EV-302

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Dr. Brenda Lee

EV302 - Structural Analysis

Structure of Chapter
CHAPTER 2: FLEXIBILITY METHOD a) Introduction to Force Method b) General Procedure of Analysis c) Application of Method by analysing: I. Beams II. Trusses III. Frames d) Influence Lines for Statically Indeterminate Structures
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EV302 - Structural Analysis

FLEXIBILITY METHOD
Introduction to Force Method Used to analyse indeterminate structure One of the first method available to solve indeterminate structures Also known as:

a) Compatibility Method
b) Method of Consistent Displacements Basis of this method is compatibility Expresses the relationship between displacements and forces in a structure Developed by James Clerk Maxwell, then refined by Otto Mohr and Heinrich Mller-Breslau.
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EV302 - Structural Analysis

FLEXIBILITY METHOD
Introduction to Force Method James Clerk Maxwell
(1831-187)

a Scottish theoretical physicist, majoring in electromagnetic theory one of the finest mathematician of his time man of curiosity, had good memory three professorships in top British universities

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EV302 - Structural Analysis

FLEXIBILITY METHOD
Introduction to Force Method Christian Otto Mohr
(1835-1918)

a German civil engineer started career in railway engineering: bridges and steel trusses great interest in strength of materials and theories of mechanics 1874: formalised the idea of statically determinate structures developed Mohrs Circle

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EV302 - Structural Analysis

FLEXIBILITY METHOD
Introduction to Force Method Heinrich Mller-Breslau (1851-1925) 1886: developed a technique to draw influence lines well-known for his direct and unpretending teaching, making Berlin University well-known for its civil engineering course

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EV302 - Structural Analysis

FLEXIBILITY METHOD
General Procedure of Analysis Three Steps:
1. Principle of Superposition 2. Compatibility Equations 3. Equilibrium Equations

Step 1: Principle of Superposition

I. Determine the degree of static indeterminacy , n. This is equal to the number of releases that need to be removed from the structure, in order to make it stable. The resulting stable structure is called the primary structure. Choose redundant forces - these should be carefully chosen so that primary structure is easy to analyse.
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II.

EV302 - Structural Analysis

FLEXIBILITY METHOD
General Procedure of Analysis
III. Apply redundant forces at releases and indicate displacements and/or rotations at each redundant point.

Step 2: Compatibility Equations

I. Write compatibility equations for all displacements and/or rotations at each redundant point. Equations must be in terms of the unknown redundants and their corresponding flexibility coefficients obtained from unit loads and/or unit couple. Determine all deflections and flexibility coefficients. Solve for unknowns.

II.

Step 3: Equilibrium Equations

I. After solving for redundant forces, the remaining reactions of the structure can now be found from the equations of equilibrium.
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EV302 - Structural Analysis

FLEXIBILITY METHOD
General Procedure of Analysis
Illustration of Analysis On A Beam:
Consider a beam, subjected to a point load, P as below:

P
A B
Actual Beam

1. Calculate the degree of static indeterminacy, n, of the beam. Free body diagram of beam: n = r -3m = 4 3(1) = 1 where: r = number of unknown reactions m = number of beam member * n determines the number of supports to be released.
Prepared by: Dr. Brenda Lee C. T .

EV302 - Structural Analysis

FLEXIBILITY METHOD
General Procedure of Analysis
2. Choose one of the support as redundant and release it. To release a support simply means to remove its effect on the structure. In this illustration, the support B is chosen, giving:

P A B
B Primary Structure

+
A
BB Structure with redundant force, By

B
By
Prepared by: Dr. Brenda Lee C. T .

EV302 - Structural Analysis

FLEXIBILITY METHOD
General Procedure of Analysis
2. Choose one of the support as redundant and release it. To release a support simply means to remove its effect on the structure. In this illustration, the support B is chosen, giving:

P A B
B Primary Structure

+ A
BB Structure with redundant force, By

B
By
Prepared by: Dr. Brenda Lee C. T .

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EV302 - Structural Analysis

FLEXIBILITY METHOD
General Procedure of Analysis
3. Assuming that upward displacement is positive, write the compatibility equation.

Denoting displacement at B as caused by the unit load B y with its linear flexibility coefficient to be fBB :

4. Use equilibrium equations to find all remaining reactions.

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EV302 - Structural Analysis

FLEXIBILITY METHOD
General Procedure of Analysis
Maxwells Theorem of Reciprocal Displacement: Bettis Law
Very useful when solving for structure with degree of indeterminacy of two or more The theorem says that: The displacement at a point, say B, on a structure due to a unit load acting on another point, say A, is equal to the displacement of Point A when unit load is action on Point B. fAB = fBA The rotation in radians at point B on a structure due to a couple moment at Point A is equal to the rotation at Point A when a unit couple moment is acting on Point B. AB = BA
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EV302 - Structural Analysis

FLEXIBILITY METHOD
General Procedure of Analysis
Proof: From virtual work method (VWM), we know that:

where: m = virtual moment M = internal moment = deflection

1 kN

B
fBA

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EV302 - Structural Analysis

FLEXIBILITY METHOD
General Procedure of Analysis
So, for a beam as below:
1 kN

B
fBA

And:
1 kN

A
fAB

fBA = fAB
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EV302 - Structural Analysis

FLEXIBILITY METHOD
1. 2. 3. 4. Applications of Method Beam Analysis Truss Analysis Frame Analysis Matrix Notation

1. Beam Analysis
a) Textbook: Example 10-1 b) Textbook: Example 10-2 c) Textbook: Example 10-4

d) Textbook: Example 10-5

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