CD Ma Student Nortel

Course 809A
CDMA
Technology Overview
Student Guide
NBSS9.0 Standard 04.02 October 2000
CDMA
Technology Overview
Student Guide
Course number: Course 809A Product release: NBSS9.0 Document version: Standard 04.02 Date: October 2000
Copyright Country of printing Confidentiality Legal statements Trademarks
Copyright 19962000 Nortel Networks Corporation, All Rights Reserved Printed in the United States of America NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL
The information contained herein is the property of Nortel Networks and is strictly confidential. Except as expressly authorized in writing by Nortel Networks, the holder shall keep all information contained herein confidential, shall disclose it only to its employees with a need to know, and shall protect it, in whole or in part, from disclosure and dissemination to third parties with the same degree of care it uses to protect its own confidential information, but with no less than reasonable care. Except as expressly authorized in writing by Nortel Networks, the holder is granted no rights to use the information contained herein. Information is subject to change without notice. Nortel Networks reserves the right to make changes in design or components as progress in engineering and manufacturing may warrant. * Nortel Networks, the Nortel Networks logo, the Globemark HOW the WORLD SHARES IDEAS, and Unified Networks are trademarks of Nortel Networks. Trademarks are acknowledged with an asterisk (*) at their first appearance in the document.
Nortel Networks Confidential
Publication history
October 2000 Course updated for NBSS9.0 software release, Standard Issue 04.02. The course was modified to reflect curriculum changes, and course content was deleted and realigned: course content was rearranged in Lessons 1 and 3. August 2000 Course updated for NBSS9.0 software release, Standard Issue 04.01. The course was modified to reflect curriculum changes, and course content was deleted and realigned: course time was changed from two days to three days December 1999 Course updated for NBSS8.2 software release, Preliminary Issue 03.05. Course modified to reflect curriculum changes. Content deleted and realigned: course time reduced from five days to two days September 1999 Course updated for NBSS8.0 software release, Final Issue 03.00. January 1999 Final Issue 02.04. all Nortel Networks product information moved to course 809B course content aligned with new 1201 (old 810)overlapping and advanced information was removed some course content was simplified to enhance greater understanding List of Terms was updated
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Technology Overview Student Guide
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Publication history
October 1998 Final Issue 02.03. June 1998 Final Issue 02.02. January 1998 Final Issue 02.01. March 1997 Final Issue 02.00. October 1996 Final Issue 01.00.
Course 809A
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Contents
About this course
Course objectives xi Prerequisites xi Course agenda xi Support material xi
1
ix
Lesson 1 CDMA basics

Objectives 1-1 Terms 1-2 Introduction 1-4 Major subsystems of a CDMA system CDMA channels 1-9 Spread spectrum principles 1-10
1-1
1-7
Lesson 2 Spectrum usage and system capacity

Objectives 2-1 Spectrum usage and system capacity 2-2 Signal strength (Eb/N0) and S/N 2-3 Overlaying CDMA on an AMPS system 2-6 800 MHz cellular spectrum utilization 2-7 Deploying CDMA on the 1900 MHz band 2-8 Overlaying CDMA on the 1900 MHz band 2-11 CDMA frequency channel assignment at 800 MHz (Cellular) What happens during a call? 2-17
2-1
2-13
Lesson 3 CDMA forward channels

Objectives 3-1 Forward channel coding process 3-2 Sampling 3-5 Quantizing 3-5 Simplified vocoder functions 3-6 Signal regeneration 3-9 Pilot channel 3-26 Sync channel 3-31 CDMA Technology Overview Student Guide
3-1
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Lesson 4 CDMA reverse channels

Objectives 4-1 Access channels 4-4 Reverse traffic channels 4-12
4-1
Lesson 5 Power control, registration, and handoffs

