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STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Dr. Brenda Lee
Structure of Chapter
CHAPTER 2: FLEXIBILITY METHOD a) Introduction to Force Method b) General Procedure of Analysis c) Application of Method by analysing: I. Beams II. Trusses III. Frames d) Influence Lines for Statically Indeterminate Structures
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Prepared by: Dr. Brenda Lee C. T .
FLEXIBILITY METHOD
Introduction to Force Method Used to analyse indeterminate structure One of the first method available to solve indeterminate structures Also known as:
a) Compatibility Method
b) Method of Consistent Displacements Basis of this method is compatibility Expresses the relationship between displacements and forces in a structure Developed by James Clerk Maxwell, then refined by Otto Mohr and Heinrich Mller-Breslau.
Prepared by: Dr. Brenda Lee C. T .
FLEXIBILITY METHOD
Introduction to Force Method James Clerk Maxwell
(1831-187)
a Scottish theoretical physicist, majoring in electromagnetic theory one of the finest mathematician of his time man of curiosity, had good memory three professorships in top British universities
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Prepared by: Dr. Brenda Lee C. T .
FLEXIBILITY METHOD
Introduction to Force Method Christian Otto Mohr
(1835-1918)
a German civil engineer started career in railway engineering: bridges and steel trusses great interest in strength of materials and theories of mechanics 1874: formalised the idea of statically determinate structures developed Mohrs Circle
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Prepared by: Dr. Brenda Lee C. T .
FLEXIBILITY METHOD
Introduction to Force Method Heinrich Mller-Breslau (1851-1925) 1886: developed a technique to draw influence lines well-known for his direct and unpretending teaching, making Berlin University well-known for its civil engineering course
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Prepared by: Dr. Brenda Lee C. T .
FLEXIBILITY METHOD
General Procedure of Analysis Three Steps:
1. Principle of Superposition 2. Compatibility Equations 3. Equilibrium Equations
II.
FLEXIBILITY METHOD
General Procedure of Analysis
III. Apply redundant forces at releases and indicate displacements and/or rotations at each redundant point.
II.
FLEXIBILITY METHOD
General Procedure of Analysis
Illustration of Analysis On A Beam:
Consider a beam, subjected to a point load, P as below:
P
A B
Actual Beam
1. Calculate the degree of static indeterminacy, n, of the beam. Free body diagram of beam: n = r -3m = 4 3(1) = 1 where: r = number of unknown reactions m = number of beam member * n determines the number of supports to be released.
Prepared by: Dr. Brenda Lee C. T .
FLEXIBILITY METHOD
General Procedure of Analysis
2. Choose one of the support as redundant and release it. To release a support simply means to remove its effect on the structure. In this illustration, the support B is chosen, giving:
P A B
B Primary Structure
+
A
BB Structure with redundant force, By
B
By
Prepared by: Dr. Brenda Lee C. T .
FLEXIBILITY METHOD
General Procedure of Analysis
2. Choose one of the support as redundant and release it. To release a support simply means to remove its effect on the structure. In this illustration, the support B is chosen, giving:
P A B
B Primary Structure
+ A
BB Structure with redundant force, By
B
By
Prepared by: Dr. Brenda Lee C. T .
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FLEXIBILITY METHOD
General Procedure of Analysis
3. Assuming that upward displacement is positive, write the compatibility equation.
Denoting displacement at B as caused by the unit load B y with its linear flexibility coefficient to be fBB :
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Prepared by: Dr. Brenda Lee C. T .
FLEXIBILITY METHOD
General Procedure of Analysis
Maxwells Theorem of Reciprocal Displacement: Bettis Law
Very useful when solving for structure with degree of indeterminacy of two or more The theorem says that: The displacement at a point, say B, on a structure due to a unit load acting on another point, say A, is equal to the displacement of Point A when unit load is action on Point B. fAB = fBA The rotation in radians at point B on a structure due to a couple moment at Point A is equal to the rotation at Point A when a unit couple moment is acting on Point B. AB = BA
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Prepared by: Dr. Brenda Lee C. T .
FLEXIBILITY METHOD
General Procedure of Analysis
Proof: From virtual work method (VWM), we know that:
B
fBA
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Prepared by: Dr. Brenda Lee C. T .
FLEXIBILITY METHOD
General Procedure of Analysis
So, for a beam as below:
1 kN
B
fBA
And:
1 kN
A
fAB
fBA = fAB
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Prepared by: Dr. Brenda Lee C. T .
FLEXIBILITY METHOD
1. 2. 3. 4. Applications of Method Beam Analysis Truss Analysis Frame Analysis Matrix Notation
1. Beam Analysis
a) Textbook: Example 10-1 b) Textbook: Example 10-2 c) Textbook: Example 10-4