Centre of Gravity OR Center of Mass: A point, inside or outside the subject, where whole weight of the object appears

to act OR A point inside or outside the object where it can be balanced Centre of Gravity of regular objects: Fig How to find C.G of irregular shaped lamina (Thin Sheet): Consider an irregular shaped lamina, as shown below Fig Drill three holes at different paints near the edge of the lamina. Hang the lamina on a nail fixed in wall, from hole X, and allow it to become stable. Suspend a plumb line on lamina (without thread touching the lamina) and draw line Xx. Along the thread of lamina. C.G lies somewhere on this line Xx. Repeat the same by hanging the lamina from hole Y, and draw line Yy along the thread of plumb line. This line intersects Xx at C. This point of intersection is C.G of irregular shape lamina. If lamina is hung form Z at Zz is drawn along thread it also passes through C, confirming that C is the C.G of irregular shaped lamina. We can use mirror stripe.

Work, Energy, Power

Work: When force acting on an object produces displacement in the object in its own direction, work is said to be done. Mathematically, work is expressed as Work done = Force x distance moved in direction of force OR w=Fxd Work, can also be defined as, Product of force and displacement covered in the direction of force. Which is a scalar quantity SI unit of work is Joule (J).

w=Fxd

1J=1N x 1m Joule: When 1N force produces a displacement of 1m, (in its own direction) work done will be 1J. Q. A block of mass 5kg accelerates uniformly from rest to a velocity of 20ms-1 in 4 seconds. Calculate: i. ii. iii. iv. Acceleration of the object Force producing this acceleration Distance covered in 4 sec Work done by the force

i.

= 5ms-2 ii. F = ma = 5(5) = 25N ( = ( = = 40m iv. w=Fxd = 25N x 40m = 1,000J ) )

iii.

Useful work done = work done by resultant force Work done to overcome friction = Frictional force x distance moved Total work done = Applied force x distance Total work = Useful work + Friction against work Af x d = R.f x d + F x d Fig

Q.

Useful work = (50N 10N) x 60N = 40N x 60m = 2400 J Work done against f = 10N x 60m = 600 J Total work = 50N x 60m = 3,000 J Q. Calculate work done against friction Fig a) Frictional = f x d = 500N x 10m = 5,000 J b) Useful work = R.F x d = 4500 x 10 = 45,000 J Q. Fig Graph shows journey of a car of mass 800kg. Calculate the work done is stopping the arc.

= -2ms-2 F = ma = 800 x 0.77 = -616 N ( ( ) ) = 800 x (-2) = -1,600 N

= 25 x 5 = 625 w=Fxd = -1600 x 625 = 1,000,000 J

Work, Energy, Powder

Total work = useful work done + work done to overcome friction Applied force x distance = R.force x disp + frictional force x disp Fapp x d = F x d + Fr x d Energy = Capacity Capability of body to do work. SI unit of energy is joule (J). Energy is a scalar quantity. Different type of energy:

i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x. xi. xii. xiii.

Sound energy Heat/Thermal energy Kinetic energy Potential energy (gravitational potential energy) Light/Solar energy Nuclear energy Elastic potential energy Chemical potential energy Mechanical potential energy Wind energy Tidal energy Geothermal energy Electrical energy

Mechanical Energy

Kinetic Energy Gravitational potential energy: (GPE) Energy of a body due to its height from ground P.E = m x g x h P.E = gravity m = mass g = gravitational field stre h = height from ground

Potential Energy

Object lying on ground

h=0

G.P.E = mg x 0 G.P.E = 0 G.P.E h P.E = mg x h As mg = w So P.E = w x h P.E = F x d So P.E = work done

Energy
Kinetic Energy: Energy due to motion of an object K.E = mv2 m = mass v = speed

Q.

4ms-1 2 kg

K.E = x (2kg) x (4)2 = x 2 x 16 = 32/2 = 16 J Q. A car accelerates uniformly from rest at a rate of 4m-2 for 5 seconds. Given that mass of car is 10000 kg. Calculate

a) Speed of car after 5 seconds b) Gain in K.E of the car

a)

20 + 0 = v 20 = v

b) K.E = = =

( ( (

) )

= 200,000 J Work Energy Principle: Work done on an object is always equal to gain in energy of the object (either K.E or P.E or both) Q. A car of mass 800 kg accelerates uniformly from rest at a rate of 3ms-2, in 5 seconds. Calculate a) Force exerted by the engine to move the car F = ma = 800 kg x 3ms-1 = 2400 N b) Velocity of car after 5 seconds