Objectives 5-1 CDMA power control 5-2 Registration 5-11 Handoffs 5-24 Intra-system CDMA-to-analog handoff 5-36 Enhanced hard handoff triggers 5-37
5-1
Figures
Figure 1-1 Figure 1-2 Figure 1-3 Figure 1-4 Figure 1-5 Figure 1-6 Figure 1-7 Figure 1-8 Figure 1-9 Figure 1-10 Figure 1-11 Figure 1-12 Figure 1-13 Figure 1-14 Figure 1-15 Figure 1-16 Figure 1-17 Figure 1-18 Figure 1-19 Figure 1-20 Figure 2-1 Figure 2-2 Figure 2-3 Figure 2-4 Figure 2-5 Figure 2-6 Figure 2-7 Figure 2-8 Figure 2-9 Why CDMA? 1-4 What is Multiple Access? 1-5 Multiple access technologies 1-6 CDMA system components 1-7 Defining our terms 1-9 CDMA is a spread-spectrum system 1-10 Spread spectrum principles - the math hammer 1-11 Spread spectrum principles - many code channels 1-12 CDMA spreading principle: Anything We Can Do, We Can Undo 113 Shipping and Receiving via CDMA 1-14 CDMAs nested spreading sequences! 1-15 Walsh codes 1-16 Example of correlation between Walsh Codes 1-17 Correlation and Orthogonality 1-17 Short PN Sequences 1-19 Long PN Sequences 1-20 Discriminating among forward code channels 1-21 Discriminating among Base Stations 1-22 Discriminating among reverse code channels 1-23 Summary of characteristics and functions 1-24 Spectrum usage and system capacity: Signal Bandwidth, Vulnerability, and Frequency Reuse 2-2 Relationship between Eb/N0 and S/N 2-3 S/N advantage of CDMA 2-4 Overlaying CDMA on an AMPS system 2-5 800 MHz cellular spectrum utilization 2-7 Deploying CDMA on the 1900 MHz band 2-8 1900 MHz PCS spectrum utilization 2-9 Overlaying CDMA on the 1900 MHz band 2-11 Number of voice channels (as AMPS channels are converted to digital) 2-12 October 2000 For training purposes only
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Nortel Networks Confidential Figure 2-10 Figure 2-11 Figure 2-12 Figure 2-13 Figure 2-14 Figure 2-15 Figure 2-16 Figure 2-17 Figure 3-1 Figure 3-2 Figure 3-3 Figure 3-4 Figure 3-5 Figure 3-6 Figure 3-7 Figure 3-8 Figure 3-9 Figure 3-10 Figure 3-11 Figure 3-12 Figure 3-13 Figure 3-14 Figure 3-15 Figure 3-16 Figure 3-17 Figure 3-18 Figure 3-19 Figure 3-20 Figure 3-21 Figure 3-22 Figure 3-23 Figure 3-24 Figure 3-25 Figure 3-26 Figure 3-27 Figure 3-28 Figure 3-29 Figure 3-30 Figure 3-31 Figure 3-32 Figure 3-33 Figure 3-34 Figure 3-35 Figure 3-36 Figure 3-37 Figure 3-38 Figure 3-39 Figure 3-40 Figure 3-41 Figure 3-42 Figure 4-1
Contents CDMA frequency channel assignment at 800 MHz (Cellular) 2-13 CDMA frequency clearing: A-band (N=7 reuse pattern) 2-14 CDMA frequency clearing: B-band (N=7 reuse pattern) 2-14 Overlay guard zone deployment 2-15 Other technologies: avoiding interference 2-15 CDMA: using a new dimension 2-16 The network view 2-17 The handset view 2-17 CDMA forward traffic channels 3-2 CDMA code channels in the forward direction 3-3 Coding process on CDMA forward code channels 3-4 Digital Stream 0 (DS0) 3-5 Variable rate vocoding & multiplexing (Traffic Channels only) 3-6 Converting bits into symbols 3-7 Spreading symbols into chips 3-8 Reversing the process 3-9 Forward traffic channels: Vocoding 3-10 Variable rate vocoder 3-11 Wireless data service 3-12 Forward traffic channel generation 3-13 Forward traffic channel frame structure 3-14 Convolutional encoding and symbol repetition 3-15 A very simple convolutional encoder 3-16 Rate 1/2, K=9 convolutional encoding 3-17 Symbol