ON THE BRINK AND LITTLE TIME TO LOSE Water governance in the Yamuna river basin in Haryana

August 2010

Society for Promotion of Wastelands Development

Sir Dorabji Tata Trust

PEACE Institute Charitable Trust

On The Brink And Little Time To Lose The publication is a joint effort of: Amita Bhaduri Bhim Hardeep Singh Manoj Misra Pushp Jain Prem Prakash Bhardwaj & All participants at the workshop on water governance held on 26 July 2010

Published by PEACE Institute Charitable Trust 178-F, Pocket 4, Mayur Vihar I, Delhi 110 091, INDIA Telefax:91-11-22719005 Email: manojmisra@peaceinst.org Web: www.peaceinst.org First Edition, August 2010 PEACE Institute Charitable Trust

Funded by Society for Promotion of Wastelands Development under a Sir Dorabji Tata Trust supported Water Governance Project 14-A, Vishnu Digambar Marg, New Delhi 110 002, INDIA Phone: 91-11-23236440 Email: spwd_delhi@yahoo.com Web: www.watergovernanceindia.org

Designed & Printed by: Kriti Communications,................

Abbreviations AMC AP BAU BDO BHP BLT CADA CADWM CCA CCA Cdr CE CGWA CGWB CLC CM CPCB CRPF CSO CSR CWC DC DCO DJB DSB EE ETP EYC FC FSA Ft GOI GWC GWS HERC HH HIRMI HKB Annual Minimum Charges Agricultural Pumping Business As Usual Block Development Officer British Horse Power Bhalaut Command Area Development Authority Command Area Development and Water Management Cultivable Command Area Culturable Cultivated Area Commodore Chief Engineer Central Ground Water Authority Central Ground Water Board Carrier Line Channel Chief Minister Central Pollution Control Board Central Reserve Police Force Civil Society Organisations Corporate Social Responsibility Central Water Commission Deputy Commissioner Divisional Canal Officer Delhi Jal Board Delhi Sub Branch Executive Engineer Effluent Treatment Plant Eastern Yamuna Canal Finance Commissioner Fuel Surcharge Adjustment Feet Government of India Ground Water Cell Gurgaon Water Supply Haryana Electricity Regulatory Commission House Hold Haryana Irrigation Management Institute Hathnikund Barrage

HMITC HPGCL HSIIDC HTP HUDA HVPNL IDA IEC IHHL IOC JE JLN KLD Km KWH LCC LPCD MGD MLL MLU MOU MW NBK NCR NCRPB NCT NFL NGO NH NHPC NTP NTPC OBC PC PCB PHED PNCP PRI PTP RD

Haryana Minor Irrigation Tubewell Corporation Haryana Power Generation Corporation Limited Haryana State Industrial Infrastructure Development Corporation Haiderpur Treatment Plant Haryana Urban Development Authority Haryana Vidyut Prasaran Nigam Limited International Development Agency Information, Education and Communication Individual House-Hold Latrines Indian Oil Corporation Junior Engineer Jawahar Lal Nehru Kilo Litre Per Day Kilo Meter Kilo Walt Per Hour Lined Carrier Canal Litre Per Capita Per Day Million Gallons Per Day Main Line Lower Main Line Upper Memorandum Of Understanding Mega Watt Narwana Bakra Kanal National Capital Region National Capital Region Planning Board National Capital Territory National Fertiliser Limited Non Government Organisation National Highway National Hydro Power Corporation Nangloi Treatment Plant National Thermal Power Corporation Other Backward Caste Production Centres Pollution Control Board Public Health Engineering Department Panipat Naptha Cracker Panchayat Raj Institutions Panipat Thermal Plant Reduced Distance

RSM RTI SC SDO SDR SE SP SPCB SPWD SSHE ST STP SWP SYL UGPL UHBVN UP UYRB WJC WP WTP WUA WW WYC XEN

Rural Sanitary Marts Right To Information Schedule Caste Sub Divisional Officer Sundar Superintendent Engineer Superintendent of Police State Pollution Control Board Society for Promotion of Wastelands Development School Sanitation and Hygiene Education Schedule Tribe Sewage Treatment Plant State Water Plan Satluj Yamuna Link Under Ground Pipe Line Uttar Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam Uttar Pradesh Upper Yamuna River Board Western Jamuna Canal Writ Petition Water Treatment Plant Water Users Association Water Works Western Yamuna Canal Executive Engineer

Contents

Chapter 1. Chapter 2. Chapter 3. Chapter 4. Chapter 5. Chapter 6. Chapter 7. And References

Background Western Yamuna Canal Study Area & Methodology Water Development and Use in Haryana Study Observations Study Findings Trends, Consequences and Options

List of Annexures 1. 2. Water Sharing Agreement between six States A comparative statement of the rotational program showing the allocations for Kharif season as on 2001 and 2010 Draft Policy For Rice Shoots For Kharif 2010 Details of Field Visits Questionnaire for Village Level Survey Information received under the RTI Act Meetings with Senior Officials at Panchkula List of Participants at the Workshop on Water Governance Memorandum of Agreement between the Punjab and Uttar Pradesh Governments Regarding distribution of supplies at Tajewala Headworks between WYC and EYC Power Tariff

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

10.

List of Figures
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. River Yamuna Basin Western Yamuna Canal at a Glance Schematic diagram of WYC Water Governance Project Study Area Flow in River Yamuna Map of Karnal Division

Hypothesis:

Water situation in river Yamuna basin lying in the state of Haryana which today is threatened from poor management of surface water, over draft of ground water, water misuse, pollution and wasteful attitudes / behaviour of users can be improved through better understanding of the situation leading to appropriate policy and regulatory changes and steps taken towards behavioural amendments / changes.

CHAPTER 1
BACKGROUND 1.1 Region, its geography and geology and its river basin origins The state of Haryana, a land locked state in north-west India was carved out from the erstwhile state of Punjab on November 1, 1966. It is located between 27 37' to 30 N latitude and between 74 and 77 E longitude and has a total area of 35' 28' 36' 43,689 sq km (1.37% of the nations geographical area) and a population of over 2 crores (less than 2% of Indias population). It forms a divide between the Ganga and Indus water catchments. More than 98% are of the state is covered by the alluvial plain including western desertic terrain of sand dunes. The state is bounded by Siwalik hills in the north, river Yamuna in the east and Aravalli hills in the south. Rivers Yamuna and Ghaggar flood plains constitute a large part of the state. The state has a climate that is arid to semi-arid. Annual rainfall averages 545 mm, ranging from more than 1000 mm in the extreme north-east to less than 300 mm in the arid west. Surface water comes from the Sutlej via the Bhakra canal system and from the Yamuna via the Western Yamuna Canal system. (Hellegers et al, 2007). The altitude varies from 700 to 3600 ft (200m to 1200 m) above mean sea level. An area of 1,553 km2 is covered by forest. Haryana has four main geographical features.

The Yamuna-Ghaggar plain forming the largest part of the state. Divided in 2 parts - the higher one is called 'Bangar' and the lower 'Khadar'. This alluvium plain is made up of sand, clay, silt and hard calcareous balls like gravel known locally as kankar. The Shivalik Hills to the northeast. Altitude varying between 900 to 2300 meters. These hills are the source of the rivers like Saraswati, Ghaggar, Tangri and Markanda. Parts of Panchkula, Ambala and Yamuna Nagar districts. Semi-desert sandy plain to the southwest. This area includes the districts of Sirsa and parts of Hissar, Mahendergarh, Fatehbad, Bhiwani and shares border with Rajasthan. The Aravalli Range in the south. This is a dry irregular hilly area.

It is seen that large part of the Haryana plains constitute a widely spaced topographic depression between the Siwalik hills and the Aravali hills which has created the typical internal drainage conditions. (Puri, undated). Resultantly while there is a falling ground water table zone in eastern and southern parts (Yamuna Nagar, Karnal, Panipat and parts of Sonipat) of Haryana, there is a rising water table zone (resulting in soil salinisation and degradation) in the central and western parts (Rohtak, Jhajjar, Jind, Bhiwani, Hisar, Sirsa and Sonipat) of the state. Thus the state can broadly be divided into two distinct zones. The rising water table zone (52 % of the state) and the falling water table zone (eastern and southern parts).

10

1.2 Yamuna River Basin River Yamuna, with a total length of 1370 km, rises from the Yamunotri glacier in the Bandarpunch range in Uttarakhand state. Together with river Ganga, with which it merges at Prayag (Allahabad), it forms the vast Ganga -Yamuna doab (flood plain), the well known fertile plains of north India. River Yamuna basin spread over some 366,220 sq km lies in the states of Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, NCT of Delhi, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh.

Fig. 1: River Yamuna Basin Table 1: Catchment Area Details of Yamuna River S. No. State Area (sq km) 3771 70437 5799 21265 1485 102883 140208 % 1.1 20.4 1.7 6.1 0.4 29.7 40.6

1 Uttarakhand 2 Uttar Pradesh 3 Himachal Pradesh 4 Haryana 5 NCT of Delhi 6 Rajasthan 7 Madhya Pradesh (Source: CPCB, 2006)

It is clear from the above (both map and the table) that the river Yamuna has a very small founder basin and it is only later that far more extensive basin lying in Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh feeds it the most water.

11

The land use in the Yamuna basin area is as under: Table 2: State-wise land use pattern in Yamuna River Catchment State Area (% of Non Forest Cultivable Land Land under catchment) arable land land % actually habitational land % cultivated use % % % 1.6 25.00 59.4 15.6 14.2 1.5 5.0 18.1 14.5 51.0 40.8 26.0 22.0 2.4 3.9 1.0 8.8 18.0 23.0 79.5 81.1 48.0 50.4 56 14.3 59.9 68.0 46.5 43.9 50.7 1.6 3.6 5.1 43.7 2.2 1.8

Himachal Pradesh Uttarakhand 1.1 Haryana 6.1 Uttar 20.4 Pradesh NCT - Delhi 0.4 Rajasthan 29.8 Madhya 40.6 Pradesh (Source: CPCB, 2006)

1.3 Upper Yamuna River Basin The basin from its origins in the Himalayas till the Okhla barrage in NCT of Delhi has been termed as the Upper Yamuna River basin. This includes the basin falling in the states of Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, NCT of Delhi and parts of Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan. The soils in this region are predominantly alluvial. 1.4 Water development in Haryana Haryana is one of Indias major irrigating states, with approximately 2.9 mha under surface irrigation. (Hellegers et al, 2007). Haryana, from being a food deficit state in 1966 at the time of its inception, has now emerged as a major contributor to the national pool of food grains. (Anonymous, undated). Development of water for irrigation can be cited as one of the major contributor to Haryanas agricultural success. Western Yamuna Canal (WYC) with majority of its command area falling in Haryana and a liberal use of ground water can be considered to be one of the most significant influences on the agricultural turnaround in central and eastern Haryana.

12

CHAPTER 2
WESTERN YAMUNA CANAL 2.1 Origins River Yamuna after traversing a distance of around 178 km in the hills enters, after cutting through the Shivalik range, the plains of Haryana at a place called Tajewala. It was here that the Emperor Firoz Shah Tughlaq constructed the Western Yamuna Canal in 1355 AD by converting one creek of the river into a canal to direct water to his hunting grounds in Hansi-Safidon area in what is now the state of Haryana. After his death the canal fell in disuse to be revived again in 1568 by Emperor Akbar. Emperor Shahjahan further improved the canal in 1628 as a Shahi (royal) canal.

Fig. 2: Western Yamuna Canal at a Glance The British remodelled the canal during 1870-1882 when the famous barrage on river Yamuna at Tajewala was built and both Eastern Yamuna Canal (EYC) and the Western Yamuna Canal (WYC) were formalised as irrigation channels. Later in 1990s after the water sharing (of river Yamuna) agreement (Annexure 1) had been signed on May 12, 1994 between the riparian states (Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Delhi and Rajasthan) that the ageing Tajewala barrage was planned to be replaced by a new barrage, 3 km upstream, at a place called as

13

Hathnikund. The Hathnikund Barrage (HKB) constructed with the assistance of World Bank (IDA credit 2592-IN) was completed in June 1999 but was commissioned only in 2002. The HKB enabled WYC to draw an additional supply of 4000 cusec from the river over and above its existing capacity of 16000 cusecs in the monsoon period (HID, 2007). 2.2 WYC Command The Western Yamuna Canal (WYC) command area is located between the north latitudes 28 20' & 30 29' and east longitudes 75 48' 77 35' and comprises the eastern, central and southern parts of the state of Haryana. It has a geographical area of about 13,543 sq km (CGWB, http://cgwb.gov.in/groundwater/conjunctive_use.htm) spread over 49 blocks in the districts of Karnal, Panipat, Sonepat, Rohtak and Jhajjar and partly in the districts of Hisar, Bhiwani, Jind, Yamunnagar, Gurgaon and Rewari. The total length of the WYC with all its branches is 325 km. In addition about 32 distributaries and 95 minors make up its combined length of 1,220 km. Further to prevent seepage losses along the WYC and to augment its supply, a lined canal over 69 km called as the Augmentation Canal has been constructed in 2000. It takes off from Yamuna Nagar and out falls in WYC u/s of the Munak head. (Major Water Resources Development Projects in Ganga basin (http://www.nih.ernet.in/nih_rbis/india_information/Ganga_projects.htm) Table 3: Sections of the Western Yamuna Canal: Section Main Line Upper (MLU) Description HKB till Dadupur head (joining of river Somb and Pathrala) Length 25 km Discharge 142 cumec in 1842 182 cumec in 1900 228 cumec in 1940 397 cumec in 1953 453 cumec in 1976 (All Tajewala Barrage) 715 cumec (19866 cusec) in 2004 (HKB) 19866 cusec (after construction of HKB) upto the Augmentation canal. 15733 cusec upto Indri head after diversion of water into augmentation canal. Off takes Ditch channel (49 cusec) Jaidhary Disty (56 cusec) at 2758 RD

Main Line Lower (MLL)

Dadupur head to Indri Head

61 km

Augmentation canal (4500 cusec) at Yamuna Nagar At Indri head the offtakes are: Sirsa Branch (2200 cusec) and Chautang Feeder or Hisar Major (300 cusec). Rejoins WYC (Main Branch) u/s of Munak

Augmentation Yamuna Nagar Canal till u/s of Munak head

69 km

4500 cusec (135 cumec)

14

Main Branch

Indri Head till Munak head

49 km

12,000 cusec after NBK (around 1800 cusec) (from Bhakra) joins it in this stretch.

Parallel Delhi Branch Canal

Munak head till Khubru head

49 km

5545 cusec

Head Offtakes at Munak are: Hansi Branch (7000 cusec); Parallel Delhi Branch (5545 cusec); Carrier Lined Channel (700 cusec); Refinery channel (30 cusec); Gohana distributary (321 cusec); Munak Escape* (500 cusec). Rotational off takes (Butana group(3,711 cusec) Anta group( 3,443 cusec) JLN group ( 3,415 cusec) Bhalaut group (3,238 cusec) Sunder group (3,456 cusec) Delhi Branch (2000 cusec) Gurgaon WS (135 cusec) Pai distributary (200 cusec) Other direct off takes (171 cusec) Sonepat Distributary (22 cusec) Delhi sub branch (1200 cusec) Discharges (165 cusec) finally in Najafgarh drain in Delhi for river Yamuna.