3ms-1 = 15ms 0 = v 15 = v c) Gain in K.E of the car

= 90,000 J d) K.E = work done 90,000 J e) Distance moved in given time K.E = w K.E = F x d 90,000 = 2400 x d

37.5 = d Law of conservation of energy: Energy can neither be created, nor destroyed although it can be changed from one form to another. OR Energy of an isolated system remains same (constant) (Thermal/Heat) Internal Energy e.g. P.E = 20J P.E K.E K.E on the impact Sound + Internal energy of object on ground

P.E = 0 K.E = 20J

Generating Electricity from Various Energy Sources: Source Name Water Coal (fossil fuel) Atom Wind Sun Fig Energy Stored G.P.E Chemical P.E Nuclear Energy K.E Solar Energy System used Hydroelectric power station Thermal power station Nuclear power station Wind Mill Solar Panels

Energy
Renewable source: That can be used for an infinite period that lasts for an infinite period e.g. sun, air, water, etc. (degradable) Non Renewable source: That cannot be used for again and again e.g. fossil fuels, + Atom/Nuclear energy. (Non- degradable) Main Energy conversion, in generating electricity: i. Hydroelectric Power Station Source = water G.P.E K.E of water Electrical Energy

Pot K.E of turbine

Pot K.E of Generator

ii.

Thermal Power Station Source = Coal (fossil fuels) Chemical P.E Thermal Energy Latent Heat of vaporization system K.E of steam Rot of generator Electricity Nuclear Power Station Source = Atom Nuclear Energy Thermal energy Latent heat of vaporization steam Rot of generator Electricity

K.E of

iii.

K.E of

iv.

Solar Panels Source = Sun Solar energy Wind Mills Source = wind K.E of wind K.E of generator

Electrical energy (using solar cells to make electricity)

v.

Rot K.E of wind vanes (Rot K.E of Blades of wind vanes) Electrical Energy

Rot

Q. A cup full from certain height and on hitting the ground it breaks into pieces which fly off the ground. State the energy changes involved during fall of the cup till the pieces fly off the ground. Ans. G.P.E K.E sound + Internal K.E G.P.E

Q. 8000 kgs of water leaves point A every second given that g = 10 N/kg. How much electrical energy be produced every second. Ignore any energy loose. Height = 50m G.P.E = m x g x h = 8000 x 10 x 50 = 400,000 J P.E = K.E K.E = Electrical energy So, electrical energy = 400,000 J

Q. Constant v = 20 ms-1

Brakes are applied and car comes to vest, with uniform deceleration. State main energy changes in stopping the car. Ans. K.E Heat (due to friction b/w tyres) + sound

Power: Work done per unit time OR Energy used/supplied/converted per unit time ( ) ( ) )

SI unit of power is watt (

Watt = when 1J of work is done in 1 second, power used will be 1 watt. Other units Kilo watt (KW) Mega watt (MW) 1KW = 1000W (103W) 1MW = 1000,000 W (106W) Efficiency: Ratio b/w output energy to Input energy multiplied by 100%. OR Ratio b/w output work to Input work. OR Ratio b/w output power to Input power i.e. Efficiency = x 100%

Efficiency has no units it is calculated in % age.

Pressure
Pressure: Pressure is defined as Force acting per unit surface area.

Mathematically: Pressure = Or

It can also be written as

: F = weight

SI unit of pressure is pascal (pa). Or 1Pa = 1Nm-2 Pascal: When 1N force acts on a surface area of 1m2 the pressure exerted will be 1 Pa. Pressure: i. ii. iii. iv. Solid Liquid Atmospheric Hydraulics

Factors Affecting Pressure: As

From above equation it is clear that Pressure depends on two factors. i.e. i. ii. Magnitude of force and, (F) Surface area in contact (A)

1. P F for A = constant 2. P for F = constant Q. P F for A = constant Fig 1)

= 100 Pa 2) ( )

= 200 Pa From equation 1 and 2 it is clear that P2>P1 and w2>w1. Larger the force acting on a surface greater will be pressure exerted and vice versa keeping A same. 2) P for F = constant Fig 1)

= 100 Pa 2)

= 500 Pa From equation 1 and 2, it is clear that P2>P1 and A1>A2.

Larger the surface area in contact lesser will be pressure exerted and vice versa, keeping w same. Anything which has weight will exert pressure.