repetition and power reduction 3-18 Symbol puncturing Rate Set 2 (13 kb vocoder) 3-19 Block interleaving 3-20 9600 bps block interleaver (input array) 3-21 9600 bps block interleaver (output array) 3-22 9600 bps de-interleaving 3-23 Forward channel demodulation 3-24 Putting it all together: CDMA code channels 3-25 Pilot channel 3-26 Pilot channel generation 3-27 Walsh Codes generation 3-28 CDMA Short and Long PN codes 3-29 Pilot channel acquisition 3-30 Sync channel 3-31 Frames and messages 3-32 Sync channel generation 3-33 Sync channel block interleaver (input matrix) 3-34 Sync channel block interleaver (output matrix) 3-35 Sync channel block interleaver (block restored) 3-36 Sync channel structure 3-37 Sync channel message body format 3-38 Sync channel message parameters 3-39 Sync channel message parameters 3-40 Paging channels 3-41 Paging channel generation 3-42 Paging channel structure 3-43 CDMA code channels in the reverse direction 4-2 CDMA Technology Overview Student Guide
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Contents Figure 4-2 Figure 4-3 Figure 4-4 Figure 4-5 Figure 4-6 Figure 4-7 Figure 4-8 Figure 4-9 Figure 4-10 Figure 4-11 Figure 4-12 Figure 4-13 Figure 4-14 Figure 4-15 Figure 5-1 Figure 5-2 Figure 5-3 Figure 5-4 Figure 5-5 Figure 5-6 Figure 5-7 Figure 5-8 Figure 5-9 Figure 5-10 Figure 5-11 Figure 5-12 Figure 5-13 Figure 5-14 Figure 5-15 Figure 5-16 Figure 5-17 Figure 5-18 Figure 5-19 Figure 5-20 Figure 5-21 Figure 5-22 Figure 5-23 Figure 5-24 Figure 5-25 Figure 5-26 Figure 5-27 Figure 5-28 Figure 5-29 Figure 5-30 Figure 5-31 Figure 5-32
Nortel Networks Confidential Coding process on CDMA reverse code channels 4-3 Access channels 4-4 Access channel generation 4-5 Rate 1/3 convolutional encoder 4-6 Access channel block interleaving 4-7 Access channel block interleaving (4800 X 2 bps WRITE MATRIX) 4-8 Access channel block interleaving (4800 X 2 bps READ MATRIX) 9 Access channel slot structure 4-10 Access channel probing 4-11 CDMA reverse traffic channels 4-12 Reverse traffic channel generation 4-13 Reverse traffic channel frame structure 4-14 Reverse traffic channel: Convolutional encoding and symbol repetition 4-15 Reverse traffic channel: Block interleaving 4-16 CDMA power control 5-3 Reverse open loop power control 5-4 Estimated reverse open loop output power 5-5 Reverse closed loop power control 5-6 Power output estimations (summary) 5-7 Reverse outer loop power control 5-8 Forward traffic channel power control 5-9 Summary of all power control mechanisms 5-10 Roaming 5-11 HLR and VLR 5-12 CDMA registration 5-13 Forms of CDMA registration 5-14 Power-up registration 5-15 Power-down registration 5-16 Timer-based registration 5-17 Distance-based registration 5-18 Zone-based registration 5-19 Parameter-change registration 5-20 Implicit registration 5-21 Ordered and traffic channel registration 5-22 What is Ec/Io 5-24 Whats in a handset? 5-25 CDMA handoffs 5-25 CDMA soft handoff mechanics 5-26 Softer handoff 5-27 Overall handoff perspective 5-28 CDMA-to-CDMA hard handoff 5-29 Pilot detection trigger - CELL_PILOT_BEACON sectors 5-31 Hard handoff using Beacon Pilot sectors 5-32 Boundary sector trigger border cells 5-33 Hard handoff using border sectors 5-35 CDMA-to-analog handoff 5-36
4-
Course 809A
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About this course

