Human Development Study Questions - AP Biology 1. Describe the maturing of a primary oocyte (ovum) in the ovary (6 parts). 2.

Describe the structure of the endometrium (3 parts) 3. What are the functions of FSH, LH, and Estrogen, and how do they relate with each other? 4. Describe the affects of the rapid increase in LH. 5. How does the egg travel through the oviduct? 6. The collapse of outer follicle cells leads to the formation of what? 7. Describe the functions of the Corpus Luteum. 8. What are the two possibilities for an egg at this point? (easy) 9. What happens if no sperm fertilize the egg? (chemicals, physical stuff, etc) 10. What protections to externally fertilizing organisms have to avoid polyspermy? a. Describe the fast block b. Describe the slow block 11. How do mammals protect against polyspermy? a. Describe the fast block b. Describe the slow block 12. How does Meiosis work in mammals? Is it an even division? 13. Describe fertilization in mammals. 14. List three basic characteristics of a zygote? 15. What process occurs during the zygote stage? Describe it. 16. What makes hormones to build up the endometrium? What hormones are these? 17. Where does the mitochondria come from? (mom/dad) 18. True/False. Organelles were already present in the egg before zygote stage. 19. What are the two types of cleavage? l. Compare and contrast them 20. What is the dening characteristic of the Morula stage? (what begins it..) 21. T/F - Cells in the Morula stage are totipotent (can become any cell) 22. Where is the Morula at this point (in the body...)? Is cleavage still occuring? 23. What disappears upon entering the Uterus? What is the consequence? 24. What begins the Blastula stage? 25. What do the outer cells form? What do the inner cells form? What is this? 26. What do Embryoblasts and Trophoblasts give rise to, respectively? 27. List the 4 Blastula environments (2*2 = 4) [hint below] 28. What is the signicant event that happens in trophoblasts in contact w/ embryoblasts) 29. Which direction do embryoblasts face? 30. What chemical is released by implantation? Where does it signal to? What does it say? 31. Describe how implantation happens...When does it happen (which week)? 32. Do Trophoblasts or Embryoblasts grow faster? Why? 33. Describe the major differentiation of Embryoblasts? When does this happen? 34. What new cavity is formed? Which cells face which cavities? 35. What is the major function of the hypoblasts? (there is only one...) 36. What are some major events at this time (during the blastula stage..)(hint: differentiation + primitive streak) 37. Which tissue evolved the latest in time? 38. Describe the ectoderm. How does it congure its tissue? What is the consequence of this?

39. How thick is the yolk sack lining? What cell group replaces the hypoblasts? (hint: at shape) 40. Which cell group is spherical (the only one left...) 41. What stage begins with all this differentiation? What is the other characteristic of this stage? 42. Dene invagination 43. Describe the 3 patterns of mesoderm migration, and what is formed by each mesoderm.. 44. The formation of somites starts which stage..? 45. How many total somite pairs are there? 46. How is the neural tube formed? What is trapped during formation? 47. The cephalic end forms the ______. 48. Describe the rst somite dispersal. What 3 cell types are formed? 49. Complete the phrase: Each somite pair forms one ______. 50. What 2 cell types migrate in the second somite dispersal? What do they form? 51. The migration of neural crest cells forms what body parts? When do they migrate? 52. What are the two types of folding? What is the result of all the folding? 53. Which cell group swings into the thoracic cavity during longitudinal folding? Where is the embryo at the end of this folding? 54. Traverse/lateral folding causes the dispersal of ________. 55. After folding what entity is 1/2 inside the embryo, and 1/2 on the outside? What cell type is also trapped? (hint: the trapped cell type lines the yolk sack) 56. T/F - Most differentiation occurs in the Embryonic stage. 57. Which two things intertwine to form the umbilical cord? 58. The amniotic cavity is within the __________. 59. The heart is formed from bulges in the ___________ material. 60. The otic pit will form the ______ (hint: not eyes, not mouth, not nose) 61. 3 parts align to form the ______. (same as above) 62. The retina forms from which trapped cell type (see neural crest stuff)? 63. T/F. The eyes migrate from the side of the head to the front. 64. What are the 3 phases of hand development? How is webbing removed? Note: hands develop faster than feet. 65. Pharangeal Slits form what thing in sh, salamanders, and humans? 66. Blood is from which developmental tissue? 67. Describe blood formation. What cells form blood cells? (same as stem cells). Where is blood developed? 68. When does folding in the brain occur? 69. Fetus time is marked by what event? 70. List 3 functions of the placenta. 71. List 4 characteristics of the Fetus stage. 72. List some stuff the placenta would want to let across its membranes. What antibody can cross? What stuff wouldnt it want to cross? Why? List all teratogens you know & their affect 73. Which gene marks male and female characteristics? 74. List 2 functions of the amniotic uid, 75. Complete this: Zygote-->Morula-->Blastula-->_______-->Embryo-->______-->Neonate 76. Which chemical will bond to receptors in endometrium, causes contractions? 77. Which chemicals decrease before birth? Which chemicals increase? (2 in each group) What is each chemicals function? 78. List the two functions of Oxytocin throughout a females life..