Delhi Branch

Khubru head till Kakroi head

45 km

2000 cusec

Delhi sub branch

Kakroi head till Najafgarh drain

28 km

Feeds (425 cusec) Haiderpur Water Treatment Plant, Delhi. Nangloi (80 cusec) Water Treatment

15

* Discontinued since 26 December 2008 (Source: Compiled from various sources)

Fig. 3: Schematic diagram of WYC 2.3 Some notables about the WYC According to a study (WAPCOS, 2003) a) There are 7 escapes (for safe passage of water in excess of indent) on the Canal 1. Dadupur on MLL 2. Dhanaura on Main Branch 3. Indri on Main Branch 4. Munak (Drain No 2) on PDB 5. Drain no 8 crossing on DSB 6. Bawana 7. Haiderpur Treatment Plant b) There are two Aquaduct (passage of canal over drainage crossing) 1. Drain no 8 on DSB (Delhi sub Branch) 2. Najafgarh drain

16

c) Tail clusters These are at the tail of every minor for water to flow into field water course. On WYC these are open flume outlets and are designed to give a gauge of .3 m during discharge d) Micro-hydel scheme There is only one micro-hydel scheme at Kakroi fall on DSB. Another one is under construction at Dadupur. 2.4 Water allocation Water allocation on WYC (as in others canal systems in Haryana) in the cultivable command area (CCA) is based on land holding and the farmer is at liberty to select his cropping pattern and the releases are independent of the crops grown. It is important to note that WYC system receives a fixed amount of water (Average of 1800 cusec) from the Bhakra Canal system through Narwana branch (NBK) link which augments the supplies in WYC on Main Branch u/s of Munak Head. Rotational program The available supplies on the WYC system are far short of the total crop water requirement of the cultivable command area (CCA) of the tract and thus of the designed capacity of the canal network. (WAPCOS, 2003) The available supplies are thus delivered in turn by formation of following workable groups called the rotation: JLN group; Butana group; Sunder group and Bhalaut group. For example as per 27th April 2010 order of the Engineer-in-Chief Irrigation Department, Haryana the allocation for 4-Groups Rotational Program for running of channel of WYC system for Kharif 2010 from April 2010 to October 2010 of 8 days rotation each is as under: Table 4 : 4-Groups Rotational Program Kharif 2010 Narwana Amount Total Sirsa (Cusec) (Cusec) branch allocations A4 JLN 5405 Habri 825 6230 B4 Bhalaut 4361 Sirsa 1803 6164 C4 Sunder 5424 NDK 590 6014 D4 Butana 5977 NLS 164 6141 (Source: Order No. 1622-1720/2Reg./429/60/46 dated 27/04/2010, Irrigation Department, Haryana) No Group Amount (Cusec)

17

Indent Each Divisional Canal Officer (DCO) places his demand for supply of water (indent) with his counterpart in the upper reach who in turn adds his own indent and intimates it to his counterpart upstream and so on. Thus the total demand of water for the entire system is computed at the beginning of a season. The DCO is assisted by the supporting staff (SDO, JE, Canal Patwari) in the field for the assessment of indent. Each group runs for minimum period of 8 days from head to ensure that the farmers field at the farthest end too receives water and that each channel runs for full week (168 hours for equity in distribution). (WAPCOS, 2003). The distribution channels are run either full or kept fully closed at the beginning of each crop season. In addition there are some direct off takes (essential supplies) as under that flow without a break with every group (Order No. 1622-1720/2Reg./429/60/46 dated 27/04/2010, Irrigation Department, Haryana): 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Haiderpur Treatment Plant (HTP), Delhi (485 cusec) Gurgaon Water Supply (138 cusec) Najafgarh for release into river Yamuna for Gurgaon canal (165 cusec) Panipat Refinery Channel (35 cusec) Panipat Naptha Cracker Plant (PNCP) Channel (45 cusec) Panipat Thermal Power Plant (90 cusec) NFL (National Fertiliser Limited, Panipat) (45 cusec) Delhi Jal Board (Nangloi Treatment Plant) (92 cusec) CLC (Carrier Lined Channel) (400 cusec)

The Rotational program as approved by the Engineer-in-Chief is published and circulated on a seasonal basis. (A comparative statement of the rotational program showing the allocations for Kharif season as on 2001 and 2010 are annexed at Annexure 2). Outlets An 'outlet' as it is called on the Western Yamuna Canal; 'Sluice in some parts of country, is the point of contact between the Canal Administration and the Cultivator. Distribution is affected through an outlet and there is probably no single item in the design of an irrigation system which has a greater effect on the distribution of water than the type and design of an outlet. (WAPCOS, 2003). Optimum capacity of an outlet The optimum capacity of an outlet should be such that the absorption losses in the water course and in the field are a minimum. The longer the time taken to Irrigate a field, the greater is the amount of absorption in the part of the field already irrigated; while applying the minimum irrigation required for the remainder. Types of outlets (A) Modular outlets or modules are those whose discharge is independent of the water level in the parent channel and the water course; (B) Semi-modular or semi-modules: whose discharge, although depending on the water levels in the parent channel; is independent of the water levels in the water

18

course; as long as the minimum working head required for the working of semi module is available. (C) Non-modular outlets are those outlets, whose discharge is a function of the difference in levels between the water surface in the distributing channel and the water course. Variation in either affects the discharge. 2.5 Outlets in use on Western Yamuna Canal system The following three type of outlets viz Modular, Semi-modular and Non-Modular outlets are in use on WJC. These outlets patented over experience since 1920 have been developed for local adoption into a) Adjustable Proportional Module (APM); b) Open Flume Outlet and c) Pipe Outlet. Adjustable Proportional Module (APM) APM outlet of all the outlet types has been considered useful on the WJC & other pioneering canal works after detailed study of the various types. Besides its modularity it offers immunity to tampering & the adjust ability and adjusting the roof block. It is fixed by blocks and secured by masonry key. The outlet can be re adjusted by breaking the key when required. The rise in FSL tends to make the outlet rigid while fall in FSL increases the flexibility of outlet & it moves towards proportionality. This type was evolved after great effort & experiments by a large number of Irrigation Engineers who worked on Western Yamuna Canal and other canals of northern India. Open Flume Outlet Open flume outlet is a smooth weir with a throat constricted adequately to ensure velocities higher than the critical and long enough so that the controlling section remains within the parallel throat at all discharges up to maximum. A gradually expanding flume is provided at outfall, to obtain the maximum recovery of head. Pipe Outlet Pipes are embedded in the bank in concrete with face-wall of masonry when submerged. These act as non-modular outlets, whereas they behave as semi modular when flow has a free fall. On a newly constructed Channel pipe outlets are initially installed till channel has attained regime. Even on very old unlined and lined canals where APM & OF outlets are working additional (imdadi) pipes are given for Kharif to supplement discharge specially for Kharif. These outlets can be fixed and adjusted easily and inside collars or sockets can reduce the discharge to required quantum. These outlets have the advantage also to work on low working heads and draw fair share of silt when fixed near to bed level. However their ease of tampering and misuse and fluctuating drawl disfavour their adoption. Warabandi The irrigation management system in Haryana, as in other states in north-west India was formalized under the Northern India Canal & Irrigation Act of 1873, based in part on earlier Moghul and British practices. (Hellegers, 2007).

19

'Wara' means turn. Warabandi is a vernacular term to describe rotational system of irrigation water delivered from an outlet. It is a weekly roaster of equitable distribution of water to an individual field in a stream size which is efficient, can be well managed by farmers thereby reducing the time & labour required for Irrigation. Better water control, freedom of sowing any crop within certain limits, higher unit area yield & larger irrigated area can be achieved per unit of water by adopting Warabandi. It helps in reducing wastage of water, water disputes, litigation and at the same time it enhances the reliability of irrigation water delivered to all shareholders including the tail enders. It enables the irrigator to know in advance when his turn & duration of turn would occur & he can plan his cropping operation as well as attend to other errands. It encourages & helps the farmer to use inputs like seeds, fertilisers or even hire or borrow implements etc. before his turn by sharing. Criteria for working out time for each irrigator is simple and based mainly on the size of holding. Water on WJC system runs day & night and the time is allocated on the basis of size of Chak. 168 hours of day & night running (over a period of a week) is allocated by rotation through an agreement amongst farmers; or crop-wise; night & day irrigation can be switched amongst the share holders of an outlet. (WAPCOS, 2003). Broadly : Time allocated for Irrigating field is proportional to the holding The cropping pattern & intensity is pre-determined & decided While determining or allocating time for holding of each farmer; travel time from the outlet to the farm gate & from Ist turn-out to the next one should be reckoned as common time. To minimise this the sequence of delivery is contiguous field wise rather than in any random manner or from tail end. iv) The starting time for wari for first allocated Irrigator shall take into account the time of release of supply in feeding channel & the travel time for water to reach the head of the outlet. The opening time for channel as such is same every week. v) The Bharai & Jharai is taken into account depending upon the turn of a farmer required extra time or time lost in filling of stream and in doing so the warabandi takes into account all 'plus' & 'minuses' on account of these. Rice Shoot According to an order issued by the Engineer-in-Chief, Irrigation Department, Haryana dated 14th June 2010 following policy for the year (Annexure 3) has been suggested: Temporary rice shoot is an outlet in Irrigation Channel with the aim of delivering discharge over and above the normal water allowance of the area exclusively of rice cultivation. It is emphasized that no rice shoots are to be permitted on any Main Line. Branch Line or Feeder Channel as Government have decided that no outlets of any kind shall be provided on these channels. These rice shoots are further termed as Contract temporary rice shoots and the same are sanctioned subject to the executive of a contract agreement between the i) ii) iii)

20

Government and the consumers according to which the latter are bound to use the water of temporary rice shoots exclusively for rice cultivation. According to this agreement, the whole area as stipulated therein is assessed on rice water rates, even if it is not cultivated. WJC System The main rice growing area of Haryana state falls under WJC system and large number of temporary rice shoots are being allowed every year. At present temporary rice shoots are being allowed on the basis of the instructions issued vide Chief Engineer, I.B. Punjab letter no. 10026/G-II/Sub dated 30.3.62. The above instructions are also modified in Haryana state with certain additional provision vide Chief Engineer/Running Canals letter no. 3477/R.C./II/1709/65 dated 8.6.67 and No. 2124-27/F/1417/65 dated13.6.68. Latest instruction of Kharif 1977 were issued vide Chief Engineer, Irrigation Works, Haryana letter no. 3532-82/RC/3/1417-65-VIII dated 16.5.77. When the above mentioned instructions were issued, there was adequate surplus water available in River Yamuna during the flood season but the position changed with the construction of new lift non perennial channels and bringing new CCA of 654520 acres under Irrigation envisaged in WJC remodelling project. Areas which are experiencing increased water logging and salinity should be given rice shoots. It will also be noted that: Rice shoots would be installed judiciously so that their running does not causes any flooding in the area. Rice shoots should not be allowed on any channel where the total availability of water is less than the normal requirement of the system. Rice shoots may not be given on minors and canals where there is a problem of water reaching the tail. Before processing the case for sanction of rice shoots the S.E.s of Water Services Unit, Irrigation Department, Haryana should obtain the latest list of defaulters from Revenue Department and only those beneficiaries be asked to submit clearance certificate from Revenue Department whose names figure in latest list of defaulters. Rice shoots running continuously for last three years will be treated as Traditional Rice Shoots. Rice shoots should not be allowed on Main Canals, Branch Canals and Feeder Channels etc.

No field officer of department will allow or recommend rice shoot i.e. Traditional / Temporary / New where Satthi Paddy (60 days crop) is sown by the Cultivators in the Canal Irrigation area and such type of Rice shoot be cancelled as Govt. of Haryana has already banned the Satthi Paddy (60 days Crop.) Water courses and Water User Association (WUA) Water course is the water channel downstream of an outlet. This is meant for water distribution at the farmers field level in accordance with the practice of Warabandi. The distribution or management of water below the outlet head is done by the farmers themselves and the government does not interfere with it unless some complaint from shareholders of the outlet is received by the canal officer. (Vohra, VP,

21

undated). The complaints received are dealt with as per the provisions contained in the Haryana Canal and Drainage Act 1974. Deputy Collector can then take up the Warabandi case, which becomes enforceable after the procedure as laid down in the act has been followed. Water courses had traditionally been unlined up till the Irrigation Department under its Water Resources Consolidation Project financed (1994-2001) by the World Bank initiated the process of Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) by forming of Water User Associations (WUA) and lining of the water courses as part of its Rehabilitation and Modernisation component. According to the World Bank ICR (2002) following achievements under the project were made by 31st December 2001: No. of WUA formed: 1,280 Water Course rehabilitated: 265 (557 km) Water Course modernised: 1,434 (5,341 km) WUA (HIRMI, undated) is an association of farmers and the membership is limited to the shareholders of an outlet. WUA will be a registered body, having a General Body and Managing Committee. The WUA will take over the management of water courses and Haryana Irrigation Department will provide the necessary support in the transitional period. Thus WUA is the process to create the farmers stake in maintenance of the water courses which hitherto was the responsibility of the Irrigation Department. Command Area Development Authority (CADA) in the state is promoting formation of WUAs under a financial scheme envisaged by the Government of India where in a one time functional grant to WUA @ Rs 600/ha (Rs 270:270:60 to be shared by Centre: State: Farmers) is to be given. It has been seen that the CADAs role is limited to lining old water courses and laying new ones. WUAs are currently operative only at the water course level and have little role above the outlets. It has been reported (pers. comm. with Mr A. K. Agarwal, CE, CADA) that successful formation of WUA is need based. In areas where the ground water is scarce or saline and canal water is scarce, the farmers see value in formation of a WUA to access canal water but where there is still readily available ground water like in eastern Haryana, the farmers have little interest in making WUA work. 2.6 Recent Changes/additions in WYC 2.6.1 Creation of CLC (Carrier Lined Canal) The government of NCT of Delhi has funded the Haryana Irrigation department to the tune of Rs 350 Crores to line an old canal (102 km long) running parallel to the Delhi Branch. This lined canal that originates at the Munak head on WYC is planned to supply an additional 80 MGD of water to Delhi. It is claimed that only 500 m of the canal remains to be completed and Haryana has in the meanwhile demanded an additional Rs160 crores as cost escalations from Delhi. (http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/pgemail.pl?date=2010/08/07/&prd)

22

2.6.2 Construction of NCR Channel The irrigation department of Haryana is presently constructing a new channel called the NCR Water Supply Channel for a planned discharge of 800 cusec at RD 223300 R of Delhi branch, u/s of Kakroi Head. The Gurgaon Water Supply Channel (origination at the Kakroi Head on WYC system) was first constructed by the Irrigation Department for HUDA (Haryana Urban Development Authority) in 1993-94 with a discharge of 135 cusec to supply drinking water to the towns of Gurgaon (100 cusec) and Bahadurgarh (35 cusec). Later it was planned in 2001 to remodel the existing GWS channel to increase its capacity from 135 cusec to 320 cusec. Then again in 2005 on a request from HUDA and Public Health Engineering Department, the capacity of GWS was planned to be increased to 565 cusec. Once again in 2006, it was considered to plan a new alignment and a new channel (now called as NCR channel) with a length of 72.585 Km to meet not just the demand of HUDA and PHED but also HSIIDC as under: Table 5: Proposed Water Supplies in NCR Channel S.No. Description Name of agency projecting demand HUDA, HSIDC, Sultanpur Lake, PHED PHED PHED HSIDC HSIDC HSIDC HSIDC Requirement Nature of demand Drinking water, Industrial, and tourism Drinking water Drinking water Drinking and Industrial (Pvt) Drinking water (Pvt) Drinking water (Pvt) Drinking and industrial (Pvt) Industrial (Pvt)

Gurgaon

375 cusec

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Rural area Bahadurgarh, Sampla, Badli (50 cusec each) Reliance SEZ DLF Universal Orient Crafts Other developers

80 cusec 150 cusec 135 cusec 108 cusec 02 cusec 05 cusec

For industries at: HSIDC 54 cusec a)Manesar 11 cusec b)Bahadurgarh 27 cusec c)Kharkhoda 9 Losses and Theft 60 cusec TOTAL 1007 cusec (Source: Executive Engineer, Construction Divn. No 32, Bahardurgarh)

Resultantly later in 2007 it was decided to augment the capacity of GWS canal to 200 cusec and construct the new NCR Channel with a discharge of 600 cusec with a margin of free board in structure to augment it further by 200 cusec in future when the demand as planned above develops.