This course presents the fundamental concepts of code division multiplex access (CDMA) theory.
Course objectives
Upon completion of this course, the student will have a basic understanding of CDMA technology. This includes the following concepts: How CDMA is compared to other access technologies The purpose of CDMA coding, forward, and reverse channels Why vocoding, multiplexing, and power control is neccessary in a CDMA system The primary components that comprise a CDMA system The basic workings of CDMA messaging and call flow
Prerequisites
This course has no prerequisites.
0 0
Course agenda
Course material is presented in the following order: Lesson 1Course basics Lesson 2Spectrum usage and system capacity Lesson 3CDMA forward channels Lesson 4CDMA reverse channels Lesson 5Power control, registration, and handoffs
Support material
Each student should have a copy of the CDMA Technology Overview Student Guide.
CDMA
Technology Overview Student Guide
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About this course
Course 809A
Standard
04.02
October 2000
1-1
Lesson 1 CDMA basics

Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, the student will be able to: compare CDMA to other access technologies describe the concept of spectrum spreading explain how CDMA uses Walsh Codes distinguish between short and long PN codes explain the relationship between bits, symbols, and chips
CDMA
Technology Overview
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CDMA basics
Terms
The following terms are used in this lesson: AMPSadvanced mobile phone service AMamplitude modulation BERbit error rate BTAbasic trading area CDMAcode division multiplex access CRCcyclic redundancy check CTIACellular Telecommunications Industry Association D-AMPSdigital American phone system DSPdigital signal processor ESNelectronic serial number FDMAfrequency division multiplex access FERframe error rate FSKfrequency shift keying GSMglobal system for mobile communication kbkilobit LANlocal area network LEClocal exchange carrier MHzMegahertz MTAmultiple trading area PCSpersonal communication service PNpseudo-random number PSTNpublic switched telephone network
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QCELPQualcomm code excited linear prediction QPSKquadrature phase shift keying RFradio frequency VSELPvector sum excited linear prediction Walsh CodesForward CDMA channels received at a mobile from a sector in a base station XORexclusive OR
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CDMA basics
Introduction
1
Code division multiplex access (CDMA) is a spread spectrum system developed by Qualcomm. The technology has gained wide acceptance for both cellular and PCS, largely due to the fact that it is extremely robust with excellent audio quality from 8 kb and 13 kb variable rate vocoders. Characteristics of CDMA include the following: Is the technology of choice for both 800 MHz Cellular and 1900 MHz PCS service providers Satisfies CTIA users performance requirements Provides high capacity (in excess of 10 x AMPS) Provides excellent audio quality Provides privacy through its coding scheme
Figure 1-1 Why CDMA?
C ode D ivision Multiple A ccess
CDMA is extremely robust and provides excellent audio quality
s Is the technology of choice for both 800 MHz Cellular and 1900 MHz PCS service providers s Satisfies CTIA Users Performance Requirements s Provides high capacity (many times the capacity of AMPS) s Provides privacy through its coding scheme
Course 809A
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Nortel Networks Confidential Figure 1-2 What is Multiple Access?
CDMA basics
1-5
What is Multiple Access?

Multiple Access: Simultaneous private use of a transmission medium by multiple, independent users. Since the beginning of telephony and radio, system operators have tried to squeeze the maximum amount of traffic over each circuit Types of Media Twisted pair - copper Coaxial cable Fiber optic cable Air interface (radio signals) Advantages of Multiple Access Increased capacity: serve more users Reduced capital requirements since fewer media can carry the traffic Decreased per-user expense Easier to manage and administer
CDMA Technology Overview
Transmission
Medium
Each pair of users enjoys a dedicated, private circuit through the transmission medium, unaware that the other users exist.
February, 2000 - Page 1-4
Multiple access techniques are used to increase efficiency in a variety of settings. Commonplace examples that can be encountered directly or indirectly today include the following: local area networks (LAN) Computers in medium and large businesses are usually linked together over a shared media (usually twisted pair cable). This facilitates multiple access to applications and data, and the ability to exchange files easily. Typical LAN configurations are Token Ring or Ethernet. local telephone service The typical home subscriber accesses the public switched telephone network (PSTN) over time division multiplexed lines. These multiplexed lines concentrate individual lines and feed them to the local office. Increasingly today, the physical media of choice is fiber optic cable. The use of fiber decreases operational costs for the local exchange carrier (LEC) and broadens the range of services that can be supported.
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Figure 1-3 Multiple access technologies
Multiple Access Technologies

