Smart Future Energy Sources WWS

DeepLal Sharma, Rahul Kumar, Mohit Garg Students of Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Chitkara Institute of Engineering and Technology Tehsil-Rajpura, Distt-patiala-140401 deeplal.sharma241@gmail.com rahul.kumar5299@gmail.com mohit.garg2@gmail.com

Abstract: Today, in this modern world of science and technology human mind is giving rise to a new invention every day. But what is the heart of the new inventions? The answer is Power. Without power our each and every device would come to standstill. Today, our most of the power is produced using fossil fuels and the day is not far when we would be left without any fossil fuels. The demand for power will increase day by day with the increase in population. So we will have to think some other ways to generate power to meet our requirements along with keeping our environment clean and green. The most effective step would be shifting from fossils to clean, renewable energy sourcesWWS (Wind, Water and Solar power). But is it possible to produce 100 percent of the worlds energy, for all purposes, and transform the worlds energy system? The answer depends on the technologies chosen, the availability of critical materials and economic and political factors. Clean technologies Renewable energy sources comes from enticing sources: wind, which also produces waves; water: which includes hydroelectric, tidal and geothermal energy; and sun, which includes photovoltaic and solar power plants that focus sunlight to heat fluid that drives turbine to generate electricity.[2] To ensure that our system remains clean, technologies considered must have near-zero emissions of greenhouses gases and air pollutants over their entire life cycle, including construction, operation and decommissioning. For example, when buried in vehicles, even the most ecologically accepted sources of ethanol create air pollution that will cause the same mortality level as when gasoline is burned. Nuclear power results in 25% times more carbon emissions than wind energy,

when reactor construction and uranium refining and transport are considered. Carbon capture and sequestration technologies can reduce carbon dioxide emissions from coal fired power plants but will increase air pollutants and will extend all the other deleterious effects of coal mining, transport and processing, because more coal must be burned to power to capture and storage steps. So, only those technologies should be considered which will not present significant waste disposal or terrorism risks. WWS will supply electric power for heating and transportation- industries that will have to revamp if the world has any hope to slow down the climatic change. Most fossil fuel heating can be replaced by electric heating systems and most fossil fuel transportation can be replaced by battery and fuel cells vehicles. Hydrogen, produced by using WWS electricity to split water, would power fuel cells and be burned in airplanes and by industry. Plenty of supply Today the maximum power consumed worldwide at any given moment is about 12.5 trillion watts (TW), according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration. The agency projects that in 2030 the world will require 16.9 TW of power as global population and living standards rise. If, however the planet were powered entirely by WWS, with no fossil fuel or bio mass combustion, an intriguing savings would occur; Global power demand would be only 11.5 TW. The decline occurs because, in most cases, electrification is a more efficient way to use energy. For example: only 17-20% of the energy in gasoline Is used to move a vehicle, the rest is wasted as heat, whereas 75-86% of the electricity delivered to an electric vehicle goes into motion. [3]

Even if demand rise to more than 16.9 TW, WWS sources could provide far more power, far greater than one could expect. Detailed studies by Mark Z. Jacobson and Mark A. Delucchi indicate that though the wind and the sun out in the open seas, over high mountains and across protected regions would not be available still the energy from the wind, worldwide is about, 1700 TW and Solar, alone, offers 6500 TW. After subtracting all these inaccessible losses, we are still left with 40 to 85 TW for wind and 580 TW for solar, each far beyond future human demand and requirement. The plan-The Technologies Clearly, enough renewable energy exists. But how we can transform our entire power generation system from fossils based to clean and green renewable sources of energy will depend on the technologies chosen to harness these vast energy sources. 1. Wind turbines: If wind energy can be harnessed efficiently almost entire world power demand can be met by only wind energy. But for this we require large wind turbines rated at 5 megawatts. Although the quantity sound enormous but it will be lesser than the quantity of cars produced worldwide every year. Recently, on 22 November 2009 China took a step ahead in harnessing the mountain wind energy by installing turbines in the mountains above the south western Chinese town of Dali. With a generating capacity of 30.75 megawatts, the 41 turbines in Dali produce the same amount of energy as the burning of 20,000 tonnes of coal -- thereby preventing the emission of 50,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide per year.

2. Water energy: Human beings have been using water as a source of energy by constructing dams and using turbines to generate electricity. But There wont be one solution for the worlds energy needs. Renewable Energy can be also generated from slow water currents. We can use slow moving ocean and river waves for a new, reliable and affordable alternative energy source. A University of Michigan engineer has developed a device that acts like a fish that turns the potentially destructive vibrations in water into clean, renewable energy. This machine is named as VIVACE (Vortex Induced Vibrations for Aquatic Clean Energy). It is the first known device that could draw energy from most water currents around the world, water energy is a vast energy source, and the need is just to know how to harness it. Some other technologies which can be used are: [4] [5] [6] [7] Wave Energy Converters: These systems extract the power of ocean waves and convert it into electricity. Typically, these systems use either a water column or some type of surface or justbelow-surface buoy to capture the wave power. In addition to oceans, some lakes may offer sufficient wave activity to support wave energy converter technology.