23

Finally now the NCR channel is being constructed for a length of 75.536 Km at a cost of 225 crores originating at RD 223300 R Delhi Branch to meet the ultimate demand of 800 cusec discharge up to the year 2021.

24

CHAPTER 3
STUDY AREA & METHODOLOGY 3.1 Study area A part of the command area of the Western Yamuna Canal (WYC) falling in Karnal, Panipat and Sonepat districts of Haryana was chosen in consultation with the SPWD for focussed field work. This area includes two major townships of Panipat and Sonipat and large number of medium sized and small human settlements. It may be noted that the study area falling in eastern Haryana in the command of Western Yamuna Canal (WYC) belongs mainly to the falling ground water table zone of the state. Following were identified as the boundaries of the study area: North: Munak Escape (Drain No 2) from its origins u/s Munak Head on WYC till where it finally drains into the river Yamuna East: River Yamuna South: Drain No 8 from its intersection with the WYC till it drains into the river Yamuna near Palla village in NCT of Delhi West: Western Yamuna Canal (WYC)

Fig. 4: Water Governance Project Study Area

25

Four villages namely Dadlana (Karnal), Shimla Gujran (Panipat), Khewara (Sonepat) and Sardhana (Sonepat) were identified for focussed field work. The basis of the selection of these villages was two fold. One that these be spread over the selected study area (Fig. 4). And the second that these lie on or near the selected water channels originating from the WYC. (Villages Dadlana and Shimla Gujran on Munak Escape or Drain no 2; Villages Sardana and Khewara on the Rajapura distributary). Rajapura distributary originating from WYC u/s of Khubru Head was chosen for special attention. So was the Munak Escape (Drain No 2). Drain No 6 and 8 were also investigated. In addition following sites were also visited and studied to the extent that they were found relevant to the study: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Panipat and Sonepat towns STPs at Panipat (MLD 10 and 35) and Sonepat (MLD 30) Munak, Khubru and Kakroi Head on WYC Gannaur and Samalkha towns Binjhol village (Panipat) Joshi Jaat and Rajlu Garhi villages (Sonepat)

3.2 Methodology The short time frame of the project (7 months) necessitated a mix of strategies to access the requisite information and to develop a good understanding of the ground situation. The first step was to carry out a literature review and alongside to reach out to official stakeholders through an introductory letter accompanied with a brief write up on the projects purpose, time frame and partners. Once the villages where focussed field work was to be carried out, had been identified initial field visits were made for familiarisation purposes with the field situation as well as to establish goodwill and a working relationship with key people in the villages. Initial visits were also utilised to make contacts with relevant government officials in the Irrigation, Agriculture and the PHE departments. An effort was also made to identify NGOs and other CSOs active in the area of study. A local (Panipat based) retired official of the Agriculture department was co-opted as part of the field study team. A series of field visits (February till July 2010) by the key field investigator/s resulted in establishment of project executants bonafide as well as accessing of relevant literature, data and conduct of pictorial documentation. This was also accompanied with extensive field visits made to areas along the WYC and other sites which were found relevant to the study. (Annexure 4). Field visits to the identified villages were made to elicit village level information as per a prepared questionnaire (Annexure 5).The method was to access the information (keeping the questionnaire in mind) through focussed group meetings held in different parts of the village from time to time. Request were made under the RTI Act to relevant Government Departments to seek necessary information from them (Annexure 6).

26

A focussed visit was made to Panchkula (July 2010) which is the states head quarters for interaction with senior officials of relevant government departments (Irrigation including CADA; Agriculture including Ground Water Cell; PHED; HERC; HUDA and Forests). This visit enabled us to share information about the project with them as well as to gain useful insights from them into processes and policy issues relevant to the project. (Annexure 7). Finally on 26th July 2010 a one day workshop cum training session was held at Panipat where the project findings were shared with the participants who included relevant government officials, villagers, local and Delhi based NGOs and interested individuals (Annexure 8). It may be appreciated that this study covers a limited and only the eastern part of the WYC command in the state of Haryana spread over the districts of Karnal (part); Panipat and Sonepat. Different parts of Haryana in particular the Western Haryana is ecologically (Soil, ground water, cropping patterns, climate, drainage etc) very different from its eastern parts. The findings from this study are applicable largely to the NE; Eastern and possibly SE parts of the state although some generic observations shall be relevant throughout as water is a dwindling resource all over.

27

CHAPTER 4
WATER DEVELOPMENT AND USE IN HARYANA 4.1 Institutional Environment and Arrangements Water has multiple uses. Primarily used for drinking and other household purposes, it finds use in various economic activities and sectors like agriculture, industry, infrastructure and service sectors like tourism and education. Accordingly a number of state agencies get involved when it comes to the question of its development, use and now increasingly safe disposal of waste/polluted water. Water is a state subject under the Indian Constitution though the centre has been assigned an important role in management of inter-state rivers and river valleys. Water, especially surface water in rivers, streams and dams, is governed by the states. As of groundwater, the ownership of land effectively carries with it the ownership over groundwater, subject to regulation and control by the state. With the 73rd and 74th Amendments of the Constitution, a third tier has been constituted in the Constitutional structure whereby drinking water, water management, watershed development and sanitation are proposed to be devolved to Panchayati Raj Institutions e.g. panchayats in rural areas and municipalities in urban areas (Singh 2007). Thus both the union and the state governments have important roles in management of water. 4.2 Central Government Institutions 4.2.1 National Capital Region (NCR) & NCR Planning Board (NCRPB) Population growth and haphazard development of Delhi let to the preparation of the Master Plan for Delhi in 1962 for the perspective year 1981. This recognized the need for planning Delhi in its regional context. It was recommended in the Plan to set up a Statutory National Capital Region Planning Board and development of the region in accordance with a Regional Plan. NCR falls under the preview of Central Ministry of Urban Development. NCRPB became a reality with the Parliament enacting the Planning Board Act in 1985 with the concurrence of the constituent States of Haryana, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh (Delhi being a Union Territory at that time). Table 6: National Capital Region State NCT Delhi Haryana Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh TOTAL (Source: Sharma, S.K. ,undated) S. No. 1 2 3 4 Area (Sq km) 1,483 13,413 7,829 10,853 33,578

28

Importance of NCRPB for Haryana emanates from the fact that about 45% of the state forms part of the NCR. The current study area falls entirely within the NCR. Institutional Setup NCRPB has 21 members and 10 co-opted members. There are two Cells of the Board viz., Planning Cell and Monitoring Cell with following roles: Preparation of Sub-regional Plan Preparation of Master Plan for urban centres Assistance to the implementing agencies in preparation of projects and schemes for financing by the NCR Planning Board and monitoring of the projects Feed back to the NCR Planning Board in matters relating to Planning, development and projects

Policy

The priority of NCRPB is for Integrated, organized and environment friendly development in the NCR. Laws National Capital Region Planning Board Act, 1985 was enacted by the Union Parliament, with the concurrence of the participating states of Haryana, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. Plans and Schemes The Regional Plan 2021 notified by NCRPB Functional Plan for Groundwater Recharge for NCR Master Plan for Sonepat Kundli

Sector Master Plan for Specific Areas NCRPB is preparing Sector Master Plans for Water Supply, Sewage and Sanitation, Solid Waste Management and Storm Water Drains. The plan is being prepared with the assistance of consultants appointed under ADB Technical Assistance. In Haryana one of the plans is for Sonepat-Kundli. The state is to provide complete status on the above mentioned aspects in a prescribed format. 4.2.2 Ministry of Water Resources (MoWR) The Ministry of Water Resources is involved in developing policy and management planning, regulation and development of water resources and sustainable use of water in the country. The MoWR first drafted a National Water Policy in 1987 which was later revised in 2002. National Water Policy (2002) In a nutshell, the policy focuses on the following: Priority on water is for drinking, domestic use including needs of livestock and subsistence needs of the people.

29

Efforts are to be made for participatory approach to water resources management.

Laws Inter-State Water Disputes Act, 1956 River Boards Act, 1956 Organisational Set up The MoWR has two attached and seven subordinate offices, two PSUs, two registered societies and four statutory bodies. (Source: http://mowr.gov.in/index2.asp?sublinkid=531&langid=1&slid=284 accessed on 070810). Following are some of the key agencies: Central Water Commission (CWC) Central Water Commission (CWC) is a premier technical organisation in the country in the field of water resources and is charged with the general responsibilities of initiating, coordinating and furthering, in consultation with the State Governments concerned, schemes for control, conservation and utilisation of water resources throughout the country, for purpose of Flood Control, Irrigation, Navigation, Drinking Water Supply and Water Power Development. Upper Yamuna River Board (UYRB) UYRB is a subordinate office of the MoWR. It was constituted vide Resolution No. 10(66)/74-IT dated 11.3.95 of the central government. An MoU was signed on 12-May-1994 amongst the party basin states for the sharing of the waters of river Yamuna up to and including Okhla barrage. The MoU provides for creation of a board called Upper Yamuna River Board, primarily for regulation of the allocation of available flows amongst the beneficiary states and also for monitoring the return flows; monitoring conserving and upgrading the quality of surface and ground water; maintaining hydro-meteorological data for the basin; over viewing plans for watershed management; monitoring and reviewing the progress of all projects up to and including Okhla barrage; and other similar functions. Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) Central Ground Water Board (CGWB), is a multidisciplinary scientific organization with a mandate to " Develop and disseminate technologies and monitor and implement national policies for the scientific and sustainable development and management of India's ground water resources, including their exploration, assessment, conservation, augmentation, protection from pollution, and distribution, based on principles of economic and ecological efficiency and equity. CGWB is vested with the responsibilities to carry out scientific studies, exploration aided by drilling, monitoring of ground water regime, assessment, augmentation, management and regulation of countrys ground water resources.

30

Central Ground Water Authority In pursuance of the order passed by the Honble Supreme Court of India, Central Ground Water Board has been constituted as Authority under sub-section (3) of Section 3 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 for regulation and control of groundwater management and development in the country. The Authority is required to regulate indiscriminate boring and to preserve and protect ground water. The jurisdiction of the Authority is whole of India. The Authority functions under the Administrative control of the Ministry of Water Resources with its headquarters at Delhi. As a regulatory measure, some of the important steps taken/being taken by CGWA are given below: Regulating ground water development in 43 over exploited areas. Notified 108 over-exploited for purpose of Control on sinking of tubewells which include 43 areas notified for regulation of ground water development and management and 65 areas for registration of ground water abstraction structures. Issued instructions to Chief Secretaries of States to take measures to promote/ adopt recharge to ground water/ rain water harvesting in over-exploited areas. (Source : http://mowr.gov.in/index3.asp?sslid=784&subsublinkid=772&langid=1 accessed on 050810) Categorization of Blocks / Mandals / Talukas in the Country Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) carries out Ground Water Resource Estimation in consultation with State Governments at Blocks/Mandals/Talukas level. As per the latest assessment of ground water resources carried out in 2004 jointly by the CGWB and the States, out of 5723 assessment units (Blocks/Mandals/Talukas), 839 units are over-exploited (where stage of ground water exploitation is more than 100% with significant decline in long term trend of ground water level in either premonsoon or post-monsoon or both), 226 units are critical (where ground water exploitation is between 90% and 100% with significant decline in long term trend of water level in both pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods). Out of 839 units over-exploited areas in the country most of them are in the State of Andhra Pradesh (219), Haryana (55), Karnataka (65), Punjab (103), Rajasthan (140) and Tamil Nadu (142). (Source: http://mowr.gov.in/index3.asp?subsublinkid=770&langid=1&sslid=782 accessed on 050810) Programmes and Schemes 4.2.3. Command Area Development and Water Management (CADWM) Government of India initiated a Centrally Sponsored Command Area Development Programme (CADP) in December 1974 to improve irrigation potential utilisation and optimise agricultural production from irrigated land through integrated and coordinated approach of efficient water management. The programme components included construction of field channels and field drains, enforcement of warabandi, land levelling and shaping, realignment of field boundaries/ consolidation of holdings, introduction of suitable cropping patterns, strengthening of extension services etc. In 1996, components like farmers participation and reclamation of waterlogged areas were included. The Programme

31

was further restructured from 2004 as Command Area Development and Water Management Programme (CADWM Programme) to make it more comprehensive and beneficial to farmers. (Source: http://mowr.gov.in/index3.asp?sslid=340&subsublinkid=350&langid=1 accessed on 050810) 4.2.4 Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) Department of Drinking Water Supply Priority Safe drinking water for all, at all times, in rural India. Sanitation facilities to all rural poor.

