradford Governor (Plymouth Colony, Massachusetts), dies. [1] 1658 February 5 * Maria Margaretha van Angels Dutch prioress at Oirschot, dies at age 52. [1] February 26 * Denmark signs peace with Sweden at Roskilde, giving up Skne, Blekinge, Bohusln, island of Bornholm, and province of Trondheim in central Norway. [7] March 17 * Pro-Charles II plot in England discovered. [1] March 23 * Valentin Dretzel composer, dies at age 79. [1] April 19

* Robert Rich second earl of Warwick English Lord High Admiral, dies at age 70. [1] May 24 * Battle of Dunes (Spanish-French War) fought. [1] September 3 * James I king of England (1603-25), dies at age 92. [1] * Oliver Cromwell the Lord Protector of England, dies at age 59. [1] September 22 * Georg Philipp Harsdrfer poet (Poetischer Trichter), dies at age 50. [1] December 6 * Gracian writer, dies. [1] December 9 * Dutch troops occupy harbor city Quilon (Coilan) India. [1] December 26 * Simon Guillain French sculptor (Castle of Blois/Sorbonne), dies at age 78. [1] 1659 January 14 * Battle at Elvas Portuguese beat Spanish. [1] January 18 * Benedikt Lechler composer, dies at age 64. [1] January 24 * Pierre Corneille's "Oedipe" premieres in Paris. [1] February 16

* First known cheque, for 400 drawn on a British bank. [1] [55.34] April 15 * Simon Dach German poet, dies. [1] April 22 * Lord protector Cromwell disbands English parliament. [1] May 22 * France, England and Netherlands sign "Hedges Concerto" treaty. [1] May 25 * Richard Cromwell resigns as English Lord Protector. [1] May 31 * Netherlands, England and France sign Treaty of The Hague. [1] November 5 * In Italy, an earthquake occurs, killing over 2,000 and inflicting severe damage. [53] December 16 * General Monck demands free parliamentary election in Scotland. [1] December 26 * Long Parliament reforms in Westminster. [1] December 31 * Jnos Apczai Csere Hung theologist (Magyar Logikcska), dies at age 34. [1] 1660 January 1

* First entry in Samuel Pepys' diary. [1] * General Moncks army battles with the Tweed on way to London. [1] * Thomas Fairfax' New Model-army occupies York. [1] February 2 * Govert Flinck Dutch painter (Isaac blesses Jacob), dies at age 45. [1] * Jean BG duke of Orlans brother of French king Louis XIII, dies at age 51. [1] February 3 * General Moncks army reaches London. [1] February 13 * Sweden's King Karl X Gustav dies of a stroke in Gteborg. [7] February 15 * Klaas Geritsz Compaen Dutch buccaneer/merchant, dies at age 72. [1] February 18 * Judith Jansdochter Leyster Dutch painter, buried. [1] February 23 * Charles X Gustaaf king of Sweden (1654-60), dies at age 37. [1] * Charles XI becomes king of Sweden. [1] March 16 * English Long Parliament disbands. [1] April 4 * English King Charles II ends Declaration of Breda (freedom of religion). [1] April 23

* Sweden concludes peace with Poland at Oliva, near Danzig. The Polish king renounces claims on the Swedish throne, and on Livonia. Brandenburg and Austria agree to evacuate Pomerania. [7] April 25 * London Convention Parliament meets and votes to restore Charles II. [1] April 30 * Peter Scriverius Dutch lawyer/historian, dies at age 84. [1] May 3 * Sweden, Poland, Brandenburg and Austria sign Peace of Oliva. [1] May 7 * Isaack B Fubine of Savoy, in The Hague, patents macaroni. [1] May 8 * English parliament asks King Charles II to resigns. [1] May 23 * King Charles II returns from exile sails from Scheveningen to England. [1] May 24 * English king Charles II visits Netherlands. [1] May 25 * English King Charles II lands in Dover. [1] May 27 * Sweden signs a peace treaty with Denmark at Copenhagen, giving back Bornholm and Trondheim to Denmark. [7] May 29

* Charles II restored to English throne after Puritan Commonwealth. [1] * Gyrgy Rkczi II prince of Transsylvania, dies in battle. [1] * Peter Scriverius lawyer/historian, dies at age 44. [1] September 27 * Saint Vincent de Paul Vincentian Cong founder, dies. [1] November 15 * First kosher butcher (Asser Levy) licensed in New Amsterdam. [1] December 3 * Jacques Sarazin French sculptor/painter, dies at about age 70. [1] December 15 * Philippines: Andres Malongs rebels plunders Bagnotan. [1] December 24 * Mary I princess of England, dies at age 29. [1] 1661 January 1 * Pieter Claesz Dutch still life painter, dies at about age 64. [1] January 3 * Maria Henritte Stuart (of Orange) English Princess Royal/eldest daughter of the English king Charles I/mother of English king William III, dies of smallpox at age 29. [1] January 17 * Andres Malong Philippines rebel leader, executed. [1] March 8 * Jules Mazarin Italian cardinal/premier of France, dies at age 58. [1] March 9

* Jules Cardinal Mazarin chief minister of France, dies. [1] March 10 * French King Louis XIV ends office of premier. [1] March 22 * Hendrick Uylenburgh art dealer, buried at about age 73. [1] March 24 * William Leddra last Quaker, hanged in Boston. [1] April 23 * English king Charles II crowned in London. [1] April 29 * Chinese Ming dynasty occupies Taiwan. [1] April 30 * Tsjeng Tsj'eng-Kung begins siege of Dutch fort Zeelandia, Formosa. [1] May 3 * Johannes Hevelius observes third transit of Mercury ever to be seen. [1] May 25 * King Charles II marries Portuguese princess Catherina the Bragana. [1] May 27 * Archibald Campbell Scottish politician, beheaded at about age 53. [1] June 5

* Isaac Newton admitted as a student to Trinity College, Cambridge. [1] June 21 * Sweden signs the Treaty of Kardis, in which Russia agrees to return to Sweden areas it had conquered in the Baltic lands. [7] July 27 * Parliament confirms the Navigation Act. [1] September 1 * First Yacht race, England's King Charles versus his brother James. [1] October 1 * Yachting begins in England; King Charles II beats his brother James. [1] December 20 * Corporation Act enforced in England. [1] 1662 January 27 * First American lime kiln begins operation (Providence Rhode Island). [1] February 1 * Dutch garrison on Formosa surrenders for Chinese pirates. [1] February 13 * Elisabeth Stuart English daughter of James I, dies at age 65. [1] February 23 * Johann Crger German organist/composer/music theorist, dies at age 63. [1]

March 18 * First scheduled bus service, between Porte de Sainte-Antoine and Porte du Luxembourg, in France. Fare is 5 sous. [55.29] April 4 * Davis Mell composer, dies at age 57. [1] * Leonhart Kern German sculptor , dies at about age 73. [1] April 20 * Gerard Terborch the elder, painter, dies. [1] April 22 * John Tradescant traveller/gardener, dies. [1] * Royal Society incorporates. [1] April 23 * Connecticut chartered as an English colony. [1] April 27 * Netherlands and France sign military covenant. [1] May 3 * Royal charter granted Connecticut. [1] May 19 * Uniformity Act of England goes into effect. [1] June 24 * Dutch invasion of Macau repulsed (Macau Day). [1] July 15 * Charles II grants charter to establish Royal Society in London. [1] August 24

* Act of Uniformity requires English to accept book of Common Prayer. [1] September 16 * Flamsteed sees solar eclipse, first known astronomical observation. [1] 1663 January 6 * Great earthquake in New England. [1] January 10 * King Charles II affirms charter of Royal African Company. [1] January 23 * King Louis XIV affirms covenant with Rnstaten. [1] January 29 * Robert Sanderson Bishop of Lincoln (1660-63), dies. [1] February 5 * In the St. Lawrence River valley (Canada), an Intensity X earthquake occurs, causing vast landslides along the St. Maurice, Batiscan, and St. Lawrence Rivers. [1] [53] April 1 * Gemert fines unwed motherhood (50 guilder penalty). [1] April 6 * King Charles II signs Carolina Charter. [1] April 18 * Osman declares war on Austria. [1] April 25

* Heinrich Pape composer, dies at age 53. [1] May 7 * Theatre Royal in Drury Lane London opens. [1] July 8 * King Charles II of England granted a charter to Rhode Island. [1] September 13 * First serious slave conspiracy in colonial America (Virginia). [1] December 5 * Severo Bonini composer, dies at age 80. [1] 1664 January 18 * Moise Amyrault French theologist/vicar, dies. [1] January 21 * Count Mikls of Zrinyi sets out to battle Turkish invasion army. [1] March 6 * King Louis XIV and Emperor of Brandenburg signs covenant. [1] March 12 * First naturalization act in American colonies. [1] * New Jersey becomes a British colony. [1] March 24 * Roger Williams is granted a charter to colonize Rhode Island. [1] April 4 * Adam Willaerts Dutch seascape painter, dies. [1] April 6

* France and Saksen sign alliance. [1] May 14 * Turkish great Kprl attacks 120,000 Donau soldiers. [1] May 28 * First Baptist Church is organized (Boston). [1] June 15 * New Jersey established. [1] September 8 * Dutch surrender New Amsterdam to 300 English soldiers. [1] September 20 * Maryland enacts first anti-amaglmation law to prevent widespread intermarriage of English women and black men. [1] December 15 * English colonizing Connecticut. [1] 1665 January 12 * Pierre de Fermat French lawyer/mathematician (principle of F), dies at age 63. [1] January 21 * Domenico Mazzocchi composer, dies at age 72. [1] * Pierre de Fermat French mathematician (Fermat theorem), dies at age 63. [1] February 27 * Battle at Elmina, Gold Coast Vice-Admiral De Ruyter beats English. [1]

February 28 * Lodewijk van Nassau Dutch governor (Bois-le-Duc), dies. [1] March 4 * English King Charles II declares war on Netherlands. [1] March 6 * Philosophical Transactions of Royal Society starts publishing. [1] March 11 * New York approves new code guaranteeing Protestants religious rights. [1] May 5 * Nicolaas Witsen visits patriarch Nikon in Moscow. [1] May 15 * Pope Alexander VII convicts Jansenisme. [1] May 24 * Maria de Jesus de Agreda [Maria Coronel] Spanish franciscans, dies. [1] May 31 * Jerusalem's rabbi Sjabtai Tswi proclaims himself Messiah. [1] * Pieter J Saenredam Dutch architectural painter, dies at age 67. [1] June 12 * English rename New Amsterdam, New York, after Dutch pull out. [1] August 27 * "Ye Bare and Ye Cubb" is first play performed in N America (Acomac, Virginia). [1] December 4

* Jean Racine's "Alexandre le Grand" premieres in Paris. [1] December 10 * Tarquinio Mercula composer, dies. [1] December 11 * "Messiah" Sjabtai Tswi festival in Smyrna. [1] December 30 * "Messiah" Sjabtai Tswi departs to Constantinople. [1] 1666 January 18 * Adriaen A Bloemaert Dutch landscape painter, dies at about age 56. [1] January 20 * Anna of Austria queen of France/daughter of Philip III, dies at age 64. [1] January 24 * Johann Andreas Herbst composer, dies at age 77. [1] January 26 * France declares war on England and Mnster. [1] February 1 * Sjihab al-Din Sultan C Shah Djahan mogol of India (Taj-Mahal), dies. [1] February 16 * Netherlands and Brandenburg sign treaty. [1] February 24

* Nicholas Lanier composer, dies at age 77. [1] April 18 * Peace of Kleef Netherlands and bishop Von Galen of Mnster. [1] May 6 * Paul Siefert composer, dies at age 79. [1] September 1 * Great London Fire begins in Pudding Lane. 80% of London is destroyed. [1] September 2 * Great Fire of London starts; destroys Saint Paul's Church. [1] November 14 * Samuel Pepys reports on first blood transfusion (between dogs). [1] December 30 * Abraham Crijnssen departs to Suriname. [1] 1667 January 3 * Russia and Poland sign Truce of Androsovo. [1] January 20 * Treaty of Andrussovo-ends 13 year war between Poland and Russia. [1] January 30 * Treaty of Andrussovo Russia and Poland sign peace treaty. [1] February 9 * Treaty of Andrussovo Russia/Poland signs peace treaty. [1]

February 20 * David ben Samuel Halevi rabbi/author (Shulchan Aruch), dies. [1] February 25 * Abraham Crijnssens fleet reach Fort Willoughby on Suriname River. [1] February 27 * Abraham Crijnssen conquerors Fort Willoughby (Zeelandia), Suriname. [1] February 28 * English colony Suriname in Dutch hands. [1] March 31 * France/England sign anti-Dutch military accord. [1] April 9 * (to April 23) First public art exhibition, held by Acadmie de Peinture et de Sculpture at Palais-Royale in Paris, France. [1] [55.19] May 6 * Johann Jacob Froberger German singer/organist/composer, dies at age 50. [1] May 7 * Johann Jakob Froberger German organist/singer/composer, dies at age 50. [1] May 9 * Marie Louise de Gonzague-Nevers French Queen of Poland (164548). [1] May 14

* Georges de Scudry French writer (Alaric ou Rome Vaincue), dies at age 65. [1] May 22 * Alexander VII [Fabio Chigi] Italian Pope (1655-67), dies at age 68. [1] May 23 * King Afonso VI of Portugal flees. [1] May 24 * French troops attack into Southern Netherlands. [1] June 12 * First blood transfusion to a human, nine ounces of blood from a lamb to a 15-year-old boy in France. [55.25] August 27 * Earliest recorded hurricane in USA (Jamestown, Virginia). [1] December 15 * Brandenburg declares himself neutral in Devolutie War. [1] 1668 January 19 * King Louis XIV and Emperor Leopold I sign treaty dividing Spain. [1] January 23 * England, Netherlands and Sweden signs Triple Alliance against French. [1] February 7 * Dutch Prince William III dances in premiere of "Ballet of Peace". [1] February 13

* Treaty of Lisbon Spain recognizes Portugal. [1] February 23 * Fire in Wiener Hofburg in Vienna, emperor Leopold I rescued. [1] March 25 * First horse race in America takes place. [1] March 26 * England takes control of Bombay India. [1] March 27 * Clemens Thieme composer, dies at age 36. [1] * English King Charles II gives Bombay to East India Company. [1] April 13 * John Dryden (36) becomes first English poet laureate. [1] May 2 * First peace of Aken: ends French-Spanish war in The Netherlands. [1] * Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, ends War of Devolution. [1] May 15 * A private bank is taken over by the Swedish State Government, becoming the Riksbank, the first national bank in the world. [7] May 23 * Philips Wouwerman Haarlems painter, buried. [1] June 4 * The University of Lund (Academia Carolina Conciliatrix) is founded in Sweden. [7] July 7 * Isaac Newton receives MA from Trinity College, Cambridge. [1]

December 13 * Jean Racines "Britannicus" premieres in Paris. [1] December 22 * Stephen Day first British colonial printer, dies. [1] 1669 January 19 * Leo Allatios Greek/Italian theologist/literary, dies at about age 82. [1] January 27 * Gaspar de Crayer Flemish painter, dies at age 87. [1] February 1 * Abandoned child Huygens friend poet Catharina Questiers, buried at age 31. [1] * French King Louis XIV limits freedom of religion. [1] February 23 * Lieuwe van Aitzema Frisian historian, dies at age 68. [1] March 11 * Volcano Etna in Italy erupts killing 15,000. [1] March 23 * Philipp Buchner composer, dies at age 54. [1] March 25 * Mount Etna in Sicily erupts, destroying Nicolosi, killing 20,000. [1] May 2 * Pieter Jansz Post master builder (Waag, Gouda), dies at age 61. [1]

May 16 * Pietro da Cortona [Berrettini], painter/architect, dies. [1] * Reyer Anslo writer/poet, dies at about age 42. [1] May 20 * Joris van der Hagen landscape painter, dies. [1] May 24 * Pieter Cuypers South Netherlands lawyer, dies at age 48. [1] December 9 * Clement IX [Giulio Rospigliosi] Italian Pope (1667-69), dies. [1] December 20 * First jury trial in Delaware; Marcus Jacobson condemned for insurrection and sentenced to flogging, branding and slavery. [1] December 31 * France and Brandenburg sign secret treaty. [1] 1670 January 3 * George Monck English General (-to the-sea), dies at age 61. [1] January 21 * Honorat de Brueil seigneur de Racan French playwright, dies at age 80. [1] February 9 * Frederik III King of Denmark/Norway (1648-70), dies at age 60. [1] February 14 * Roman Catholic emperor Leopold I chases Jews out of Vienna. [1] February 17

* France and Bavaria sign military assistance treaty. [1] February 27 * Jews are expelled from Austria by order of Leopold I. [1] April 23 * Loreto Vittori composer, dies at age 69. [1] April 29 * Pope Clemens X elected. [1] May 2 * King Charles II charters Hudson Bay Company. [1] May 24 * Ferdinand II ruler of Toscane, dies at age 59. [1] July 25 * Jews are expelled from Vienna Austria. [1] December 16 * Dorothy first English marquis of Halifax, dies. [1] December 31 * France and England sign Boyne-treaty. [1] 1671 January 18 * Pirate Henry Morgan defeats Spanish defenders, captures Panam. [1] January 27 * Pirate Henry Morgen lands at Panama City. [1]

April 14 * Cosaks capture Russian boer leader Stenka Razin. [1] April 22 * King Charles II sits in on English parliament. [1] April 30 * Pter Zrinyi Hungarian banished to Croatia, beheaded at age 49. [1] May 7 * Edward Montagu English baron Kimbolton, dies at about age 68. [1] * Pieter Stockmans Flemish chairman of Opperkrijgshof, dies at age 62. [1] May 9 * Colonel Thomas Blood attempts to steal Crown Jewels. [1] June 16 * Cossack rebel leader Stenka Razin tortured, executed in Moscow. [1] October 25 * Giovanni Cassini discovers Iapetus, satellite of Saturn. [1] 1672 January 1 * Jean Racine's "Bajazet" premieres in Paris. [1] January 11 * Isaac Newton is elected a member of Royal Society. [1] February 8

* Isaac Newton reads first optics paper before Royal Society in London. [1] February 23 * Joan Blaeus publishers destroyed by fire in Amsterdam. [1] March 15 * King Charles II enacts Declaration of Indulgence. [1] March 17 * England declares war on Netherlands. [1] April 6 * France declares war on Netherlands. [1] April 22 * Georg Stiernhielm Swedish scholar/author/poet (Hercules), dies at age 73. [1] May 6 * Brandenburgs monarch Frederik Willem signs treaty with Netherlands. [1] May 15 * First copyright law enacted by Massachusetts. [1] May 17 * Frontenac becomes Governor of New France (Canada). [1] June 25 * First recorded monthly Quaker meeting in US held, Sandwich, Massachusetts [1] September 16 * Anne Bradstreet American poet, dies (birth date unknown). [1]

December 10 * New York Governor Lovelace announces monthly mail service between New York and Boston. [1] December 13 * Jan II Kazimierz king of Poland (1648-68), dies at age 63. [1] December 16 * John II Casimir Vasa cardinal/king of Poland (1648-68), dies at age 63. [1] December 23 * Giovanni Cassini discovers Rhea, a satellite of Saturn. [1] December 30 * First public music concert, held in London, England, by organizer John Banister. Fee for audience is 1 shilling each. [55.45] * Baron Karl Rabenhaupt occupies Coevorden Netherlands. [1] 1673 January 13 * Jean Racine's "Mithridate" premieres in Paris. [1] January 22 * Postal service between New York and Boston inaugurated. [1] February 2 * Kaspar Forster, composer, dies at age 56. [1] February 17 * Jean Baptiste Poquelin, French author and dramatist, dies in Paris at age 51. [1] February 20 * First recorded wine auction held (London). [1]

February 21 * Michiel A de Ruyter appointed Lieutenant-Admiral-General of Dutch fleet. [1] March 15 * Salvatore Rosa Italian painter (Baroque)/poet/music/actor, dies at age 57. [1] March 18 * Lord Berkley sells his half of New Jersey to the Quakers. [1] March 28 * Adam Pijnacker Dutch landscape painter/etcher, buried at age 51. [1] March 29 * English King Charles II accepts Test Act: Roman Catholic excluded of public functions. [1] April 5 * Franois Caron Admiral/Governor (Formosa), drowns at about age 72. [1] May 7 * Johannes Teellinck Dutch vicar, dies at about age 58. [1] May 17 * Louis Joliet and Jacques Marquette begin exploring Mississippi. [1] July 24 * Edmund Halley enters Queen's College, Oxford, as an undergraduate. [1] August 9

* Dutch recapture New York from English; regained by English in 1674. [1] December 16 * Juan de Padilla composer, dies at age 68. [1] December 28 * Joan Blaeu Dutch cartographer/publisher (Atlas Major), dies at age 77. [1] 1674 January 10 * Jacob de Witt Dutch mayor (Dordrecht)/Member of Parliament, dies at age 84. [1] January 11 * Jan Zoet actor/playwright/poet (Brutal-Roffel), dies at age 58. [1] January 12 * Giacomo Carissimi Italian bandmaster/composer (Jephta), dies at age 68. [1] February 9 * English re-conquer New York from Netherlands. [1] February 19 * Netherlands and England sign Peace of Westminster (New York City becomes English). [1] February 22 * John Wilson composer, dies at age 78. [1] March 6 * Johann Paul Schor German barok painter, dies at age 58. [1] April 6

* Charles de Man Belgian lawyer (Observations), dies at age 69. [1] April 22 * Netherlands and Mnster sign peace treaty. [1] May 11 * Netherlands and Cologne sign peace treaty. [1] May 21 * General John Sobieski chosen King of Poland. [1] May 28 * German Parliament declares war on France. [1] November 10 * Dutch formally cede New Netherlands to English. [1] December 4 * Father Marquette builds first dwelling in what is now Chicago. [1] December 9 * Edward Hyde first earl of Clarendon English Prime Minister (166067), dies at age 65. [1] December 21 * Rutger van Haersolte viceroy of Overijsselse, dies at about age 66. [1] 1675 January 1 * Don Carlos de Gurrea/Aragn becomes Spanish land guardian of South Netherlands. [1] January 5

* Battle at Turkheim (Colmar): French army beats Brandenburg. [1] January 8 * First American commercial corporation chartered (New York Fishing Co). [1] January 31 * Cornelia/Dina Olfaarts found not guilty of witchcraft. [1] February 9 * Gerard Dou Dutch painter, buried. [1] February 21 * Prince Willem III appointed viceroy of Gelderland. [1] March 2 * Prince William III installed as Governor of Overijssel. [1] March 4 * John Flamsteed appointed first Astronomer Royal of England. [1] May 18 * Jacques Marquette jesuit/missionaries (Chicago) dies at age 37. [1] June 22 * Royal Greenwich Observatory established in England by Charles II. [1] December 5 * John Lightfoot English theologist (Horae Hebraicae), dies at age 73. [1] December 15 * John Vermeer Dutch painter (Love Letter), dies at age 43. [1] 1676

January 14 * Pier Francesco Cavalli Italian (opera)composer, dies at age 73. [1] January 17 * Pier Francesco Cavalli Italian opera composer, dies at age 73. [1] January 29 * Fjodor Aleksejevitsj becomes czar of Russia. [1] February 8 * Aleksei M Romanov Czar of Russia, dies at age 46. [1] February 10 * Wampanoag Indians under King Philip kill all men in Lancaster Massachusetts. [1] February 17 * Kings Charles II and Louis XIV sign secret treaty. [1] March 23 * Paulus Wirtz [Wrtz], German/Netherlands army commander, dies at age 63. [1] April 18 * Sudbury Massachusetts attacked by Indians. [1] April 22 * Battle of Etna - Netherlands/Spain versus France, M de Ruyter fatally wounded. [1] April 29 * Michiel A de Ruyter Dutch Rear-Admiral, (Newport), killed at age 69. [1] May 10

* Bacon's Rebellion, frontiersmen versus Virginia Government begins. [1] June 1 * A Danish-Dutch fleet defeats a Swedish fleet off land. The Swedish ship Kronan turns too quickly, keels over, capsizes, explodes, and sinks, killing about 800 on board, with 42 surviving. [7] August 12 * King Philip's War (vs Wampanoag Indians) ends in New England. [1] October 18 * Nathaniel Bacon rallied against Virginian government, killed at age 29. [1] November 16 * First colonial prison organized, Nantucket, Massachusetts. [1] December 3 * Battle at Lund: Sweden beats Denen. [1] * Daniel Stalpaert Amsterdams master builder, buried. [1] December 4 * Johann Georg Ebeling composer, dies at age 39. [1] * The Battle of Lund is fought. Swedish forces defeat the Danes, driving them out. 5000 Danes and 3000 Swedes are killed. [7] December 20 * John Galle Flemish engraver/printer, dies at age 76. [1] December 26 * Domenicus van Tol Dutch painter, dies. [1] 1677 January 9

* Aernout "Aert" van der Neer cartoonist/landscape painter, dies at age 73. [1] January 18 * John A van Riebeeck Dutch founder Cape Colony, dies at age 57. [1] January 21 * First medical publication in America (pamphlet on smallpox), Boston. [1] February 15 * King Charles II reports anti-French covenant with Netherlands. [1] February 16 * Earl of Shaftesbury arrested/confined in London Tower. [1] February 21 * [Benedictus] Baruch Spinoza philosopher, dies at age 44. [1] March 13 * Massachusetts gains title to Maine for $6,000. [1] March 28 * Wenzel Hollar Bohemia cartoonist/etcher, dies at about age 69. [1] April 11 * Battle at Montcassel, French troops beat Prince William III. [1] April 22 * Battle at Catania between French and Dutch fleet. [1] * Wenzel E Frst von Lobkowitz Austria chancellor (16..-74), dies at age 68. [1] April 26 * Emperor Leopold I forms University of Innsbruck. [1]

December 12 * Brandenburgs army occupies Stettin. [1] * Jacob Binckes/Benckes Dutch admiral (Chatham), dies in battle. [1] 1678 January 2 * Staatsoper Hamburg opens with Theiles "Adam und Eva". [1] January 4 * Johan Maetsuyker Dutch Governor-General of Ceylon (1653-78), dies at age 71. [1] January 7 * Johannes Flittner composer, dies at age 59. [1] January 24 * Joan Maetsuyker Governor-General of Netherlands East-Indies, dies at age 72. [1] February 10 * Philip Vingboons Amsterdam's master builder, buried. [1] February 13 * Tycho Brahe first sketches "Tychonic system" of solar system. [1] February 18 * John Bunyan's "The Pilgrim's Progress" is published. [1] February 27 * Earl of Shaftesbury freed out of London Tower. [1] April 25 * French troops conquer Ypres. [1]

May 3 * French conquering fleet at Curaao, 1200 die. [1] May 5 * Anna M van Schurman Dutch poet/spoke 10 languages, dies at about age 70. [1] May 6 * Joseph de La Barre composer, dies at age 44. [1] May 11 * French Admiral Jean d'Estres' fleet runs aground on Aves-islands, Curaao. [1] May 17 * King Charles II and Louis XIV sign secret treaty. [1] May 31 * Lady Godiva rides naked through Coventry in a protest of taxes. [1] August 3 * Robert LaSalle builds the Le Griffon, the first known ship built in America. [1] [5] October 2 * General Wu San-kuei invited Manchus in China, dies trying to expell them. [1] December 3 * Edmund Halley receives Master of Arts degree from Queen's College, Oxford. [1] 1679 January 9 * Werner Fabricius composer, dies at age 45. [1]