Tidal/Current: These systems capture the energy of ocean currents below the wave surface and convert them into electricity. Typically, these systems rely on underwater turbines, either horizontal or vertical, which rotate in either the ocean current or changing tide (either one way or bi-directionally), almost like an underwater windmill. These technologies can be sized or adapted for ocean or for use in lakes or nonOffshore Wind: Offshore wind projects take impounded river sites. advantage of the vast wind resources available across oceans and large water bodies. Out at sea, Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC): winds blow freely, unobstructed by any buildings or OTEC generates electricity through the temperature other structures. Moreover, winds over oceans are differential in warmer surface water and colder stronger than most onshore, thus allowing for wind deep water. Of ocean technologies, OTEC has the projects with capacity factors of as much as 65 most limited applicability in the United States percent, in contrast to the 35-40 percent achieved because it requires a 40-degree temperature onshore. differential that is typically available in locations like Hawaii and other more tropical climates.

3. Solar power: solar energy is the major source of energy on our earth. But still this vast energy source has not been exploited efficiently. But now human mind is thinking how to utilize the solar energy in the best possible way. And Japan is serious in this matter and wants to collect solar power in space and zap it down to Earth, using laser beams or microwaves by 2030. The technology will work on Wireless Power Transmission (WPT). [1] a). Space solar power system(SSPS): Space Solar Power System (SSPS), in which arrays of photovoltaic dishes several square kilometres (square miles) in size would hover in geostationary orbit outside the Earth's atmosphere. "Since solar power is a clean and inexhaustible energy source, we believe that this system will be able to help solve the problems of energy shortage and global warming," researchers at Mitsubishi Heavy Industries wrote in a report. The solar cells would capture the solar energy, which is at least five times stronger in space than on Earth, and beam it down to the ground through clusters of lasers or microwaves. These would be collected by gigantic parabolic antennae, likely to be located in restricted areas at sea or on dam reservoirs. The challenge -including transporting the components to space -may appear gigantic, but Japan has been pursuing the project since 1998, with some 130 researchers studying it under JAXAS (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) oversight. Last month Japan's Economy and Trade Ministry and the Science Ministry took another step toward making the project a reality, by selecting several Japanese high-tech giants as participants in the project. [1] b).Underground working solar panels: Using what they call the worlds first 3-D solar panel system, scientists in the US have created photovoltaic cells that work underground. According to a report in ABC Science, the breakthrough is taking solar panels off the roofs of homes and cars, and moving them under the house and into the walls. The new panels could unobtrusively provide solar power while simultaneously protecting the delicate photovoltaics. No one wants to buy a big, nice, fancy car with a huge solar panel on the roof, said Dr Zhong Wang of the Georgia Institute of Technology in the United

States. Instead of using traditional solar panels, the system captures sunlight and turns it into electricity using fibre optic cables coated with zinc oxide, the same white compound lifeguards slather on their noses. The fibre optic cables, each one two to three times the width of a human, would be installed on the roof of a house, car or any other structure. Only the very tip of the cables would be exposed to the outside environment. Hence, providing power for our vehicles and domestic purposes.[1] c). Transparent Electronics: Solar Energy Breakthrough: Not even in our wildest dreams have we anticipated that while We are simply looking out the window enjoying the outside view our windows can simultaneously produce energy for our household needs! Not only windows but the facade of the house, too, might be harnessing the power of solar energy. This might be our future domestic power supply scenario. This can be possible with the help of transparent solar cells. These solar cells can increase the surface area to produce energy. There are many technologies which are trying to utilise the solar energy to the fullest. WWS technology generally suffers less downtime than traditional sources. The average U.S. coal plant is offline 12.5% of the year for scheduled and non-scheduled maintenance. Modern technologies based on WWS have a downtime of less than 2%. Challenges to WWS Technology: The main WWS challenge is that the wind does not always blow and sun does not shine every time at a given particular location. So this problem can be solved by a smart mix of reliability on the energy sources such as relying on wind at night when it is often plentiful, using solar by day and turning to hydro that can be turned off and on quickly to smooth out supply or meet demand at certain hours of the day. Because wind often blows during stormy conditions when the sun does not shine and the sun shines on calm days with little wind. So wind and solar can go a long way in solving power demand along with hydro to fill the gaps. [3] Future vision: A decade ago it was not clear that global WWS system would be technically or economically feasible and whether it would be able to meet the

demands and requirements of the total world population. Having shown that it is feasible on paper it can be made feasible practically by political will. According to a study published in the Scientific American Magazine, Overall construction cost for a WWS system might be on the order of $100 trillion (Rs 4800 lakh crore) worldwide, over 20 years, not including transmission. On the other hand, relying on traditional sources to raise output from 12.5 to 16.9 TW would require roughly $10 trillion (Rs 480 lakh crore), not to mention tens of dollars more in health, environmental and security costs. The WWS plan gives the world a new, clean, efficient energy system rather than an old, dirty and inefficient one. [3] References: 1. http://www.zeenews.com/sci-ech/index.html 2. http://www.scientificamerican.com/alternati ve-energy-technology 3. Magazine Scientific American India 4. http://www.alternative-energy-esources.net/ 5. http://www.alternative-energy-news.info/ 6. http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelrenewable.html 7. http://www.aresearchguide.com/energy.html 8. http://www.energyconservationinfo.org/alte nergy.htm