Laws / Guidelines The Department has prepared draft guidelines for preparation of legislation for framing drinking water regulations by the States in 2007. Programmes National Rural Drinking Water Programme Eleventh Plan endeavours to achieve drinking water security at the household level. The programme includes components of Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme and Desert Development Programme. Several projects e.g. Sector Reforms Pilot Project, Sawjaldhara, Indira Gandhi Payjal Yojna have been implemented under the programme. Government of India is giving incentive to States for decentralization and reforms in the drinking water sector. Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) Total Sanitation Campaign is a comprehensive programme to ensure sanitation facilities in rural areas with broader goal to eradicate the practice of open defecation. In 1999, TSC was restructured making it demand driven and people centered. It follows a principle of low to no subsidy where a nominal subsidy in the form of incentive is given to rural poor households for construction of toilets. TSC gives strong emphasis on Information, Education and Communication (IEC); Capacity Building; and Hygiene Education for effective behaviour change with involvement of PRIs, CBOs, and NGOs etc. The key intervention areas are Individual House-Hold Latrines (IHHL); School Sanitation and Hygiene Education (SSHE); Community Sanitary Complex; Anganwadi toilets supported by Rural Sanitary Marts (RSMs); and Production Centers (PCs). The main goal of the GoI is to eradicate the practice of open defecation by 2010. To give fillip to this endeavor, GOI has launched Nirmal Gram Puraskar to recognize the

32

efforts in terms of cash awards for fully covered PRIs and those individuals and institutions who have contributed significantly in ensuring full sanitation coverage in their area of operation. The project is being implemented in rural areas taking district as a unit of implementation. (Source: http://ddws.nic.in/tsc_index.htm accessed on 050810) 4.2.5 Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF) The union Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF) plan, promote, co-ordinate and oversee the implementation of India's environmental and forestry policies and programmes. Some of the objectives of the Ministry are:

Conservation and survey of flora, fauna, forests and wildlife Prevention and control of pollution Afforestation and regeneration of degraded areas Protection of the environment

(Source : http://moef.nic.in/modules/about-the-ministry/introduction/ accessed on 060810) Policies Policy Statement on Abatement of Pollution, 1992 The Policy Statement outlines integrations of environmental considerations into decision making at all levels with following actions. Prevent pollution at source Encourage, develop and apply the best available practicable technical solutions Ensure that the polluter pays for the pollution and control arrangements Focus protection on heavily polluted areas and river stretches Involve the public in decision making (Source : http://moef.nic.in/downloads/about-the-ministry/introduction-psap.pdf accessed on 060810) Laws There are numerous union legislations related to forest and environment in India. Here we are enumerating main relevant laws without mentioning the rules, amendments, and notifications issued there under. Water Pollution The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 Environment Protection The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (Source: http://envfor.nic.in/legis/legis_all.htm accessed on 060810)

33

Programmes and Schemes National River Conservation Plan The Ganga Action Plan (GAP) Phase - I which was taken up as 100 per cent Centrally funded scheme and aimed at preventing the pollution of the river Ganga and to improve its water quality. The plan was started in June 1985. The program of river cleaning was extended to other major rivers of the country under two separate schemes of GAP Phase - II and the National River Conservation Plan (NRCP). Yamuna and Gomati Action Plans were approved in April 1993 under Ganga Action Plan Phase - II. Programs of other major rivers were subsequently approved in 1995 under NRCP. Soon, GAP II was merged with NRCP. The Plan is administered by National River conservation Directorate. (Source: http://moef.nic.in/modules/recentinitiatives/NRCD/table.htm accessed on 060810) 4.3 Haryana Government Departments Some of the key agencies in the state of Haryana which deal directly or indirectly with the development, use and waste management of water are: a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) Irrigation Department (including CADA) Public Health Engineering Department (PHED) Agriculture Department Development and Panchayats Department Industry Department Town and Country Planning Department Power / Energy Department Haryana State Pollution Control Board Tourism Department

4.3.1 Irrigation Department Haryana is one of Indias major irrigating states, with approximately 2.9 mha under surface irrigation. Water is scarce and irrigation water demand exceeds available canal water supplies. Supply is thus well below potential demand and water is rationed in proportion to irrigable area. (Hellegers et al 2007). Canal Commands in Haryana

Yamuna command including Gurgaon and Agra Canal Systems with CCA of 0.288 and 0.158 Million Acres, is the oldest system having CCA of 2.910 Million Acres with Average Irrigated Area as 2.171 Million Acres Bhakra canal command came into existence in 1954 having CCA of 3.565 Million Acres and average irrigated area of 3.029 Million Acres Lift irrigation system of providing irrigation water to higher areas having CCA of 1.265 Million Acres Average Irrigated Area 0.167 Million Acres

Policies Irrigation of all irrigable land with increase in surface water irrigation capacity and minimising seepage losses while ensuring equitable distribution of surface water can be construed to be the policy objectives of the Department.

34

Laws Punjab Reorganization Act, 1966 Haryana Canal and Drainage Act 1974 Punjab Minor Canals Act, 1905 (Punjab Act 3 of 1905)

Administrative set up Irrigation Minister Financial Commissioner and Principal Secretary Engineer-in-Chief 15 Water Service Circles headed by SE 6 Construction Circles headed by SE 2 Vigilance Circles 1 Circle each for procurement/disposal and project activities 3 Superintending Engineers at headquarter for planning, design and water resource Committees, Boards & Institutes State Irrigation Advisory Committee Board of Chief Engineers Haryana Irrigation Research and Management Institute (HIRMI)

Projects Haryana Water Resources Consolidation Project Irrigation Department implemented a major World Bank supported programme of more than Rs 2000 crore ($435 million), Haryana Water Resources Consolidation Project, from 1995 to 2001. Hathnikund Barrage and Dadupur Barrage were created under the project and major rehabilitation and lining of distribution system was under taken. A State Water Plan was prepared; State Water Policy was drafted and an internal Environment Policy of the Department enunciated by the closing of the project. But the State Water Policy is yet be formally adopted the state government (pers. Comm. with S.L. Agarwal, CE, Irrigation). 4.3.2. Command Area Development Authority (CADA) Command Area Development Authority (CADA) started functioning in Haryana during the year 1974 under the centrally sponsored scheme on sharing basis i.e. 50:50 by the State Government and Govt. of India (GOI) to bridge the gap between the irrigation potential created and irrigation potential utilized on selected commands in the state under Command Area Development (CAD) Programme. The CAD was restructured and renamed as Command Area Development & Water Management (CADWM) with effect from 1.4.2004 on the matching basis 50:40:10 by the GOI, State Government and farmers. (Department of Economics and Statistical Analysis, 2009). The Haryana Irrigation Department has primary responsibility for managing state water resources and providing essential services in this sector. The Irrigation Department is responsible for distribution of irrigation water in the main canals,

35

distributory and minors up to the watercourses and operates and maintain all related facilities (except watercourses). CADA takes up works on watercourses. Policy The CAD progamme encourages Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) through the formation of Water User Associations (WUA) at the village level. Organisational Setup Chairman (Secretary, Irrigation) of the Governing Body Administrator/Commissioner (Member Secretary, Governing Body) Chief Engineer (Head, Engineering Wing) There are two committees Coordination and Steering Committees to further streamline the working of CADA. Functions of CADA The approved activities of the CADA for achieving optimum utilisation of irrigation potential are: Construction/Lining of field Channels Adaptive trials/Demonstration Plots Training of Farmers Training of Technical Staff Participative Irrigation Management Evaluation Study Monitoring and evaluation

Schemes CADA has chalked out a scheme to construct 580 water courses covering an area of 56,759 hectares during 2010-11. For this, the government has sought financial assistance from the Union Water Resources Ministry. (Source: http://igovernment.in/site/haryana-plans-rs-406-cr-irrigation-scheme-37926 accessed on 080810) 4.3.3 Public Health Engineering Department (PHED) PHED is responsible for providing drinking water supply facilities in rural and urban areas; sewerage facilities in urban areas; and water supply, sewerage and sanitation in government buildings. Policies/priorities Domestic water @ 135 LPCD in towns/cities & 70 LPCD in villages Tap water to all STP for all towns

Administrative setup Minister in charge FC cum PS

36

Engineer-in-Chief 4 Chief Engineers (CEs) for urban, rural, projects and programs 20 Superintendent Engineer, 71 Executive Engineers and 174 Sub-Divisional Engineers at headquarter and districts. The State Sanitary Board headed by the Honble CM approves PHEDs plans and budget. Schemes PHED supplies water either by tapping groundwater e.g. Jalghar or using surface water e.g. Water Works and creates sewage systems for cities/towns (sewage collection, interception and channeling and sewage treatment plants) through various schemes mentioned below. NABARD schemes NCR Planning Board schemes National Rural Drinking Water Programme Desert Development Programme Economic Stimulus Package Yamuna Action Plan I & II STPs Operation and Maintenance by contracting private parties Devolution of Powers to PRIs Handing over of drinking water supply schemes Some of the specific programmes and schemes are: Sector Reforms Pilot Project (Central Govt.) Swajaldhara Programme Indira Gandhi Payjal Yojna Mahatma Gandhi Gramin Basti Yojana

Though all the villages in Haryana were covered in early 1990s for drinking water supply but many have become deficient as per the per capita water availability norms of 70 lpcd. NCR Planning Board has been regularly supporting water supply and sewage treatment projects for NCR region of Haryana. In June, 2009, a new project was approved for sewerage scheme for Sonepat at a cost of Rs. 8.29 crore and sewerage scheme for Gohana at a cost of Rs. 16.00 crore. In November, 2009, another project costing Rs. 8.51 crore for water supply scheme in Sonepat has been approved by the Board. Schemes under the Yamuna Action Plan I and II are under implementation since 1994. (Source: http://web1.hry.nic.in/budget/Economic%20Survey%202009-10.pdf accessed on 090810) 4.3.4 Agriculture Department Maximisation and modernization of agricultural production while conserving the resources (water and soil) can be considered as the priorities of the agriculture department.

37

Objectives Transmission of latest technical know-how to farmers. Enhance farmers knowledge and make agriculture more productive. Providing feed back from farmers to extension officers / scientists on problems and constraints in Agriculture. a) Enhance professional competence of extension functionaries. b) Create healthy competition amongst farmers. c) Strengthen linkage amongst farmers, extension officers & researchers.

Laws The Seeds Act, 1966 (Amendments and Rules) Soil Conservation Rules The Punjab Sugarcane (Regulation of Purchase and Supply) Act, 1953 (Amendments and Rules) The Fertilizer (Movement Control) Order, 1973 (Amendments and Rules) The Insecticides Act, 1968 (Amendments and Rules) Haryana Cotton and Pressing Factories Act, 1992 (Amendments and Rules) Haryana Cotton and Pressing Factories Rules, 2005 The Essential Commodities Act, 1955 Haryana Dangerous Machines (Regulations) Rules, 1987 The Haryana Preservation of Sub-soil Water Act, 2009 (Paddy) Of special interest from the point of water conservation is the recent legislation, Haryana Preservation of Sub-Soil water Act 2009, which has put a ban on sowing of paddy nursery before 15 May and its transplantation before 15 June. Administrative set up Agriculture Minister State Agriculture Minister Parliamentary Secretary (Agriculture) Finance Commissioner & Principal Secretary Director (Agriculture) 5 Addl. Directors 9 Joint Directors 24 Deputy Directors Groundwater Cell at Headquarter Chief Hydrologist Hydrologist Information Officer Schemes Crop Production & Plant Protection Agricultural Mechanization Soil Conservation Sugarcane Development

38

Integrated Watershed Development Project Agricultural Extension National Agricultural Insurance Scheme National Project on Organic Farming Post Harvest Technology and Management Scheme for development of Ground Water & implementation of various NABARD schemes in the State 4.3.5 Development and Panchayats Department The key objective is to promote the Panchayati Raj Institutions in the state in accordance with the 73rd and 74th amendment to the Indian Constitution. Laws The Haryana Panchayati Raj Act, 1994 The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment envisages the devolution of powers and responsibilities to the three tiers of the Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs), namely, the Zila Parishads, Panchayat Samitis and Gram Panchayats. Consequently, Haryana enacted the Haryana Panchayati Raj Act, 1994 which has since been amended a number of times. Administrative set up The Development Minister (Chief Minister is currently holding the Charge) Parliamentary Secretary (Assists the CM) Finance Commissioner and Principal Secretary Director, Directorate of Development and Panchayat District Development & Panchayat Officers Block Development & Panchayat Officers The Deputy Commissioner assisted by EE (PR) is responsible for the overall developmental activities at the district level. SDO (PR) and JE (PR) are responsible for technical guidance/supervision of developmental works at the block level. PRI role and priorities PRIs have role in construction, repairs and maintenance of drinking water wells, tanks and ponds; prevention and control of water pollution; maintenance of rural water supply schemes; Maintenance of waterways. PRIs are expected to play important role in construction and maintenance of minor irrigation works as well as watershed development. 4.3.6 Industry Department Policies The state has enunciated an Industrial Policy and an Industrial Infrastructure Development Policy. The thrust of these policies is to make Haryana an Industrial State. Laws Haryana Industrial Promotion Act, 2006

39

Haryana Industry Department Notification 2007 These regulations are designed to act as a part of industrial promotion in the state and to facilitate the industries by providing a single window industries interface. The basic aim is to provide single point time bound clearances required for the establishment and operation of industrial undertakings in the state. A High Powered Clearance Committee has been created for the purpose. The Haryana State Industrial Infrastructure Development Corporation (HSIIDC) creates infrastructure that would include provision of water either from the ground or from surface sources like canals. 4.3.7 Town & Country Planning Department The Department of Town and Country Planning, Haryana is responsible to regulate the development and also to check the haphazard development in and around towns In order to involve the private sector in the process of urban development, the Department grants licences to the private colonizers for development of Residential, Commercial, Industrial and IT Park/Cyber Park Colonies. Policies The departments policy is of encourage urbanization (HUDA and private developers) while being considerate to water scarcity. It has been made mandatory for all HUDA buildings having a covered area of 250 sq yards or more to have the facility of roof-top rain water harvesting. It may be noted that rain water harvesting had also been made mandatory for the HUDA plot owners where the area of the roof is 100 sq m or more. (Source: http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020822/haryana.htm). Laws Haryana Development and Regulation of Urban Areas Act, 1975 Haryana Development and Regulation of Urban Areas (Amendment) Act, 2009 Schemes Ranney well to tap ground water from the Yamuna Flood Plains for Supply to urban development Areas (particularly for HUDA developed schemes) 4.3.8 Power Department Power/energy sector in Haryana was drastically reorganized in 1998 on corporate lines. Haryana State Electricity Board was bifurcated into Haryana Vidyut Prasaran Nigam Limited (HVPNL) for transmission and distribution & Haryana Power Generation Corporation Limited (HPGCL) for generation of electricity. Simultaneously, Haryana Electricity Regulatory Commission (HERC) was setup at the same time for restructuring and reforming the sector with the backing of electricity reform legislation.

40

Laws The Haryana Electricity Reform Act, 1997 Electricity Act, 2003 Bodies Haryana Vidyut Prasaran Nigam Limited (HVPNL) Haryana Power Generation Corporation Limited (HPGCL) Uttar Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam (UHBVN) Dakshin Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam (DHBVN) Haryana Electricity Regulatory Commission (HERC) 4.3.9 Haryana State Pollution Control Board The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 is a specific and comprehensive legislation for controlling water pollution and institutionalizing regulatory agencies. The Pollution Control Boards at the Centre and in the States came into being in terms of this Act and giving powers to the members so as to enable them to carry out the purposes of the Act. The state Board has 17 members to implement the Act. Functions of the Board (a) To Plan a comprehensive programme for the prevention, control or abatement of pollution of streams and wells. (b) To advise the State Government on any matters concerning the prevention, control or abatement of water pollution. (c) To collect and disseminate information relating to the water pollution and prevention, control or abatement thereof. (d) To encourage, conduct and participate in investigations and research relating to problems of water pollution, prevention, control or abatement of water pollution. (e) To inspect sewage or trade effluents, works and plants for the treatment of sewage and trade effluents and to review plans, specifications or other data relating to plant set up for the treatment of water, works for the purification thereof and the system for the disposal of sewage or trade effluents or in connection with the grant of any consent as required by this Act. (f) Lay down, modify or annul effluent standards for the sewage and trade effluents and for the quantity of receiving water (not being water in an inter-state stream) resulting from the discharge of effluents and to classify waters in the state. (g) To evolve economical and reliable methods of treatment of sewage and trade effluents, having regard to the peculiar conditions of soils, climate and water resources of different region and more especially the prevailing flow characteristics of water in streams and wells, which render it impossible to attain even the minimum degree of dilution and other such functions. Section 25/26 of the Water Act says that no industry or operator process or any treatment and disposal system can be established without the previous consent of the State Board and no industry or process can discharge sewage or trade effluent into a stream or well or sewer or land in excess of the standards & without the consent of the Board; whoever contravenes the provisions of section 25 or section 26