January 24 * King Charles II disbands English parliament. [1] January 31 * Jean-Baptiste Lully's opera "Bellrophon" premieres in Paris. [1] February 3 * Jan Havicksz Steen Dutch painter (Saint Nicolas Feast), dies at age 53. [1] February 5 * German emperor Leopold I signs peace with France. [1] * Joost van den Vondel Dutch poet (Gysbreght van Aemstel), dies at age 91. [1] March 27 * Abraham Mignon Dutch still life painter, dies at age 38. [1] April 3 * Edmund Halley meets Johannes Hevelius in Danzig. [1] April 17 * John van Kessel Flemish painter, dies at age 53. [1] April 18 * Hofmannswaldau writer, dies. [1] May 1 * Esaias Reusner composer, dies at age 43. [1] May 27 * Habeaus Corpus Act (no false arrest and imprisonment) passes in England. [1] October 23

* Meal Tub Plot against James II of England. [1] November 3 * Great panic occurs in Europe over the close approach of a comet. [1] December 17 * Don Juan ruler of Spain, dies. [1] December 20 * Johan Maurits count of Nassau-Siegen, dies at age 75. [1] December 26 * John van de Cappelle Amsterdam landscape painter, dies at age 53. [1] December 27 * Dutch troops capture Madurees prince Trunudjojo in Java. [1] 1680 January 15 * French explorer Sieur de la Salle builds Fort Crvecoeur. [1] February 15 * Jan Swammerdam Dutch entomologist (Bible of Nature), dies at age 41. [1] March 17 * Franois Duc de La Rochefoucauld writer, dies. [1] March 22 * Parliament of Breisach accept French sovereignty over Elzas. [1] May 29

* Abraham Megerle composer, dies at age 73. [1] August 10 * In N Mex, Pop leads rebellion of Pueblo Indians against Spaniads. [1] August 21 * Pueblo Indians took possession of Santa F from Spanish. [1] December 4 * Hen in Rome lays an egg imprinted with comet not seen until December 16th. [1] December 15 * Tax revolt on Terschelling due to tax on cereal. [1] December 31 * Amsterdam opera at Leidsegracht opens. [1] 1681 February 14 * Francesco Nigetti composer, dies at age 77. [1] March 4 * King Charles II grants William Penn royal charter for Pennsylvania. [1] March 10 * English Quaker William Penn receives charter from Charles II, making him sole proprietor of colonial American territory Pennsylvania. [1] March 12 * French van Mieris the Elder, Dutch genre painter, dies at age 45. [1]

March 21 * Third Exclusion Parliament meets in London. [1] April 9 * Alfonso Marsh composer, dies at age 54. [1] May 25 * Caldron writer, dies at age 81. [1] December 8 * Gerard Terborch the Younger, Dutch painter/etcher, dies. [1] 1682 January 13 * Simon van Leeuwen Dutch lawyer/historian, dies at age 55. [1] February 9 * Thomas Otway's "Venice Preserved" premieres in London. [1] February 23 * Abraham de Wicquefort Dutch diplomat/historian, dies at age 75. [1] February 25 * Alessandro Stradella Italian violist/composer, murdered at age 37. [1] March 14 * Jacob I van Ruysdael physician/landscape painter, dies at about age 53. [1] March 19 * Nationally Council accept independence of French church. [1] April 3

* Bartolom Esteban Murillo Spanish painter, dies. [1] April 9 * Robert La Salle claims lower Mississippi (Louisiana) for France. [1] April 27 * Theodorus III czar of Russia (1676-82), dies. [1] May 1 * Louis XIV and his court inaugurate Paris Observatory. [1] June 10 * Tornado in Connecticut uproots a 3' diameter oak tree. [1] August 24 * DE awarded to William Penn. [1] October 29 * William Penn lands in what will become Pennsylvania. [1] December 2 * English Earl of Shaftesbury's flight to Amsterdam. [1] December 4 * First General Assembly in Pennsylvania (Chester). [1] 1683 January 21 * Anthony Ashley Cooper first Earl of Shaftesbury, dies at age 61. [1] February 18 * Nicolaes Pietersz Berchem Dutch landscape painter/etcher, dies at age 62. [1]

March 31 * Emperor Leopold I/Poland signs covenant against Turkey. [1] May 21 * West Indian Company sells 1/3 of Suriname. [1] June 6 * Opening of Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, England. [241.9] June 23 * William Penn signs friendship treaty with Lenni Lenape indians. [1] July 24 * First settlers from Germany to US, leave aboard the Concord. [1] September 24 * Jews are expelled from all French possessions in America. [1] October 6 * Thirteen German families arrive in present day Philadelphia. [1] December 25 * English Whig-leader duke of Monmouth flees to Holland. [1] * Kara Mustapha Turkish grand-vizier (1676-83), executed. [1] 1684 January 5 * Claude Audran II French painter/engraver, dies at age 44. [1] January 12 * French king Louis XIV marries Madame Maintenon. [1] January 15 * Caspar Netscher Dutch portrait painter, dies at about age 48. [1]

February 12 * Pietro Andrea Ziani composer, dies at age 67. [1] February 21 * Pieter van den Abeelen Dutch jeweller, dies at about age 75. [1] March 5 * Emperor Leopold I, Poland and Venice sign Heilig Covenant of Linz. [1] April 5 * William Brouncker second viscount/first president of Royal Society, dies. [1] April 18 * Gonzales Cocx [Coques] painter, dies. [1] April 25 * Patent granted for the thimble. [1] May 8 * Henri Dumont composer, dies. [1] May 23 * Adriaen Backer Amsterdams painter buried at about age 48. [1] 1685 January 6 * Malachias Siebenhaar composer, dies at age 68. [1] February 6 * Charles II King of England/Scotland/Ireland (1660-85), dies at age 54. [1]

February 11 * David Teniers III Flemish painter, dies at age 46. [1] May 2 * Adriaen van Ostade Dutch painter, buried. [1] May 15 * Henri Otto Spanish marquis of Caretto/Savona/Grana, dies. [1] May 26 * Karel monarch of Palts, dies. [1] May 28 * Pieter de la Court economist/historian, dies at about age 67. [1] June 18 * Monmouth Rebellion begins in England. [241.9] October 18 * Louis XIV revokes Edict of Nantes, outlaws Protestantism. [1] December 3 * Charles II bars Jews from settling in Stockholm Sweden. [1] December 30 * Don Francisco de Agurto installed as land guardian of South Netherlands. [1] 1686 January 21 * Nicolas-Franois Blondel French architect, dies. [1] February 8 * Franois Tak Dutch diplomat on Java, murdered. [1]

February 10 * William Dugdale Garter King of Arms (1677-86), dies. [1] February 15 * Jean Baptiste Lully's opera "Armide" premieres in Paris. [1] * Mathias Rauchmller German sculptor (Piasten mausoleum Poland), dies. [1] February 24 * Ferdinando Tacca Italian painter/son of Pietro Tacca, dies at age 66. [1] February 26 * Godefroi L Earl d'estrades French diplomat/marshal, dies at about age 78. [1] April 28 * First volume of Isaac Newton's "Principia" published. [1] July 22 * City of Albany, New York chartered. [1] August 18 * Cassini reports seeing a satellite orbiting Venus. [1] December 11 * Louis II Cond duke of Bourbon, dies at age 65. [1] December 19 * Robinson Crusoe leaves his island after 28 years (as per Defoe). [1] 1687 January 20

* Ships under the command of William Phips locate the wreck of the Spanish treasure galleon Concepcin, off the Bahama Islands. [262.164] January 28 * Johannes Hevelius astronomer (star cataloger), dies on 76th birthday. [1] February 22 * Jean-Baptiste Lully Paris, composer. [1] March 19 * Rene-Robert Cavelier La Salle French explorer (Louisiana), murdered in what is now Texas at age 43. [1] March 28 * Constantine Huygens diplomat/poet/composer (Bluebottles), dies at age 90. [1] April 4 * English King James II orders his Declaration of Indulgence read in church. [1] April 16 * George Villiers second duke of Buckingham dies at age 59. [1] June 28 * William Phips is knighted by King James II of England for his service to the crown in locating the wreck of Spanish galleon Concepcin. He is appointed provost-marshal of New England. [262.15,168] July 5 * Isaac Newton's PRINCIPIA published by Royal Society in England. [1] July 6 * Newton publishes "Principia". [1]

September 26 * Parthenon destroyed in war between Turks and Venetians. [1] December 31 * First Huguenots depart France to Cape of Good Hope. [1] 1688 February 17 * Reverend James Renwick hanged in Scotland for being a Presbyterian. [1] February 18 * Quakers conduct first formal protest of slavery in Germantown Pennsylvania. [1] March 9 * Claude Mellan French engraver/cartoonist/painter, dies at age 89. [1] May 9 * Frederick William Great Elector of Brandenburg, dies at age 68. [1] May 22 * Johann A Quenstedt German Lutheran theologist, dies at age 70. [1] May 27 * Sir John Narbrough of England dies of fever on the frigate Foresight, off the Bahama Islands. [262.171] August 31 * John Bunyan preacher/novelist/author of "Pilgrim's Progress,", dies. [1] October 16

* Death of Christopher Monck, 2nd Duke of Albemarle, in Jamaica. [262.181] November 5 * William, Prince of Orange, lands at Torbay, Devon, in England, marching on London. [262.155,172] December 4 * General strategist John Churchill joins with Willem III. [1] December 15 * Gaspar Fagel lawyer/Netherlands grand pensionary (1672-88), dies at age 54. [1] * Lord Delamere sides with King James II. [1] December 19 * King James II's wife and son flee to France. [1] December 20 * Prince Willem III's troops pull into London. [1] December 21 * Pro-James II-earl of Devonshire occupies Nottingham. [1] December 22 * Pro-James II, Earl of Danby occupies York. [1] December 23 * English King James II flees to France. [1] [262.172] * Jean-Louis Lully composer, dies at age 21. [1] December 25 * English king James II lands in Ambleteuse, France. [1] * Lord Delamere sides with King James II. [1] December 31

* Pro-James II-earl of Devonshire occupies Nottingham. [1] 1689 January 1 * Pro-James II-Earl of Danby occupies York. [1] January 22 * Lord Halifax becomes Speaker of English House of Lords. [1] * Prince Willem III calls English parliament together. [1] January 26 * Jean Racine's "Esther" premieres in Saint-Cyr. [1] January 28 * English parliament ends king Charles II reign. [1] February 13 * British Parliament adopts Bill of Rights. [1] * William, Prince of Orange, is offered the crown of England. [262.177] February 14 * English parliament places Mary Stuart/Prince Willem III on the throne. [1] * Charles Mordaunt is appointed privy councillor in London. [262.177] February 15 * German Parliament declares war on France. [1] February 21 * Isaacus Vossius Dutch [Isaac Vos], librarian, dies. [1] February 23 * Dutch prince William III proclaimed king of England. [1]

March 12 * Former English King James II lands in Ireland. [1] March 14 * Scotland dismisses Willem III and Mary Stuart as king and queen. [1] April 8 * Charles Mordaunt is appointed first lord of the treasury of England. [262.177] April 9 * Charles Mordaunt is appointed Earl of Monmouth in England. [262.177] April 11 * William III and Mary II crowned as joint rulers of Britain. [1] April 15 * French king Louis XIV declares war on Spain. [1] April 18 * George Jeffreys first Baron Jeffreys of Wem/infamous judge, dies. [1] April 19 * Christina Queen of Sweden (1644-54), dies. [1] April 21 * William III and Mary Stuart proclaimed king and queen of England. [1] April 29 * Charles Mordaunt is appointed lord lieutenant of Northamptonshire in England. [262.177]

May 8 * English King William III declares war on France. [1] [262.155] May 11 * Battle of Bantry Bay, French and English naval battle. [1] May 12 * England and Netherlands form League of Augsburg. [1] May 24 * English Parliament guarantees freedom of religion for Protestants. [1] May 27 * Anthonie Heinsius succeeds G Fagel as pension advisor of Holland. [1] July 27 * Jacobite Scottish Highlanders defeat royal force at Killiecrankie. [1] August 25 * Montral taken by Iroquois. [1] December 16 * English Parliament adopts Bill of Rights after Glorious Revolution. [1] December 22 * Heavy earthquake strikes Innsbruck. [1] December 29 * Olfert Dapper Amsterdam historian/geographer, buried. [1] December 30

* Henry Purcell and Tates opera "Dido and Aeneas" premieres in Chesea. [1] 1690 January 6 * Emperor Leopold's son Jozef chosen Roman Catholic king. [1] January 14 * Clarinet is invented, in Nremberg, Germany. [1] January 22 * Iroquois tribes renew allegiance to British against French. [1] February 3 * First paper money in America issued (colony of Massachusetts). [1] February 8 * French and Indian troops set Schenectady settlement New York on fire. [1] * Lord Halifax resigns as Lord Privy Seal. [1] February 22 * Charles Le Brun classical painter (Academie de Peinture), dies at age 70. [1] March 16 * French king Louis XIV sends troops to Ireland. [1] March 18 * Charles duke of Lutherans, dies. [1] April 12 * Miguel Gomez Camargo composer, dies at age 71. [1] April 18

* Charles V Leopold Duke of Lotharingen/Austrian fieldmarshal, dies. [1] April 20 * Frigate Six Friends, with Porcupine, Mary, and four other ships, under command of William Phips, with a total of 736 men, sail north from Boston to eliminate the French from Acadia. [262.155] April 25 * David Teniers the Younger Flemish painter (Pictorium), dies at age 79. [1] May 11 * English troops of William Phips conquer Port Royal, Acadia (Nova Scotia). [1] [262.155] May 20 * England passes Act of Grace, forgiving followers of James II. [1] May 21 * John Eliot English missionary in Massachusetts, dies at age 85. [1] May 27 * Giovanni Legrenzi Italian composer, dies at age 63. [1] July 1 * Army of England's Protestant King William III defeats Roman Catholic King James II in Battle of the Boyne in Ireland (Now celebrated on July 12 as "The Battle of the Orange"). [1] July 10 * Battle of Beachy Head-French fleet defeats Anglo-Dutch fleet. [1] July 12 * Orangeman's yearly celebration (The battle of the Orange) Actually "Battle of the Boyne" (1 July 1690), when Protestant had victory in Ireland. [1]

September 25 * Publick Occurrences, first US (Boston) newspaper, publish first and last ed. [1] December 10 * Massachusetts Bay becomes first American colonial government to borrow money. [1] December 23 * John Flamsteed observes Uranus without realizing it is undiscovered. [1] 1691 January 13 * George Fox founder of Quakers, dies at age 66. [1] January 18 * English king Willem III travels to The Hague. [1] January 20 * Christian de Placker composer, dies at age 77. [1] February 1 * Alexander VIII [Pietro Ottoboni], Italian Pope (1689-91), dies at age 80. [1] * George Etherege English stage writer (Love in a Tub), dies at age 56. [1] February 8 * Carlo di Girolamo Rainaldi Italian architect/composer, dies at age 79. [1] February 17 * Thomas Neale granted British patent for American postal service. [1]

April 9 * French troops occupy Mons. [1] April 23 * Jean-Henri D'Anglebert composer, dies. [1] May 16 * Jacob Leisler becomes first American colonist hanged for treason. [1] May 29 * Cornelis Tromp Admiral-General/son of Maarten T, dies at age 61. [1] July 12 * Battle of Aughrim (Aghrim) England, William III beats James II. [1] October 17 * New royal charter for Massachusetts, now including Maine, Plymouth. [1] December 4 * Emperor Leopold I takes control of Transsylvania. [1] * Spanish king Carlos II names Maximilian II viceroy of South Netherlands. [1] 1692 January 19 * John Commelin director of Hortus Botanist (Amsterdam), dies at age 62. [1] February 13 * MacDonald clan murdered on orders of King William III. [1] February 24

* Antimo Liberati composer, dies at age 74. [1] February 28 * Salem witch hunt begins. [1] March 1 * Sarah Goode, Sarah Osborne, and Tituba arrested for witchcraft (Salem, Massachusetts). [1] March 22 * Emperor Leopold I names duke Earnest August of Braunschweig, king. [1] March 25 * Gerardus L Blasius Flemish anatomist, dies at about age 66. [1] March 26 * King Maximilian installed as land guardian of South Netherlands. [1] April 14 * Carlos de Gurrea Spanish viceroy (Spanish Netherlands), dies. [1] April 22 * Edward Bishop is jailed for proposong flogging as cure for witchcraft. [1] May 18 * Elias Ashmole antiquary, dies. [1] May 29 * Battle at La Hogue: English and Dutch fleet beat France. [1] * Royal Hospital Founders Day first celebrated. [1] June 7

* Porte Royale Jamaica slides into harbor after earthquake. [1] * An earthquake at Port Royal, Jamaica, causes a landslide within the harbor, generates a tsunami, and destroys ninety percent of the buildings in the city, killing approximately 2,000 people. [53] July 10 * Bridget Bishop first Salem witch hung. [1] September 22 * Last person hanged for witchcraft in US. [1] 1693 January 6 * Mehmed IV sultan (Turkey), dies at age 51. [1] January 11 * In Sicily, Italy, a magnitude 7.5 earthquake occurs, causing over 60,000 deaths and the total destruction of several villages and towns in the districts of Siracusa, Ragusa, and Catania. The earthquake was followed by a tsunami that struck the Ionian coasts of Sicily and the Messina Strait. [53] * Mt Etna erupts, Sicily. [1] February 6 * Royal charter granted College of William and Mary, Williamsburg Virginia. [1] February 8 * William and Mary college is second college chartered in US. [1] February 13 * College of William and Mary opens. [1] * Johann Kaspar von Kerll German composer, dies at age 65. [1] March 1 * Benedict Schultheiss composer, dies at age 39. [1]

March 9 * Antonio Caraffa Italian General (Eperieser Bloedgericht), dies at age 46?. [1] April 5 * Anne M L of Orlans duchess (Grande Mademoiselle), dies at age 65. [1] June 27 * First woman's magazine "The Ladies' Mercury" published (London). [1] July 8 * New York City authorizes first police uniforms in American colonies. [1] August 4 * Dom Perignon invents champagne. [1] December 13 * Dodoftei Romanian metropolitan of Moldavia/writer (Saint Lives), dies. [1] * Willem Van de Velde Dutch the Old, seascape painter, dies at about age 82. [1] 1694 January 6 * Francesco Morosini Italian army General , dies. [1] February 1 * John L baron van Elderen 63rd bishop of Liege (1688-94), dies at age 73. [1] April 3 * Ferdinand van Apshoven de Jongere Flemish painter, buried at age 64. [1]

April 10 * Duke Victor Amadeus of Savoye attacks Casale. [1] April 27 * Frederik August I "the Strong" becomes monarch of Saksen. [1] * Johan Georg IV elector of Saxony (1691-94), dies at age 25. [1] July 27 * Bank of England chartered. [1] October 12 * Matsuo Basho greatest Japanese haiku poet, dies. [1] November 30 * Marcello Malpighi father of microscopic anatomy, dies. [1] December 3 * English parliamentary election set for every three years. [1] December 20 * Frederik van Brandenburg flees Schweiben. [1] December 28 * Queen Mary II of England dies after five years of rule at age 32. [1] 1695 January 4 * Duke of Luxembourg Luxembourg/French marshal, dies. [1] January 7 * Mary II Stuart queen of England, dies at age 32. [1] January 13

* Jonathan Swift ordained an Anglican priest in Ireland. [1] February 6 * Ahmed II 21st sultan of Turkey (1691-95), dies. [1] February 22 * Robert Southwell English poet, hanged for becoming a Catholic priest. [1] February 28 * Death of Sir William Phips, likely of influenza, in London, England. [262.176] April 3 * Melchior de Hondecoeter Dutch still life painter, dies at about age 58. [1] April 5 * George Savile first marquis of Halifax, dies at age 61. [1] April 13 * Jean de La Fontaine poet, dies. [1] April 14 * Jean de la Fontaine French poet (Fables), dies at age 73. [1] April 20 * Georg Caspar Weckler composer, dies at age 63. [1] April 23 * Henry Vaughan poet (Silex Scintillans), dies at age 72. [1] April 27 * Sor Juana Ins de la Cruz [Asbaje] Mexican poetress/nun, dies at age 44. [1]

April 30 * William Congreve's "Love for Love", premieres in London. [1] May 12 * English king Willem III departs to Netherlands. [1] May 17 * Cornelis de Heem painter, dies. [1] September 12 * New York Jews petition governor Dongan for religious liberties. [1] 1696 January 8 * Michael de Ronghe composer, dies at age 75. [1] January 29 * Ivan V co-tsar of Russia (1682-89), dies. [1] January 31 * Revolt of undertakers after funeral reforms (Amsterdam). [1] February 27 * English/Welsh nobles lay down Oath of Association. [1] February 29 * English ex-premier Earl Danby accused of corruption. [1] March 7 * English King Willem III departs Netherlands. [1] April 21 * Andres de Sola composer, dies at age 61. [1]

May 10 * Jean de La Bruyre French author, dies at age 50. [1] May 16 * An envelope to enclose a letter addressed to another person is used for the first (known) time, by Sir James Ogilvie in Great Britain. [55.58] May 24 * Albertine Agnes princess of Orange-Nassau, dies at age 62. [1] May 31 * Heinrich Schwemmer composer, dies at age 75. [1] * John Salomonsz elected chief of Saint-Eustatius. [1] December 19 * Jean-Franois Regnard's "Le Joueur" premieres in Paris. [1] December 23 * Johann David Mayer composer, dies at age 60. [1] 1697 January 6 * Carlo Mannelli composer, dies at age 56. [1] January 16 * Richard Savage poet, dies. [1] January 26 * Isaac Newton receives Jean Bernoulli's six month time-limit problem, solves problem before going to bed that same night. [1] February 3 * Sjoucke Gabbes Frisian sailor, dies/buried on Dirk-Hartog Island. [1]

February 4 * Three VOC-ships anchor at Dirk-Hartogeiland, Australia. [1] March 9 * Czar Peter the Great begins tour of West-Europe. [1] March 20 * Willem de Vlamingh returns to Batavia after exploring "South Land". [1] March 21 * Czar Peter the Great begins tour through West-Europe. [1] March 25 * Hendrik Casimir II King of Nassau-Dietzstadhouder, dies. [1] March 29 * Nikolaus Bruhns composer, dies. [1] April 5 * Charles XI King of Sweden (1660-97), dies at age 41. [1] April 8 * Niels Juel Danish Admiral (Oland, Moen, Kjgebocht), dies at age 67. [1] April 15 * Charles XII succeeds Charles XI as King of Sweden. [1] May 9 * The Royal Palace Tre Kronor in Stockholm, Sweden, is destroyed by fire. The fire started in a roof, which two fire watchmen failed to notice. [7] May 24

* English king Willem III travels through northern Europe. [1] September 20 * The Treaty of Ryswick is signed by Great Britain and France, with Swedish mediation. Zweibrcken is restored to the king of Sweden as count palatine of the Rhine. [7] December 2 * Saint Paul's Cathedral opens in London. [1] 1698 January 7 * Russian Czar Peter the Great departs Netherlands to England. [1] 1699 January 14 * Massachusetts holds day of fasting for wrongly persecuting "witches". [1] January 26 * Venice, Poland and Austria sign peace treaty with Turkey. [1] January 27 * William Temple statesman, dies. [1] February 4 * 350 rebellious Streltsi executed in Moscow. [1] February 6 * Jozef Ferdinand of Bavaria heir of Spanish king Carlos II, dies. [1] March 4 * Jews are expelled from Lubeck Germany. [1] April 21

* Jean Racine French playwright (Phdre), dies at age 59. [1] April 22 * Hans A baron von Abschatz Silesian poet, dies at age 53. [1] April 29 * Samuel Apostool vicar/theologist (Zonisten), dies at age 50. [1] July 6 * Captain William Kidd arrested in Boston. [1] December 3 * Baron Jacob Hop appointed treasurer-General of the Hague. [1] December 15 * Henrik A van Reede tot Drakenstein Dutch botanist, dies at about age 63. [1] December 20 * Peter the Great ordered Russian New Year changed-Sept 1 to January 1. [1] 1700 January 1 * Protestant West-Europe (except England) begin using Gregorian calendar. [1] * Russia replaces Byzantines with Julian calendar. [1] January 22 * Jacob Balthasar Schutz composer, dies at age 39. [1] January 26 * In the Cascadia Subduction Zone of western North America, a magnitude 9 earthquake occurs, rocking a region 600 miles long that includes modern northern California, Oregon, Washington, and

southern British Columbia. The earthquake set off a tsunami that not only struck Cascadia's Pacific coast, but also crossed the Pacific Ocean to Japan, where it damaged coastal villages. [53] February 19 * Last day of the Julian calendar in Denmark. [1] February 27 * Pacific island of New Britain discovered. [1] March 10 * Diogo Diaz Melgaz composer, dies at age 61. [1] March 25 * England, France and Netherlands ratify second Extermination treaty. [1] May 1 * John Dryden English poet/playwright (Rival Ladies), dies. [1] May 7 * William Penn began monthly meetings for Blacks advocating emancipation. [1] August 8 * Denmark signs the peace treaty of Traventhal with Sweden. [7] August 19 * Russia declares war on Sweden. [7] November 20 * At Narva, Swedish King Karl XII with about 10,000 men defeats the Russian army of 40,000. [7] December 1

* Willem ten Rhijne Dutch physician in Batavia, dies at about age 53. [1] December 12 * Utrecht/Overijssel/Buren/Leerdam/Ijsselstein adopt Gregorian calendar. [1] December 31 * Frisia/Groningen adopt Gregorian calendar, tomorrow is 1/12/1701. [1] 1701 January 1 * Great Britain and Ireland union is in effect, creating United Kingdom. [1] * Pietro Sanmartini composer, dies at age 64. [1] January 4 * Ernst R Tarhemberg Austria, field marshal, dies at age 62. [1] January 12 * Parts of the Netherlands (Frisia and Groningen) adopt the Gregorian calendar (others one year later). [1] January 18 * Frederik I/Sophie Charlotte van Hanover crowned king/queen of Prussia. [1] [37] February 15 * Adam Drese German composer, dies at age 80. [1] March 9 * France, Cologne and Bavaria sign alliance. [1] March 10 * Johann Schelle composer, dies at age 52. [1]

March 27 * Anne Hilarion de Cotentin count of Tourville/French Admiral, dies at age 58. [1] March 28 * Domenico Guidi Italian sculptor, dies at age 75. [1] April 29 * Drenthe Netherlands adopts Gregorian calendar, tomorrow is May 12, 1701. [1] May 12 * Drenthe adopts Gregorian calendar (yesterday is 4/29/1701). [1] May 23 * Captain Kidd hung in London after conviction of piracy and murder. [1] * William Kidd Scottish pirate, hanged at London's Execution Dock. [1] June 12 * Act of Settlement gives English crown to Sophia, Princess of Hanover. [1] July 24 * French make first landing at site of Detroit. [1] September 6 * James II king of England (1685-88), dies at age 68. [1] October 9 * Collegiate School of Ct (Yale U), chartered in New Haven. [1] 1702 January 6

* Thomas Franklin English smith/uncle of B Franklin, dies. [1] January 13 * Peter Rabus Dutch poet/translator (Great Name Book), dies at age 41. [1] January 17 * Thomas Franklin English smith/uncle of B Franklin, dies. [1] March 8 * England's Queen Anne ascends throne upon death of King William III. [1] * John de Baen portrait painter/etcher, buried at age 69. [1] * William III Dutch King of England (1689-1702), dies at age 51. [1] March 11 * First English daily newspaper, "Daily Courant", is published. [1] March 19 * James II's daughter Anne Stuart becomes queen of England. [1] * Willem III Henry [Dutch William], king of England/Scotland, dies at age 51. [1] March 21 * Queen Anne Stuart addresses English parliament. [1] April 20 * Comet C/1702 H1 approaches within 0.0437 astronomical units (AUs) of Earth. [1] April 27 * Jean Bart French captain/sea hero (Escape out of Plymouth), dies at age 51. [1] May 5 * Jacob Hintze composer, dies at age 79. [1]

May 14 * England and Netherlands declares war on France and Spain. [1] * Swedish troops under King Charles XII occupy Warsaw. [1] May 15 * War of Spanish Succession, first American conflict between England and France. [1] 1703 January 16 * Matteo Coferati composer, dies at age 64. [1] March 3 * Robert Hooke scientific genius, dies in London. [1] March 20 * Johann Kunckel/Kunkel German alchemist/ambassador to Sweden, dies. [1] April 26 * Georg Christoph Leuttner composer, dies at age 58. [1] May 1 * Battle at Rultusk: Swedish army beats Russians. [1] * Kiva Yoshinaka Japanese monarch, murdered. [1] May 2 * Portugal signs treaty with England to become a Great Covenant. [1] May 3 * Eglon van de Down still-life painter, dies. [1] May 16

* Charles Perrault author/fairy tale writer, dies. [1] May 18 * Dutch and English troops occupy Cologne. [1] May 21 * Roemer Vlacq Dutch Admiral, dies in battle. [1] May 26 * Samuel Pepys English marine expert (Diary)/composer, dies at age 70. [1] May 27 * Tsar Peter the Great founds the city of Saint Petersburg. [1] [5] November 24 * First Lutheran pastor ordained in America, Justus Falckner at Philadelphia. [1] November 26 * Bristol England damaged by hurricane, Royal Navy loses 15 warships. [1] December 27 * England and Portugal sign Methuen-Asiento-trade agreement. [1] December 29 * Mustapha II sultan (Turkey), dies at age 39. [1] December 30 * Tokyo hit by Earthquake; about 37,000 die. [1] 1704 January 21

* Willem B Schepers Dutch merchant/ship owner, dies at about age 83. [1] February 2 * Guillaume F A de l'Hospital French mathematician, dies at about age 62. [1] February 23 * Georg Muffat French/German organist/composer, dies at age 50. [1] February 24 * Marc-Antoine Charpentier French composer (church music), dies. [1] February 28 * Elias Neau, a Frenchman, opens a school for blacks in New York City, New York. [1] * Indians attack Deerfield Massachusetts, kill 40, kidnap 100. [1] February 29 * French and Indians attack Deerfield Massachusetts, kill 50, abduct 100. [1] March 17 * Menno baron van Coehoorn fort builder/Coevorden/howitzer, dies at age 63. [1] April 12 * John Hudde 21x mayor of Amsterdam, dies at age 76. [1] April 17 * First successful US newspaper; published in Boston by John Campbell. [1] April 24

* "Boston News-Letter", first successful newspaper in US, is established. [1] May 1 * Boston Newsletter publishes first newspaper ad. [1] May 3 * Heinrich Ignaz Franz von Biber Austrian violist/composer, dies at age 59. [1] May 20 * Elias Neau forms school for slaves in New York. [1] July 24 * Great Britain takes Gibralter from Spain. [1] August 13 * English defeat French at Battle of Blenheim. [1] 1705 January 8 * Georg F Hndels first opera "Almira" premieres in Hamburg. [1] January 15 * Walraad the Young, Earl of Nassau-Ottweiler/Governor of Nijmegen, dies. [1] February 5 * Jean Gilles composer, dies at age 37. [1] April 2 * Johann Lohner composer, dies at age 59. [1] April 16 * Queen Anne of England knights Isaac Newton at Trinity College. [1]

April 23 * Richard Steele's "Tender Husband", premieres in London. [1] May 5 * Leopold I von Hapsburg Emperor of Holy Roman Empire, dies at age 64. [1] December 29 * Prosper Jolyot's "Idomene" premieres in Paris. [1] 1706 January 26 * Guillaume Poitevin composer, dies at age 59. [1] February 13 * Battle at Fraustadt Swedish army beats Russia/Saksen. [1] February 27 * John Evelyn diarist, dies. [1] March 3 * Johann Pachelbel organist/composer (Sterbens-Gedancken), dies at age 52. [1] March 8 * Vienna's Wiener Stadtbank established. [1] March 9 * Johann Pachelbel German organist/composer, dies at age 52. [1] April 19 * Galenus Abrahamsz de Haen Dutch baptist leader, dies. [1] April 29

* Emperor Jozef I becomes monarch of Cologne/Bavaria. [1] May 23 * Battle of Ramillies-Marlborough defeats French; 17,000 killed. [1] November 3 * In Italy, a violent earthquake killed 15,000 inhabitants. [53] December 9 * Pedro II king of Portugal (1683-1706), dies at age 58. [1] December 28 * Pierre Bayle French theologist (History of Criticism), dies at age 59. [1] 1707 January 1 * Jacob V succeeds his father Pedro II as king of Portugal. [1] January 4 * Louis Willem I count of Baden-Baden, dies. [1] February 20 * Aurangzeb Mogul emperor of India (1658-1707), dies. [1] March 3 * Aurangzeb Emperor of India (1658-1707), dies at age 88. [1] March 30 * Sbastien le Prestre Vauban French fortress architect, dies at age 73. [1] April 6

* Willem Van de Velde the Young, Dutch seascape painter, dies a 73. [1] April 25 * Battle of Almansa-Franco-Spanish forces defeat Anglo-Portuguese. [1] April 29 * English/Scottish parliament accept Act of Union, form Great Britain. [1] May 1 * England, Wales and Scotland form Great Britain. [1] May 3 * Michiel de Swaen South Netherlands physician/poet, dies at age 53. [1] May 9 * Dietrich Buxtehude German organist/composer, dies at about age 69. [1] December 1 * Jeremiah Clarke composer, dies. [1] December 24 * Noel Coypel French painter, dies at age 78. [1] 1708 January 23 * Thomas Bullis composer, dies at age 80. [1] February 24 * Prince Johan Willem Friso sworn in as viceroy of Groningen. [1] February 28

* Slave revolt, Newton, Long Island New York, 11 die. [1] March 23 * English pretender to the throne James III lands at Firth of Forth. [1] March 27 * English pretender to the throne James III flees to Dunkerk. [1] April 30 * Simon de Vries book seller/writer (Unequal), dies. [1] May 27 * Jacques Danican Philidor composer, dies at age 51. [1] August 29 * Haverhill, Mass destroyed by French and Indians. [1] December 1 * Great Alliance occupies Brussels. [1] December 14 * Prosper Jolyot's "Electre" premieres in Paris. [1] December 29 * Great Alliance occupies Gent. [1] December 31 * Great Alliance captures Bridge. [1] 1709 January 5 * Sudden extreme cold kills 1000s of Europeans. [1] January 11

* Colley Cibber's "Rival Fools" premieres in London. [1] February 1 * British sailor Alexander Selkirk is rescued after being marooned on a desert island (Fernandez Island) for five years, his story is the inspiration for Daniel Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe". [1] February 8 * Giuseppi Torelli Italian composer, dies at age 50. [1] March 8 * William Cowper/Cooper English anatomist, dies at about age 62. [1] March 27 * Dike at Hardinxveld breaks (Alblasserwaard flooded). [1] April 12 * First edition of Tattler magazine in England. [1] April 26 * Frisian viceroy Johan Willem Friso marries countess Maria Louisa. [1] June 28 * In the early morning, about 22,000 Swedes attack the Poltava defenders of about 45,000 Russians. By mid-day, the fighting ends. The Swedes are defeated, with some 7,000 killed and 2,500 captured. The King and the remaining army of about 15,000 retreat south-west to Perevolotjna. [7] August 8 * First known ascent in hot-air balloon, Bartolomeu de Gusmao (indoors). [1] September 11

* English, Dutch and Austrians defeat French in Battle of Malplaquet. [1] December 1 * Abraham a Santa Clara [Johann Megerle] German court vicar, dies at age 65. [1] December 8 * Thomas Corneille French dramatist, dies at age 74. [1] 1710 January 27 * Czar Peter the Great sets first Russian state budget. [1] February 20 * Johan Willem Friso becomes viceroy of Groningen Netherlands. [1] April 18 * Pierre de La Barre composer, dies at age 75. [1] May 10 * Georg Dietrich Leiding composer, dies at age 46. [1] September 29 * Colonel Nicholson commands a large fleet of British and New England ships, attacking Port Royal, Acadia (Nova Scotia) capturing it after a week. [262.156] December 8 * Battle at Brihuega: English General Stanhope captured. [1] December 11 * Battle of Villa Viciosa (France beat Habsburgers). [1] December 18

* Peter Codde apostile vicar (1688-1704), dies at age 62. [1] 1711 January 8 * Philips van Almonde Zealand Lieutenant-Admiral, dies at age 66. [1] February 10 * Lukas Fencer Dutch poet (Meleager and Atalante), dies at age 22. [1] February 14 * Hndels opera Rinaldo, premieres. [1] February 21 * Joan van Hoorn Governor-General of Netherlands-Indies (1707-09), dies at age 57. [1] February 24 * Hndel's opera "Rinaldo" premieres, London. [1] March 1 * "The Spectator" begins publishing (London). [1] March 8 * Antoin de Guiscard tries English premier Haley for murder. [1] April 17 * Charles VI Habsburg becomes king of Austria. [1] * Jozef I [Habsburg] emperor of Germany (1705-11), dies at about age 32. [1] May 1 * Arch duke Karel of Austria/Hungarian rebellion sign Peace of Szatmar. [1]

December 17 * Arnold Moonen vicar/literature (Defeated German Spraekkunst), dies. [1] December 31 * Duke of Marlborough fired as English army commander. [1] 1712 February 18 * Duke of Bourgondi French king Louis XIV's grandson, dies. [1] March 28 * Jan van der Heyden Dutch inventor (street lantern), dies at age 75. [1] April 5 * John Luyken poet/etcher (species company), dies at age 63. [1] April 6 * Slave revolt in New York. [1] April 7 * Slave revolt (New York City, New York). [1] April 10 * Yusuf Nabi Turkish poet (Hayriye), dies at about age 77. [1] April 29 * Juan Bautista Jose Cabanilles composer, dies at age 67. [1] April 30 * Philippus van Limborch remonstrants theologist/vicar, dies at age 78. [1] May 17

* Maximilian Emanuel of Bavaria honored as "sovereign of Netherlands". [1] May 22 * Emperor Karel VI crowned king of Hungary. [1] September 11 * GD Cassini French astronomer, dies. [1] December 15 * Sidney first Earl of Godolphine English minister of Finance, dies at age 67. [1] 1713 January 8 * Arcangelo Corelli composer/violinist (Concerti Grossi), dies at age 59. [1] January 20 * Pavao Vitezovic Croatian historian, dies. [1] January 30 * England and Netherlands sign second anti-French boundary treaty. [1] February 10 * Netherlands and England sign accord concerning anti-French Barrier. [1] February 15 * Anthony Ashley Cooper third Earl of Shaftesbury, writer, dies. [1] February 18 * French invade under Jacques Cassard on Curaao. [1]

February 25 * Frederik I King of Prussia (1701-13), dies at age 55. [1] February 27 * French troops bomb Willemstad Curaao. [1] March 26 * Pal Esterhazy composer, dies at age 77. [1] March 27 * Spain losses Menorca and Gibraltar. [1] April 11 * Peace of Utrecht; France cedes Maritime provinces to Britain English, Prussian, Savoois, Portuguese and French peace treaty. [1] April 12 * Dutch State-General signs peace with France Netherlands loses Orange Princedom. [1] April 19 * Emperor Karel VI ends Pragmatic Sanctions. [1] 1714 January 7 * Typewriter patented by Englishman Henry Mill (built years later). [1] January 19 * Richard Steele publishes "The Crisis", defending Hanoverian success. [1] February 2 * Nicholas Rowe's "tragedy of Jane Shore" premieres in London. [1]

February 4 * Duke of Berry French King Louis XIV's grandson, dies. [1] February 17 * Parliament of Paris accepts Pope Clemens XI's "Unigenitus" degree. [1] March 6 * Peace of Rastatt: French emperor Charles VI of Habsburg. [1] March 27 * Anton Ulrich German duke of Brunswick/poet, dies at age 80. [1] April 4 * Karel duke of Berry/French heir to the throne, dies. [1] April 17 * Philipp Heinrich Erlebach composer, dies at age 56. [1] July 14 * Battle of Aland, Russian fleet overpowers larger Swedish fleet. [1] September 7 * Treaty of Baden-French retain Alsace, Austria gets right bank of Rhine. [1] November 11 * A highway in the Bronx is laid out, later renamed East 233rd Street. [1] 1715 February 3 * Gottfried Vopelius composer, dies at age 70. [1] February 17

* Antoine Galland French interpreter, dies at age 68. [1] March 11 * Jan-Erasmus Quellinus Flemish painter, dies at age 80. [1] April 15 * Uprising of Yamasse-Indians in South Carolina. [1] April 20 * Nicholas Rowe's "Tragedy of Lady Jane Gray", premieres in London. [1] April 29 * John Flamsteed observes Uranus for 6th time. [1] May 1 * Prussia declares war on Sweden. [1] May 3 * Edmund Halley observes total eclipse phenomenon "Baily's Beads". [1] May 4 * French manufacturer debuts first folding umbrella (Paris France). [1] July 29 * Ten Spanish treasure galleons sunk off Florida coast by hurricane. [1] September 1 * Louis XIV the great, king of France (1643-1715), dies at age 76. [1] November 15 * Barrier Treaty, Austria cedes area to the Netherlands. [1]

November 25 * First English patent granted to an American, for processing corn. [1] December 12 * Russian/Prussian troops occupy Stralsund. [1] December 15 * George Hickes English linguist (Old German Philology), dies at age 73. [1] December 22 * English pretender to the throne James III lands at Peterhead. [1] December 23 * Russian/Prussian troops occupy Stralsund. [1] December 24 * Swedish troops occupy Norway. [1] 1716 January 1 * William Wycherley dramatist (The Country Wife), dies at about age 75. [1] January 8 * Dutch gang leader "Sjako" arrested. [1] February 6 * England and Netherlands renew alliance. [1] February 10 * Scottish pretender to the throne James III Edward returns to France. [1]

March 8 * Harald Vallerius composer, dies at age 69. [1] March 10 * Wenzel Ludwig von Radolt composer, dies at age 48. [1] March 13 * Georg Gabriel Schutz composer, dies at age 46. [1] April 4 * Russian and Prussian troops occupy Wismar. [1] April 8 * Duke Karel Leopold of Mecklenburg-Schwerin signs covenant with Russia and marries Czar Peter the Great's niece. [1] April 15 * Russian and Prussian troops occupy Wismar. [1] July 18 * Jews are expelled from Brussels Belgium. [1] August 1 * First sculling race (London Bridge to Chelsea). [1] September 14 * First lighthouse in US lit (Boston Harbor). [1] November 26 * First lion exhibited in America (Boston). [1] 1717 January 4

* Netherlands, England and France sign Triple Alliance. [1] January 5 * Prussian King Frederik Willem I buys conscript for nobles. [1] January 14 * German mob leader "Sjako" sentenced to death in Amsterdam. [1] February 1 * Henri d'Aguesseau's first appointment as chancellor of France. [1] March 3 * Pierre Allix French/British theologist/vicar, dies at about age 75. [1] August 17 * Pioneer Daniel Boone's grandfather George sets sail from England to America. [5] December 25 * Floods ravage Dutch coast provinces, 1000s killed. [1] 1718 January 9 * France declares war on Spain. [1] January 17 * Avalanche destroys every building in Leukerbad, Switzerland; kills 53. [1] February 23 * Franois Fagel Dutch field marshal/mayor of Nimegen, dies at age 63. [1] May 15

* James Puckle, a London lawyer, patents world's first machine gun. [1] May 30 * Arnold J van Keppel Earl of Albemarle/General, dies at about age 48. [1] * Bernard Nieuwentyt physician/theologist, dies at age 63. [1] August 25 * Hundreds of French colonists arrive in Louisiana; New Orleans, founded. [1] November 22 * Edward "Blackbeard" Teach English pirate, dies off Virginia coast. [1] November 30 * (about 2100 hours) At the siege of Fredrikshald, King Karl XII is struck in the head by a bullet, killing him instantly. (It is not know whether this is a stray bullet or fired at close range by an assassin.) [7] December 11 * Battle at Frederikshall Norway. [1] December 17 * England declares war on Spain. [1] 1719 January 5 * England/Hannover/Saxony-Poland/Austria sign antiPrussian/Russian pact. [1] January 23 * Principality of Liechtenstein created within Holy Roman Empire. [1] February 25

* Giovanni Maria Casini composer, dies at age 66. [1] March 7 * Steven J Vennekool Amsterdam's master builder, buried. [1] April 7 * Jean-Baptiste de la Salle French priest/theory/saint, dies at age 67. [1] April 15 * Johann Friedrich Treiber composer, dies at age 76. [1] April 25 * Daniel Defoes publishes "Robinson Crusoe". [1] December 2 * Pasquier Quesnel French theologist (La Foi), dies at age 85. [1] December 11 * First recorded display of Aurora Borealis in US (New England). [1] December 16 * Adrian "Aart" van Wijck Dutch theologist (anti-jansenism), dies at age 78. [1] December 18 * Thomas Fleet publishes "Mother Goose's Melodies For Children". [1] December 31 * John Flamsteed first Astronomer Royal, dies at age 73. [1] 1720 January 1

* Death of Francis Daniel Pastorius in Germantown, Pennsylvania (born in Sommerhausen, Germany). He purchased land from William Penn and founded the city of Germantown. [37] February 1 * Sweden and Prussia sign peace treaty. [1] February 10 * Edmund Halley appointed second Astronomer Royal of England. [1] February 11 * Sweden and Prussia sign peace (second Treaty of Stockholm). [1] February 29 * Queen Ulrica Eleonora of Sweden resigns. [1] March 6 * Pieter van Flowers Flemish painter, buried at age 63. [1] March 8 * Georg Bronner composer, dies at age 53. [1] May 25 * "Le Grand Saint Antoine" reaches Marseille, plague kills 80,000. [1] June 10 * Mrs Clements of England markets first paste-style mustard. [1] November 9 * Rabbi Yehuda Hasid synagogue set afire. [1] 1721 January 7 * Rochus Aerts Flemish sculptor, dies. [1]

January 25 * Czar Peter the Great ends Russian-orthodox patriarchy. [1] February 5 * James Stanhope first earl of Stanhope English General, dies at age 47. [1] March 9 * English Chancellor Exchequer John Aislabie confined in London Tower. [1] March 19 * Clement XI [Giovanni F Albani], Italian Pope (1700-21), dies at age 71. [1] March 24 * Johann Sebastian Bach opens his Brandenburgse Concerts. [1] March 27 * France and Spain sign Treaty of Madrid. [1] April 3 * Robert Walpole becomes England's first Lord of the Treasury. [1] April 26 * Smallpox vaccination first administrated. [1] May 8 * Michelangiolo dei Conti replaces Pope Clement XI, as Innocent XIII. [1] May 25 * John Copson becomes America's first insurance agent. [1] May 29

* South Carolina formally incorporated as a royal colony. [1] August 30 * The Treaty of Nystadt ends the war between Sweden and Russia. Sweden loses Livonia, Estonia, Ingria, and East Karelia incluing Viborg. Russia returns Finland, and pays two million riksdaler. Russia agrees not to interfere in Swedish internal affairs or royal succession. [7] December 22 * Nathaniel Hawes tortured and executed in England for robbery. [1] 1722 January 7 * Antoine Coypel French painter/poet, dies at age 60. [1] January 24 * Czar Peter the Great begins civil system. [1] * Edward Wigglesworth appointed first US divinity professor (Harvard). [1] March 8 * Afghan monarch Mir Mahmud occupies Persia. [1] March 17 * Willem KH Friso appointed mayor of Drente. [1] March 31 * Campegius Vitringa Dutch theologist/exegete, dies at age 62. [1] April 5 * Jacob Roggeveen discovers Easter Island. [1] April 6 * Peter the Great ends tax on men with beards. [1] April 13

* Charles Leslie Irish controversialist, dies. [1] April 22 * Nineteen VOC "komplotteurs" in Batavia executed. [1] * Pieter Erberfeld German/Thais merchant on Java, dies. [1] April 30 * The game of Billiards is mentioned in the New England Courant. [1] May 3 * Pierre de Marivaux' "La Double Inconstance" premieres in Paris France. [1] December 8 * Elisabeth C "Liselotte" van Palts German/French duchess, dies at age 70. [1] 1723 January 12 * Hndel's opera "Ottone" premieres, London. [1] January 23 * Georg Friedrich Hndel's opera "Ottone" premieres in London. [1] February 2 * Antonio M Valsalva Italian anatomist, dies at age 66. [1] February 25 * Sir Christopher Wren England, astronomer/architect, dies at age 90. [1] March 15 * Johann C Gnther writer, dies at age 27. [1] April 5

* J Fischer von Erlach Austrian architect (Hofburg, Vienna), dies at age 66. [1] April 10 * Claude F Tserclaes South Netherlands earl of Tilly, dies at age 74. [1] April 23 * Cornelis Steenoven elected archbishop of Utrecht. [1] December 2 * Philip French duke of Orlans/regent (1715-23)/Prime Minister (1723), dies. [1] December 6 * Emperor Karel VI's Pragmatic Sanctie declares Constitution. [1] December 22 * Jacques Basnage French/Dutch historian/vicar, dies at age 70. [1] 1724 January 14 * Spanish King Philip V abdicates throne. [1] February 13 * Francisco Jose Coutinho composer, dies at age 43. [1] March 7 * Innocent XIII [Michelangiolo dei Conti], Pope (1721-24), dies at age 68. [1] March 8 * Enrico Giovanni Zuccalli Swiss architect, dies at about age 81. [1] April 1

* Henry Pelham becomes English minister of War. [1] * Jonathan Swift publishes Drapier's letters. [1] April 6 * Duke of Newcastle becomes English minister of Foreign Affairs. [1] April 7 * Johann S Bach's "John Passion" premieres in Leipzig. [1] April 16 * First Easter observed. [1] May 18 * Johann K Amman Swiss/Dutch doctor for deaf-mutes, dies at age 54. [1] December 9 * Colley Cibber's "Caesar in Aegypt" premieres in London. [1] December 23 * Emperor Charles VI names Maria Elisabeth land guardian of Australia Netherlands. [1] December 24 * Benjamin Franklin arrives in London. [1] 1725 January 4 * Benjamin Franklin arrives in London. [1] January 6 * Chikamatsu Monzaemon Jap playwright (Yotsugi Soga), dies at about age 71. [1] January 28

* Peter I "the Great" Romanov czar of Russia, dies at age 52. [1] February 6 * Johann Philipp Krieger composer, dies at age 75. [1] February 8 * Peter I "the Great" Romanov czar of Russia (1682-1725), dies at age 52. [1] * Peter the Great Tsar of Russia dies. [1] February 20 * Ten sleeping Indians scalped by whites in New Hampshire for 100/scalp bounty. [1] March 2 * Georg F Hndels opera "Giulio Cesare in Egitto" premieres in London. [1] April 30 * Emperor Charles VI and King Philip IV of Spain sign Treaty of Vienna. [1] May 1 * Spain and Austria sign trade treaty. [1] May 8 * John Lovewell US Indian fighter, dies in battle. [1] May 21 * Robert Haley earl of Oxford English Whig-premier (1710-4), dies at age 63. [1] 1726 January 2 * Domenico Zipoli composer, dies at age 37. [1]

January 25 * Guillaume Delisle French geographer (Atlas gographique), dies at age 50. [1] February 26 * Maximilian II M Emanuel elect of Bavaria/governor of Netherlands, dies. [1] March 26 * John Vanbrugh Dutch/English playwright (Provoked Wife), dies at age 62. [1] April 17 * Henritte Amalia ruler of Nassau-Dietz, dies at age 49. [1] April 26 * Jeremy Collier English bishop/historian/opponent to theater, dies at age 75. [1] May 5 * Marie de Camargo (16) premieres at Opra of Paris France. [1] May 14 * John B Wellekens poet/painter (Wedding Guests), dies. [1] * Moshe Darshan Rabbi/author (Torat Ahsam), dies. [1] May 24 * People's revolt due to increase in gin/brandy tax. [1] 1727 January 20 * John van Bylevelt Catholic apostle, dies. [1] February 22

* Francesco Gasparini composer, dies at age 58. [1] March 20 * Sir Issac Newton English physicist/astronomer, dies in London at age 84. [1] April 6 * Denmark signs Covenant of Hannover. [1] May 2 * Paul Aler French jesuit/poet (Gradus ad Parnassum), dies at age 70. [1] May 6 * Catharina I Latvia tsarina of Russia, dies at about age 42. [1] May 7 * Jews are expelled from Ukraine by Empress Catherine I of Russia. [1] May 17 * Catherine I Empress of Russia (1725-27), dies. [1] May 29 * Peter II Aleksei (11) becomes czar of Russia. [1] May 31 * France, England and Netherlands sign accord of Paris. [1] October 29 * Severe earthquake in New England. [1] November 18 * In Tabriz, Iran, a powerful earthquake occurs, claiming 77,000 deaths. [53]

December 1 * Johann Heinrich Buttstett composer, dies at age 61. [1] 1728 January 29 * John Gays' "Beggar's Opera" premieres in London. [1] February 12 * Agostino Steffani Italian/German diplomat/composer, dies at age 73. [1] February 28 * Georg F Hndels opera "Siroe, re di Persia" premieres in London. [1] March 6 * Spain and England sign (first) Convention of Pardo. [1] March 8 * Gian M Crescimbeni Italian literary/critic (Arcadia), dies at age 64. [1] April 13 * Johann Christoph Schmidt composer, dies at age 63. [1] April 22 * Pierre de Marivaux' "Le Triomphe de Plutus", premieres in Paris France. [1] April 23 * Tomas de Torrejon y Velasco composer, dies at age 83. [1] April 25 * John Woodward geologist/physician, dies. [1]

May 4 * Georg F Hndels opera "Tolomeo, re di Egitto" premieres in London. [1] December 17 * Congregation Shearith Israel of New York purchases a lot on Mill Street in lower Manhattan, to build New York's first synagogue. [1] December 23 * Prussian Emperor Karel VI sign Treaty of Berlin. [1] 1729 January 4 * Joseph de Montesquiou Earl d'Artagnan French Lieutenant-General , dies at age 77. [1] * Meir Bacharach Hebrew poet, dies. [1] January 19 * William Congreve English dramatist (Love for Love), dies in London at age 58. [1] March 15 * Sister Saint Stanislas Hachard, first US nun, takes her vows, N Orleans. [1] March 21 * John Law Scottish financier, dies at about age 57. [1] April 11 * Manuel de Egues composer, dies at age 71. [1] April 15 * Johann S Bachs "Matthus Passion" premieres in Leipzig. [1] May 17