41

of the Water Act shall be punishable with imprisonment for term which shall not be less than one and half year but which may extend to six years with fine under section 43/44 of the Water Act. The Board can issue directions for closure of industry & disconnection of electricity in case of persistent defiance by any polluting industry under section 33-A of the Water Act. 4.3.10 Tourism Department The primary function of the Tourism Department is to develop tourism infrastructure in the public and private sector. The development of tourism infrastructure in the public sector is done by way of funds received from the State Govt. in its annual/five year plans. In addition, the Tourism Department makes efforts to get maximum possible central financial assistance from Govt. of India for creation of tourism infrastructure. Once developed and furnished the tourist complexes are handed over to the Haryana Tourism Corporation for their maintenance and operation as an agent of the State Government. As on date, the department has set up a net work of 44 tourist complexes spreading all over the state. As per the Haryana Industrial Policy-2005, tourism / hotel projects have been made eligible for various concessions at par with the Industries. (Source: http://haryanatourism.gov.in/Citizen-Charter-deptt.pdf accessed on 120810) Policy 2008 Tourism policy envisages creation of an environment conducive to attracting increased private investment in the tourism sector. The State Government will confine its efforts to infrastructural development ensuring uninterrupted electricity, water supply and provision of basic medical facilities. It will also be responsible for dissemination of information, organisation of festivals and inter-departmental co-ordination to create conditions for attracting private sector investment for the tourism sector. For this it will provide fiscal incentives, assist in providing suitable sites and remove bottlenecks, especially those connected with infrastructural development. The eligibility norms and the details of incentives proposed to be given to hotel / tourism projects have been specifically mentioned in the policy in which the projects of hotels (3 star and above), amusement parks / recreational parks / theme parks, golf courses, adventure tourism, multiplexes and malls and heritage hotels will be eligible for the concessions /incentives which are available to industry besides tourism being treated as an industry. (Source: http://haryanatourism.gov.in/tourdeptpolicy.asp accessed on 120810)

42

CHAPTER 5
STUDY OBSERVATIONS 5. 1 General Area of investigation (study area) falls almost entirely in the NCR. Water from the river flows in the canals while the river bed is dry. Canal management is a closed affair and the general public especially the farmer (despite being greatly impacted by such decisions) is unaware of what goes on. Paddy and wheat are the key crops. Paddy in the study area is grown more like a cash crop. Farmer has little respect left for water supplies as wastage of water is rampant. Old water order (wells, hand pumps) in rural areas is completely transformed. Advertisements of submersible pumps are the most conspicuous in the rural areas. Improved technology has made access to ground water easier but turned the user wasteful and created a false sense of plenty by increasing the users ability to mine deep underground for water. Standing waste water (with resulting health risks) is a common sight both in rural and urban areas and alongside the roads and railway lines. Urbanisation, industrialisation and promotion of service sector (tourism, educational cities etc) often at the cost of agricultural lands are fast paced. One can get little meaningful information from the official websites of most state government departments. Pictorial

5.2

1. Canal is full while the river is dry

Pic. 1: Water less river Yamuna bed at Sonepat. (9.3.10)

Pic 2: WYC at Munak head. (11.3.10)

43

2. Assured water supply to industry from WYC while distributary is dry

Pic 3: Water less but lined Rajapura minor near village Aterna (Sonepat). 9.3.10

Pic 4: Water from Hulana distributary (WYC) meeting the demands of NFL (Panipat). 17.6.10.

3. Wells have dried while submersible pump is most popular mode of ground water extraction

Pic 5: Abandoned well at village Joshi Jaat (Sonepat). 9.3.10

44

Pic 6: Conspicuous advt. for Submersible pumps. 12.4.10 4. Waste water is conspicuous both in urban and rural areas

Pic 7: Drain in Panipat. 12.4.10

Pic 8: Polluted state of village pond (Khewara). 27.4.10

45

Pic 9: Waste water from Gannaur town (Sonepat) accumulated along the railway track. Trees have dried as a result. 17.6.10

Pic 10: Waste water from Samalkha town (Panipat) standing along the railway track behind Nestle Factory. 17.6.10 5. Functioning of STPs leave a lot to desire

Pic 11: Poor quality Effluent from 10 MLD STP at Panipat. 12.4.10

46

Pic 12: Hardly any effluent from 30 MLD STP (Panipat) entering highly polluted Panipat Drain. 28.4.10

Pic 13: Idle 30 MLD STP at Panipat. 29.4.10

Pic 14: PCRI at BHEL, Hardwar has been reporting on a monthly basis about the water quality of effluent at both the 10 MLD and 30 MLD STP at Panipat. But the reports do not seem to be a true reflection of the actual water quality at the STPs.

47

Pic 15: Treated effluent from 30 MLD STP at Sonepat falling into the polluted waters of Drain no 6. (16.6.10) 6. Drains on WYC meant to carry either extra canal water or flood/storm water is predominantly carrying only waste water to the river

Pic 16: Munak Escape (Drain No 2) at its origin (WYC). 11.3.10

Pic 17: Panipat drain (left) meeting Munak Escape (Drain no 2) u/s of Shimla Gujran village. (Panipat). 29.4.10

48

Pic 18: Munak Escape (Drain No 2) at its end feeding Panipats waste waters to river Yamuna. 11.3.10

Pic 19: Drain no 6 (foreground) carries waste water to the river alongside Drain no 8 that supplies drinking water from WYC to the WTP at Wazirabad (Delhi). 16.6.10 5.3 Specific Observations from village surveys Name, location, people Four villages as under, located in the four corners (Fig. 4) of the study area were identified and surveyed: Table: Surveyed Villages Name Sardhana Shimla Gujran Dadlana Block (District) Gannaur (Sonepat) Bapoli (Panipat) Area in Acre 1300 0500 Population 1800-2000 3000-3500 4500-5000 9000-9500 Inhabitants Malik, Brahmin Harijan, Balmiki Brahmin, Gurjar, Muslim, Harijan, Balmiki Rana, Brahmin, Harijan, Balmiki, Migrant Labourers Jat, Brahmin, Harijan, Balmiki, Gadriya

Gharaunda 1000 (Karnal) Khewara Rai 1700 (Sonepat) (Source: Field survey, 2010)

49

5.4

Village Infrastructure

Connectivity All the 4 villages are well connected with all weather metalled roads and are easily accessible with private mode of transportation. Educational and medical facilities Khewara and Dadlana being large in size are relatively better off in educational and medical facilities as compared to Sardhana and Shimla Gujran. There is a government primary, middle and a senior secondary school in Khewara. Dadlana has a government Primary and Senior Secondary School, while Sardhana has a Primary and a High School. In Shimla Gujran there is only a government Middle School. In addition each of these villages has one or two private schools. Villagers reported some of them sending their children to private schools outside of their village too. Dadlana with a government Primary Health Centre and an upcoming 36 bed government is best endowed in terms of medical facilities. Similarly Khewara has a government Primary Health Centre and a number of private medical practitioners. Both in Sardhana and in Shimla Gujran the villagers are dependent solely on skilled and semi-skilled private medical practitioners. As regards veterinary services, while there are village clinics both at Sardhana and Shimla Gujran no physician reportedly attends to them and the villagers are dependent on facilities outside of their villages. It is notable that while both Sardhana and Shimla Gujran still maintain the charms and simplicity of a rural setting and culture, the same is not true anymore of Khewara and Dadlana. Facilities like the Rai Sports School; Rajiv Gandhi Education City; Glaxo Smith Cline factory and DP School in the vicinity of Khewara and the Panipat Refinery; Indian Oil Depot and the Refinery townships next to Dadlana have brought urban influences and habits into the village and their inhabitants. 5.5 Village use of water Irrigation Three of the surveyed villages namely Sardhana, Dadlana and Khewara possess canal (WYC system) based irrigation infrastructure, while the fourth village viz., Shimla Gujran, despite lying on either side of the Munak Escape (Drain no 2) has no such facility and is dependent entirely on the use of ground water for irrigation. Sardhana village Situated next to the Parallel Delhi Branch of the WYC at the Khubru Head, Sardhana stands out over the other two villages in terms of utilisation of canal water. About 700 acre (out of the 1300 acre irrigable land) is being irrigated with canal water. The village has on its south two canal head based outlets of Rajapura distributary and Bajana minor and lie at the tail of Israna and Hulana distributaries of WYC. Due to

50

technical reasons outlet from Rajapura (installed in 2008) is irrigating just 10 -15 acre of land against the capacity of 45 acres. Sardhana shares in mutual arrangement the 6 cusec release from the Bajana minor with nearby villages of Touydi and Pugthala. This irrigates about 600 acres of land in the village. The tail of Israna (command of 300 acre) and Hulana (command of 35 acres) have not received canal water for years. Landa rajwaha (water course) from the Israna distributary (now part of Dhindar minor) is reported to have no water supply due to uneven surface level of the course. Whereas the lined water course of the Hulana distributary is defunct like the Water User Association (WUA) formed in the village to manage it. It is thus little wonder that a village located next to the WYC and possessing good irrigation infrastructure is still heavily dependent on ground water (tube-wells and submersible pumps) to meet its irrigation needs. Dadlana village Dadlana village lying on the Munak Escape (Drain No 2) has provision of canal water supply from Begumpur minor which off takes from the Bajida Jata Distributary. The outlet on the Begumpur minor is shared with the adjoining village of Begumpur. The water course is lined up to the boundary of Begumpur village and is unlined in the area of Dadlana. Villagers reported that the canal water in enough to irrigate not more than 15 acres, and with the supply being irregular and insufficient, has compelled the farmers to make alternate arrangements (Tube wells and Submersible pumps) to source ground water for irrigation purposes. Regular flow in the Munak Escape had greatly facilitated the ground water recharge and thus the fall in ground water from irrigation use was by and large compensated. But with the closure of Munak escape for the last two years the water table in the village has started to show declining trend. Khewara village 1L Rajapura minor passes next to the Khewara village. The village has been provided four (4) out-lets on the Rajpura minor, which is meant to irrigate 300 acres of land in the village area. Villagers reported irrigating no more than 80 acres of land from these outlets. They have a mutually formed warabandi and the Irrigation department collects charges (Ugahi) for only 35 acres. The survey reports the following reasons for the poor utilisation of canal water facilities: a) b) Large part of the land adjoining the Minor belongs to the Panchayat. As the village lies close to the National Highway (NH 1), part of its panchayat land has been either acquired by the government (beginning with land for the Sports School at Rai) or purchased by the private entrepreneurs and the price of the land has resultantly gone up many times. The Minor has a total length of 120 RD but is currently maintained up to 94 RD. The Khewara village falls at 71 RD and the Motilal Nehru Sports School at Rai is situated at 83 RD. The 1L Rajapura Minor was constructed only in 1960s, after the land consolidation (Chak bandi) process had been completed. No water courses

c) d)

51

e)

were then laid by the Irrigation Department. So now if a water course has to be laid then it shall pass through private land, which will require to be paid for by the water users. Since the land is now expensive and the canal water supply is uncertain, the potential water user find it cost effective to make do with his private tube well rather than meet the expenses of laying a water course. The Motilal Nehru Sports School at Rai is supplied canal water on a priority basis.

Informal consultation with the officials of the irrigation department reveal that on account of fast changing land use scenario where most land along the NH1 (including the Khewara village) would soon get converted either for commercial or service sector use, the department is considering to de-command the area and the water in the Minor would then be available only for the use of the Sports School at Rai. Shimla Gujran Shimla Gujran has no canal based supply and fully depends on the ground water for meeting its irrigation needs. Just like in the case of the Dadlana village, Shimla Gujran too, despite lying on the banks of the Munak Escape (Drain no 2) is now facing severe fall in its water table as there is no ground water recharge from the water flowing earlier in the Munak Escape. More over since Shimla Gujran lies downstream of the point where the Panipat drain disgorges its highly polluted water into the Munak Escape (pic 17), there is always polluted water in the drain, which is finding its way to the underground and polluting the villages ground water. Drinking water According to the survey, wells and hand pumps in the villages are now things of the past, except in the Sardhana village where a lone hand pump alongside the WYC is meeting the most drinking water needs of the village. Table : Water sources for domestic use Village No. of Jalghar Panchayat TW Panchayat Private Water Hand TW Works pump 15-20 15-20 01 500 25 20 300 00 30 Pond 04 02 04 0 Wells 02 03 02 00

Sardhana 01 04 Dadlana 02 100 Khewara 01 200 Shimla 02 25 Gujran (Source: Field Survey, 2010)

It is either the government installed Jalghar, or private as well as panchayat installed tube wells and submersible pumps that are meeting the drinking water needs of the villagers in all the four (4) surveyed villages. There is also a government scheme to install water works, locally called as a diggi, to supply drinking water sourced from surface supply like a canal. It is only in the Sardhana village where a diggi was constructed way back in 1987, but is reportedly still to become operational.

52

Jal Ghar All the 4 surveyed villages have Jalghars (deep and high capacity tube wells) which have been installed and run by the PHED to supply drinking water to the villagers. It is planned to hand over the running and maintenance of the Jalghar to the local Panchayats but the Panchayats seem reluctant to take up the responsibility. It has been observed that the Jalghar scheme while meeting a part of the essential drinking water needs of the villagers is beset with a number of problems. a) Jalghars run only when there is power supply, which is erratic and uncertain. b) Resultantly the Jalghar operator is unable to maintain any fixed timings and often the Jalghar, running for the entire period there is power supply, over supplies water, which goes waste. c) Pipelines laid to connect the household with the Jalghar are reportedly of inferior quality and thus often leaks and wastes water. d) Jalghar do not cover the entire village. e) Villagers often resort to unaccounted connections from the Jalghar pipe-line, thus avoiding connection charges of Rs 500 (Rs. 250 for Scheduled Caste/ Backward Classes under Indira Payjal Yojna) payable to the PHED. f) Cost of water supplied per connection which is Rs. 20 per connection per month (Rs. 10 for Scheduled Caste/ Backward Classes under Indira Payjal Yojna ) is reportedly not paid by the villagers. Panchayat / Private tube-wells for water supply All the surveyed villages reported a large number of panchayat installed as well as private (by the rich in the village) tube wells (including submersible pumps) in the village to meet the drinking water needs. It has been seen and reported that most private/panchayat installed tube-wells in the all the surveyed villages except Dadlana use kundi (unmetered power connection) system to run the tube- wells. Abuse of the system It is reported and seen during the survey that drinking water from both the Panchayati and private tube well/submersible pumps is being used for non drinking water purposes like bathing of cattle, washing of homes, streets, vehicles etc. This results in rampant wastage of water which in turn stands as waste water on village streets or over flows and floods the village ponds (most evident in the Khewara village). Equity It is reported and seen during the survey that while on one hand the rich and the dominant households in the villages have water to waste, the house holds belonging to the weaker sections struggle to get enough. This is because that while the Jalghar supplies are erratic, uncertain and do not cover all the households, they (weaker section households) cannot afford to have personal tube wells/submersible connections, and the same when installed by the panchayat (even which are selectively provided in pockets of the powerful or the influential in the village) soon get monopolised by few individuals and thus are not easily accessible to the former. The government schemes like the Indira Payjal

53

Yojana, meant exclusively for the weaker sections has little benefitted them, except to provide them with a 200 litre water tank. But without water what use is the water tank? Village ponds and wells The traditional water sources like ponds and wells have either been encroached upon or abandoned in all the surveyed villages. The village ponds (all the surveyed villages except Shimla Gujran has one or more) are no longer used for irrigation purposes. The village ponds act as reservoir of waste water from the village or collection of rain water during the monsoon and serve primarily as bathing facility for the village cattle. Even the four (4) ponds dug in the Sardhana village under the Haryali scheme for rain water harvesting were reportedly under dug and hence flood whenever there is heavy rainfall, compelling the villagers to pump out the water from them into nearby drain. In the Dadlana village a hospital is being constructed over reclaimed 4 acre of the 6 acre pond area and the original pond has been converted from being a natural one into an artificial one (pic 26) where water is now required to be filled from time to time from the nearby Jalghar and the standing and often stinking water from the pond drained out into the nearby Munak Escape (Drain No 2). It is a strange irony that being located next to the Munak Escape cum Drain No 2, the Shimla Gujran villagers never felt the need of a pond. And now after the closure of the former they are left with only stinking waste water in it with all the concomitant risks to the health of humans and cattle of the village. The ponds in Khewara village get regularly flooded with the villages waste water more due to careless and blatant misuse of drinking water supplied from the Jalghar or extracted by the private tubewell/submersible connections. Wells in all the four surveyed villages have either been abandoned or filled, although the well (pic 29) in the Sardhana village can easily be revived (though seemingly has no stake holder for it). Dadlana and Shimla Gujran have done away with their wells whereas the same in Khewara have run dry due to the falling water table. Village survey general observations Farming with excessive use of inorganic fertilisers, insecticides and weedicides and a tendency to multi-crop in a year has taken a heavy toll on the health of the soil and is depleting the ground water resources beyond recovery. Growing of paddy in the study area is primarily as a cash crop since eating of rice is not a part of the staple diet of the region. Farmers are largely unaware of the governmental schemes like UGPL (Under Ground Pipe Line) and Laser Levelling and hence have benefitted little from them. Water thefts from canal/distributaries/minors are quite common. Canal water does not reach the tail ends of canal distributaries and minors.