* Samuel Clarke theologian, dies. [1] July 25 * North Carolina becomes royal colony. [1] July 30 * City of Baltimore founded. [1] December 1 * Christian Ludwig Boxberg composer, dies at age 59. [1] December 13 * Anthony Collins English philosopher (On Liberty and Necessity), dies at age 53. [1] 1730 January 1 * Daniel Finch second Earl of Nottingham, dies at age 82. [1] January 18 * Peter II czar of Russia (1727-30), dies at age 14. [1] January 30 * Peter II Alekseyevitch emperor of Russia (1727-30), dies at age 14. [1] February 21 * Benedict XIII [Pietro F Orsini], Pope (1724-30), dies at age 81. [1] February 28 * Tsarina Anna Ivanovna leads autocracy. [1] March 16 * Willem Charles Henry Friso installed as viceroy of Drenthe. [1]

April 8 * First Jewish congregation in US consecrates synagogue, "Shearith Israel, New York City". [1] April 21 * Jan Palfijn Flemish physician/inventor (forceps), dies at age 79. [1] May 15 * Robert Walpole becomes England first prime minister (was chief minister). [1] December 11 * Voltaire's "Brutus" premieres in Paris. [1] 1731 January 10 * Charles Farnese becomes duke of Parma/Piacenza. [1] January 27 * Bartolomeo di Francesco Cristofori Italian piano builder, dies at age 75. [1] February 2 * Georg F Hndels opera "Poro" premieres in London. [1] February 20 * Frederich Karl Erbach composer, dies at age 50. [1] February 22 * Frederik Ruysch Dutch anatomist, dies at age 92. [1] February 27 * Angelo Predieri composer, dies at age 76. [1] March 15

* Adolf H van Rechteren Dutch diplomat/politician, dies at age 75. [1] March 16 * Treaty of Vienna: Emperor Charles VI of England and Netherlands. [1] April 10 * Maximilian Dietrich Freisslich composer, dies at age 58. [1] April 24 * Daniel Defoe English novelist (Robinson Crusoe), dies. [1] April 26 * Daniel Defoe English author (Robinson Crusoe), dies at about age 70. [1] May 28 * All Hebrew books in Papal State are confiscated. [1] December 22 * Dutch people revolt against meat tax. [1] December 29 * J Brook Taylor English mathematician, dies at age 46. [1] December 30 * First US music concert (Peter Pelham's great room in Boston). [1] 1732 January 21 * Russia and Persia sign Treaty of Riascha. [1] January 29

* Paris churchyard Saint-Mdard closed after Jansenistic ritual. [1] February 1 * Parliament of Ratisborn accept Pragmatic Sanctions. [1] February 2 * King Frederik Willem I moves Lutherans towards East-Prussia. [1] February 17 * Louis Marchand composer, dies at age 63. [1] February 20 * Estates of Holland ratifies Treaty of Vienna. [1] February 26 * First mass celebrated in American Catholic church, (Saint Joseph's Church, Philadelphia). [1] March 5 * Joseph-Franois Salomon composer, dies at age 82. [1] April 5 * Johann Christian Schieferdecker composer, dies at age 52. [1] April 23 * Cajetan Kolberer composer, dies at age 63. [1] May 13 * Theodor Schwartzkopff composer, dies at age 72. [1] June 9 * Royal charter for Georgia granted to James Oglethorpe. [1] November 14

* First US professional librarian, Louis Timothee, hired in Philadelphia. [1] December 4 * John Gay English poet (Beggar's Opera), dies at age 47. [1] December 6 * First play in American colonies acted by professional players, New York City, New York. [1] December 14 * Johann Philipp Fortsch composer, dies at age 80. [1] December 18 * Johann Valentin Eckelt composer, dies at age 59. [1] December 19 * Benjamin Franklin (under the name Richard Saunders) begins publication of "Poor Richard's Almanack". [1] December 28 * First known ad for "Poor Richard's Almanack" (Pennsylvania Gazette). [1] 1733 January 13 * James Oglethorpe and 130 English colonists arrive at Charleston, South Carolina. [1] January 18 * First polar bear exhibited in America (Boston). [1] January 25 * Reinier V van Hompech Dutch General-Major cavalry, dies. [1] February 1

* August II the Strong, King of Poland (355 children), dies at age 62. [1] February 12 * Georgia founded by James Oglethorpe, at site of Savannah. [1] February 27 * Johann Adam Birkenstock composer, dies at age 46. [1] March 22 * Joseph Priestly invents carbonated water (seltzer). [1] May 1 * Nicolas Coustou French sculptor (San), dies at age 75. [1] May 12 * Maria Theresa crowned queen of Bohemia in Prague. [1] May 17 * England passes Molasses Act, putting high tariffs on rum and molasses imported to the colonies from a country other than British possessions. [1] May 18 * Georg Bohm German organist/composer, dies at age 71. [1] July 30 * Society of Freemasons opens first American lodge in Boston. [1] December 31 * Hubert K Poot Dutch poet (Akkerleven), dies at age 44. [1] 1734 March 8

* Carolomannus Pachschmidt composer, dies at age 33. [1] March 10 * Spanish army under Don Carlos (III) draws into Naples. [1] March 12 * Antonius Schultingh [Schultingius], Dutch lawyer, dies at age 74. [1] March 14 * Prince Willem KHF van Orange marries George II's daughter Mary Anne. [1] March 21 * Gunther Jacob Wenceslaus composer, dies at age 48. [1] March 24 * Netherlands' William K H Friso marries princess Anne of Hanover. [1] April 1 * Louis Lully composer, dies at age 69. [1] April 4 * Johann C van Erckel old Catholic theologist, dies at about age 79. [1] November 17 * John Zenger, arrested for libel against New York colonial governor; later acquitted. [1] December 13 * England and Russia sign trade agreement. [1] December 14 * Noel-Nicolas Coypel French painter/cartoonist, dies at age 44. [1]

December 21 * Philipp Hyacinth Lobkowitz composer, dies at age 54. [1] 1735 February 8 * First opera in US, "Flora", opens in Charleston South Carolina. [1] February 18 * First opera performed in America, "Flora", in Charleston South Carolina. [1] February 24 * Georg Friedrich Kauffman composer, dies at age 56. [1] February 27 * John Arbuthnot physician/mathematician, dies. [1] March 10 * Dirk T van Cloon Dutch lawyer/Governor-General of E Indies, dies at about age 46. [1] March 13 * First US Moravian bishop, David Nitschmann, consecrated in Germany. [1] August 4 * Jury acquits John Zenger (New York Weekly Journal) charged with seditious libel by royal governor of New York (victory for Freedom of press). [1] 1736 January 7 * Ceslav Vanura composer, dies at age 41. [1]

January 17 * Death of Daniel Matthus Pppelmann in Dresden, Germany; state architect in Dresden, designer of the Zwinger and Elbe Bridge. [37] January 26 * Stanislaw Lesczynski flees Polish throne. [1] January 27 * Abdication of Stanislas, last king of Poland. [1] February 5 * Methodists John and Charles Wesley arrive in Savannah Georgia. [1] February 12 * Maria Theresa Habsburg marries French Stefanus (emperor Franois I). [1] February 19 * George Frideric Hndel's "Alexander's Feast" premieres. [1] March 16 * Giovanni B Pergolesi Italian composer (Stabat Mater), dies at age 26. [1] March 26 * Georg Balthasar Schott composer, dies at age 49. [1] April 8 * Pedro Vaz Rego composer, dies at age 63. [1] April 21 * Frans Eugenius duke/prince of Savoye, dies at age 72. [1] May 2

* Albert Seba Amsterdam pharmacist, dies at age 71. [1] May 7 * John Weldon composer, dies at age 60. [1] May 26 * Battle of Ackia (Louisiana), British and Chickasaw Indians defeat the French. [1] December 1 * Simon van Slingelandt Dutch grand pensionary (1727-36), dies at age 72. [1] December 21 * Alessandro Galilei Italian architect (Cappella Corsini), dies at age 45. [1] December 26 * Antonio Caldara composer, dies. [1] 1737 February 20 * Elizabeth Rowe poet, dies. [1] * French minister of Finance, Chauvelin, resigns. [1] February 28 * Hercule Brehy composer, dies at age 63. [1] March 7 * Guido Starhemberg Austrian earl/fieldmarshal, dies at age 79. [1] March 12 * Galileo's body moved to Church of Santa Croce in Florence, Italy. [1] April 4

* Anthony van Heim installed as Dutch pension advisor. [1] May 3 * Abraham Patras Governor-General of East-Indies (1735-37), dies at age 65. [1] May 12 * Cornelis van Alkemade historian, dies at age 83. [1] October 7 * 40 foot waves sink 20,000 small craft and kill 300,000 (Bengal, India). [1] October 11 * Earthquake kills 300,000 and destroys half of Calcutta India. [1] December 18 * Antonio Stradivari renowned violin-maker, dies in Cremona Italy at age 93. [1] 1738 January 6 * Franz Xaver Murschhauser composer, dies at age 74. [1] January 17 * Jean-Francois Dandrieu composer, dies. [1] February 5 * Georg Reidel composer, dies at age 61. [1] February 12 * James Sherard composer, dies at age 71. [1] March 16

* Georg Baehr German master builder (Frauenkirche, Dresden), dies at age 72. [1] March 28 * English parliament declares war on Spain (War of Jenkin's Ear). [1] April 15 * Bottle opener invented. [1] May 9 * England routes fleet in Mediterranean Sea and West-Indies. [1] May 24 * Methodist Church is established. [1] May 27 * Turkish troops occupy Orsova and Ochakov. [1] December 9 * Jews are expelled from Breslau Silesia. [1] December 13 * Gotthard Wagner composer, dies at age 59. [1] December 20 * Jean-Joseph Mouret composer, dies at age 56. [1] 1739 January 1 * J B C Bouvet de Lozier discovers Bouvet Island, near Antarctica. [1] January 14 * England and Spain signs second Convention of Pardo. [1] April 5

* French emperor Karel VI sign secret treaty. [1] April 10 * Dick Turpin executed in England for horse stealing. [1] April 19 * Nicholas Saunderson mathematician, dies. [1] April 21 * Spain and Naples-Austria sign peace accord. [1] May 6 * Bernardus Smijtegelt vicar (Gekrookte Reed), dies at age 63. [1] September 1 * 35 Jews sentenced to life in prison in Lisbon Portugal. [1] September 9 * Slave revolt in Stono South Carolina led by Jemmy (25 whites killed). [1] September 18 * Treaty of Belgrade-Austria cedes Belgrade to Turks. [1] 1740 January 2 * Johann Georg Weichenberger composer, dies at age 63. [1] January 5 * Antonio Lotti Italian opera composer, dies at about age 72. [1] February 3 * Charles de Bourbon, King of Naples, invites Jews to return to Sicily. [1]

February 8 * Clement XII [Lorenzo Corsini], blind Pope (1730-40), dies at age 87. [1] February 9 * Vincenz Lubeck composer, dies at age 85. [1] April 23 * Thomas Tickell poet, dies. [1] May 31 * Frederick-William I king of Prussia (1713-1740), dies at age 51. [1] July 11 * Jews are expelled from Little Russia by order of Czarina Anne. [1] October 20 * Maria Theresa became ruler of Austria, Hungary and Bohemia. [1] December 16 * Prussian Libya falls to Silezie. [1] December 26 * Mauritius Louis II earl of Nassau Lieutenant-General (12 children), dies. [1] 1741 February 13 * Andrew Bedford publishes first American magazine (The American Magazine). [1] * Johann Joseph Fux Austrian composer/music theorist, dies at about age 80. [1] February 16

* Benjamin Franklin's General Magazine (second US Magazine) begins publishing. [1] March 4 * English fleet under Admiral Ogle reaches Cartagena. [1] March 9 * English fleet under Admiral Ogle begins assault on Cartagena. [1] March 31 * Peter Burmannus [Peter Burman], Dutch attorney/classicist, dies at age 72. [1] April 10 * Prussians defeat Austrians at Mollwitz. [1] April 13 * Dutch people protest bad quality of bread. [1] * Royal Military Academy forms at Woolwich. [1] May 8 * France and Bavaria sign Covenant of Nymphenburg. [1] May 28 * Spain and Bavaria sign treaty. [1] June 30 * Pope Benedict XIV encyclical forbidding traffic in alms. [1] September 16 * George Frederick Handel's The Messiah premieres in Dublin. [5] December 7 * Elisabeth Petrovna becomes tsarina of Russia. [1] December 19

* Vitus J Bering Dutch navigator/explorer, dies. [1] December 25 * Astronomer Anders Celcius introduces Centigrade temperature scale. [1] December 27 * Prussian forces took Olmutz, Czechoslovakia. [1] 1742 January 6 * Johann Georg Reinhardt composer, dies. [1] January 14 * Edmund Halley genius eclipsed by Newton, dies at age 86. [1] January 24 * German leaders elect Charles VII Albert Emperor. [1] February 1 * Sardinia and Austria sign alliance. [1] February 2 * British Walpole government resigns. [1] February 9 * British ex-premier Walpole becomes earl of Orford. [1] February 16 * Earl of Wilmington becomes British premier. [1] February 28 * Willem J 's-Gravesande Dutch physicist, dies at age 53. [1]

April 13 * George Frideric Hndel's "Messiah" performed for first time (Dublin). [1] * Giovanni Veneziano composer, dies at age 59. [1] April 23 * Mihael Omerza composer, dies at age 62. [1] May 11 * Francesco Stradivari Italian violin maker/son of Antonius, dies at age 70. [1] May 14 * Dominique Marie Valet French Roman Catholic/old-catholic bishop, dies at age 64. [1] May 17 * Frederick great (Emperor of Prussia) beats Austrians. [1] May 28 * First indoor swimming pool opens (Goodman's Fields, London). [1] September 24 * Faneuil Hall opens to the public. [1] December 1 * Empress Elisabeth orders expulsion of all Jews from Russia. [1] December 13 * Willem KH Friso tests his mothers potatoes. [1] 1743 January 29 * Andr Hercule Fleury French cardinal (1726-43), dies. [1]

February 1 * Giuseppe Ottavio Pitoni Italian composer, dies at age 85. [1] February 3 * Philadelphia establishes a "pesthouse" to quarantine immigrants. [1] February 7 * Lodovico Giustini composer, dies at age 57. [1] February 8 * Comet C/1743 C1 approaches within 0.0390 astronomical units (AUs) of Earth. [1] March 5 * First US religious journal, The Christian History, published, Boston. [1] March 14 * First American town meeting (Boston's Faneuil Hall). [1] March 22 * Jean-Baptiste Lully Ital/Fr composer (Forced Marriage), dies at age 77. [1] March 23 * George Frideric Hndel's oratorio "Messiah" premieres in London. [1] April 16 * Cornelis van Bijnkershoek Dutch lawyer (Roman law), dies at age 69. [1] April 30 * Pedro de Peralta y Barnuevo Peruvian playwright/poet, dies. [1]

June 23 * Peace between Sweden and Russia is signed at bo. Part of southeast Finland is ceded to Russia. Adolf Fredrik of Holstein-Gottorp is elected as heir to the Swedish throne. [7] June 27 * English defeat French at Dettingen. [1] 1744 January 15 * Charles-Hubert Gervais composer, dies at age 72. [1] January 25 * Domenico Natale Sarro Italian opera composer, dies at age 64. [1] February 8 * French/Spanish fleet leaves Toulon. [1] February 9 * Battle at Toulon (French/Spanish versus English fleet of Admiral Matthews). [1] February 15 * Frantisek Antonin Mica composer, dies at age 49. [1] * John Hadley inventor (sextant), dies. [1] February 22 * Battle at Toulon English-French and Spanish fleet. [1] March 15 * French King Louis XV declares war on England. [1] April 25 * Anders Celsius Swedish astronomer (Centegrade Thermometer), dies at age 42. [1]

May 17 * French army takes Austrian Netherlands. [1] May 30 * Alexander Pope English poet (Eloisa to Abelard), dies at age 56. [1] May 31 * French troops conquer Kortrijk. [1] December 31 * James Bradley announces discovery of Earth's motion of nutation (wobble). [1] 1745 January 4 * Willem I Kerricx the Young, Flemish architect/painter, dies at age 62. [1] January 6 * Bonnie Prince Charlies army draws to Glasgow. [1] January 8 * England, Austria, Netherlands and Saxon sign anti-Prussian Quadruple Alliance. [1] January 20 * Charles VII Albert German emperor (1742-45), dies at age 47. [1] February 5 * Coelestin Praelisauer composer, dies at age 49. [1] February 15 * Colley Cibbers "Papal Tyranny" premieres in London. [1]

February 18 * Bonnie Prince Charlie's troops occupy Inverness Scotland. [1] * Nicola Fago composer, dies at age 67. [1] February 20 * Bonnie Prince Charlie's troops occupy Fort August, Scotland. [1] March 9 * Bells for first American carillon shipped from England to Boston. [1] March 18 * Robert Walpole first English premier (1722-42), dies at age 68. [1] March 29 * Robert Walpole first British premier (1722-42), dies at age 68. [1] March 31 * Jews are expelled from Prague. [1] April 2 * Austria and Bavaria sign peace. [1] May 9 * Tomaso Antonio Vitali composer, dies at age 82. [1] May 11 * Battle of Fontenoy (Doornik): Austrian Succession war. [1] June 4 * Prussians defeat Austrians at Hohenfriedeberg. [1] June 17 * American colonials capture Louisburg, Cape Breton I from French. [1]

December 4 * Bonnie Prince Charles reaches Derby. [1] December 5 * Christoph Forster composer, dies at age 52. [1] December 6 * Bonnie Prince Charlies army retreats to Scotland. [1] December 10 * Bonnie Prince Charlies army draws into Manchester. [1] December 15 * Battle at Kesseldorf: Prussia beats Saksen and Austria. [1] December 17 * Bonnie Prince Charles army retreats to Scotland. [1] December 20 * Bonnie Prince Charlie's army meets de Esk. [1] December 22 * Jan Dismas Zelenka composer, dies at age 66. [1] December 25 * Prussia/Austria signs Treaty of Dresden; gives much of Silesia to the Prussians. [1] December 31 * Bonnie Prince Charlies army meets with de Esk. [1] 1746 January 3 * Bonnie Prince Charlies army leaves Glasgow. [1]

January 5 * Anton Simon Ignaz Praelisauer composer, dies at age 53. [1] January 8 * Bonnie Prince Charlie's troops occupy Stirling. [1] January 14 * Bonnie Prince Charlie's army leaves Glasgow. [1] January 17 * Battle of Falkirk, Scotland-Prince Charles Edward Stuart defeated by Scots. [1] January 19 * Bonnie Prince Charlie's troops occupy Stirling. [1] January 21 * Gottfried Kirkhoff composer, dies at age 60. [1] February 4 * Robert Blair Scottish poet (Grave), dies at age 46. [1] February 10 * English Pelham government resigns. [1] February 14 * Henry Pelham appointed English premier. [1] February 20 * Bonnie Prince Charlie occupies Castle of Inverness. [1] * Guillaume Coustou Sr French sculptor (Mary Leszczynska), dies at age 68. [1] February 22

* French troops conquer Brussels. [1] * Jakobijnse troops vacate Aberdeen. [1] February 25 * Cumberlands troops occupy Aberdeen. [1] March 3 * Bonnie Prince Charlie occupies Castle of Inverness. [1] March 5 * Jakobijnse troops leave Aberdeen. [1] March 8 * Cumberland's troops occupy Aberdeen. [1] April 16 * Battle at Culloden Troops of "James VIII and III" defeat Charles Stuart. [1] April 27 * Battle at Culloden Moor Duke of Cumberland beats "James VIII and III". [1] May 15 * Giovanni Antonio Ricieri composer, dies at age 67. [1] May 22 * Russia and Austria signs treaty of cooperation. [1] May 30 * Giovanni Antonio Pollarolo composer, dies at age 69. [1] July 28 * John Peter Zenger journalist, involved in first admendment fight, dies. [1]

October 22 * Princeton University (New Jersey) received its charter. [1] 1747 January 19 * Johann Bode "discoverer" of Bode's Law, dies. [1] February 1 * Jacobus E J Capitein Dutch slave/vicar/merchant, dies. [1] March 9 * Jacob Campo Weyerman South Netherlands adventurer/painter/writer, dies at age 69. [1] April 2 * Johann J Dillenius German botanist, dies at age 63. [1] April 9 * Simon Fraser (Lord Lovat) 12th baron Lovat Jacobite, last man beheaded in England. [1] April 17 * French troops occupy Zeeuws-Flanders, Netherlands. [1] April 25 * Prince Willem V appointed viceroy of Zealand. [1] May 3 * Willem IV appointed viceroy of Holland/Utrecht. [1] May 4 * Willem IV appointed viceroy of Overijssel. [1] May 16

* Prince Willem V sworn in as Admiral-General of Netherlands. [1] December 9 * England and Netherlands sign military treaty. [1] 1748 January 26 * England, Netherlands, Austria and Sardinia sign anti-French treaty. [1] February 3 * Henri Madin composer, dies at age 49. [1] March 19 * English Naturalization Act passes granting Jews right to colonize US. [1] March 23 * Johann Gottfried Walther German composer/musicologist, dies at age 63. [1] April 1 * Ruins of Pompeii found. [1] April 12 * William Kent English sculptor/architect (Kensington Palace), dies. [1] April 30 * Ceasefire at Aken ends. [1] * French troops occupy Maastricht. [1] May 7 * French troops conquer Maastricht. [1] August 15

* United Lutheran Church of US organized. [1] October 18 * Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, ends War of Austrian Succession. [1] December 11 * Ewald G von Kleist German lawyer/inventor of condensator, dies at age 55. [1] December 26 * France and Austria signs treaty about Southern Netherlands. [1] 1749 February 7 * Andre Cardinal Destouches composer, dies at age 76. [1] February 8 * Jan van Huysum Dutch still life painter, dies at age 66. [1] February 10 * 10th (final) volume of Fielding's "Tom Jones" is published. [1] February 28 * First edition of Henry Fieldings' "Tom Jones" published. [1] May 2 * Empress Maria Theresa signs "Haugwitzschen State reform". [1] May 11 * British parliament accept Consolidation Act: fleet reorganization. [1] May 19 * George II grants charter to Ohio Company to settle Ohio Valley. [1]

June 25 * General fast because of drought in Massachusetts. [1] December 10 * Gabrielle Chtelet [La belle Emilie] writer (Voltaire), dies at age 42. [1] December 19 * Francesco Antonio Bonporti composer, dies at age 76. [1] December 20 * Pakubuwono II susuhunan of Mataram Java, dies. [1] 1750 January 3 * Tax revolt in Haarlem Netherlands. [1] January 17 * Tomaso Albinoni Italian composer (Adagio in G Minor), dies at age 78. [1] February 2 * Johann Graf composer, dies at age 65. [1] February 8 * Minor earthquake in London. [1] February 22 * Pietro Filippo Scarlotti composer, dies at age 71. [1] March 5 * First American Shakespearean production-"altered" Richard III, New York City, New York. [1]

March 7 * Cornelis Troost Dutch painter (Beslikte Zwaentje), dies at age 52. [1] May 2 * Carlo Goldoni's "La Botega di Caff" premieres in Mantua. [1] May 17 * Tax revolt in Gorinchem. [1] May 23 * Carlo Goldoni's "Il Bugiardo" premieres in Mantua. [1] May 29 * Giuseppe Porsile composer, dies at age 70. [1] July 28 * Johann Sebastian Bach German composer (Art of the Fugue), dies at age 65. [1] December 1 * First American school to offer manual training courses opens, Maryland. [1] * Doppelmayr mathematician. [1] 1751 February 9 * Henri F D'Aguesseau Chancellor of France (1717-50), dies at age 82. [1] February 16 * First publication of Gray's "Elegy Written in a Country Church Yard". [1] February 25

* First performing monkey exhibited in America, New York City (admission 1 cent). [1] March 20 * Frederick Louis English prince of Wales/son of George I, dies. [1] March 25 * Frederik of Hessen Kassel King of Sweden (1720-51), dies at age 74. [1] April 5 * Adolf Frederik of Holstein-Gottorp crowns himself king of Sweden. [1] May 11 * First US hospital founded (Pennsylvania Hospital). [1] May 20 * Domingo Miguel Bernaube Terradellas composer, dies at age 38. [1] May 24 * William Hamilton of Gilbertsfield, poet, dies. [1] July 29 * First international world title prize fight-Jack Stack of England. [1] August 24 * Thomas Colley executed in England for drowning supposed witch. [1] December 8 * Jozef LD von Knigsegg minister of Austrian Netherlands, dies at age 78. [1] December 17

* Kilian I von Dientzenhofer Czechoslovakian master builder, dies at age 62. [1] December 18 * Kilian I von Dientzenhofer builder (Nepomukkerk, Prague), dies at age 62. [1] December 23 * France sets plan to tax clergymen. [1] 1752 January 3 * East Indies invasion "Geldermalsen" leaves at Malakka; 92 killed. [1] January 4 * Gabriel Cramer Swiss mathematician (paradox of Cramer), dies at age 47. [1] January 15 * Tobias Smollett publishes pamphlet accusing Fielding of plagiarism. [1] February 3 * Dutch States-General forbid export of windmills. [1] February 11 * Pennsylvania Hospital, the first hospital in the US, opened. [1] March 22 * Pope Stephen II elected to succeed Zacharias, died two days later. [1] May 4 * Pieter Snyers Flemish painter/engraver, dies at age 71. [1]

May 10 * Benjamin Franklins first tests the lightning rod. [1] May 11 * First US fire insurance policy issued (Philadelphia). [1] June 10 * Benjamin Franklin flies a kite during a thunderstorm and collects a charge in a Leyden jar when the kite is struck by lightning, enabling him to demonstrate the electrical nature of lightning. [1] [129] September 2 * Last day of Julian calendar in Britain, British colonies. [1] [66.54] September 3 * This day never happened nor the next 10 as England adopts Gregorian Calendar. People riot thinking the government stole 11 days of their lives. [1] September 14 * England and colonies adopt Gregorian calendar, previous 11 calendar days disappear. [1] 1753 January 1 * Louis-Maurice de La Pierre composer, dies at age 55. [1] January 11 * Ferdinand VI of Spain and Pope Benedictus XIV sign concord. [1] * Hans Sloane English physician (British Museum), dies at age 92. [1] February 18 * Eleven days (February 18 to March 1) are removed from the Swedish calendar, to bring Sweden in line with the rest of Europe. The Julian lunar calendar is replaced with the Gregorian calendar based on the solar year. [7]

March 6 * Gerhardus Havingha composer, dies at age 56. [1] March 12 * George Berkeley philosopher/bishop (Cloyne), dies on 68th birthday. [1] March 17 * First official Saint Patrick's Day. [1] March 25 * Voltaire leaves the court of Frederik II of Prussia. [1] April 5 * British Museum forms (opens in 1759). [1] May 6 * French King Louis XV observes transit of Mercury at Mendon Castle. [1] May 9 * King Louis XV disbands French parliament. [1] May 26 * Willem Maurits Earl of Nassau/Governor of Zeeuws-Flanders, dies. [1] May 29 * Joseph Haydns "Krumme Teufel" premieres. [1] July 18 * Lemuel Haynes, escapes from slaveholder in Framingham Massachusetts [1] August 4

* George Washington becomes a master mason. [1] 1754 January 4 * Columbia University founded, as Kings College (New York City New York). [1] January 10 * Daniel Raap Dutch porcelain salesman/politician, dies at about age 51. [1] January 15 * Riot at burial of doelist Daniel Raap in Amsterdam. [1] January 28 * Ludvig Holberg Danish lawyer/writer (Hendrig og Pernille), dies at age 69. [1] February 5 * Nicolaas S Cruquius hydraulic engineer, (Haarlemmermeer), dies at age 75. [1] February 16 * Richard Mead physician, dies. [1] March 6 * Henry Pelham English premier (1745, 46-54), Gin Act, dies at about age 57. [1] March 8 * Don Jos de Carvajal bon Lancaster Spanish minister of Foreign affairs, dies. [1] * Marquis of Ensenada becomes premier of Spain. [1] March 18

* Duke of Newcastle becomes English premier. [1] April 9 * Christian von Wolff German philosopher, dies at age 75. [1] May 9 * First newspaper cartoon in America-divided snake "Join or die". [1] May 16 * Giovanni Carlo Maria Clari composer, dies at age 76. [1] May 23 * John Wood architect/town planner, dies. [1] May 28 * George Washington defeats French and Indians at Fort Duquesne (Pittsburgh). [1] June 19 * Albany Congress held by 7 British colonies and Iroquois indians. [1] July 3 * George Washington surrenders to French, Fort Necessity (7 Years' War). [1] July 7 * Kings College in New York City opens (renamed Columbia College). [1] December 14 * Mahmud I sultan of Turkey, dies at age 58. [1] 1755 January 7 * Gallus Zeiler composer, dies at age 49. [1]

January 12 * Tsarina Elisabeth establishes first Russian University. [1] January 15 * Azzolino Bernardino Della Ciaia composer, dies at age 83. [1] February 13 * Rebel leader Mangkubuni signs Treaty of Gianti Java. [1] March 12 * First steam engine in America installed, to pump water from a mine. [1] March 17 * Transylvania Land Company buys Kentucky for $50,000 from a Cherokee chief. [1] March 24 * Theodor Christleib Reinhold composer, dies at age 72. [1] April 26 * First Russian university opens (Moscow). [1] June 16 * British capture Fort Beausjour, expel the Acadians. [1] July 9 * British General E Braddock mortally wounded during French and Indian War. [1] * British General E Braddock mortally wounded during French and Indian War. [1] September 18 * Fort Ticonderoga, New York opens. [1]

November 1 * In Lisbon, Portugal, a magnitude 8.7 earthquake occurs, claiming 70,000 deaths, one quarter of Lisbon's population. A large tsunami drowns many, and fire ravages the city. [1] [53] November 18 * In Cape Ann, Massachusetts, a large earthquake occurs, causing considerable damage in Boston. [1] [53] December 1 * Maurice Greene composer, dies at age 59. [1] December 21 * Caspar Ruetz composer, dies at age 47. [1] 1756 January 16 * England and Prussia sign Treaty of Westminster. [1] March 13 * Johann Melchior Conradi composer, dies at age 81. [1] March 17 * Saint Patrick's Day first celebrated in New York City at Crown and Thistle Tavern. [1] March 23 * Georg Gottfried Wagner composer, dies at age 57. [1] April 10 * Giacomo Antonio Perti Italian composer, dies at age 94. [1] April 13 * Johann T Gottlieb Goldberg German klavecinist/composer, dies at age 29. [1]

April 14 * Governor Glen of South Carolina protests against 900 Acadia Indians. [1] April 15 * Johann Gottlieb Goldberg composer, dies at age 29. [1] April 16 * Jacques Cassini French astronomer (Discover rings of Saturn), dies at age 79. [1] May 15 * Britain declares war on France (Seven Years' or French and Indian War). [1] [241.9] June 20 * Between 64 and 146 British soldiers are confined in Calcutta, India in a prison known as the Black Hole. Only 23 survive the night. [1] [117.25] August 14 * French capture Fort Oswego, New York. [1] September 22 * Nassau Hall opens at Princeton University. [1] December 6 * British troops under Robert Clive occupy Fulta India. [1] December 11 * Theodor A Freiherr von Neuhoff German adventurer/king, dies. [1] December 31 * Russia joins the Alliance of Versailles. [1]

1757 January 2 * British troops recapture Calcutta, India. [1] [117.23] January 5 * Failed assassination attempt on French king Louis XV by Damiens. [1] January 17 * German Diet declares war on Prussia. [1] February 9 * British East Africa Company makes a treaty with Siraj-Ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Bengal. [117.23] March 14 * John Byng English Admiral (Minorca), executed at age 52. [1] March 17 * Prince Mas Sad of Mataram surrenders to Mangkubumi in Java. [1] March 20 * Johann Paul Kunzen composer, dies at age 60. [1] March 27 * Johann Wenzel Anton Stamitz composer, dies at age 39. [1] March 30 * Johann Wenzel Anton Stamitz composer, dies at age 39. [1] April 6 * English king George II fires minister William Pitt Sr. [1] May 1

* Austria and France divide Prussia. [1] May 6 * Battle at Prague: Frederik II of Prussia beats emperor army. [1] June 23 * British East Africa Company defeats Siraj-Ud-Daulah at the Battle of Plassey through treachery. [117.24] December 5 * Battle at Leuthen: Prussian army beats Austrians. [1] 1758 January 1 * Johann F von Cronegk German playwright (Codrus), dies at age 26. [1] January 7 * Allan Ramsay Sr Scottish poet (Gentle Shepherd), dies at age 71. [1] January 11 * Russian troops occupy Knigsberg, East-Prussia. [1] January 22 * Russian troops occupy Knigsberg, East Prussia. [1] February 5 * Bernhard Christian Weber composer, dies at age 45. [1] March 2 * Johann Baptist Zimmermann German stucco worker, buried at age 78. [1] March 22

* Jonathan Edwards theologian/philosopher (Original Sin), dies at age 54. [1] March 27 * Battle at Emmerich: British army floats around France the Rhine. [1] March 28 * Jonathan Edwards US theologist (Great Awakening), dies at age 54. [1] April 2 * Johann Balthasar Konig composer, dies at age 67. [1] April 17 * Francis Williams, first US black college graduate, publishes poems. [1] April 24 * Florian Wrastill composer, dies at age 41. [1] April 27 * Jan Francisci composer, dies at age 66. [1] May 3 * Benedict XIV [Prospero L Lambertini] Pope (1740-58), dies at age 83. [1] June 2 * French troops under commander Comtede Lally attack and capture Fort Saint David on the Coromandel Coast. [117.24] July 24 * George Washington admitted to Virginia House of Burgess. [1] August 29

* First indian reservation established. [1] September 12 * Charles Messier observes the Crab Nebula and begins catalog. [1] November 25 * Britain captures Fort Duquesne (Pittsburgh). [1] December 5 * Johann Friedrich Fasch composer, dies at age 70. [1] December 25 * Halley's comet first sighted by Johann Georg Palitzsch during return. [1] December 31 * British expeditionary army occupies Goree (Dakar) Senegal. [1] 1759 January 3 * Marquis and Marquess of Tavora Portuguese nobles, executed. [1] January 5 * Thomas-Philippe et de Boussu South Netherlands cardinal, dies at age 79. [1] January 6 * George Washington marries Martha Dandridge Curtis. [1] January 11 * First American life insurance company incorporated, Philadelphia. [1] January 12 * Anne of Hannover English princess, dies at age 49. [1]

January 15 * British Museum opens in Montague House, London. [1] January 16 * British Museum opens in London. [1] February 15 * Alexander von Papenhoven Flemish religious sculptor, dies at age 89. [1] February 28 * Pope Clement XIII allows Bible to be translated into various languages. [1] March 13 * 27th recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. [1] April 8 * British troops chase French out of Masulipatam India. [1] * Franois de La Croix composer, dies at age 76. [1] April 13 * French beat European Allies in Battle of Bergen. [1] April 14 * Georg Frideric Hndel organist/composer (Watermusic), dies at age 74. [1] April 20 * Georg Friedrich Hndel buried in Westminster Abbey. [1] May 1 * British fleet occupies Guadeloupe, West-Indies, on France. [1] July 25

* British capture Fort Niagara from French (7 Years' War). [1] September 13 * James Wolfe British general (Plains of Abraham), dies at age 32. [1] * Wolfe defeats Montcalm on Plains of Abraham; Canada becomes English. [1] September 14 * Louis Montcalm French general (Plains of Abraham), dies at age 47. [1] September 18 * British capture Qubec during the French and Indian War. [1] October 31 * Earthquake in Safed Palestine kills hundred. [1] November 24 * Destructive eruption of Vesuvius. [1] December 13 * First music store in America opens (Philadelphia). [1] 1760 January 8 * Comet C/1760 A1 (Great comet) approaches within 0.0682 astronomical units (AUs) of Earth. [1] January 9 * Afghans defeat Marathas in battle of Barari Ghat. [1] January 18 * Claudio Casciolini composer, dies at age 62. [1] January 22

* Battle at Wandewash India British troops beat French. [1] February 14 * Franois Collin de Blamont composer, dies at age 69. [1] February 16 * Native American hostages killed in Fort Prince George South Carolina. [1] March 5 * Princess Carolina marries General Charles Christian van NassauWeilburg. [1] March 14 * Anton Filtz composer, dies at age 26. [1] March 20 * Great Fire of Boston destroys 349 buildings. [1] April 10 * Gerard George Clifford head of East-Indian Company, dies at age 75. [1] April 12 * Baron Ernst Gottlieb composer, dies at age 64. [1] April 16 * Laurence 4th Earl Ferrers, executed for murder of his steward. [1] May 9 * Nikolaus Ludwig und Pottendorf Austrian composer, dies at age 59. [1] May 10 * Johann Christoph Graupner composer, dies at age 77. [1]

June 10 * New York passes first effective law regulating practice of medicine. [1] June 23 * Battle of Landshut, Silesia. [1] October 25 * George III ascends the British throne. [1] December 14 * Kacic Miosic Croatian poet (Razgovar Ugodni Naroda Slovinskoga), dies. [1] December 25 * Jupter Hammon, New York slave, publishes poetry in "An Evening Thought". [1] 1761 January 3 * Willem de Fesch Dutch violinist/composer (Joseph), dies at age 73. [1] January 4 * Stephen Hales English vicar/inventor (ventilator), dies at age 83. [1] January 7 * Battle at Panipat, India; Afghan army beats Mahratten. [1] February 12 * Death of Richard "Beau" Nash, master of ceremonies of Bath resort, at age 86. [187.134] February 15

* Carlo Cecere composer, dies at age 54. [1] March 7 * Antonio Palella composer, dies at age 68. [1] March 27 * Johann Ludwig Steiner composer, dies at age 72. [1] April 9 * William Law theologian, dies. [1] May 14 * Thomas Simpson English mathematician (rule of Simpson), dies at age 50. [1] May 15 * Jacob Mossel Governor-General (Dutch East Indies), dies at age 56. [1] May 22 * First life insurance policy in US, issued in Philadelphia. [1] December 16 * Russian army occupies Kolberg. [1] December 25 * Elisabeth Petrovna tsarina of Russia (1741-62), dies at about age 51. [1] * Empress Elizabeth dies. [1] 1762 January 4 * England declares war on Spain and Naples. [1] January 5

* Elisabeth Petrovna tsarina of Russia (1741-62), dies at age 52. [1] January 13 * Leonhard Trautsch composer, dies at age 68. [1] January 15 * Fraunces Tavern opens in New York City, New York. [1] February 2 * Thomas Arnes opera "Artaxerxes" premieres in London. [1] February 11 * Johann Tobias Krebs composer, dies at age 71. [1] February 12 * English fleet occupies Martinique. [1] * Laurent Belissen composer, dies at age 68. [1] March 17 * First Saint Patrick's Day parade in New York City. [1] April 2 * In Bangladesh, a very destructive earthquake occurs. Sixty square miles are said to have been permanently submerged. [53] April 5 * British take Grenada, West Indies, from French. [1] April 23 * Johann Samuel Endler composer, dies at age 67. [1] April 24 * Russia and Prussia signs peace treaty. [1] May 5

* Russia and Prussia sign peace treaty. [1] May 16 * Ernst Chreistian Hesse composer, dies at age 86. [1] May 22 * Sweden and Prussia sign peace treaty. [1] May 24 * Joseph Umstatt composer, dies at age 51. [1] July 13 * James Bradley third Astronomer Royal, dies. [1] August 22 * First female (Ann Franklin) US newspaper editor, Newport Rhode Island, Mercury. [1] October 5 * The opera "Orfeo Ed Euridice" is produced (Vienna). [1] November 3 * Spain acquires Louisiana. [1] December 9 * British parliament accepts the Treaty of Paris. [1] December 21 * James Cook marries Elizabeth Batts. [1] December 31 * Mozart family moves from Vienna to Salzburg. [1] 1763

January 2 * John Casteret Earl Granville English premier, dies at age 72. [1] January 27 * John Theodor of Bavaria prince-bishop of Liege/cardinal, dies. [1] February 10 * Treaty of Paris ends French-Indian War, surrenders Canada to England. [1] February 12 * John Casteret appointed British minister of foreign affairs. [1] February 15 * Austria, Prussia and Saxony sign Peace of Hubertusburg. [1] April 30 * London Journalist John Wilkes confined in the Tower. [1] May 16 * Samuel Johnson meets his future biographer James Boswell in London. [1] November 15 * Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon begin surveying Mason-Dixon Line between Pennsylvania and Maryland. [1] December 2 * Carl August Thielo composer, dies at age 56. [1] * Touro shul of Newport RI dedicated (oldest existing US synagogue). [1] 1764 January 24 * Governor Winthrop Telescope, is destroyed in a Harvard fire. [1]

February 15 * Saint Louis founded as a French trading post by Pierre Laclade Ligue. [1] February 21 * John Wilkes thrown out of English House of Commons for "Essay on Women". [1] March 17 * George Parker English astronomer, dies. [1] March 30 * Pietro Antonio Locatelli Italian violinist/composer, dies at age 68. [1] April 3 * Austrian arch duke Jozef crowned himself Roman Catholic king. [1] April 14 * Peder [Nielsen] Horrebow Danish astronomer, dies at age 84. [1] April 15 * Jeanne-Antoinette-Poison LeNormant d'Etoiles Marquis de Pomador, dies. [1] April 17 * Johann Mattheson German composer/musicologist, dies at age 82. [1] April 27 * Jaime de Casellas composer, dies at age 73. [1] May 3 * Francesco Algarotti Italian earl/encyclopedist, dies at age 53. [1]

May 5 * Smolny-institution forms in Saint Petersburg for noble girls. [1] May 10 * Picander [Christian Henrici] German writer (Die Weiberprobe), dies. [1] October 25 * John Adams marries Abigail Smith (marriage lasts 54 years). [1] 1765 January 4 * Joseph Franz Xaver Dominik Stalder composer, dies at age 39. [1] January 11 * Frisia bans Voltaires "Trait sur la tolrance". [1] January 12 * Johann Melchior Molter composer, dies at age 68. [1] January 15 * Carlmann Kolb composer, dies at age 61. [1] January 16 * Charles Messier catalogs M41 (galactic cluster in Canis Major). [1] February 9 * Elisabetta de Gambarini composer, dies at age 33. [1] March 22 * Stamp Act passed: first direct British tax on colonists. [1] March 24

* Britain enacts Quartering Act, required colonists to provide temporary housing to British soldiers. [1] April 5 * Edward Young English poet (Love of Fame), dies at age 81. [1] April 9 * Maria Louise van Hessen-Kassel princess of Orange-Nassau, dies at age 77. [1] April 15 * Michail von Lomonosov Russian scholar/poet, dies at age 53. [1] May 3 * First US medical college opens in Philadelphia; founded by John Morgan, the School of Medicine belonged to the College of Philadelphia (now the University of Pennsylvania).. [1] May 7 * Admiral Nelson's sailboat HMS Victory runs aground. [1] May 25 * Pierre-Joseph Le Blan composer, dies at age 53. [1] May 29 * Patrick Henry historic speech against the Stamp Act, answering a cry of "Treason!" with, "If this be treason, make the most of it!". [1] August 14 * Mass colonists challenge British rule by an Elm (Liberty Tree). [1] October 7 * The Stamp Act Congress convenes in New York. [1] October 19

* Stamp Act Congress met in New York, wrote decl of rights and liberties. [1] November 1 * Stamp Act goes into effect in the British colonies. [1] November 23 * People of Frederick County Maryland refuse to pay England's Stamp tax. [1] December 21 * Joseph Thaddus Stammel Austrian sculptor, dies at age 70. [1] December 25 * Antonio Tonelli composer, dies at age 79. [1] 1766 January 1 * Frans E Jacobus III Old Pretender, king of Great Britain/Ireland, dies. [1] * James III Edward Old Pretender/king of Great Britain/Ireland, dies at age 77. [1] January 14 * Frederik V king of Denmark/Norway (1746-66), dies at age 42. [1] February 11 * Stamp Act declared unconstitutional in Virginia. [1] February 14 * Dutch governor Falck signs Treaty of Batticaloa with rebels. [1] February 23 * Stanislaw Leszcynski duke of Lutherans/king of Poland, dies. [1] February 26

* August Bernhard Valentin Herbing composer, dies at age 30. [1] March 3 * Gregor Joseph Werner composer, dies at age 73. [1] March 5 * Don Antonio de Ulloa takes possession of Louisiana Terr from French. [1] March 8 * Willem V (18) becomes Governor of United Provinces. [1] March 17 * Britain repeals Stamp Act. [1] March 18 * British Parliament reinstitutes the Stamp Act. [1] March 25 * Johannes Ritschel composer, dies at age 26. [1] April 7 * Tiberius Hemsterhuis Dutch classicist, dies at age 81. [1] April 8 * First fire escape patented, wicker basket on a pulley and chain. [1] May 9 * John Byron back in England after trip around the world. [1] November 25 * Pope Clement XIII warns On the dangers of anti-Christian writings. [1] December 5

* London auctioneers Christie's hold their first sale. [1] 1767 March 20 * Firmin Abauzit French huguenot/scholar, dies at age 87. [1] April 7 * Franz Sparry composer, dies at age 51. [1] May 13 * Mozart's opera "Apollo et Hyacinthus" premieres in Salzburg. [1] May 14 * British government disbands Americans import duty on tea. [1] May 18 * Thaddaus Ferdinand Lipowsky composer, dies at age 28. [1] June 29 * British passes Townshend Revenue Act levying taxes on America. [1] October 18 * Boundary between Maryland and Pennsylvania, the Mason Dixon line, agreed upon. [1] December 9 * Benedetto Alfieri Italian architect (San Giovanni Battista), dies. [1] December 16 * Van Ritter von Glucks opera "Alceste" premieres. [1] December 22 * John Newberry English publisher, dies. [1]

1768 January 1 * Jean-Laurent Krafft composer, dies at age 73. [1] January 10 * Charles Cressent French court furniture maker, dies at age 82. [1] January 28 * John Wainwright composer, dies at age 44. [1] February 11 * Samuel Adams letter, circulates around American colonies, opposing Townshend Act taxes. [1] February 15 * First mustard manufactured in America advertised, Philadelphia. [1] February 20 * First American chartered fire insurance company receives charter (Pennsylvania). [1] March 3 * Nicola Antonio Porpora composer, dies at age 81. [1] March 14 * Vigilio Blasio Faitello composer, dies at age 58. [1] March 18 * Lawrence Sterne writer (Sentimental Journey France and Italy), dies. [1] March 21

* Jan J Mauricius Dutch Governor-General of Suriname (1742-51), dies at age 75. [1] April 5 * First US Chamber of Commerce forms (New York City, New York). [1] April 7 * Michel Mathieu composer, dies at age 78. [1] April 14 * Franois de Cuvillis Belgian architect of Bayern, dies. [1] April 19 * Filippo della Valle Italian sculptor, dies at about age 70. [1] April 20 * Giovanni AC Canaletto Italian painter/cartoonist (Rialto), dies at age 70. [1] May 16 * Cornelis Writer fleet supervisor, dies at about age 81. [1] May 27 * Johann M Fleischmann German/Dutch stamp/letter designer, dies. [1] June 21 * First US bachelor of medicine degree (Dr John Archer). [1] July 7 * Firm of Johann Buddenbrook founded, in Thomas Mann's novel. [1] December 6 * First edition of "Encyclopedia Brittanica" published (Scotland). [1]

1769 January 18 * Hakuin Ekaku Zen teacher (reformer of Rinzai school), dies in Japan. [1] February 2 * Clement XIII [Carlo Rezzonico], Pope (1758-69), dies at age 75. [1] March 27 * Josef Antonin Gurecky composer, dies at age 60. [1] April 3 * Gerhard Tersteegen German evangelist/poet (in blood), dies at age 71. [1] April 20 * Pontiac Indian chief to Ottawa, murdered. [1] April 22 * Madame du Barry becomes King Louis XV's "official" mistress. [1] June 7 * Daniel Boone begins exploring the Bluegrass State of Kentucky. [1] July 16 * Father Serra founds Mission San Diego, first mission in California. [1] August 29 * Edmond Hoyle games expert, dies (birth date unknown). [1] September 18 * Boston Gazette reports first US piano (a spinet). [1] December 12

* Pope Clement XIV proclaims a universal jubilee. [1] December 13 * C F Gellert writer, dies at age 54. [1] * Dartmouth College in New Hampshire received its charter. [1] 1770 January 1 * Date of action in the opera "Madeleine". [1] January 13 * De Beaumarchais' "Les Deux Amis" premieres in Paris. [1] January 19 * Battle of Golden Hill (Lower Manhattan). [1] February 22 * Christopher Snider 11, Boston, becomes first martyr of US Revolution. [1] February 26 * Franois Hanot composer, dies at age 72. [1] * Giuseppe Tartini Italian composer/violinist, dies at age 77. [1] March 5 * Blanche Kelso Bruce sworn in as a US Senator (Mississippi). [1] * Boston Massacre, British troops kill five in crowd; Crispus Attackus becomes first black to die for American freedom. [1] * Crispus Attuks slave, is first of five killed during Boston Massacre. [1] March 27 * Giovanni B Tiepolo Italian painter (Banquet of Cleopatra), dies at age 73. [1] April 9

* Captain James Cook discovers Botany Bay (Australia). [1] April 12 * Townsend Acts repealed. [1] April 19 * Amsterdam buys Van Aerssens family 1/3 part of Suriname. [1] * Captain James Cook first sees Australia. [1] * Esprit Joseph Antoine Blanchard composer, dies at age 74. [1] April 20 * Captain Cook arrives in New South Wales. [1] April 28 * Marie AC de Camargo Spanish/Italian/Belgian dancer, dies at age 60. [1] April 29 * Captain James Cook in the Endeavor arrives at and names Botany Bay, Australia. [5] (April 28 [1]) May 4 * Christian Gottfried Krause composer, dies at age 51. [1] May 9 * Charles Avison composer, dies at age 61. [1] May 10 * Charles Avison composer, dies at age 61. [1] May 16 * Marie Antoinette (14) marries future King Louis XVI (15) of France. [1] June 3

* Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo founded in California. [1] June 11 * Captain Cook runs aground on Australian Great Barrier Reef. [1] June 28 * Quakers open a school for blacks in Philadelphia. [1] December 5 * James Stirling Scottish mathematician (Formula of Stirling), dies at age 78. [1] December 9 * Gottlieb Theophil Muffat composer, dies at age 80. [1] December 10 * Theophil "Gottlieb" Muffat German court organist/composer, dies at age 80. [1] 1771 January 11 * Jean-Baptiste de Boyer marquis d'Argens, French author, dies at age 66. [1] January 22 * Spain cedes the Falkland Islands to Britain. [1] February 8 * Augusta von Saxen-Gotha German prince Frederick Louis of Wales, dies. [1] February 12 * King Adolf Frederick of Sweden dies. His son Prince Gustav becomes King Gustav III. [1] [7] February 16

* Messier presents his original list of 45 M-objects to French Academy. [1] March 1 * Isfrid Kayser composer, dies at age 58. [1] March 22 * Gottlieb W Rabener German author (Bremer Beitrge), dies at age 56. [1] May 7 * Samuel Hearne explores the Copper Mine River of Canada. [1] July 14 * Mission San Antonio de Padua founded in California. [1] September 8 * Mission San Gabriel Archangel forms in California. [1] December 26 * Claude A Helvtius French encyclopedist (L'esprit), dies at age 56. [1] 1772 January 1 * First traveler's checks issued (London). [1] February 10 * Jozef Wenceslas monarch of Liechtenstein/general, dies at age 75. [1] * Louis Tocqu French painter, dies at age 75. [1] February 12 * Yves de Kerguelen of France discovers Kerguelen Archipelago, India. [1]

February 17 * First partition of Poland-Russia and Prussia, joined later by Austria. [1] March 2 * Robert J Pothier French lawyer, dies at age 73. [1] March 11 * George Reuter composer, dies at age 63. [1] March 13 * Gotthold Lessing's "Emilia Calotti" premieres in Brunswick. [1] April 15 * Karel Jozef ruler of Batthynyi, dies at age 73. [1] April 19 * Johann Peter Kellner composer, dies at age 66. [1] April 30 * John Clais patents first scale. [1] May 1 * Gottfried Achenwall German lawyer/statistics/economist, dies at age 52. [1] May 11 * Amsterdam theater destroyed by fire, 18 killed. [1] * Joseph Kerckhoff Limburg surgeon/robber captain, hanged. [1] June 9 * First Protestant church west of Penn (in Ohio) holds communion. [1] June 10

* Burning of the Gaspe, British revenue cutter, by Rhode Islanders. [1] June 22 * Slavery outlawed in England. [1] August 5 * First partition of Poland, between Austria, Prussia and Russia. [1] August 11 * Explosive eruption blows 4,000' off Papandayan Java, kills 3,000. [1] August 31 * Hurricane destroy ships off Dominica. [1] September 1 * Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa forms in California. [1] December 12 * Johann Gottfried Seyfert composer, dies at age 41. [1] December 22 * Moravian missionary constructs first schoolhouse west of Allegheny. [1] December 28 * Ernst J Earl van/of Biron Russian duke of Courland, dies at age 82. [1] 1773 January 6 * Massachusetts slaves petition legislature for freedom. [1] January 12

* First US public museum established (Charleston South Carolina). [1] January 17 * Captain James Cook becomes first to cross Antarctic Circle (66 degrees 33' S). [1] February 20 * Charles Emanuel I King of Sardinia/Duke of Savoy (CE III), dies at age 71. [1] February 26 * Construction authorized for Walnut Steet jail (Philadelphia) (first solitary). [1] March 1 * Jan Wagenaar Dutch historian, dies at age 63. [1] * Luigi Vanvitelli [Louis van Wittel], Italian architect, dies at age 72. [1] March 12 * Jeanne Baptiste Pointe de Sable found settlement now known as Chicago. [1] March 18 * Oliver Goldsmith' "She Stoops to Conquer" premieres in London. [1] April 19 * Florian Johann Deller composer, dies at age 43. [1] April 27 * British Parliament passes the Tea Act (eventually leads to Boston Tea Party on December 16). [1] May 8 * Ali Bey Egyptian Mameluk head, dies. [1]

May 24 * Jan Zach composer, dies at age 73. [1] July 20 * Scottish settlers arrive at Pictou, Nova Scotia (Canada). [1] September 11 * Benjamin Franklin writes "There never was a good war or bad peace.". [1] December 16 * Big tea party in Boston harbor-Indians welcome (Boston Tea Party). [1] December 26 * Expulsion of tea ships from Philadelphia. [1] 1774 January 11 * Messier adds M51 (spiral galaxy in Canes Venatici) to his catalog. [1] January 21 * Mustapha III sultan of Turkey (1957-74), dies at age 56. [1] January 30 * Captain Cook reaches 71 degrees 10' S, 1820 km from South pole (record). [1] * Frantisek Ignac Antonin Tuma composer, dies at age 69. [1] * Jean-Pierre Guignon composer, dies at age 71. [1] February 10 * Andrew Becker demonstrates diving suit. [1] * Florian Leopold Gassmann composer, dies at age 44. [1]