54

Farmers being not assured of canal water supplies are steadily reducing their dependence on the same and resorting to ground water extraction for irrigation purposes. The number of power run ground water extraction pumps (Private, panchayat, and departmental tube wells, submersible pumps) has gone up manifold in last one and a half decade. Departmental regulations such as ban on growing of Sathi Dhan and burning of straw etc are not entirely effective nor enough to conserve resources like soil and ground water. There are no community evolved/framed rules & regulations regarding judicious use and conservation of essential resources like soil and ground water, nor is there any initiative for the same despite there being a widespread acknowledgement of a need thereof. Villagers/ panchayats/concerned departments lack plans to reduce consumption of fresh water and/or recycling of used water.

Pic 20: Meeting in Shimla Gujran 27.4.10 (Sonepat) 11.3.10

Pic 21: Meeting in Khewara (Sonepat).

Pic 22: Meeting at Shimla Gujran. (Panipat) 29.4.10

Pic 23: Meeting at Sardhana (Sonepat). 16.6.10

55

Pic 24: Discussion with villagers at Dadlana. Pic 25: Outlet in Rajapura minor at Khewara 12.4.10 village. 9.3.10

Pic 26: Hospital (38 bed) under construction in part of the village pond land (Dadlana village). 12.4.10

Pic 27: Lone hand pump along the WYC that meets the drinking Water needs of Sardana Village (Sonepat). 16.6.10

56

Pic 28: Water works at village Sardana (Sonepat). Defunct since 1987, but has often been repaired. 16.6.10

Pic 29: Well at Sardhana village. 16.6.10

57

CHAPTER 6
STUDY FINDINGS 6.1 There is not enough water in the WYC system

According to a study (Hellegers et al, 2007), the available supply of water in the irrigation system is well below potential demand and water is rationed in proportion to irrigable area. The above fact is corroborated by supply in rotation of water from the WYC canal system for irrigation purposes to branches on a rotation of 8 days. According to this rotation system, which is fixed on six monthly basis (for kharif and rabi season) the water for irrigation flows in these branch canals, as per availability in full flow or nil flow basis. At the Khubru head where the water is supplied to four different branch canals (JLN, Butana, Bhalaut and Sunder) it will be only after 3 weeks to a month that the turn of a branch canal would come. For example during the 2010 Kharif season around 6000 cusec is available for 4groups rotational program from April October. (letter dated 27 April 2010, from Engineer-in-Chief, Irrigation Department, Haryana). It is notable that the said letter from the E-in-C, Haryana specifically requests the Director, Agriculture department, to publicise the sowing of less water requiring crops in the state during the Rabi season, please. The scarcity of water for irrigation is also indicated by the following table which shows that at least in two districts (Karnal and Panipat) in the study area the ground water irrigation (tube wells) far exceeds that from the canal while in the other (Sonepat) canal irrigation just about equals that from the ground (tube wells) : Table: Net Area under Irrigation (000 ha) District Canal Tanks Wells Tube Wells 123 68 70 Other source Total

Karnal Panipat Sonepat

75 28 85

198 96 155

(Source: Director of Land Records, 2007-08) The field work in the surveyed villages endorses the fact that there is not enough water in the WYC and resultantly the situation is as under: f) The Water User Associations (WUA) formed in villages Sardhana (Sonepat) and Khewara (Sonepat) are non functional for want of any security of water supply to the consumers/members of the WUA.

58

g) h)

At Khewara the farmers avoid becoming part of warabandi as they might end up paying for water that they may not actually receive through the Rajapura minor At Joshi Jaat village there has not been any water for several years at the end of the Rajapura distributary despite the distributary having been lined under the WB funded Haryana Water Resources Consolidation Project. Demands on the waters of the WYC system are on an increase

6.2

A comparative look (Annexure 2) at water allocations made from the WYC between 2001 and 2010 reveals that demands on the canal water are not just increasing but also diversifying. If we compare the essential allocations (which must be supplied continuously no matter which group is getting the supplies in the rotation) we find that more and more claimants on the canal water are emerging. And since the quantum of water in the canal is not expendable endlessly despite an increase of 4000 cusec in the barrages capacity to hold water after the barrage at Tajewala was replaced by the one upstream at Hathnikund, an increase in the quantum and kind of essential allocations can only be at the cost of supplies otherwise meant for irrigation purposes: Table: Additional Requirement at Munak S. Claimant No. 1. HTP (Haiderpur Treatment Plant) 2. PTP (Panipat Thermal Plant) 3. NFL (National Fertiliser Limited) 4. GWS (Gurgaon Water Supply) 5. P.N.C.P (Panipat Naptha Cracker Plant) 6. Addn. Losses Total 7. Refinery Channel 8. 9. 10. 11. For Minimum flow on Yamuna below Wazirabad (For Agra/Gurgaon Canal) Delhi Jal Board Transit Losses from Tajewala to Munak & NBK+SYL* C.L.C. (Carrier Lined Channel) TOTAL 2001 523.00 80.00 40.00 70.00 0 25.00 738.00 30.00 240.00 0 0 2010 Remarks

485.00 Drinking water 90.00 Industrial 45.00 Industrial 138.00 Drinking water 45.00 Industrial/Drinking water 25.00 828.00 35.00 Industrial/Drinking water 165.00 Irrigation 92.00 Drinking water (Delhi) 516.00

400.00 Drinking water (Delhi) 1008 2036 cusec cusec (Source: WAPCOS, 2003 and Irrigation Department, 2010) * This figure is not comparable as the transit losses as enumerated and considered for the 2010 season were not considered as part of additional requirement at Munak during the 2001 season.

59

Clearly water from canal is increasingly being diverted to meet either the drinking water needs or the industrial needs. It is notable that just one claimant (S.No.8) in the table above and which is meant for Agra/Gurgaon Canal through river Yamuna to irrigate areas in south east Haryana has actually seen a decrease in allocation from 240 cusec to 165 cusec. The under construction NCR channel u/s of Kakroi Head on the Delhi branch of WYC is the latest and most clear example of the manner in which the canal waters are being gradually but surely diverted to meet not just public drinking water needs but also private players needs for real estate and industrial projects. Such diversion of canal water from WYC for non irrigation and non drinking purposes is prima facie violative of the 1994 MOU signed between the riparian states of river Yamuna according to which allocation of the utilizable water resources of river Yamuna is meant for irrigation and consumptive drinking water requirements of the basin states. 6.3 There is little lean-season flow in the river system

The compromised state of the river as a result of almost total water abstraction into the WYC and the EYC at Hathnikund Barrage is a classic example of the tragedy of commons. The 1376 km long river Yamuna which was not only perennial but is counted amongst the holiest of rivers in the country is today bereft of any flow in it for almost 650 km of its length from d/s of Hathnikund barrage till Bhareh (Etawah) in the lean season months of March June. The reason for this sad state of affairs is not far to seek. At the time of the formation of Haryana state in 1966 from the erstwhile undivided Punjab, it was an agreement between the Punjab and Uttar Pradesh governments made on 12th March 1954 regarding distribution of supplies at Tajewala headworks between Western Jamuna (Yamuna) Canal and Eastern Jamuna (Yamuna) Canal that determined the distribution of the Yamuna waters in the event of the river discharge being less than the total indent of the two canals. (Annexure 9). Later on 12th May 1994, an MOU was signed between the five (Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, NCT of Delhi and Rajasthan) riparian states of the river regarding allocation of surface flow of Yamuna (Annexure 1). Upper Yamuna River Board (UYRB) has been created in the CWC (Central Water Commission) to oversee the implementation of the 1994 MOU. These agreements which have been based primarily (with a lip service to ecological flows in the river) on the riparian states requirements of irrigation and consumptive drinking water requirements have progressively robbed the river of its natural flow to an extent that now downstream of Hathnikund barrage only a symbolic flow of 160 cusec is reportedly maintained (to meet the needs of flora and fauna in the river) by Haryana as a minimum flow in the river. It is seen that this limited discharge in the river d/s of Hathnikund barrage is not even enough to reach Kalanaur (Yamuna Nagar) some 35 km downstream of Hathnikund what to talk of meeting the water needs of the flora and fauna in the entire river.

60

6.4

Intervention of Supreme Court

The Supreme Court of India in Cdr Sureshwar D Sinha Vs Union of India (W.P. (C ) 537 of 1992) ordered on 14th May 1999 that a minimum flow of 10 cumec (353 cusec) must be allowed to flow throughout the river Yamuna (Dutta, 2009). A formula was also decided by the Court about the share of riparian states in the proposed 10 cumec of minimum flow: Table: Share of minimum flow State Haryana UP NCT of Delhi Rajasthan HP (Source: Dutta, 2009) Percentage 57 28.7 4.6 5.2 4.8

A contempt notice in the case was also issued on 21st July 1999 by the Court, to the Chief Secretary of Haryana, requiring him to show cause why action of contempt be not taken against him. And yet the flow in the river d/s of Tajewala/Hathnikund barrage/s has progressively declined as shown below:

Fig. 5: Flow in River Yamuna (Source: PEACE, 2009) 6.5 Closure of Munak Escape

Munak escape or Drain No 2 (Fig. 2) originates u/s of Munak Head on main branch of WYC. Formally constructed first in 1974 (though as per XEN, CADA, Panipat it has been in existence since late 19th century) with a capacity of 2000 cusec it conveyed around 500 cusec of water to the river till late 2008 to meet the drinking water needs of Delhi at its Wazirabad WTP (Water Treatment Plant). This flow ensured that there was always some flow in the river between Panipat and NCT of Delhi. It being unlined also ensured that there was a regular recharge of ground water as a result of which at least 10 villages located on or close to the drain benefited for meeting their non-irrigation water needs. Then on 25th December 2008 a telephonic message from XEN, Sonepat revised the flow through Munak Escape and thus changed everything.

61

Requirement at head Parallel Delhi Branch may be considered as under w.e.f. 4 a.m. dated 26/12/08 (RTI, 2010). Table: Water allocation at Munak Head of WYC USER ALLOCATION (Cusec) Plants 637 GWS (Gurgaon Water Supply) 120 NTP (Nangloi Treatment Plant) 60 N/G (Najafgarh drain) 240 Downstream Khubru C.L.C.(DJB) 400 SDR (SUNDAR BRANCH) 12 BLT (BHALAUT BRANCH) 1498 Total 2967 Munak Escape NIL (Source: RTI response dated 5/7/10 from XEN). A discussion on the sudden closure of the Munak Escape by the Irrigation department of Haryana held at a one day workshop on 26 July 2010 at Panipat revealed that: a) Since Munak Escape was not an irrigation canal so the Irrigation department was within its right to close it as it thought fit. b) The irrigation department was losing (sic) about 250 cusec to seepage losses as only 250 cusec of the released 500 cusec actually reached Delhi when supplied through the Munak Escape and the river. c) The irrigation department was now supplying the same 250 cusec to Delhi through the lined Drain No 8 (in place of Munak Escape / Drain no 2) and utilising the saved 250 cusec of canal water elsewhere in the state. (unconfirmed claim). Now while prima facie the arguments put forth by the XEN, CADA at Panipat seem well placed, it is symptomatic of the rigid departmental compartments in which the bureaucracy tends to operate to the detriment of many other valid considerations. The questions that the sudden closure of Munak Escape / Drain no. 2, beg answers to are: 1. What about the needs of the people in the villages alongside the Munak Escape whose social life revolved around water in the drain. Did they not deserve even a reasonable notice to come to terms with the ceasing of flow in the drain? 2. Effluent from the 35 MLD STP that fell into the Panipat drain which then out falls in the Munak Escape (pic 17) was diluted due to flow in the Munak Escape. This dilution role of the Munak Escape was removed and as a result now it is only the heavily polluted waters in the Panipat drain which is reaching and creating serious health hazards to people and cattle in villages like Shimla Gujran that are located d/s of the point where the Panipat drain meets the Munak Escape. 3. What the irrigation department considers as seepage losses was actually ground water recharge that was taking place due to water flowing first in the unlined drain and later in the river?

62

4. What about the river and all the other associated beneficiaries who were dependent on the water flowing in the river fed by the Munak Escape / Drain no 2. 5. It is understood that till the closure of the Munak Escape, there was water always in the river in at least the Sonepat stretch of the river down to Delhi. Now all that is dry (pic 1). Clearly a drain like Munak Escape is not just an escape or a drain but has important socio economic and ecological dimensions to it, which cannot and should not be ignored before such decisions are taken. 6.6 Increasing demands on water sources

It is seen that the state of Haryana is slowly but steadily transforming itself from a predominantly agrarian economy into a much diverse economy where industry, manufacturing and service sector plays an increasingly important role. This entails varied and increasing demands on all the available water sources. Table: Water needs of few select industries and facilities Name of the Agency Amount of water used Drinking Purpose 1.776 MLD. Other Purpose 4.812 MLD Source of water

Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Panipat National Fertilizers Limited, Panipat Motilal Nehru School of Sports, Rai, Sonipat Panipat Thermal Power Plant, Panipat

8866.407 million ltrs. During 2009-10. .8 MLD.

90 cusec (cubic feet per second) as per 2010 allocations (Source: RTI applications, 2010)

Haryana Irrigation Department. (WYC) Hulana distributory of Yamuna Canal. (WYC) Ground water and stored water of canal base. (Rajapura Distributary) Haryana Irrigation Department. (WYC)

A perusal of the above table indicates that in the study area canal water supplied by the Irrigation Department in the WYC command (including its distributary like Rajapura and Hulana) is meeting the drinking and other needs of industries like IOC refinery, NFL and PTP at Panipat but also service facilities like the Motilal Nehru School of Sports at Rai (Sonepat). It is also seen that in addition to the water from the canal system, the ground water is a major source of meeting various demands on water in the study area.