February 22 * English House of Lords rules authors do not have perpetual copyright. [1] March 4 * William Herschel becomes the first to sight the Orion Nebula. [1] [5] March 7 * British close port of Boston to all commerce. [1] March 25 * English Parliament passes Boston Port Bill. [1] March 28 * Britain passes Coercive Act against Massachusetts. [1] April 4 * Oliver Goldsmith Irish poet (She Stoops to Conquer), dies at age 17. [1] April 19 * CW Glucks opera "Iphigenia in Aulis", premieres in Paris France. [1] April 23 * Christian Wilhelm Ernst Dietrich painter, dies. [1] April 30 * Pope Clement XIV proclaims a universal jubilee. [1] May 3 * Heinrich A Fouqu Prussian general (7 year war), dies at age 76. [1] May 10

* Louis XV king of France (1715-74), dies at age 64. [1] * Louis XVI ascends to throne of France. [1] May 20 * Britain gives Qubec, Labrador and territory north of the Ohio. [1] May 23 * Chestertown tea party occurs (tea dumped into Chester River). [1] May 28 * First Continental Congress convenes (Virginia). [1] June 1 * British government orders Port of Boston closed. [1] June 13 * Rhode Island becomes first colony to prohibit importation of slaves. [1] July 12 * Citizens of Carlisle, Penn. pass a declaration of independence. [1] August 1 * The element oxygen is discovered for the third (and last) time. [1] [5] September 5 * First Continental Congress assembles, in Philadelphia. [1] October 14 * First Continental Congress is first to declare colonial rights (Philadelphia). [1] October 26 * First Continental Congress adjourns in Philadelphia. [1]

November 27 * The Great Council of Venice votes 720 to 21 to close the Ridotto, ending legal public gambling, due to growing impoverishment of its aristocratic families. [187.95] December 2 * Johann Friedrich Agricola German (court)composer/organist, dies at age 54. [1] December 13 * First incident of the Revolution-400 attack Fort William and Mary, New Hampshire. [1] * Susanne K von Klettenberg German friend of Goethes mother, dies at age 50. [1] December 14 * Massachusetts militiamen successfully attacked arsenal of Fort William and Mary. [1] December 16 * Franois Quesnay French personal physician of Louis XIV, dies at age 80. [1] December 18 * Jews expelled from Prague, Bohemia and Moravia by Empress Maria Theresa. [1] 1775 January 8 * John Baskerville English printer/type designer, dies at age 68. [1] January 10 * Jemeljan Pugatshov Russian kosak leader/"czar Peter III", dies. [1] January 11

* Francis Salvador becomes first Jew elected to office in America (South Carolina). [1] * Yemelyan Pugachov Don Cossack rebel, executed by tsarist Russia. [1] January 15 * Giovanni Battista Sammartini composer, dies. [1] January 17 * Nine old women burnt as witches for causing bad harvests, Kalisk, Poland. [1] * R B Sheridan's "Rivals" premieres in London. [1] January 22 * Marshal Oscar von Lubomirski expels Jews from Warsaw Poland. [1] January 25 * Americans drag cannon up hill to fight British (Gun Hill Road, Bronx). [1] February 8 * Leidse University 400th anniversary dinner. [1] February 9 * English Parliament declares Massachusetts colony is in rebellion. [1] February 15 * Angelo Braschi chosen as Pope Pius VI. [1] February 22 * First US joint stock company (to make cloth) offers shares at 10. [1] * Jews expelled from outskirts of Warsaw Poland. [1] March 6 * First Negro Mason in US initiated, Boston. [1]

March 19 * Four people buried by avalanche for 37 days, three survive (Italy). [1] * Poland and Prussia sign trade agreement. [1] March 22 * Edmund Burke presents his 13 articles to the English parliament. [1] March 23 * Patrick Henry proclaims "Give me liberty or give me death". [1] April 14 * First abolitionist society in US organizes in Philadelphia Pennsylvania. [1] April 18 * Paul Revere and William Dawes warn "the British are coming!". [1] April 19 * British troops and local militia of Massachusetts fire the first shots of the American Revolution at Lexington. [1] [129] April 20 * British begin siege of Boston. [1] April 23 * The opera "Il R Pastore" is produced (Salzburg). [1] May 7 * Turkish state of Bukovina secedes from Austria. [1] May 10 * Second Continental Congress convened in Pennsylvania; issues paper currency for first time. [1]

* Second Continental Congress names George Washington, supreme commander. [1] * Green Mountain Boys capture Fort Ticonderoga NY-American Revolution. [1] May 20 * Citizens of Mecklenburg County, North Carolina declare independence of Britain. [1] June 7 * United Colonies change name to United States. [1] June 12 * First naval battle of Revolution-Unity (Am) captures Margaretta (Br). [1] June 14 * US Army founded. [1] June 15 * George Washington appointed commander-in-chief of American Army. [1] June 17 * Battle of Bunker Hill (actually it was Breed's Hill). [1] June 22 * First Continental currency issued ($3,000,000). [1] June 23 * First regatta held on Thames, England. [1] July 3 * Washington takes command of Continental Army at Cambridge, Massachusetts [1] July 10

* Horatio Gates, issues order excluding blacks from Continental Army. [1] July 16 * John Adams graduates Harvard. [1] July 17 * First military hospital approved. [1] July 22 * George Washington takes command of the troops. [1] July 25 * Maryland issues currency depicting George III trampling Magna Carta. [1] July 26 * Benjamin Franklin becomes first Postmaster General. [1] August 5 * First Spanish ship, San Carlos, enters San Francisco Bay. [1] August 22 * King George III proclaims colonies to be in open rebellion. [1] September 25 * American Revolutionary War hero Ethan Allen captured. [1] October 8 * Officers decide to bar slaves and free blacks from Continental Army. [1] October 13 * Continental Congress orders construction of a naval fleet. [1]

October 16 * Portland, Maine burned by British. [1] October 23 * Continental Congress approves resolution barring blacks from army. [1] October 27 * US Navy established. [1] November 7 * Lord Dunmore, promises freedom to male slaves who join British army. [1] November 10 * US Marine Corps established by Congress. [1] November 12 * General Washington forbids recruiting officers enlisting blacks. [1] November 13 * American Revolutionary forces capture Montreal. [1] December 3 * First official US flag raising (aboard naval vessel Alfred). [1] December 22 * Continental navy organized with 7 ships. [1] December 25 * Pope Pius VI encyclical on the problems of the pontificate. [1] December 28 * Peter A van de Parra Governor-General of (Netherlands Indies), dies at age 61. [1]

December 31 * Battle of Qubec; Americans unable to take British stronghold. [1] * General Richard Montgomery dies fighting the British. [1] 1776 January 1 * General George Washington hoists Continental Union Flag. [1] January 2 * First revolutionary flag displayed. [1] * Austria ends interrogation torture. [1] January 5 * Assembly of New Hampshire adopts its first state constitution. [1] January 10 * "Common Sense" by Thomas Paine, published. [1] January 16 * Continental Congress approves enlistment of free blacks. [1] February 8 * Wolfgang von Goethes' "Stella" premieres in Hamburg. [1] February 17 * First volume of Gibbon's "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire" published. [1] March 2 * Americans begin shelling British troops in Boston. [1] March 3 * US commodore Esek Hopkins occupies Nassau Bahamas. [1]

March 17 * British forces evacuate Boston to Nova Scotia during Revolutionary War. [1] March 25 * Continental Congress authorizes a medal for General George Washington. [1] April 1 * Friedrich von Klinger's "Sturm und Drang", premieres in Leipzig. [1] April 3 * Washington receives honorary Ll.D. degree from Harvard College. [1] April 12 * Halifax resolution for independence adopted by North Carolina. [1] April 15 * Duchess of Kingston found guilty of bigamy. [1] April 19 * Jacob Israel Emden [Jacob ben Tswi] German rabbi, dies at age 78. [1] April 22 * Johann Adolph Scheibe German music theroist/composer, dies at age 67. [1] April 24 * Carolus van de Abeele Flemish Jesuit, dies at age 84. [1] * Giuseppi Paolucci composer, dies at age 49. [1] May 1 * Adam Weishaupt founds the secret society of Illuminati. [1]

May 2 * France and Spain agree to donate arms to American rebels. [1] May 4 * Rhode Island declares independence from England. [1] May 6 * James Kent composer, dies at age 76. [1] May 12 * Turgot, French minister of Finance, resigns. [1] May 13 * Anton de Haen medical Ratio medendi, dies at age 71. [1] June 7 * Richard Lee (Virginia) moves Declaration of Independence in Continental Congress. [1] June 10 * Continental Congress appoints a committee to write a Declaration of Independence. [1] June 12 * Virginia adopts Declaration of Rights. [1] June 28 * Charleston, South Carolina repulses British sea attack. [1] * Thomas Hickey American sergeant convicted of treason, hanged. [1] June 29 * Mission Dolores founded by San Francisco Bay. [1] * Va state constitution adopted and Patrick Henry made governor. [1]

July 1 * First vote on the Declaration of Independence. [1] July 2 * Continental Congress resolves "these United Colonies are and of right. [1] July 4 * In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the Continental Congress adopts the Declaration of Independence, proclaiming the independence of the United States of America from Great Britain and its king. Twelve colonies adopt the declaration. [1] [129] July 6 * Declaration of Independence announced on front page of the "PA Evening Gazette". [1] July 8 * Colonel John Nixon gives first public reading of Declaration of Independence. [1] July 9 * Declaration of Independence read aloud to General Washington's troops in New York. [1] July 19 * New York adopts the declaration of independence from Great Britain. [129] August 2 * Formal signing of the American Declaration of Independence. [1] [129] August 27 * British defeat Americans in Battle of Long Island. [1] August 28

* Battle of Long Island. [1] August 29 * Americans withdraw from Manhattan to Westchester. [1] September 7 * The World's first submarine attack occurs, as the American submersible craft Turtle attempts to attach a time bomb to the hull of the British flagship HMS Eagle in New York Harbor. [5] September 9 * Continental Congress renames "United Colonies," "United States". [1] September 10 * George Washington asks for a spy volunteer, Nathan Hale volunteers. [1] September 12 * Nathan Hale leaves Harlem Heights Camp (127th St) for spy mission. [1] September 15 * British forces capture Kip's Bay Manhattan during the Revolution. [1] September 17 * Presidio of San Francisco forms as a Spanish fort. [1] September 21 * Great fire in New York. [1] * Nathan Hale spied on British for American rebels, hanged. [1] September 22 * Nathan Hale executed as a spy by the British. [1]

October 9 * Father Francisco Palou founds Mission San Francisco de Asis in what is now San Francisco, California. [1] [5] October 11 * Brigadier General Arnold's Lake Champlain fleet defeated by British. [1] October 12 * British Brigade begins guarding Throgg Necks Road in the Bronx. [1] October 18 * Colonel John Glover and Marblehead regiment meet British Forces in Bronx. [1] * In a New York bar decorated with bird tail, customer orders "cock tail". [1] October 28 * Battle of White Plains; Washington retreats to New Jersey. [1] November 1 * Mission San Juan Capistrano founded in California. [1] November 16 * Hessians capture Fort Washington, Manhattan. [1] November 18 * Hessians capture Fort Lee, New Jersey. [1] December 5 * Phi Beta Kappa, first American scholastic fraternity (William and Mary College), is founded. [1] December 8

* George Washington's retreating army crosses Delaware River from New Jersey. [1] December 19 * Thomas Paine published his first "American Crisis" essay, in which he wrote, "These are the times that try men's souls". [1] December 23 * Continental Congress negotiates a war loan of $181,500 from France. [1] * Thomas Paine writes "These are the times that try men's souls". [1] December 25 * Washington crosses Delaware and surprises and defeats 1,400 Hessians. [1] December 26 * Battle of Trenton-major British defeat. [1] * George Washington defeats Hessians at Trenton. [1] * Johann Gottlieb Rall Hessian colonel/mercenary, dies in battle. [1] December 31 * Rhode Island establishes wage and price controls to curb inflation: Limit is 70 cents a day for carpenters, 42 cents for tailors. [1] 1777 January 1 * Emanuele Barbella composer, dies at age 58. [1] January 3 * Washington defeats British at Battle of Princeton, New Jersey. [1] January 12 * Mission Santa Clara de Asis founded in California. [1] January 15

* People of New Connecticut (Vermont) declare independence from England. [1] January 16 * Vermont declares independence from New York. [1] January 18 * San Jose California founded. [1] February 5 * Georgia becomes first US state to abolish both entail and primogeniture. [1] February 13 * Marquis de Sade arrested without charge, imprisoned in Vincennes fortress. [1] February 16 * Messier adds M53 to his catalog (globular cluster in Coma Berenice). [1] February 21 * English ambassador Joseph Yorke demands dismissal of Governor John de Graaff for saluting US flag. [1] March 1 * Georg Christoph Wagenzeil Austria (court)composer/pianist, dies at age 62. [1] March 22 * John Bartram father of American botany, dies at age 77. [1] April 12 * Claude-Prosper J de Crbillon French writer (Le sopha), dies at age 70. [1] April 14

* New York adopts new constitution as an independent state. [1] April 16 * Battle of Bennington-New England's Green Mountain Boys rout British. [1] April 20 * New York adopts new constitution as an independent state. [1] April 26 * Sybil Ludington, 16, rode from New York to Connecticut rallying her father's militia. [1] May 1 * RB Sheridans "School for Scandal" premieres in London. [1] May 12 * First ice cream advertisement (Philip Lenzi-New York Gazette). [1] May 13 * University library at Vienna opens. [1] May 16 * Button Gwinnet US revolutionary leader, dies from wounds. [1] June 13 * Marquis de Lafayette lands in US. [1] June 14 * The American Continental Congress adopts a resolution stating that "the flag of the United States be thirteen alternate stripes red and white" and that "the Union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new Constellation." [1] [129] July 6

* British General Burgoyne captures Fort Ticonderoga from Americans. [1] July 8 * Vt becomes first state abolishing slavery, adopts male sufferage. [1] July 31 * Marquis de Lafayette, 19, made major-general of Continental Army. [1] August 4 * Retired British cavalry officer Philip Astley establishes first circus. [1] August 16 * Americans defeat British in Battle of Bennington, Vt. [1] September 11 * Battle of Brandywine, Pennsylvania; Americans lose to British. [1] September 19 * Battle of Freeman's Farm (Bemis Heights) or first Battle of Saratoga. [1] September 20 * Paoli massacre. [1] September 26 * British troops occupy Philadelphia during the American Revolution. [1] September 27 * Battle of Germantown; Washington defeated by the British. [1] September 30

* US Congress, flees to York Pennsylvania, as British forces advance. [1] October 4 * Battle of Germantown. [1] October 7 * Americans beat Brits in second Battle of Saratoga and Battle of Bemis Hts. [1] October 17 * British General John Burgoyne surrenders at Saratoga, New York. [1] November 15 * Articles of Confederation adopted by Continental Congress. [1] December 2 * British General Howe plots attack on Washington's army for December 4. [1] December 8 * Captain Cook leaves Society Islands. [1] December 12 * Albrecht von Haller Swiss physician/biologist/author, dies at age 69. [1] December 17 * France recognizes independence of English colonies in America. [1] * George Washington's army returns to Valley Forge Pennsylvania. [1] December 18 * First national Thanksgiving Day, commemorating Burgoyne's surrender. [1]

December 19 * Washington settles his troops at Valley Forge Pennsylvania for the winter. [1] December 30 * Maximilian III Jozef elector of Bayern (1745-77), dies at age 50. [1] 1778 January 4 * Charles D J Eisen French engraver/painter, dies at age 57. [1] January 10 * Carolus Linnus "Carl von Linn" Swedish botanist/explorer/"Father of Taxonomy", dies at age 70. [1] January 18 * Captain James Cook becomes the first known European to discover the Hawaiian Islands, which he names the "Sandwich Islands." [1] [5] January 20 * First American military court martial trial begins, Cambridge Massachusetts. [1] January 27 * Piccinni's opera "Roland" premieres, Paris. [1] February 5 * Articles of Confederation ratified by first state, South Carolina. [1] February 6 * England declares war on France. [1] * France recognizes US, signs treaty of aid in Paris; first US treaty. [1] February 14 * "Stars and Stripes" arrives in foreign port for first time (France). [1]

February 15 * Johann Gottlieb Gorner composer, dies at age 80. [1] February 23 * Baron von Steuben joins the Continental Army at Valley Forge. [1] February 28 * Rhode Island General Assembly authorizes enlistment of slaves. [1] March 5 * Thomas A Arne English composer (Alfred, Rule Britannia), dies at age 67. [1] March 7 * Captain James Cook first sights Oregon coast, at Yaquina Bay. [1] March 15 * Nootka Sound, Vancouver Island discovered by Captain Cook. [1] March 22 * Captain Cook sights Cape Flattery, in Washington state. [1] March 30 * Playwright Voltaire crowned with laurel wreath. [1] April 1 * Oliver Pollock, a New Orleans businessman, creates "$" symbol. [1] April 7 * Johann Balthasar Kehl composer, dies at age 52. [1] April 8 * Pieter Teyler van der Hulst Dutch founder (Teyler Museum), dies at age 76. [1]

April 22 * James Hargreaves inventor (spinning jenny), dies. [1] May 11 * William Pitt Sr English premier (1756-61, 66-68), dies at age 69. [1] May 30 * Voltaire [Franois-Marie Arouet] French writer (Candide), dies at age 42. [1] [5] June 19 * Washington's troops finally leave Valley Forge. [1] June 24 * David Rittenhouse observes a total solar eclipse in Philadelphia. [1] June 28 * Battle of Monmouth, New Jersey. [1] * Mary Ludwig Hayes "Molly Pitcher" aids American patriots. [1] July 3 * British forces massacre 360 men, women and children in Wyoming, Pennsylvania. [1] August 9 * Captain Cook passes through Bering Strait. [1] August 31 * British kill 17 Stockbridge indians in the Bronx during Revolution. [1] November 11 * Iroquois Indians in New York kill 40 in Cherry Valley Massacre. [1] November 26

* Captain Cook discovers Maui (Sandwich Islands). [1] December 29 * English troops occupy Savannah, Georgia. [1] 1779 January 17 * Captain Cook's last notation in ship's log Discovery. [1] January 20 * John Burman Dutch botanist/director (botanical gardens), dies at age 71. [1] January 23 * Charles Messier catalogs M56 (globular cluster in Lyra). [1] January 31 * Charles Messier adds M57 (Ring Nebula in Lyra) to his catalog. [1] February 2 * Georg Philipp Kress composer, dies at age 59. [1] February 7 * William Boyce composer, dies at age 67. [1] February 14 * James Cook British explorer, murdered by natives in fracas with Hawaiians. [1] February 16 * William Boyce English organist/composer (Cathedral Music), dies. [1] February 24

* George Rogers Clark captures Vincennes IN from British. [1] February 27 * Jan Nepveu Dutch Governor-General of Suriname (1769-79), dies at age 59. [1] March 11 * US army Corps of Engineers established (first time). [1] April 6 * Tommaso MFS Traetta Italian opera composer (Farnace), dies at age 52. [1] May 11 * John Heart US farmer (signed Declaration of Independence), dies at about age 68. [1] May 13 * War of Bavarian Succession ends. [1] June 15 * General Anthony Wayne captures Stony Point, Bronx. [1] June 20 * Battle of Stone Ferry. [1] September 23 * John Paul Jones' "Bon Homme Richard" defeats 'HMS Serepis'. [1] September 27 * John Adams negotiates Revolutionary War peace terms with Britain. [1] October 11 * General Casimir Pulaski dies. [1]

December 6 * Jean-Baptiste Simon Chardin French still life painter, dies at age 80. [1] December 15 * Manuel Jeronimo Romero de Avila composer, dies at age 62. [1] December 18 * Jan Punt engraver/illustrator/actor (Gideonschool), dies at age 68. [1] December 23 * Benedict Arnold court-martialed for improper conduct. [1] December 28 * Gennaro Manna composer, dies at age 64. [1] December 31 * English fleet beat Dutch Merchant vessels. [1] 1780 January 1 * Johann Ludwig Krebs composer, dies at age 66. [1] January 2 * Johann Ludwig Krebs composer, dies at age 66. [1] January 3 * Danish national anthem "Kong Kristian", first sung. [1] January 4 * Snowstorm hit Washington's army at Morristown New Jersey. [1] January 10

* Francesco Antonio Vallotti Italian organist/composer, dies at age 82. [1] January 15 * Continental Congress establishes court of appeals. [1] January 16 * Battle at Cape Saint Vincent admiral Rodney beats Spanish fleet. [1] February 6 * In Northwest Florida, one of the largest historical earthquakes in Florida occurs, Intensity VI. [53] February 14 * William Blackstone English lawyer, dies at age 56. [1] March 1 * Pennsylvania becomes first US state to abolish slavery (for newborns only). [1] March 26 * First British Sunday newspaper appears (British Gazette and Sunday Monitor). [1] April 21 * Ferdinand Zellbell composer, dies at age 60. [1] May 2 * William Herschel discovers first binary star, Xi Ursae Majoris. [1] May 4 * American Academy of Arts and Science founded. [1] May 5

* Second oldest learned society in US (American Academy of Arts and Sciences) forms (Boston). [1] May 12 * Charleston South Carolina falls to the British (Revolutionary War). [1] May 19 * About midday, near-total darkness descends on much of New England to this day its cause is still unexplained. [1] June 2 * In England, the first Derby horse race held. [241.9] August 11 * Barbados hurricane begins. [1] August 16 * British decisively defeat Americans in Battle of Camden, South Carolina. [1] September 21 * Benedict Arnold gives British Major Andr plans to West Point. [1] September 23 * British MAJ John Andre is apprehended as a Spy, near Tarrytown, New York. [1] October 2 * John Andre British major, hanged by Americans (spied with B Arnold, dies at age 30. [1] October 7 * British defeated by American militia near Kings Mountain, South Carolina. [1] October 10

* Great Hurricane of 1780 kills 20,000 to 30,000 in Caribbean. [1] November 20 * Britain declares war on Holland. [1] November 29 * Maria Theresa leader of Austria, dies at age 63. [1] December 20 * England declares war on Netherlands. [1] 1781 January 4 * Andr Mchain discovers M80 (globular cluster in Scorpio). [1] January 5 * British naval expedition led by Benedict Arnold burns Richmond Virginia. [1] January 6 * Battle of Jersey (Island in Great Britain). [1] January 17 * Marie de Negre Dables marquess, dies. [1] January 20 * First edition of Pieter It Hoens "Post of Neder-Rhijn" published. [1] January 22 * Johann Siebenkas composer, dies at age 66. [1] January 29 * Mozart's opera "Idomeneo" premieres, Munich. [1]

January 30 * Articles of Confederation ratified by 13th state, Maryland. [1] February 3 * Dutch West Indies island of Saint Eustatia taken by the British. [1] February 4 * Josef Myslivecek composer, dies at age 43. [1] * Willem Crul Admiral (West-Indies), dies in battle at age 59. [1] February 15 * G E Lessing writer, dies at age 52. [1] * Gotthold Ephraim Lessing Saxon playwright/critic, dies. [1] February 28 * Richard Stockton US attorney (signed Declaration of Independence), dies at age 50. [1] March 1 * Continental Congress adopts Articles of Confederation. [1] March 13 * Sir William Herschel sees "comet" (really discovered Uranus). [1] March 15 * Battle of Guilford Court House, South Carolina (British suffer heavy losses). [1] April 8 * Premiere of Mozart's violin sonata K379. [1] April 29 * French fleet occupies Tobago. [1] * French fleet stops Britain from seizing the Cape of Good Hope. [1] May 1

* Emperor Jozef II decrees protection of population. [1] May 22 * Garret Wesley Mornington composer, dies at age 45. [1] May 26 * Bank of North America incorporated in Philadelphia. [1] June 3 * Jack Jouett rides to warn Jefferson of British attack. [1] July 11 * Thomas Hutchins designated Geographer of the US. [1] August 20 * George Washington begins to move his troops south to fight Cornwallis. [1] September 4 * Los Angeles founded in Bahia de las Fumas by 44 settlers, (Valley of Smokes). [1] September 5 * A British fleet under Admiral Thomas Graves fails to break French naval superiority at the Battle of Virginia Capes. [1] [129] September 28 * American and French forces complete the encirclement of Yorktown. [129] October 6 * Americans and French begin siege of Cornwallis at Yorktown; last battle of the Revolutionary War. [1] October 16

* Washington takes Yorktown. [1] October 17 * Cornwallis defeated at Yorktown. [1] October 19 * At Yorktown, Virginia, British General Lord Cornwallis surrenders 8,000 British soldiers and seamen to a larger Franco-American force, effectively bringing an end to the American Revolution. [1] [129] November 5 * John Hanson elected first "President of the US in Congress assembled". [1] December 16 * Georg Simon Lohlein composer, dies at age 56. [1] December 31 * Bank of North America, first US bank opens. [1] 1782 January 1 * Death of Johann Christian Bach in London at age 46 (born in Leipzig, Germany); son of J. S. Bach, composer at the King's Theater; tutor of Mozart. [1] [37] January 4 * Ange-Jacques Gabriel French architect (Ecole Military), dies at age 83. [1] January 7 * First US commercial bank, Bank of North America, opens in Philadelphia. [1] January 28

* Jean-Baptiste-Bourguignon d'Anville French geographer, dies at age 84. [1] February 4 * British garrison surrenders to French and Spanish fleet. [1] February 5 * Spanish take Minorca (western Mediterranean) from the English. [1] February 13 * French fleet occupies Saint Christopher. [1] February 21 * US congress resolves the establishment of a US mint. [1] March 8 * Gnadenhutten Massacre: Ohio militia kills 90 Indians. [1] March 19 * Adrien Trudo Sale composer, dies at age 59. [1] * Louis-Henry Paisible composer, dies at age 33. [1] April 6 * Rynoldus Popma van Oevering composer, dies at age 90. [1] April 12 * Battle at Les Saintes West-Indies British fleet beats French. [1] April 19 * Netherlands recognizes US. [1] April 22 * Josef Ferdinand Norbert Seger composer, dies at age 66. [1] May 16

* Daniuel Charles Solander botanist, dies. [1] May 20 * Carlo Giovanni Testori composer, dies at age 68. [1] * Christoph Gottlieb Schroter composer, dies at age 82. [1] June 20 * US Congress approves Great Seal of US and the eagle as its symbol. [1] [5] August 7 * George Washington creates Order of the Purple Heart. [1] September 16 * Great Seal of US used for first time. [1] November 30 * Britain signs agreement recognizing US independence. [1] December 14 * Charleston South Carolina evacuated by British. [1] * The Montgolfier brothers' first balloon lifts on its very first test flight. [5] December 29 * First nautical almanac in US published by Samuel Stearns, Boston. [1] 1783 January 1 * Jacobus Ensched Haarlems printer, dies at age 39. [1] January 2 * Death of Johann Bodmer near Zrich, Switzerland; historian, literary critic. [37]

January 5 * Friedrich Wilhelm Reidt composer, dies on 73rd birthday. [1] January 14 * US Congress ratifies peace treaty between US and England. [1] January 20 * Hostilities cease in Revolutionary War. [1] February 1 * William Herschel announces star Lambda Herculis as apex. [1] February 3 * Spain recognizes US independence. [1] February 4 * In Calabria, Italy, one of the world's most destructive earthquakes occurs, responsible for 50,000 deaths and enormous property loss. This is the first earthquake to be investigated scientifically. [1] [53] February 5 * Sweden recognizes US independence. [1] February 6 * Lancelot "Capability" Brown English architect (Kew), dies at about age 67. [1] February 10 * James Nares composer, dies at age 67. [1] March 5 * King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski grants rights to Jews of Kovno. [1] March 23

* Gaspard Fritz composer, dies at age 67. [1] April 3 * Sweden and US sign a treaty of Amity and Commerce. [1] April 7 * Ignaz Jakob Holzbauer composer, dies at age 71. [1] April 8 * Catharina II of Russia annexes the Krim. [1] April 9 * Tippu Sahib drives out English from Bednore India. [1] April 11 * Nikita I Panin Russian earl/ambassador in Denmark, dies at age 64. [1] May 3 * Pieter Valck(x) South Netherlands sculptor, dies at age 49. [1] May 4 * Herschel reports seeing a red glow near lunar crater Aristarchus. [1] May 23 * James Otis American lawyer, dies. [1] May 30 * Benjamin Tower of Philadelphia publishes first daily newspaper in US. [1] June 4 * Montgolfier brothers launch first hot-air balloon (unmanned). [1]

June 5 * Joseph and Jacques Montgolfier make first public balloon flight. [1] June 8 * Laki Volcano in southern Iceland begins 18-month eruption, pumping more ash into the atmosphere than any previous volcano in recorded history, 15 cubic kilometres. [1] [135.132] June 22 * A poisonous cloud from Laki volcanic eruption in Iceland reaches Le Havre in France. [5] July 24 * Georgia becomes a protectorate of tsarist Russia. [1] August 27 * First hydrogen balloon flight (unmanned); reaches 900 m altitude. [1] September 3 * The Treaty of Paris is signed, formally recognizing the United States as a free and independent nation. [1] [129] October 15 * Jean Piltre de Rozier makes captive-balloon ascent. [1] November 2 * General Washington bids farewell to his army. [1] November 3 * Washington orders the Continental Army disbanded. [1] November 21 * Pilstre de Rozier and Marquis d'Arlandes make first free balloon flight. [1]

November 25 * Britain evacuates New York, their last military position in US. [1] November 30 * In New Jersey, a magnitude 5.3 earthquake occurs. The largest historical earthquake in New Jersey. [53] December 1 * Charles and M N Roberts ascend 2,000' in a hydrogen balloon. [1] * J van North launches unmanned balloon. [1] December 4 * General Washington bids officers farewell at Fraunce's Tavern, New York City, New York. [1] December 7 * Theatre Royal opens in Covent Garden, London. [1] * William Pitt Jr (24) becomes British premier. [1] December 9 * First execution at English Newgate-jail. [1] December 16 * Johann Adolf Hasse Dutch operatic composer (Sesostrate), dies at age 84. [1] December 18 * English king George III fires government of Portland. [1] December 19 * English government of Pitt Jr forms. [1] December 20 * Antonio Francisco Jawer Jose Soler Sp composer (Fandango), dies at age 54. [1]

December 22 * Washington resigns his military commission as US Army's commander-in-chief. [1] December 31 * Import of African slaves banned by all of the Northern states. [1] 1784 January 1 * Patrice F Earl de Nny South Netherlands Secret Council chairman, dies at age 67. [1] January 6 * Turkey and Russia sign treaty in Constantinople. [1] January 7 * First US seed business established by David Landreth, Philadelphia. [1] January 11 * Ferdinand Philipp Joseph Lobkowitz composer, dies at age 59. [1] January 14 * Revolutionary War ends;US Congress ratifies the Treaty of Paris. [1] January 26 * Ben Franklin expresses unhappiness over the eagle as America's symbol. [1] February 13 * Charles Gravier French earl of Vergennes/Minister of Foreign Affairs, dies. [1] February 22

* First US ship to trade with China, "Empress of China", sails from New York. [1] February 24 * Anton Laube composer, dies at age 65. [1] February 28 * John Wesley charters Methodist Church. [1] * Phillis Wheatly poetess, dies. [1] February 29 * Marquis de Sade transferred from Vincennes fortress to the Bastille. [1] March 1 * E Kidner opens first cooking school, in Great Britain. [1] April 2 * Pierre Leclair composer, dies at age 74. [1] April 4 * Mary Mead wife of English journalist John Wilkes, dies. [1] April 10 * Simon Fokke book illustrator, dies at age 71. [1] April 15 * First balloon flight in Ireland. [1] April 29 * Premiere of Mozart's Sonata in B flat, K454 (Vienna). [1] April 30 * Franz K earl von Velbruck German free mason, dies. [1] May 8

* Only known deaths by hailstones in US (Winnsborough South Carolina). [1] May 10 * Antoine Court de Gbelin French vicar/writer, dies at age 56. [1] May 11 * England and Tippu Sahib van Mysore sign peace treaty. [1] May 20 * England and Netherlands signs peace treaty (Peace of Paris). [1] May 22 * Ceylonese student leader Pieter Quint Ondaatje demands democracy. [1] May 25 * Jews are expelled from Warsaw by Marshall Mniszek. [1] June 4 * Mme Thible becomes first woman to fly (in a balloon). [1] June 9 * John Carroll appointed supervisor of US Catholic Missions. [1] June 23 * First US balloon flight (13-year-old Edward Warren). [1] September 21 * First daily newspaper in America (Pennsylvania Packet and General Advertiser). [1] September 22 * Russian trappers established a colony on Kodiak Island, Alaska. [1]

November 1 * Maryland grants citizenship to Lafayette and his descendants. [1] December 5 * Phillis Wheatley first important black poet in America, dies in Boston. [1] December 21 * John Jay becomes first US Secretary of State (foreign affairs). [1] 1785 January 1 * "Daily Universal Register" (Times of London) publishes first issue. [1] January 6 * Haym Salomon dies in Philadelphia Pennsylvania at age 44, helped finance the revolution. [1] January 7 * First balloon flight across English Channel (Blanchard and Jeffries). [1] January 10 * Death of Heinrich Wilhelm Stiegel in Charming Forge, Pennsylvania, USA; built two ironworks, manufactured of window glass and bottles, founded American Flint Glassworks. [37] January 11 * Continental Congress convenes in New York City, New York. [1] January 13 * John Walter publishes first issue of London Times. [1] January 14

* Mozart completes "Dissonantenkwartet" (opus 10). [1] January 15 * Mozarts string quartet opus 10 premieres. [1] January 20 * Samuel Ellis advertises to sell Oyster Island (Ellis Island), no takers. [1] January 27 * First US state university chartered, Athens Georgia. [1] February 6 * Iman Willem Falck Dutch governor of Ceylon (1765-83), dies at age 48. [1] February 19 * Johann Christoph Richter composer, dies at age 84. [1] February 24 * Carlo Bonaparte Corsican attorney, dies at age 39. [1] March 1 * Philadelphia Society for the Promotion of Agriculture organized. [1] March 7 * France gives Sweden the island of St. Bartholomew in the West Indies. [7] April 21 * Russian tsarina Catharina II ends noble privileges. [1] April 26 * Karl Siegmund von Seckendorff composer, dies at age 40. [1] April 30

* Frederick Philipse III land owner (Bronx, Westch and Putnam), dies at age 65. [1] May 8 * Pietro Longhi painter, dies. [1] May 9 * Franz Xaver Schnitzer composer, dies at age 44. [1] * Joseph Bramah receives British patent for beer pump handles. [1] May 10 * Etienne Joseph Floquet composer, dies at age 36. [1] May 15 * Karel Blazej Kopriva composer, dies at age 29. [1] May 23 * Benjamin Franklin announces his invention of bifocals. [1] * William Woollett engraver, dies. [1] June 15 * Two French balloonists die in world's first fatal aviation accident. [1] July 6 * The dollar is unanimously chosen by US Congress as the monetary unit for the United States. [1] [5] September 29 * Chaidic sect is excommunicated in Cracow Poland. [1] December 8 * Antonio Maria Mazzoni composer, dies at age 68. [1] December 29

* Johann Heinrich Rolle composer, dies at age 69. [1] 1786 January 4 * Moses Mendelssohn Jewish/German philosopher (Haksalah), dies at age 56. [1] [37] February 13 * Abraham Baldwin selected president of University of Georgia. [1] February 20 * Johann Wolfgang Kleinknecht composer, dies at age 70. [1] February 24 * Charles Cornwallis appointed Governor-General of India. [1] March 7 * Frantisek Benda composer, dies at age 76. [1] March 11 * Jacobus Bellamy [Zelandus], Dutch/Swiss poet, dies at age 28. [1] March 23 * Patience Wright first US woman pro artist, dies (birth date unknown). [1] April 20 * John Goodricke English deaf and dumb astronomer, dies at age 21. [1] April 23 * Alexander Cozens English water colors painter, dies at about age 68. [1] May 1

* Mozart's opera "Marriage of Figaro" premieres in Wien (Vienna). [1] May 5 * Pedro III King of Portugal, dies. [1] May 19 * John Stanley composer, dies at age 74. [1] May 21 * Carl W Scheele Swedish pharmacist/chemist, dies at age 43. [1] June 8 * First commercially-made ice cream sold (New York). [1] July 29 * First newspaper published west of Alleghenies, Pittsburgh Gazette. [1] August 9 * First ascent of Mount Blanc. [1] August 29 * Shay's Rebellion in Springfield, Massachusetts [1] September 11 * Annapolis Convention to determine interstate commerce. [1] 1787 January 1 * Arthur Middleton US farmer (signed Declaration of Independence), dies at age 44. [1] January 11 * William Herschel discovers Titania and Oberon, two moons of Uranus. [1] [5]

January 25 * Shays' Rebellion suffers a setback when debt-ridden farmers, led by Captain Daniel Shays, fail to capture an arsenal at Springfield Massachusetts. [1] January 28 * Philadelphia's Free Africa Society organizes. [1] February 4 * First Anglican bishops of New York and Pennsylvania consecrated in London. [1] * Shays' Rebellion (of debt-ridden Massachusetts farmers) fails. [1] February 12 * Ruggiero Boscovich Italian physicist/astronomer/philosopher, dies at age 75. [1] February 18 * Austrian emperor Jozef II bans children under eight from labor. [1] March 2 * Jean Allamand French theologist/natural philosopher, dies at age 73. [1] March 11 * Maximilian JLP Gardel French ballet dancer/choreographer, dies at age 45. [1] April 12 * Philadelphia's Free African Society forms. [1] April 16 * First American comedy, "The Contrast", makes its debut in New York City. [1] May 10

* Parliament impeaches Warren Hastings. [1] May 13 * Arthur Phillip sets sails with 11 ships of criminals to Botany Bay. [1] * Johann Michael Malzat composer, dies at age 38. [1] May 14 * Delegates gather in Philadelphia to draw up US constitution. [1] May 17 * English slave ship Sisters, from Africa to Cuba, capsizes. [1] May 25 * Constitutional convention opens at Philadelphia, George Washington presiding. [1] May 28 * Johann Georg Leopold Mozart Austrian composer, dies at age 67. [1] May 29 * "Virginia Plan" proposed. [1] June 12 * Law passes providing a senator must be at least 30 years old. [1] July 2 * de Sade shouts from Bastille that prisoners are being slaughtered. [1] July 13 * US Congress establishes Northwest Territory (excludes slavery). [1] * Ordinance of 1787: a territory can become three to five states at 60,000 population. [1] August 6

* Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia begans debate. [1] August 17 * Jews are granted permission in Budapest Hungary to pray in groups. [1] August 19 * W Herschel discovers Enceladus, a moon of Saturn. [1] August 22 * John Fitch's steamboat completes its tests, years before Fulton. [1] September 17 * US constitution adopted by Philadelphia convention. [1] September 27 * Constitution submitted to the states for ratification. [1] September 28 * US Congress sends Constitution to state legislatures for their approval. [1] October 17 * Boston blacks, petition legislature for equal school facilities. [1] October 27 * Federalist letters start appearing in New York newspapers. [1] October 29 * The opera "Don Giovanni" is produced (Prague). [1] November 1 * First free school in New York City (African Free School) opens. [1] November 18

* First Unitarian minister in US ordained, Boston. [1] November 21 * Andrew Jackson admitted to the bar. [1] December 6 * Laurens Pieter van de Speigel appointed Dutch pension advisor. [1] December 7 * Delaware becomes first state to ratify constitution. [1] December 12 * Pennsylvania becomes second state to ratify US constitution. [1] December 18 * New Jersey becomes third state to ratify constitution. [1] 1788 January 1 * London's Daily Universal Register becomes the Times. [1] * Quakers in Pennsylvania emancipate their slaves. [1] January 2 * Georgia is fourth state to ratify US constitution. [1] January 5 * Johann Schneider composer, dies at age 85. [1] January 9 * Connecticut becomes 5th state. [1] January 15 * Gaetano Latilla composer, dies at age 77. [1]

January 17 * Alessio Prati composer, dies at age 37. [1] January 20 * Pioneer African Baptist church organizes in Savannah Georgia. [1] January 26 * Captain Arthur Phillip forms English colony at Sydney, Botany Bay New South Wales as a penal colony. [1] January 28 * Lord Gordon found guilty of libel of queen of France. [1] January 29 * Australia Day. [1] January 31 * Charles E Stuart English pretender to the throne, dies at age 67. [1] * Francesco Zannetti composer, dies at age 50. [1] * [Bonnie Prince] Charles E Stuart English pretender, dies at age 67. [1] February 1 * First US steamboat patent issued, by Georgia to Briggs and Longstreet. [1] February 6 * Massachusetts becomes 6th state to ratify constitution. [1] February 9 * Austria declares war on Russia. [1] February 20 * Gijsbert John van Hardenbroeck Dutch regent (Utrecht), dies at age 68. [1]

February 22 * Franz Joseph Oehlschlagel composer, dies at age 63. [1] March 1 * Orazio Mei composer, dies at age 56. [1] March 21 * Fire destroyed 856 buildings in New Orleans Louisiana. [1] * Gustavus Vassa petitions Queen Charlotte, to free enslaved Africans. [1] March 29 * Charles Wesley hymn writer, dies. [1] April 7 * First settlement in Ohio, at Marietta. [1] April 12 * Carl Joseph Toeschi composer, dies at age 56. [1] * Carlo Antonio Campioni composer, dies at age 67. [1] April 15 * England, Netherlands and Prussia sign peace treaty. [1] * Giuseppi Bonno composer, dies at age 77. [1] April 22 * Zacharias H Alewijn Dutch poet, dies 46. [1] April 28 * Maryland becomes the 7th state to ratify the constitution. [1] May 9 * English parliament accepts abolishing of slave trade. [1] May 12

* Louis E van Brunswick-Wolfenbttel Austrian duke, dies at age 69. [1] May 23 * South Carolina becomes 8th state to ratify US constitution. [1] May 26 * Mary Clark of England gives birth to a baby without a brain. [1] May 29 * Jacques Aliamet French etcher/engraver, dies at age 61. [1] June 11 * First British ship built on Pacific coast begun at Nootka Sound, British Columbia, Canada. [1] June 21 * US Constitution goes into effect as New Hampshire is 9th to ratify. [1] June 25 * Virginia becomes 10th state to ratify US constitution. [1] July 26 * New York becomes 11th state to ratify constitution. [1] September 13 * New York City becomes capital of the United States. [1] December 12 * Joseph Gibbs composer, dies at age 88. [1] December 14 * Carl Phillip Emanuel Bach German composer, dies at age 74. [1] * Carlos III King of Naples/Spain (1759-88), dies at age 72. [1]

December 17 * Russian army of Grigorij Potemkin occupies Ochrov. [1] December 19 * Chinese troops occupy capital Thang Long Vietnam. [1] December 21 * Hue Tay Son becomes emperor Quang Trung of Vietnam. [1] December 23 * Maryland votes to cede a 10 square mile area for District of Columbia. [1] December 25 * John Logan Scottish conductor (Ode to the Cuckoo), dies at about age 40. [1] December 30 * Francesco Zuccarelli Italian rococo painter/etcher, dies at age 86. [1] 1789 January 1 * Christleib Siegmund Binder composer, dies at age 65. [1] January 2 * Franz Joseph Leonti Meyer von Schavensee composer, dies at age 68. [1] January 7 * First national (Presidential) election in US. [1] January 10 * Pierre Lyonet Dutch zoologist/cryptologist, dies at age 82. [1]

January 20 * Johann Christoph Oley composer, dies at age 50. [1] January 21 * First American novel, WH Brown's "The Power of Sympathy", is published. [1] January 23 * Georgetown, first US Catholic college, founded. [1] January 26 * John Odell signs contract for 336 to build Saint Peter's church (Bronx). [1] February 1 * Chinese troops driven out of Vietnam capital Thang Long. [1] February 2 * Armand-Louis Couperin French composer/organist (Notre Dame), dies at age 63. [1] February 4 * First electoral college chooses Washington and Adams as President and Vice President. [1] March 2 * Pennsylvania ends prohibition of theatrical performances. [1] March 4 * FirstUS Congress declares constitution in effect (9 senators, 13 representatives). [1] March 10 * Franklin College founded (1787?). [1]

March 11 * Benjamin Banneker with L'Enfant begin to lay out Washington DC. [1] March 12 * US Post Office established. [1] April 1 * House of Representatives first full meeting, New York City, New York, F Muhlenberg first speaker. [1] April 6 * First US Congress begins regular sessions, Federal Hall, New York City, New York. [1] April 7 * Abdl-Hamid I 27th sultan of Turkey (1774-89), dies at age 64. [1] * Peter Camper anatomist/animal scholar, dies at age 66. [1] April 8 * House of Representives first meeting. [1] April 16 * George Washington heads for first presidential inauguration. [1] April 21 * John Adams sworn in as first US Vice President (9 days before Washington). [1] April 23 * President-elect George Washington moves into Franklin House, New York. [1] April 26 * Peter I Panin Russian General (Pugatshov-uprising), dies at about age 67. [1]

April 28 * Fletcher Christian and nine others stage mutiny on the HMS Bounty. Commander Lieutenant William Bligh and 18 others are set adrift in a 23-foot boat. They soon lands at Tofua, but depart May 2, making a 43-day, 3600-mile voyage to Timor. [1] [246.54] April 30 * George Washington inaugurated as first President of US. [1] May 5 * French States-General for Italy first since 1614 together. [1] May 7 * First inaugural ball (for George Washington in New York City, New York). [1] May 10 * Guillaume Gommaire Kennis composer, dies at age 72. [1] May 12 * Society of Saint Tammany is formed by Revolutionary War soldiers - It later becomes an infamous group of New York City political bosses. [1] June 1 * First US congressional act becomes law (on administering oaths). [1] June 3 * Alex Mackenzie explores Mackenzie River (Canada). [1] June 9 * Spanish capture British schooner Northwest America near Vancouver I. [1] June 13

* Mrs Alexander Hamilton serves ice cream for dessert to Washington. [1] June 17 * Third Estate in France declared itself a national assembly. [1] July 4 * First US tariff act. [1] July 14 * Citizens of Paris, France, storm the Bastille prison. [1] [223.91] July 27 * US Congress establishes Dept of Foreign Affairs (State dept). [1] August 1 * US Customs begins enforcing Tariff Act. [1] August 7 * US War Department established. [1] August 18 * Citizens of Spa and Lige revolt, declaring a republic and forcing prince-bishop Prince Constantine de Hoensbroek to abdicate and flee. [187.189] August 25 * Mary Ball Washington mother of George, dies. [1] August 26 * French National Assembly issues "Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen". [223.91] (August 27 [1]) August 28 * Sir William Herschel discovers Saturn's moon Enceladus. [1]

September 2 * US Treasury Department established by Congress. [1] September 11 * Alexander Hamilton appointed Secretary of the Treasury. [1] September 13 * First loan to US Govt (from New York City banks). [1] September 15 * Dept of Foreign Affairs, renamed the Dept of State. [1] September 17 * William Herschel discovers Mimas, satellite of Saturn. [1] September 22 * Office of Postmaster General of the US established by Congress. [1] September 24 * US Congress creates the Post Office. [1] * US Congress' first Judiciary Act, Attorney General and Supreme Court. [1] September 25 * US Congress proposes Bill of Rights (10 of 12 will ratify). [1] September 26 * Jefferson appointed first Secretary of State; John Jay first chief justice; Samuel Osgood first Postmaster and Edmund J Randolph first Attorney Genl. [1] September 29 * First congress adjourns. [1] * US War Dept established a regular army. [1]

October 3 * Washington proclaims the first national Thanksgiving Day on November 26. [1] October 15 * First presidental tour-George Washington in New England. [1] November 8 * Bourbon Whiskey, first distilled from corn (by Elijah Craig, Bourbon KY). [1] November 13 * Ben Franklin writes "Nothing . . . certain but death and taxes". [1] * George Washington, inaugurated as the first president of the United States in April, returns to Washington at the end of his first presidential tour. [129] November 20 * New Jersey becomes first state to ratify Bill of Rights. [1] November 21 * North Carolina ratifies constitution, becomes 12th US state. [1] November 26 * First national thanksgiving. [1] December 3 * Claude-Joseph Vernet French seascape painter, dies. [1] December 23 * Charles-Michel abb de l'Ep (school for the deaf), dies at age 77. [1] 1790 January 2

* Joseph A Feuchtmayer (Feichtmayer) German rococo sculptor, dies. [1] * Mozart's opera "Cosi fan tutti" premieres, Vienna. [1] January 6 * Johann Trier composer, dies at age 73. [1] January 7 * Antonio Corbisiero composer, dies at age 69. [1] January 8 * George Washington delivers first "State of the Union" address. [1] * John Stinstra Dutch baptist vicar, dies at age 81. [1] January 11 * Statisten and Vonckisten unite as Belgium. [1] January 26 * Mozart's opera "Cosi Fan Tutte" premieres in Vienna. [1] January 30 * Lifeboat first tested at sea, by Mr Greathead, the inventor. [1] February 1 * US Supreme Court convenes for the first time (New York City, New York). [1] February 11 * Society of Friends petitions US Congress for abolition of slavery. [1] February 14 * Capel Bond composer, dies at age 59. [1] February 18 * Wilhelm Gottfried Enderle composer, dies at age 67. [1]

February 19 * Jean-Baptiste Krumphultz composer, dies at age 47. [1] February 20 * Joseph II Emperor of Holy Roman empire, dies at age 48. [1] February 21 * Johann Friedrich Kloffler composer, dies at age 64. [1] March 1 * First US census authorized. [1] March 13 * John Martin, first American-born actor, performs in Philadelphia. [1] March 21 * Thomas Jefferson reports to President Washington in New York as Secretary of State. [1] March 22 * Thomas Jefferson becomes the first US Secretary of State. [1] March 26 * US Congress passes Naturalization Act, requires two-year residency. [1] March 27 * The shoelace invented. [1] April 3 * Revenue Marine Service (US Coast Guard), created. [1] April 10 * Robert Gray is first American to circumnavigate the Earth. [1]

* US Patent system is established. [1] April 17 * Benjamin Franklin, American publisher (Poor Richard's Almanac), inventor, signer of early American documents, dies in Philadelphia at age 84. [1] [129] April 30 * Colonial troops occupy Bonni's marroon village. [1] May 21 * Thomas Warton English poet (Oxford sausage), dies. [1] May 26 * Territory South of River Ohio created byUS Congress. [1] May 27 * Jeremiah Carlton laziest man in history, heir to a large fortune at age 19 goes to bed and stayed there for next 70 years, dies at age 89. [1] May 29 * Rhode Island becomes last of original 13 colonies ratifying Constitution. [1] May 31 * US copyright law enacted. [1] June 9 * First book copyrighted under the constitution, Philadelphia Spelling Bk. [1] July 9 * The Swedish navy is victorious over the Russian navy at Svenskund. Over two days, Swedes sink or capture 50-64 Russian ships, killing or capturing 7,000-9,000 men. Swedes lose only four ships and under 200 men. [7]

July 16 * US Congress establishes District of Columbia. [1] July 26 * US passes Assumption bill making US responsible for state debts. [1] July 31 * First US patent granted, to Samuel Hopkins for a potash process. [1] August 1 * First US census (population of 3,939,214). [1] August 4 * US Coast Guard founded as Revenue Cutter Service. [1] August 9 * Columbia becomes first US flagged ship to voyage around the world. [1] August 10 * Robert Gray's Columbia, completes first American around world voyage. [1] August 14 * Sweden and Russian come to peace at Vrl. Neither side gains any territory. Russia agrees to not interfere with Sweden's constitution. [7] October 23 * Slaves revolt in Haiti (later suppressed). [1] October 28 * New York gives up claims to Vermont for $30,000. [1]

November 11 * Chrysanthemums are introduced into England from China. [1] December 2 * Austrian army occupies Brussels. [1] December 6 * US Congress meets in Philadelphia, new temporary US capitol. [1] December 16 * Ludwig August Lebrun composer, dies at age 38. [1] December 17 * Aztec calendar stone discovered in Mxico City. [1] December 20 * First successful US cotton mill to spin yarn (Pawtucket Rhode Island). [1] December 22 * Russian troops occupy Ismail on Turks. [1] 1791 February 16 * Richard earl d'Alton Austria General of South Netherlands, commits suicide at age 58. [1] February 17 * Messier catalogs M83 (spiral galaxy in Hydra). [1] February 25 * First Bank of US chartered. [1] March 3

* First Internal Revenue Act (taxing distilled spirits and carriages). [1] * US Congress establishes US Mint. [1] March 4 * First Jewish member of US Congress, Israel Jacobs (Pennsylvania), takes office. [1] * President Washington calls the US Senate into its first special session. [1] * Vermont admitted as 14th state (first addition to the 13 colonies). [1] March 9 * George Hayward, Us, surgeon, first to use ether. [1] March 10 * John Stone, Concord Massachusetts, patents a pile driver. [1] * Pope condemns France's Civil Constitution's treatment of the clergy. [1] March 11 * Samuel Mulliken, Philadelphia Pennsylvania, is first to obtain more than one US patent. [1] March 21 * Captain Hopley Yeaton of New Hampshire becomes first commissioned officer in USN. [1] April 19 * Richard Price nonconformist minister/writer (Alabi's World), dies. [1] May 9 * Francis Hopkinson US writer/music/lawyer, dies at age 53. [1] May 16

* In Near Moodus, Connecticut, an earthquake occurs, the largest historical earthquake in Connecticut. Reported felt at Boston, Massachusetts, and New York City, New York. [53] May 28 * Joseph Schmitt composer, dies at age 57. [1] May 30 * Ildephons Haas composer, dies at age 56. [1] June 20 * King Louis XVI caught trying to escape French Revolution. [1] July 5 * Jos Mara Narvez discovers Point Grey, now in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. [1] August 22 * Haitian Revolution begins. [1] August 26 * John Fitch grants US patent for his working steamboat. [1] September 30 * The Magic Flute, the last opera composed by Mozart premieres at Theater an der Wien in Vienna, Austria. [1] [5] October 1 * First session of the new French legislative assembly. [1] November 15 * First Catholic college in US, Georgetown, opens. [1] November 21 * Colonel Napoleon Bonaparte is appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Armies of the French Republic. [5]