63

Table : Highly (>300 KLD) water consuming industries in Sonepat Name and Address of the Unit M/s Atlas Cycles (Haryana) Pvt. Ltd. Atlas Road, Sonepat M/s Ch. Devi Lal Co-op Sugar Mills Ltd., Vill. Ahulana, Tehsil Gohana, Sonepat M/s Flora Dyeing House (Pvt Ltd. 393, HSIDC, Barhi, Sonepat M/s Glaxo SmithKline Consumer Healthcare Products Ltd. Sonepat Meerut Road, Vill. Khewara, Sonipat. M/s Kohinoor Foods Ltd. G.T. Road, Murthal Sonipat M/s Milton Cycle Industries Ltd. Indl. Area, Sonepat M/s Oriental Dyers Plot No. 387-88, HSIDC, Barhi, Sonepat M/s Riba Textiles Ltd., Vill. Chidana, Gohana M/s SKOL Breweries Ltd. G.T. Road, Muthal M/s Sonu Enterprises 358, HSIDC, Indl. Area, Sonepat M/s Vardhman Gar-Tex 420, HSIDC, Barhi, Sonepat Qty. of water in KLD 300 650 450 450 Water Supply Source Own tubewell Own tubewell Own tubewell Own tubewell

410 350 650 360 750 350 475

Own tubewell Own tubewell Own tubewell + HSIIDC water supply Own tubewell Own tubewell Own tubewell + HSIIDC water supply Own tubewell + HSIIDC water supply

(Source: Haryana State Pollution Control Board, Sonepat, 2010) Assessing and meeting the domestic water demands of a major city like Panipat is a good indicator of the changing water situation in the study area. Table: Zone wise demand and supply of water in Panipat City Wards Area (sq. km.) Population 2001 2006 No. of Tube wells Existing Supply @ .35 mld per tubewell Existin g deman d 2006 (mld) @ 180 lpcd 6.28 6.56 8.84 4.70 6.22 Short fall (mld)

6,7,8,9 5,17, 18,19 10,11, 12,13 15,16,2 1 20, 22, 23

3.336 2.38 1.82 1.817 2.774

29069 30393 40914 21742 28783

34883 36472 49097 26090 34540

11 10 9 2 5

3.85 3.50 3.15 0.70 1.75

2.43 3.06 5.69 4.00 4.47

64

1,2,3 3.026 37190 44628 4,25,26 4.001 35374 42449 , 27 24,28,2 3.662 45658 54790 9,30,31 ,32 Total 22.816 271124 324955 (Source: PHED, Panipat Division)

4 19 3

1.40 6.65 1.05

8.03 7.64 9.86

6.63 0.99 8.81

63

22.05

58.13

36.08

Similarly the state of water harvest and villagers impression of the status of ground water in their villages points to increasing water stress in the study area. Table: Water use and table in the studied villages Villages Person al Hand pumps 30 50 0 Panchayati Hand pumps 25 500 0 Personal Submer sible 10 25 20 Panchayati Submersible 10 100 25 200 08 10 Jal ghar 01 02 02 01 07 01 Water Table (meter) 09-18 24-27 24-27 27-30 24-27 24-27

Sardhana Dadlana Shimla Gujran Khewara 20 30 400 Rajlu Garhi 10 00 150 Joshi Jat 0 20 70 (Source: Field investigation findings, 2010)

It is acknowledged that Haryana is a water scarce state. Following excerpts from a minutes of the conference of DC/SP held under the chairmanship of Honble CM of Haryana on 24th February, 2010 is illustrative of the water situation where theft of water is seen as an issue serious enough to draw the CMs attention: FC & PS Irrigation expressed concern over the probability of increase in the water theft cases in view of water shortages. He explained the water rotation system being adopted keeping in view the near drought like situation. He requested the police department to cooperate with the irrigation department to prevent water thefts. Honble CM, Haryana laid emphasis on the need for close coordination between DCs, SPs and the officials of the Irrigation Department. It is seen that while the water supply from the canal system is regulated by the Irrigation department there is little regulation on the extraction of ground water to meet various needs. As a matter of fact the records point to the fact that extraction of ground water is increasing at a pace that does not augur well for its sustained availability in the future. An interesting observation is that while the state has tried to restrict the use of sub soil water for paddy cultivation by farmers during the summer months of May and June (ban on sowing of Sathi Dhan) through the enactment of The Haryana Preservation of Sub Soil Water Act, 2009 (Haryana Act No. 6 of 2009) nothing of this kind has yet been thought necessary to ration the use of ground water by the non agricultural sectors (Industrial, manufacturing and service) in the state. It is also a fact that it is much more necessary to restrict the use of ground water by the latter as their extraction is on a regular basis, while the farmers requirements for agricultural use are largely seasonal.

65

In this context it may also be useful to note that a Bill to regulate and manage the development of ground water and the matters connected therewith and incidental thereto has been pending in Haryana since July 2008. The Bill on enactment to be called as Haryana State Groundwater Management & Regulation Act, 2008 has been found necessary on account of the following grounds: I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. The fresh Groundwater resources in Haryana are limited and the rate of utilization in many area exceed the annual recharge thus cause imbalance There is need to regulate the development and use of groundwater and check saline-fresh interface. There is need for enhancing groundwater recharge by utilizing different sources of water (e.g. rainwater, surplus floodwaters, Canal water during monsoon and treated waste water) There is need to check and control groundwater contamination and pollution. There is need to explore, develop and regulate deep aquifers (Need to regulate) commercial selling of ground water Legislation is considered necessary for the optimum development of groundwater potential and protect it from over-development and pollution

Similarly a draft State Water Plan (SWP) mandated to be developed as part of the Haryana Water Resources Consolidation Project (IDA-25920) funded by the World Bank (1994-2001) is still to be finalized. The SWP was planned to act as a policy which recognizes the importance of a holistic approach to water resources planning and management. (Anonymous, 2002). Following facts were informed (pers. comm. Mr. Anil Gupta, CE Coordination, Irrigation Dept.) during personal interviews with senior officials of the Irrigation department at Panchkula: a) State Water Policy is under the states consideration since 2007 b) There is a proposal for the launch of a State Water Mission on the lines of the National Water Mission c) Conjunctive use of ground water for irrigation purposes along with canal water might require that the management of ground water becomes the mandate of irrigation rather of the agriculture department in the state. 6.7 Water table is falling

In the early 1960s, there were only about 100,000 bore wells in India and today the estimates are anywhere between 21 and 26 million (2005) (Endersbb, L, 2005). In Haryana alone this number has increased from 25,000 in 1960s to around 700,000 at present ( ). The ability of a user to draw water from deep underground (as deep as 200 300 m) through use of submersible pumps has made the user unmindful of the precarious situation with the water table. It is seen in the field that the advertisements of submersible pump companies are the most conspicuous. (pic 6).

66

Table : Statement showing Blockwise historical water table fluctuation between 1979 and 2008 in District Sonepat S. No. Block Depth of Water (mtrs) June 1979 June 2008 Fluctuation in metres June 1979-2008 -9.75 -2.72 -0.41 0.66 -3.18 -7.99 -5.87 -4.37

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Ganaur 3.18 12.93 Gohana 2.54 5.26 Kathura 2.60 3.01 Kharkhoda 3.48 4.14 Mundlana 1.92 5.10 Rai 4.47 12.46 Sonepat 4.17 10.04 Average 3.19 7.56 (Source: Ground Water Cell, Haryana Agriculture Department, July 2008)

Water table situation (June 2010) in Karnal and Panipat areas (Hydrologist Ground Water Cell, Karnal)

Fig. 6: Map of Karnal Division Table: Water Level & Fluctuation in District Panipat from June 1999 to June 2010 Average water level in m Fluc. Fluc. Fluc. 99-04 04-10 99-10 -7.47 -4.42 -11.89 -6.37 -4.21 -10.58 -2.61 -2.32 -4.93 -1.63 -1.97 -3.6 -3.57 -2.9 -6.47 -4.33 -3.16 -7.49

S. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Name of Block Panipat Samalkha Madlauda Israna Bapoli Average

June-99 11.35 11.49 6.09 5.19 8.53 8.53

Jun-04 18.82 17.86 8.7 6.82 12.1 12.86

June-10 23.24 22.07 11.02 8.79 15 16.02

67

(Source: Hydrologist, Ground Water Cell, Karnal, 2010) The above map and table indicates a progressive decline since 1999 in water table in different blocks of Karnal and Panipat districts. It is notable that the fast urbanizing and industrializing blocks of Panipat and Samalkha in the Panipat district have seen the greatest declines. It is not only the water table that is receding but its balance (draft over recharge) is showing alarming state of exploitation. Table: Block-wise groundwater balance as on 31.3.2008 in district Sonepat S. No. 1. Block Gohana Net Recharge 4921 Net Draft 5013 Groundwater % of Categories Balance Development -92

103 Over Exploited 2. Kathura 3093 1369 1724 44 Safe 3. Mundlana 5696 3963 1733 69 Safe 4. Ganaur 11305 16368 -5063 152 Over Exploited 5. Kharkhoda 4892 3122 1771 65 Safe 6. Rai 5356 6711 -1355 139 Over Exploited 7. Sonepat 9693 11944 -2250 134 Over Exploited Total 44958 48490 -3533 114 Over Exploited (Source: Ground Water Cell, Haryana Agriculture Department, July 2008) It is understood that the blocks that report a safe balance is not because there is judicious use of ground water, but more because the ground water is largely saline and hence unfit for use. 6.8 Power use and tariff system is not helping the ground water situation

Although much more public money has gone into surface irrigation, farmers have invested heavily in small pumps, so that 70-80% of the value of agricultural production is based on ground water rather than surface water (World Bank 1998b). This is quite understandable, since yields are estimated to be one third to one half higher in ground water irrigated areas than in areas irrigated by other means. (Dhawan 1995). Ground water driven agricultural productivity rests firmly on access to electricity. However, the real complexity in the water-electricity link rests not in proportion of electricity that is used by agriculture, but in the way in which the use of electricity by farmers has evolved over time. In the late 1970s, various state governments dramatically changed the relationship between farmers and the electricity boards, by providing farmers with electricity at flat rather metered rates and eventually for free. (Dubash 2005). This rather populist measure has let loose a chain of events with serious long term consequences for both power and water sector. The number of electricity consumers in the State as on March, 2008 was 42.70 lakh. Every year nearly 1.5 lakh new electric connections are released. The per

68

capita consumption of electricity increased from 700 units in 2006-07 to 755 units in 2007-08. Table : The progressive growth in the number of consumers is as follows: Year Domestic NonDomestic 347437 354144 364186 375161 387520 401606 415861 426635 Industrial Tubewells 361932 369716 384613 397534 411769 427832 451037 459984 Others 9217 9314 9921 10953 11402 16437 20436 22865 Total 3544380 3619868 3739556 3874525 4000660 4146286 4270602 4350076

2001-02 2759547 66247 2002-03 2822384 64310 2003-04 2915354 65482 2004-05 3022856 68021 2005-06 3119788 70181 2006-07 3277131 73290 2007-08 3305927 77341 2008-09 3362196 78396 (upto 11/08) (Source : Haryana Vidyut Prasaran Nigam Ltd.)

Clearly there is a steady increase in the number of power consumers over the entire range of users. This is against a tight power situation in the state as exhibited by the following where while the installed generation capacity is idle since 2007-08 the number of consumers is on a rise: Table: Installed generation capacity is idle since 2007-08 the number of consumers Year Installed Power Power Sold Number of Generation Available for (Lakh KWH) Consumers Capacity* Sale (Lakh (MW) KWH) 1967-68 29 6010 5010 311914 (1966-67)

1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09

29 1074 1757 1780 2005 2010 2010 2525 2525 2525 2825 2825

12460 41480 90250 166017 175881 192097 204989 214548 232438 251253 264656 208170

9030 33910 66410 154231 163077 180726 195534 202637 222394 239228 182786 175637

543695 1219173 2513942 3546572 3544380 3619868 3739556 3874965 4000660 4146286 4270602 4350076

69

(upto Dec.,08) (Source : Haryana Vidyut Prasaran Nigam Ltd.)

(upto Nov.,08)

(upto Nov.,08)

Despite the above the power tariff system in the state (Annexure 10) provides a choice to a farmer of payment based on meter charge or a pre-fixed monthly amount, independent of the power use. This system where the consumer (as well as the power supplier for ease of collections) opts for the latter often results in the following: a) Drawal of power in excess of what is actually needed since monthly charge should be fully utilised b) Over extraction of ground water both for watering of the field as well as public and private drinking water supplies in the village The above situation is also a result of the fact that since the power supply is uncertain and erratic so the consumer tends to use it (no matter one needs it or not) as long as it lasts! As was learnt at the workshop held on 26th July 2010 at Panipat that the uncertainty in power supplies motivates a farmer to over irrigate his fields to insure against possible unavailability of power and thus lack of water for at least a weeks time. It is reported (pers. comm. Sanjay Verma, Director Tariff, HERC) that the actual cost of power on an average is Rs 4 4.50 per unit, but the farmer is being provided the same at 25 paise per unit (metered connection) and Rs 35 per BHP per month (flat monthly charges). It was reported that the state government subsidy which stood at Rs 750 crores in the year 2000-01 had by the year 2010-11 increased to Rs 2964 crores. The state governments policy to waive off pending electricity bills of farmers from time to time is also not helping the power sector in the state. Thus it is a strange cycle where low power charge recoveries (emanating from populist policies) for agricultural use results in poor and erratic power supply situation which in turn results in distress over harvest of ground water by the farmer whenever power supply is available. It is thus no wonder that the Planning Commission has advised the Haryana government to impose a cess on electricity used for cultivation and use the funds to replenish depleting ground water. The countrys apex planning body has expressed its concern over states rapidly falling water table, reportedly at the rate of 0.33 meters every year. (Source: http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/Cess-on-farm-powermooted-to-boost-water-table/articleshow/6021881.cms) There is another point of view (learnt at the workshop) that as long as the state was predominantly primary sector (agriculture and allied) based, the power subsidy helped in rapid increase in agricultural production. But now with more and more power being diverted from agriculture for meeting the industrial and service sector needs, the farmer is being forced to mis-utilise the uncertain and erratic power supply to extract as much ground water as and when the former is available. We were also informed in the field by a contractor (pers. comm. Pariyar Kadyan) incharge of maintaining a STP that one of the reasons for his inability to run the STPs properly is the fact that the power meant for the STPs use is often diverted to meet the industrial needs.