December 4 * Britain's Observer, oldest Sunday newspaper in world, first published. [1] December 5 * Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart composer, dies in Vienna, Austria, at age 35. [1] December 12 * Bank of the US opens. [1] December 15 * First US law school established at University of Pennsylvania. [1] * Bill of Rights ratified when Virginia gave its approval. [1] December 17 * New York City traffic regulation creates first one-way street. [1] 1792 January 9 * Russia and Turkey sign Peace of Jassy. [1] January 10 * Jean-Louis Laruette composer, dies at age 60. [1] February 7 * Austria and Prussia sign anti-French covenant. [1] * D Cimarosa's opera "Il Matrimonio Segreto" premieres in Vienna. [1] February 20 * US postal service created; postage 6-12.5 cents, depending on distance. [1] February 21

* US Congress passes Presidential Succession Act. [1] February 23 * Humane Society of Massachusetts incorporated (erected lifesaving stations for distressed mariners). [1] * Joseph Haydn's 94th Symphony in G, premieres. [1] * Joshua Reynolds English portrait painter (Simplicity), dies at age 68. [1] March 1 * US Presidential Succession Act passed. [1] March 3 * Robert Adam Scottish architect (Syon House, Middlesex), dies at age 63. [1] March 4 * Oranges introduced to Hawaii. [1] March 10 * John Stuart third earl of Bute/English premier (1760-63), dies at age 78. [1] March 16 * In Sweden, Jakob Johan Anckarstrm, former Captain of the Lifeguards, makes an assassination attempt on the King at the Stockholm Opera House. King Gustav III is shot just above the hip. Anckarstrm was hired by a group of nobles. (The King dies of the wound 13 days later.) [1] [7] March 24 * Benjamin West (US) becomes president of Royal Academy of London. [1] March 29 * King Gustav III King of Sweden (1771-92), dies of wounds from assassination attempt. [1] [7]

April 1 * Gronings feminist Etta Palm demands women's right to divorce. [1] April 2 * US Congress establishes Philadelphia mint; US authorizes $10 Eagle, $5 half-Eagle and $2.50 quarter-Eagle gold coins and silver dollar, half dollar, quarter, dime and half-dime. [1] April 5 * George Washington casts first presidential veto. [1] April 14 * France declares war on Austria, starting French Revolutionary Wars. [1] April 20 * France declares war on Austria, Prussia and Sardinia. [1] April 24 * "La Marseillaise" composed by Claude-Joseph Rouget de Lisle. [1] April 25 * Guillotine first used, executes highwayman Nicolas J Pelletier. [1] * Johann Friedrich Gottlieb Beckmann composer, dies at age 54. [1] * Nicolas J Pelletier Frenchman, first to be guillotined. [1] April 30 * Hans Adolf Friedrich von Eschstruth composer, dies at age 36. [1] * John Montague 4th Earl of Sandwich English Naval minister, dies at age 73. [1] May 3 * Carlo Zuccari composer, dies at age 87. [1] May 7

* Aert Schouman Dutch bird/portrait painter, dies at age 82. [1] * Captain Robert Gray discovers Grays Harbor (Washington). [1] May 8 * British Captain George Vancouver sights, names Mount Rainier Washington. [1] * US establishes military draft. [1] May 11 * Columbia River discovered and named by US Captain Robert Gray. [1] May 12 * Toilet that flushes itself at regular intervals is patented. [1] May 16 * Denmark abolishes slave trade. [1] May 17 * 24 merchants form New York Stock Exchange at 70 Wall Street. [1] May 19 * Russian army enters Poland. [1] May 24 * George Brydges first baron Rodney/Admiral, dies. [1] * Jakob M R Lenz writer (That Soldier), dies. [1] June 1 * Kentucky admitted as 15th US state. [1] June 4 * Captain George Vancouver claims Puget Sound for Britain. [1] June 12

* George Vancouver discovers site of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. [1] June 21 * Vancouver meets Spanish ships Sutil and Mexicana off Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. [1] July 11 * Prussia army moves into French territory. [1] July 30 * 500 Marseillaisian men sing France's national anthem for first time. [1] August 10 * Mobs in Paris, France, attack the Tuileries palace of Louis XVI. [1] [223.91] September 20 * French defeat Prussians at Valmy. [1] September 21 * First French Republic declared. [1] September 22 * Origin of French Republican Era. [1] October 2 * Baptist Missionary Society forms in London. [1] October 13 * Washington lays cornerstone of the Executive Mansion (White House). [1] November 14

* Captain George Vancouver is first Englishman to enter San Francisco Bay. [1] December 5 * George Washington re-elected US President, John Adams VicePresident. [1] December 8 * First cremation in US, Henry Laurens. [1] December 11 * France's King Louis XVI goes on trial, accused of treason. [1] December 12 * In Vienna, Ludwig van Beethoven (21) receives first lesson in music composition from Franz Joseph Haydn. [1] December 15 * First life insurance policy issued in US (Philadelphia). [1] * Joseph Martin Kraus composer, dies at age 36. [1] December 17 * Opening of first legislative assembly of Lower Canada in Qubec City. [1] 1793 January 1 * Francesco Guardi Italian painter, dies at age 80. [1] January 4 * Bengt Lidner Swedish poet (Medea/Yttersa domen), dies at age 35. [1] January 9 * Dutch Prince Willem V establishes two brigades Drive Artillery. [1]

* Jean Pierre Blanchard makes first balloon flight in North America (Philadelphia). [1] January 19 * French King Louis XVI sentenced to death. [1] January 21 * Louis XVI French king (1774-93), beheaded by revolutionaries at age 38. [1] * Prussia and Russia sign partition treaty (Poland divided). [1] January 23 * Second partition of Poland, between Prussia and Russia. [1] * Humane Society of Philadelphia (first aid society) organized. [1] February 1 * France declares war on England and Netherlands. [1] * Patent granted Ralph Hodgson, New York, for oiled silk and linen. [1] February 2 * William Aiton English botanist (Kew Gardens), dies at age 61. [1] February 6 * Carlo Goldoni Italian author (L'avaro), dies at age 85. [1] February 11 * Prussian troops occupy Venlo Netherlands. [1] February 12 * First US fugitive slave law passed; requires return of escaped slaves. [1] February 24 * French troops conquer Breda. [1] February 25

* First cabinet meeting (At George Washington's home). [1] March 4 * French troops conquer Geertruidenberg Netherlands. [1] * Isaac Ouwater Amsterdam painter/cartoonist, dies at age 44. [1] * President Washington's second inauguration, shortest speech (133 words). [1] March 18 * Second Battle at Neerwinden: Austria army beats France. [1] March 21 * Johann Michael Schmidt composer, dies at age 51. [1] March 26 * Pro-royalist uprising in Vende region of France. [1] April 1 * Volcano Unsen on Japan erupts killing about 53,000. [1] April 9 * Ernestus Weinrauch composer, dies at age 62. [1] April 15 * Bank of England hands out first 5-note. [1] April 17 * Battle of Warsaw. [1] April 22 * President George Washington attends opening of Rickett's, first circus in US. [1] April 29 * Cornerstone laid for Groningen's new townhall. [1]

April 30 * Lorenzo Fago composer, dies at age 88. [1] May 7 * Johan A Zoutman Dutch Lieutenant Admiral (battle of Doggersbank), dies at age 68. [1] * Pietro Nardini composer, dies at age 71. [1] May 13 * Martin Gerbert composer, dies at age 72. [1] May 19 * Netherlands captures French island of Saint Maarten (held until 1795). [1] May 21 * Curaao Island Council forbids criticism on House of Orange. [1] May 25 * Father Stephen Theodore Badin is first US Roman Catholic priest ordained. [1] May 30 * Georges Couthon chosen member of French Committee the Salut Public. [1] June 20 * Eli Whitney applies for a cotton gin patent. [1] June 24 * First republican constitution in France adopted. [1] July 13 * French revolutionary writer Jean Paul Marat murdered by Charlotte Corday. [1]

September 18 * Washington lays cornerstone of Capitol building. [1] October 16 * Marie Antoinette queen of France, beheaded in France. [1] October 28 * Eli Whitney applies for a patent on the cotton gin. [1] October 31 * Execution of the Girondins at Paris, during the Reign of Terror. [1] November 8 * Louvre in Paris, opens. [1] November 26 * Republican calendar replaces Gregorian calendar in France. [1] December 6 * Marie Jeanne Becu comtesse du Barry mistress of Louis XV, beheaded. [1] December 9 * Noah Webster establishes New York's first daily newspaper, American Minerva. [1] December 13 * Johann Joachim Christoph Bode composer, dies at age 63. [1] December 14 * First state road authorized, Frankfort Kentucky to Cincinnati Ohio. [1] December 20

* Joseph Legros composer, dies at age 54. [1] December 23 * Thomas Jefferson warned of slave revolts in West Indies. [1] December 28 * Louis Earl of Bylandt Dutch admiral, dies at about age 75. [1] 1794 January 13 * US Congress changes US flag to 15 stars and 15 stripes. [1] January 14 * Dr Jessee Bennet of Edom Virginia, performs first successful Cesarean section operation on his wife. [1] January 16 * Edward Gibbon historian (Decline and Fall), dies in London at age 56. [1] February 4 * French National Convention proclaims abolishment of slavery. [1] February 10 * Joseph Haydn's 99th Symphony in E, premieres. [1] February 11 * First session of US Senate open to the public. [1] February 14 * First US textile machinery patent granted, to James Davenport, Philadelphia Pennsylvania. [1] February 28 * US Senate voids Pennsylvania's election of Abraham Gallatin. [1]

March 3 * First performance of Joseph Haydn's 101st Symphony in D. [1] * Richard Allen founded AME Church. [1] March 4 * Henri D count de Larochejacquelin Fr Royalist Army leader, dies at age 21. [1] March 5 * Rmon de la Cruz Spanish playwright/translator, dies at age 62. [1] March 11 * Royal Theatre in London's Dury Lane opens. [1] March 14 * Eli Whitney is granted a patent for the cotton gin. [1] [5] March 22 * US Congress bans US vessels from supplying slaves to other countries. [1] March 23 * Josiah Pierson patents a "cold-header" (rivet) machine. [1] * Lieutenant-General Tadeusz Kosciuszko returns to Poland. [1] March 27 * US Congress authorizes the President "to provide a naval armament" (US Navy). [1] March 28 * Louvre opens to the public (although officially opened since August). [1] March 29

* Marie-J-A-N C Condorcet mathematician (Theory of Comets), dies at age 50. [1] April 5 * Georges-Jacques Danton French revolutionary leader, guillotined at age 34. [1] * Marie Jean Hrault de Schelles French author/politician, dies. [1] April 8 * Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicholas-Caritat mathematician dies. [1] April 13 * Sbastien-Roch-Nicolas Chamfort French playwright, commits suicide at age 53. [1] April 21 * New York City formally declares coast of Ellis Island publically owned, so they can build forts to protect New York City from British. [1] April 27 * William Jones British Orientalist/jurist, dies at age 47. [1] May 6 * Haiti, under Toussaint L'Ouverture, revolts against France. [1] * Jean-Jacques Beauvarget-Charpentier composer, dies at age 59. [1] May 8 * Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier chemist (identified oxygen), guillotined. [1] * US Post Office established. [1] May 10 * Elisabeth princess of France, beheaded at age 30. [1] May 17 * Hard frost in southern New England. [1]

May 18 * Second battle of Bouvines (France-Austria). [1] June 5 * US Congress prohibits citizens from serving in foreign armed forces. [1] June 24 * Bowdoin College is founded. [5] June 30 * Battle of Fort Recovery, Ohio. [1] July 17 * African Church of Saint Thomas in Philadelphia, dedicated. [1] * Richard Allen organizes Phila's Bethel African Meth Episcopal Church. [1] July 28 * Maximilien Robespierre Fr revolutionary/avocat (1781), guillotined. [1] * Robespierre and 22 other terrorists executed to thunderous cheers. [1] August 1 * Whiskey Rebellion begins. [1] August 20 * General Mad Anthony Wayne routes Indians at Fallen Timbers, Ohio. [1] September 18 * Austrian army is decisively defeated at the battle of Sprimont. [187.190] November 19

* Jay Treaty, first US extradition treaty, signed with Great Britain. [1] November 21 * Honolulu Harbor discovered. [1] December 8 * First issue of the Herald of Rutland VT published. [1] December 15 * Revolutionary Tribunal abolished in France. [1] December 30 * French troops conquer Grave Netherlands. [1] 1795 January 3 * Josiah Wedgwood British, ceramic craftsman/woodworker, dies at age 64. [1] January 13 * Franois-Joseph Krafft composer, dies at age 73. [1] January 16 * French army under Pichegru occupies Utrecht Netherlands. [1] January 18 * French admitted to Amsterdam without resistance. [1] * Governor/Viceroy Willem V flees Scheveningen to England. [1] January 19 * Democratic revolution in Amsterdam ends oligarchy. [1] * Maria Teresa Agnesi composer, dies at age 74. [1] January 26 * Johann Christoph Friedrich Bach composer, dies at age 62. [1]

February 1 * Giacomo Insanguine composer, dies at age 66. [1] February 2 * Joseph Haydns 102nd Symphony in B, premieres. [1] February 5 * Zealand Netherlands surrenders to French General Michaud. [1] February 7 * 11th Amendment to US Constitution ratified, affirms power of states. [1] * Dutch Prince William V accepts British occupation of Dutch Indies. [1] February 13 * First state university in US opens, University of North Carolina. [1] February 17 * Thomas Seddal harvests 8.3-kg potato from his garden Chester, England. [1] February 21 * Freedom of worship established in France under constitution. [1] March 5 * Amsterdam celebrates Revolution on the Dam; Square of Revolution. [1] * Josef Reicha composer, dies at age 42. [1] * Treaty of Basel-Prussia ends war with France. [1] March 11 * Battle at Kurdla India: Mahratten beat Mogols. [1] March 29

* Beethoven (24) debuts as pianist in Vienna. [1] April 12 * Rainieri de Calzabigi Italian literary, dies at age 80. [1] April 23 * William Hastings acquitted in England of high treason. [1] April 30 * Jean-Jacques Barthlemy French historian (Ancient Greece), dies. [1] May 16 * Hedges Treaty: Bataafse Republic becomes French vassel state. [1] May 19 * Josiah Bartlett US physician/judge (signed Declaration of Independence), dies at age 65. [1] May 20 * Ignc Martinovics Hungarian physicist/revolutionary, beheaded. [1] July 1 * John Rutledge becomes second chief justice of Supreme Court. [1] July 25 * The first stone of the Pontcysyllte Aqueduct is laid. [5] September 5 * US-Algiers sign peace treaty. [1] September 16 * British capture Capetown. [1] October 13

* William Prescott American Revolutionary soldier, dies. [1] October 24 * Third partition of Poland, between Austria, Prussia and Russia. [1] October 27 * Treaty of San Lorenzo, provides free navigation of Mississippi. [1] November 28 * US pays $800,000 and a frigate as tribute to Algiers and Tunis. [1] December 19 * First state appropriation of money for road building, Kentucky. [1] 1796 January 5 * Samuel Huntington US judge (signed Declaration of Independence), dies at age 64. [1] January 8 * Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois French National Convention chairman, dies at age 46. [1] January 22 * Bernhard Hupfeld composer, dies at age 78. [1] January 23 * Armand-Gaston Camus becomes chairman of Council of 500. [1] February 17 * James Macpherson poet, dies. [1] February 28 * Friedrich Wilhelm Rust composer, dies at age 56. [1]

February 29 * Jay's Treaty proclaimed, settles some differences with England. [1] March 1 * First National Meeting in the Hague. [1] March 9 * Napoleon Bonaparte marries Josephine de Beauharnais. [1] March 17 * Pieter Paulus lawyer/Dutch CEO (National Convention), dies at age 41. [1] March 19 * Stephen Storace composer, dies at age 33. [1] March 22 * Gaspare Gabellone composer, dies at age 68. [1] March 28 * Bethel African Methodist Church of Philadelphia is first US-African church. [1] March 31 * Johann Wolfgang von Goethes "Egmont" premieres in Weimar. [1] April 13 * First elephant arrives in US from Bengal India. [1] * Battle at Millesimo Italy Napoleon beats Austrians. [1] April 22 * Napoleon defeats Piedmontese at Battle of Mondovi. [1] April 28 * Cease fire of Cherasco. [1]

May 10 * French Government arrest 10 utopists. [1] * Napoleon defeats Austria in Battle of Lodi Bridge. [1] * Riot after disagreement of patriotic demand in Amsterdam. [1] May 12 * Johann P Uz German poet (Theodicee), dies at age 75. [1] May 14 * First smallpox inoculation administered, by Edward Jenner. [1] May 15 * France and Sardinia sign Peace treaty of Paris. [1] * French troops occupy Milan. [1] May 16 * Lombardije Republic forms. [1] May 17 * Jacob Wilhelm Lustig composer, dies at age 89. [1] May 19 * Game protection law restricts encroachment on Indian hunting grounds. [1] May 27 * James S McLean patents his piano. [1] June 1 * Tennessee admitted as 16th US state. [1] July 8 * US State Dept issues first American passport. [1] July 21

* Robert Burns Scottish poet, dies. [1] July 22 * Cleveland, Ohio, founded by General Moses Cleaveland. [1] August 8 * Boston African Society establishes with 44 members. [1] September 8 * Battle of Bassano-French beat Austrians. [1] September 19 * George Washington's farewell address as president. [1] November 17 * Battle of Arcole-Napoleon I's French forces beat Austrians in Italy. [1] December 18 * First US newspaper to appear on Sunday (Baltimore Monitor). [1] December 30 * Jean-Baptiste Lamoyne composer, dies at age 45. [1] 1797 January 1 * Albany replaces New York City as capital of New York. [1] January 11 * Francis Lightfoot Lee US farmer (signer Declaration of Independence), dies at age 62. [1] January 13

* Elisabeth C von Brunswick-Bevern wife of Frederick II, dies at age 81. [1] January 15 * First top hat worn (John Etherington of London). [1] January 26 * Russia, Prussia and Austria sign treaty. [1] January 30 * US Congress refuses to accept first petitions from American blacks. [1] * Johann Abraham Sixt composer, dies at age 40. [1] February 4 * Earthquake in Quito, Ecuador kills 40,000. [1] February 8 * Johann Friedrich Doles composer, dies at age 81. [1] February 11 * Antoine Dauvergne composer, dies at age 83. [1] February 12 * Haydn's song "Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser" premieres in Vienna. [1] February 15 * Battle of Cape Saint Vincent. [1] February 19 * 1/3 of papal domain ceded to France. [1] February 21 * Trinidad, West Indies surrenders to the British. [1]

February 23 * Antoine d'Auvergne French opera composer (Coquette Trompe), dies at age 83. [1] February 26 * Bank of England issues first 1-note. [1] February 27 * Benvenuto Robbio San Rafaele composer, dies at age 61. [1] March 1 * Juan Manuel Olivares composer, dies at age 36. [1] March 2 * Horace [Horatio] Walpole British horror writer, dies at age 79. [1] March 4 * John Adams inaugurated as second President of US. [1] March 13 * Cherubini's opera "Mede" premieres in Paris France. [1] March 19 * Philip Hayes composer, dies at age 58. [1] March 26 * James Hutton geologist, dies. [1] March 28 * Nathaniel Briggs of New Hampshire patents a washing machine. [1] April 3 * Nonnosus Madlseder composer, dies at age 66. [1]

April 12 * Josef Antonin Stepan composer, dies at age 71. [1] April 18 * France and Austria sign cease fire. [1] May 5 * Napoleon I's sister Elisa marries Felix Bacciochi. [1] May 10 * First Navy ship, the "United States" is launched. [1] May 27 * Franois-Noal "Gracchus" Babeuf French utopian socialist, dies at age 36. [1] May 30 * Carl Ludwig Junker composer, dies at age 48. [1] June 2 * First ascent of "Great Mountain" (4,622 feet) in Adirondack New York (C Broadhead). [1] June 26 * Charles Newbold patents first cast-iron plow. He can't sell it to. [1] July 8 * First US senator (William Blount of Tennessee) expelled by impeachment. [1] September 20 * US frigate Constitution (Old Ironsides) launched in Boston. [1] October 11

* British naval forces defeat Dutch off Camperdown, the Netherlands. [1] October 21 * US Navy frigate Constitution, Old Ironsides, launched in Boston. [1] October 22 * Andr-Jacques Garnerin makes first parachute jump from balloon (Paris). [1] December 1 * Oliver Wolcott US judge/signer (Declaration of Independence), dies at age 71. [1] December 22 * Giovanni Marco Rutini composer, dies at age 74. [1] December 26 * John Wilkes English journalist/Higher/Lower house leader, dies at age 72. [1] 1798 January 1 * Russia appoints first Jewish censor to censor Hebrew books. [1] January 8 * 11th Amendment ratified, judicial powers construed. [1] January 9 * Pedro Pablo Abarca d Bolea Earl of Aranda Spanish officer, dies at age 79. [1] January 20 * Christian Cannabich German composer/royal chaplain master, dies at age 66. [1]

January 22 * Coup of Midderigh. [1] * Lewis Morris US farmer (signed Declaration of Independence), dies at age 71. [1] * Matija A Reljkovic Croatian writer (Satire of Wild Man), dies at age 66. [1] January 26 * Christian Gottlob Neefe German organist/composer, dies at age 49. [1] January 30 * Representative Matthew Lyon (Vermont) spits in face of Representative Roger Griswold (Connecticut) in US House of Representatives, after an argument. [1] February 2 * Federal St Theater, Boston, becomes first in US destroyed by fire. [1] February 6 * Niels Schiorring composer, dies at age 54. [1] February 13 * Wilhelm H Wackenroder German writer (Fantasies of Art), dies at age 24. [1] March 4 * Catholic women force to do penance for kindling sabbath fire for Jews. [1] March 9 * Dr George Balfour becomes first naval surgeon in the US navy. [1] March 22 * Justin Morgan composer, dies at age 51. [1]

March 29 * Republic of Switzerland forms. [1] April 7 * Territory of Mississippi is organized. [1] April 23 * Dutch emperor accepts new Constitution. [1] April 30 * Department of the Navy is established. [1] May 10 * George Vancouver British explorer, (Voyage of Discovery), dies at age 40. [1] May 26 * British kill about 500 Irish insurgents at the Battle of Tara. [1] June 13 * Mission San Luis Rey de Francia founded in California. [1] June 25 * US passes Alien Act allowing president to deport dangerous aliens. [1] July 2 * John Fitch American inventor, clockmaker, etc, dies. [1] July 11 * US Marine Corps created by an act of Congress. [1] July 14 * First direct federal tax on the states-on dwellings, land and slaves. [1]

* Sedition Act prohibits "false, scandalous and malicious" writing. [1] July 16 * US Public Health Service established and US Marine Hospital authorized. [1] July 23 * Napoleon captures Alexandria, Egypt. [1] August 1 * Battle of Nile. [1] August 2 * British under Adm Horatio Nelson beat French at Battle of Nile. [1] September 10 * British Hondurus beats Spain in battle of Saint George. [1] November 16 * Kentucky becomes first state to nullify an act of US Congress. [1] December 4 * Luigi Galvani Italian anatomy/physicist, dies at age 61. [1] * Rebellious Flemish farmers occupy Hasselt. [1] December 5 * Government troops occupy Hasselt. [1] December 14 * David Wilkinson of Rhode Island patents a nut and bolt machine. [1] December 17 * First impeachment trial against a US senator (William Blount, Tennessee) begins. [1]

December 19 * Charles-Joseph Panckoucke publisher (Moniteur Universel), dies at age 62. [1] December 20 * Cornelis Ploos van Amstel Dutch engraver/art collector, dies at age 72. [1] December 24 * Russia and England sign Second anti-French Coalition. [1] 1799 January 4 * Galib Dede/Seyh Galib Turkish poet (Hsn Ask), dies at about age 40. [1] January 5 * Mohammed Esad Galib Dede Turkish poet (Hsn- asjk, dies at about age 41. [1] January 6 * Maria G Agnesi Italian mathematician (xy=a(a-y)), dies at age 80. [1] * W G Frederik prince of Orange/General , dies at age 25. [1] January 9 * Income Tax introduced in Great Britain. [1] January 10 * Friedrich von Schiller's "Die Piccolomini" premieres in Weimar. [1] January 14 * Eli Whitney receives government contract for 10,000 muskets. [1] * King of Naples flees before the advancing French armies. [1] January 21

* Edward Jenner's smallpox vaccination is introduced. [1] January 22 * Horace B de Saussure Swiss physicist/geologist/alpinist, dies at age 58. [1] January 25 * First US patent for a seeding machine, Eliakim Spooner, Vermont. [1] February 9 * USS Constellation captures French frigate Insurgente off Nevis, West Indies. [1] February 12 * Frantisek Xaver Dusek composer, dies at age 67. [1] February 13 * First US law regulating insurance passed, by Massachusetts. [1] February 15 * First US printed ballots authorized, Pennsylvania. [1] February 16 * Charles Theoby ruler (Palts and Bayern), dies at age 74. [1] February 18 * Maurus Haberhauer composer, dies at age 52. [1] February 24 * Broerius Brorius theologist (Pensive Christian), dies at about age 41. [1] * Georg C Lichtenberg German physicist/writer, dies at age 56. [1] February 25

* First federal forestry legislation authorizes purchase of timber land. [1] * US Congress passes first federal quarantine legislation. [1] March 2 * US Congress standardizes US weights and measures. [1] March 6 * Napoleon captures Jaffa Palestine. [1] March 12 * Austria declares war on France. [1] March 18 * John Randall composer, dies at age 82. [1] March 19 * Joseph Haydn's "Die Schpfung" premieres in Vienna. [1] March 25 * Constantin Reindl composer, dies at age 60. [1] March 26 * Napolean captures Jaffa Palestine. [1] March 28 * Etta L J "baronne" Palm-Aelders Dutch adventurer/spy, dies at age 55. [1] * New York State abolished slavery. [1] April 1 * Narciso Casanovas composer, dies at age 52. [1] April 14 * Napoleon called for establishing Jerusalem for Jews. [1]

April 19 * Pieter Hellendaal violinist/organist/composer (Glees), dies at age 78. [1] April 20 * Friedrich von Schiller's "Wallensteins Tod", premieres in Weimar. [1] * Napoleon issues a decree calling for establishing Jerusalem for Jews. [1] April 28 * Franois Giroust composer, dies at age 62. [1] May 2 * Henri-Joseph Rigel composer, dies at age 58. [1] May 9 * Claude-Benigne Balbastre composer, dies at age 72. [1] May 18 * Pierre de Beaumarchais dramatist, dies. [1] June 18 * Birth of William Lassell discoverer (satellites of Uranus and Neptune). [1] July 24 * William Clark (of Lewis and Clark) is willed the slave York. [1] July 25 * French-Egyptian forces under Napolean I beat Turks at Battle of Abukir. [1] September 1 * Bank of Manhattan Company opens in New York City (forerunner to Chase Manhattan). [1]

November 9 * Napoleon becomes dictator (first consul) of France. [1] December 5 * Robert Kimmerling composer, dies at age 61. [1] December 6 * Joseph Black Scottish medical/chemist/physicist, dies at age 71. [1] December 10 * Metric system established in France. [1] December 14 * George Washington, first President USA (1789-97), dies at Mount Vernon Virginia, at age 67. [1] [5] December 18 * George Washington's body interred at Mount Vernon. [1] December 20 * David Traugott Nicolai composer, dies at age 66. [1] December 24 * Jakobijns plot against Napoleon uncovered. [1] December 26 * George Washington is eulogized by Colonel Henry Lee as "first in war, first in peace and first in the hearts of his countrymen". [1]