70

The above unverified reasoning gets some kind of validation from senior officials of the HERC (pers. Comm. Sanjay Verma, Director Tariff, HERC) when preferred supplies to industries over other sectors is admitted as it is helpful to meet the agencys financial health. This is also justified on the grounds that while on one hand the industrial demand is going up by 8-10 % per annum, the supply is of high quality (higher rates) and that there is no theft as well as prompt payment of the requisite charges is assured. But the fact that this assured power supply to the industry (many of which have ground water dependencies) may be inadvertently resulting in over draft of ground water by the industry does not seem to yet figure in any sense of inter-relatedness between power supply and ground water utilisation by the industry. It may be worthwhile to mention here that during our initial field visits when we approached the HBVNL (Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam Limited) officials for information and briefed them about of our project they expressed surprise on our approaching them, mentioning as to what relation could there possibly be between water conservation and power supplies? 6.9 Industrialisation, service sector and planned Urbanization with resulting demands on fresh water is on an increase

The structural composition of State economy has witnessed significant changes since the formation of Haryana State. Agriculture Sector still continues to occupy a significant position in State economy, although, the share of this sector in the Gross State Domestic Product is continuously declining. The composition of Gross State Domestic Product at constant (1999-2000) prices reveals that the share of Primary Sector which includes Agriculture and Allied Sectors has declined from 32.0 percent during 1999-2000 to 20.5 percent during 2007 -08. The composition of Gross State Domestic Product reveals that the share of Primary Sector is continuously declining whereas the share of Secondary as well as Tertiary Sector is continuously increasing. It shows that the State economy is shifting from Agriculture to Manufacturing and Services Sectors (Anonymous, State of Economy 2008-09) Table: Composition of Gross State Domestic Product by Broad Sectors (Percent) At Current Prices At Constant (1999-2000) Prices Year Primary Secondary Tertiary Primary Secondary Tertiary 1999-00 32.0 28.5 39.5 32.0 28.5 39.5 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003.04 2004-05 200506(P) 30.5 27.7 25.5 25.0 23.1 21.0 27.7 28.9 30.3 30.6 31.8 32.1 41.8 43.4 44.2 44.4 45.1 46.9 30.7 28.5 26.3 25.8 24.5 22.2 27.6 28.1 28.8 29.2 30.0 30.0 41.7 43.4 44.9 45.0 45.5 47.8

71

200621.9 31.2 46.9 22.2 29.5 07(P) 200721.7 31.0 47.3 20.5 29.7 08(Q) (Source: Economic & Statistical Analysis Department, Haryana) P : Provisional Estimates. Q : Quick Estimates

48.3 49.8

Clearly the contribution of the primary sector (agriculture and allied) in the state in just a decade been reduced below the secondary sector (manufacturing activities) and to around 50% of the Tertiary sector (service related activities). And what is notable is that this decline is consistent over the years. This change cannot be without its impact on water resources and supplies to meet the growing demands of both the secondary and tertiary sectors. Often the water supplies to the latter sectors is at the cost of the former, both sourced from surface (river and canal) as well as the under ground. It is important that the planners do not fail to notice this change and impact and account for it in their planning if a sustained change as above is to be maintained. 6.10 Waste water (including sewage) treatment leaves a lot to desire while the production of waste water is on an increase One of the direct results of the transformation of economy from primary to secondary and tertiary sectors is the increased production of waste water and a need to address its treatment and use/ safe disposal. On a national scale, the problem of sewage treatment first came into focus in 1986 with the launch of Ganga Action Plan (GAP), which is now National River Conservation Program in the Ministry of Environment and Forests, MOEF. Abatement of pollution of the river to improve its water quality was the key objective of the plan. In 1993, the Yamuna Action Plan (YAP) with special assistance of Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC) was launched on lines similar to the GAP. Fifteen (15) towns in the state of Haryana, UP, and Delhi were included. The YAP consisted of core (STPs) and non core (low cost sanitation, bathing ghats, crematoria etc) schemes to deal with both point source and non point sources of pollution. The current state of sewage generation and treatment capacity in towns in the study area is: Table : Sewage generation and treatment capacity in cities in study area S.No Name State Population Sewage Treatment Disposal capacity 1 Panipat Haryana 345400 26.7 45 Yamuna 2 Sonepat Haryana 285400 21.2 30 Yamuna (Source: Status of water supply, wastewater generation and treatment in class-I cities & class-II towns of India, CPCB, 2009) The sewage treatment plants both at Panipat (10 MLD and 35 MLD) and at Sonepat (30 MLD) were completed in 1999 2000 at a cost of Rs 1642 and Rs 1051 lakhs respectively, excluding the cost of MPS (Main Pumping Station). A performance review of these was carried out by the Alternate Hydro Energy Centre at IIT, Roorkee

72

in the year 2002. This review which was sponsored by the NRCD (MoEF) covered all the schemes at all the 15 cities undertaken under the YAP I. According to the review (AHEC, 2002) in the six towns in Haryana incorporated under YAP: Most of the drain have been intercepted and divested to STPs which are based on UASB with polishing ponds and waste stabilization ponds. All STP are working satisfactorily although all of them are under-loaded. The treated effluent from STPs is being discharged in drains or canals and there is no organized use, and no revenue is being generated. The dried sludge is being sold to farmers and the acceptability is good. The utilization of biogas is poor as most of it is being flared and only a small percentage is utilized in running DFGs. It may be noted that as against the above situation reported in 2002, at least in the three STPs at Panipat and Sonepat that we observed during our field visits in 2010 the STPs were either not working or working erratically and at low efficiency. The PHED which is responsible for O&M of the plants has outsourced the same to little trained contractors. Both at Sonepat and at Panipat, the effluents (whatever is emerging from the STP) is being discharged into nearby drains (Drain No 6 at Sonepat and Panipat Drain at Panipat) which carry the most waste water and the treated effluents are no more than a drop in the ocean of untreated waste water flowing in these drains. (pic 15). Both the sludge and biogas (no longer being produced or flared) are almost things of the past and not serving any useful purpose. In short the usefulness of the STPs is a matter of serious concern at both the places seen by us. While the existing facilities are working far below expectations, increasing population, industrialization and urbanization is bound to add to their loads. While there are plans to construct more STPs by the PHED, unless the formers operation and maintenance needs are addressed in a far more professional manner than are carried out presently there is a serious doubt on either the existing STPs or new ones making much difference to the problem of waste water treatment and disposal.

73

CHAPTER 7
TRENDS, CONSEQUENCES AND OPTIONS 7.1 Trends and Issues in Water Governance Trends as understood from the study findings and their implications for water governance in the state are presented here. A. Competing demands on canal water supplies / flows Competing sectors: a) b) c) d) e) Irrigation (agriculture) Industry Drinking water Service sector (Housing, Tourism, others) Ground water recharge

Agencies involved: Irrigation; Agriculture; PHED; Industry; HUDA; Tourism; NCRB Governance issues a) b) c) d) e) Prioritising and allocating canal water supplies Usefulness and impacts of externally aided projects (WB) Water User Associations (WUA) State Water Plan (SWP) Equity in water use

B. Falling water table Facilitator a) b) c) d) e) f) g) Unregulated extraction from underground for irrigation; domestic use; industry; service sector Users ability to dig deeper and deeper Incompatible agricultural practices Wasteful consumption of available water Free or heavily subsidized power supply Lining of water courses Drying of river bed/channel and water courses

Relevant agencies Irrigation; PHED; Agriculture; Industry; Power; Tourism; HUDA; Forests

74

Governance issues a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) Conservation of ground water Water conserving cropping system Recharge of ground water Flows in river and other water courses Lined water courses including canal/distributary/minors Subsidized power supply Village ponds Catchment forests

C. Wasteful use of available water Facilitator a) b) c) d) e) Easy availability of water both in urban and rural areas Absence of respect for water as a life sustaining entity Water and power tariff rates Absence of social and legal prohibition against wastage of water Life style changes (materialism, consumption and waste as accepted norms)

Relevant agencies Irrigation; Agriculture; PHED; Power; Education; Tourism; HUDA Governance issues a) b) c) d) e) f) g) Water tariff Power tariff Legal prohibition on wastage of water Regulation on use of water extraction equipment like submersible pumps Organic agriculture for water conservation Recycle and treatment of used water. Conservation of water in educational campaigns

D. Increasing production of waste / polluted water Facilitator a) b) c) d) e) f) Over use of available water for various uses Urbanisation; Industrialisation; Service sector Poor sanitation conditions in urban and rural areas Poor sewerage and drainage systems both in urban and rural areas Subsidized power and water High inputs agricultural practices

Relevant agencies PHED; Irrigation; Agriculture; Industry; Pollution Control Board; Panchayat; Tourism; Municipality; Power

75

Governance issues a) b) c) d) e) f) Sanitation and sewerage systems in urban and rural areas Waste water management (cleaning / treatment / recycle) Pollution prevention measures by the Industry CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) and waste water management Power and water tariff as regulator on waste water creation Promotion of organic agricultural practices

E. Pauperisation of the river and the dependent people/life forms Facilitator a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) Increasing extraction over time of water from the river Desiccation and disuse of natural tributaries of the river Drying of the river bed in the lean season Encroachment into the river bed by agriculture and human habitation Drinking water schemes for far off towns based on ground water extracted from river bed / flood plains Pollution from drains falling into the river Disposal of solid waste into the river Sand mining in the river bed Clearing of natural vegetation and trees from the river side

Relevant agencies Irrigation; Agriculture; PHED; SPCB; Forest; Mining Governance issues a) b) c) d) e) f) g) Flows in the river Drains falling into the river Pollution of river bed River bed and flood plains encroachment Water dependence on river of people / villages lying on the river banks Sand mining from the river bed Security of catchment forests /Plantations alongside the river

Over all impact of the above is the compromising of human and livestock health in the area under study. 7.2 Options Based on the learnings from the study, two options, one called as Business as usual and the other as Business NOT as usual are presented.

76

Table : Business as Usual (BAU) Scenario Not enough water in the canals Consequence 1. Essential requirements (industries,
service sector, towns and water for domestic use) receive preference over irrigation.

2. Canal irrigation prioritised for lands in the salinity affected or water scarce areas (western, central and south) of the state No water in the river Ground water extracted by farmer, industry, service sector and the government Increased production of waste water
(Urbanisation, industry and service sector)

Aquifers connected to the river go dry Water table continues to go down

Water continues to go waste Increased pollution of surface and ground water sources 1. Adverse all round impacts on most sectors (agriculture, industries, service) 2. Rise of water tanker mafia 3. Increased water related social conflicts and health problems.

Part / poor treatment / disposal of waste water Increased water stress (low availability,
poor quality, high rates)

77

Business NOT as usual Presumption: a) River as a life-line is brought back into planning process b) Ground water extraction and use becomes conservative (regulation and education) c) Treated waste water is seen as a valuable resource d) Cropping patterns are made more water friendly e) Agriculture, industry, service sector all see treated waste water as being an integral part of their conjunctive water use practice/s Table: Business NOT as Usual Possible scenario Water needs of the river are appreciated, assessed and made good A cap is fixed on the upper limit of fresh water abstracted from the river Fresh water supplies are strictly rationed for all users Further lining of canals and water courses are prohibited Canal water supplies are efficiently allocated and managed Ground water use and extraction is strictly regulated through policy and legal action Ground water recharge becomes a state mission Conjunctive use of water (fresh and treated waste water); recycle of water by agriculture, industry and service sector becomes a policy and legal requirement Efficient water drainage in urban and rural areas becomes a priority with the all concerned and an important part of CSR of industry Water availability for various uses
(agriculture, industry, service sector and drinking) remain within manageable

Consequences 1. River flows round the year. 2. River connected aquifers get regularly recharged at no investment. Fresh water flows both in river and in the canals Water is a scarce resource is understood and agreed by all kinds of users Opportunities for ground water recharge are not compromised Minimum fresh water needs of irrigation, industry, drinking water from the canal waters are met Water table revives through annual monsoon period recharge 1. Natural water bodies (ponds) in urban and rural areas are revived. 2. Old wells/tube wells become source of recharge STPs and ETPs work at full capacity, efficiency and accountability as only then would treated waste water become fit for use in conjunction with the fresh water from rains, ground and the canal supplies. 1. No water standing idle on road / railway sides. 2. Decrease in health related risks to humans/cattle. Adverse impacts from impending water stress on various sectors are prevented.

limits

Q.E.D.

78

References
Anonymous, 2002. Implementation Completion Report (IDA-25920) on a Credit in the Amount of SDR 187.3 Million to the India for Haryana Water Resources Consolidation Project. World Bank Anonymous, 2007, Project to increase the capacity of Western Yamuna Canal (Main Line Lower), Haryana Irrigation Department Anonymous, 2008. Director of Land Records (2007-08) Anonymous, 2009. Department of Economics and Statistical Analysis. Anonymous, 2009. Economic Survey of Haryana, 2008-09 Anonymous, 2010. Economic Survey of Haryana, 2009-10 Anonymous, undated, Guidelines, Bye-Laws, MOU for Formation of Water Users Association, HIRMI, Kurukshetra. Anonymous, undated, Haryana State Gazetteer Vol. II, History of Agriculture Anonymous, undated. Major Water Resources Development Projects in Ganga basin.Natinal Institute of Hydrology, Roorkie (http://www.nih.ernet.in/nih_rbis/india_information/Ganga_projects.htm) Anonymous, 2003., Pilot Study On Water Use Efficiency For Western Yamuna Canal (Haryana). WAPCOS. CGWB, http://cgwb.gov.in/groundwater/conjunctive_use.htm CPCB, 2006 Dhawan, 1995. Dubash N.K., 1995. The Electricity-Groundwater Conundrum: The Case for a Political Solution to a Political Problem. National Institute of Public Finance and Policy Dutta, Ritwick. 2009. The Unquiet River An Overview of Select decisions of the Courts on the River Yamuna. PEACE Institute Charitable Trust. Delhi. Executive Engineer, Construction Divn. No 32, Bahadurgarh Field investigation findings, 2010 Ground Water Cell, Haryana Agriculture Department, July 2008 Haryana State Pollution Control Board, Sonepat, 2010. Hellegers, P.J.G.J., C.J. Perry and J. Berkoff (2007). Water Pricing in Haryana, India in Irrigation Water Pricing (eds F. Molle and J. Berkoff), CAB International 2007 http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/Cess-on-farmpower-mooted-to-boost-water-table/articleshow/6021881.cms http://envfor.nic.in/legis/legis_all.htm accessed on 060810 http://igovernment.in/site/haryana-plans-rs-406-cr-irrigation-scheme-37926 accessed on 080810 http://moef.nic.in/downloads/about-the-ministry/introduction-psap.pdf accessed on 060810 http://moef.nic.in/modules/about-the-ministry/introduction/ accessed on 060810 http://moef.nic.in/modules/recent-initiatives/NRCD/table.htm accessed on 060810 http://mowr.gov.in/index2.asp?sublinkid=531&langid=1&slid=284 accessed on 070810 http://mowr.gov.in/index3.asp?sslid=340&subsublinkid=350&langid=1 accessed on 050810 http://mowr.gov.in/index3.asp?sslid=784&subsublinkid=772&langid=1 accessed on 050810 http://mowr.gov.in/index3.asp?subsublinkid=770&langid=1&sslid=782 accessed on 050810

79

http://mowr.gov.in/writereaddata/linkimages/cad_proj424966265.pdf accessed on 050810 http://web1.hry.nic.in/budget/Economic%20Survey%202009-10.pdf accessed on 090810 http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/pgemail.pl?date=2010/08/07/&pr d) http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/publications/CABI_Publications/CA_CABI_Series/W aterPricing/protected/Molle%20&%20Berkoff_Chap%2008.pdf accessed online 20110. Irrigation Department, 2010 Letter dated 27 April 2010, from Engineer-in-Chief, Irrigation Department, Haryana Meeting on Water Governance Programme: A Programme to Develop Practicable Scientific Approaches to Water Governance and Livelihoods and to Contribute to Policy Dialogue on Basin Issues. Society for Promotion of Wastelands Development, New Delhi Puri, T.S.,(Deputy Director, Haryana State Minor Irrigation and Tubewells Corporation, Hisar) (undated) Possibilities for the use of Brackish and Saline Ground Water for Irrigation. RTI applications, 2010. RTI Response dated 14.6.2010 from State Public Information Officer-cumGM/Corp. Aff. & CS, UHBVNL, Panchkula RTI response dated 5.7.2010 from XEN, Karnal Water Services Division, Karnal Sharma, S.K. Undated. Proposal for Ground Water Recharge in National Capital Region (NCR). Singh, Hardeep (2007). Background Paper for the National Consultative Group. Society for Promotion of Wastelands Development. Delhi. Status of water supply, wastewater generation and treatment in class-I cities & class-II towns of India, CPCB, 2009 Vohra, VP, undated, Status of Water Resources Development in India with Special Reference to Haryana. WJC System of Haryana, Rotational Running of Canals and Equitable Distribution of Water Above and Below the Outlet. World Bank 1998b

80