Channel: An individually-assigned, dedicated
pathway through a transmission medium for one users information The physical transmission medium is a resource that can be subdivided into individual channels according to different criteria depending on the technology used: Heres how the three most popular technologies establish channels:
FDMA
Power
Tim e
e qu y nc
e Fr
FDMA (Frequency Division Multiplex Access)
TDMA
Power
Tim e
each user on a different frequency a channel is a frequency TDMA (Time Division Multiplex Access) each user on a different window period in time (time slot) a channel is a specific time slot on a specific frequency CDMA (Code Division Multiplex Access) each user uses the same frequency all the time, but mixed with different distinguishing code patterns a channel is a unique set of code patterns
Fre
e qu
y nc
CDMA
Power
Tim e
e qu re y nc
Frequency division multiplex access (FDMA) is the oldest and most widely implemented access method. It makes the least efficient use of the limited frequency spectrum, allocating each user a fixed band of frequencies for their exclusive use for the duration of a call. Time division multiplex access (TDMA) is used by D-AMPS and GSM, and makes better use of the same spectrum than AMPS by allowing several users to share the same band of frequencies. Instead of assigning a frequency bands to just one user, TDMA divides the time into slots and shares the channel between several users by assigning them different slots in a round-robin basis. This method is still inefficient (although less than AMPS) because the time slots allocated to one conversation cannot be re-allocated for another purpose if they are not used by their original designated user. Code division multiplex access (CDMA) is a spread spectrum modulation technology where channels are defined by means of mathematical codes, and which share the same frequency band simultaneously.
Course 809A
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October 2000
Nortel Networks Confidential Figure 1-4 CDMA system components
CDMA basics
1-7
T1s
T1 or E1s
DMS-MTX MAP
BTS
BSSM BSC
MTSO
Mobile Telephone Exchange (MTX) provides call processing functions for Mobile Telephone Exchange (MTX) provides call processing functions for AMPS/TDMA/CDPD/CDMA cellular systems AMPS/TDMA/CDPD/CDMA cellular systems Base Station Subsystem Manager (BSSM) provides aaGraphical User Interface Base Station Subsystem Manager (BSSM) provides Graphical User Interface
(GUI) for operations, administration and maintenance of the BSC, BTS and (GUI) for operations, administration and maintenance of the BSC, BTS and itself itself Base Station Controller (BSC) provides data routing, voice coding Base Station Controller (BSC) provides data routing, voice coding and some hand-off functions and some hand-off functions Base Station Transceiver Subsystem (BTS) provides the RF link Base Station Transceiver Subsystem (BTS) provides the RF link to the subscriber to the subscriber MTX, BSC and BSM are identical for 800 and 1900 MHz products MTX, BSC and BSM are identical for 800 and 1900 MHz products
Major subsystems of a CDMA system
The hardware architecture of the CDMA wireless system consist of switching equipment and cell site equipment. These components interact with the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) and the Mobile Subscriber Unit (MSU) to provide a complete cellular communications system. The major subsystems of the Nortel Networks product design and function are: Digital Multiplex System-Mobile Telephone Exchange (DMS-MTX) provides the high level call processing for multiple access technoloies (AMPS, TDMA, CDPD and CDMA). The DMS-MTX will make and break many thousands of connections during normal operations, and performs the following functions: records billing information performs diagnostics generates logs records call information
CDMA Technology Overview NBSS9.0
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CDMA basics
records statistics routes calls validates users Base Station Subsystem Manager (BSSM) provides a Graphical User Interface (GUI) for the operations, administration and maintenance of the Base Station Controller (BSC) and Base Station Transceiver Subsystem (BTS). The BSSM performs the following functions: software download initialize and enable network elements software and configuration file storage database collection and analysis monitoring, testing and diagnosis performance analysis system administration Base Station Controller (BSC) controls the message and signalling routing between itself, the DMS-MTX, BSSM and BTS. It also provides the voice coding and decoding between the MSU via the BTS and the PCM from the DMS-MTX. Only one BSC is required for the system and it is normally co-located with the DMS-MTX. The BSC provides call processing functions such as: power control service options soft handoffs Base Station Transceiver Subsystem (BTS) provides the over-the-air interface to the Mobile Subscriber Unit (MSU), according to the IS-95A for 800MHz (Indoor Product) and ANSI J-STD-008 for the 1900 MHz (Outdoor Product) with the DMS-MTX. The BTS equipment location, frequently referred to as a cell site, can contain multiple BTSs operating at different frequency assignments. The BTS can be configured as a Omni, 2-Sector or a 3-Sector cell, and performs the following functions: converts digital vocoded HDLC Packet into RF signals converts RF signals into digital vocoded HDLC Packet power control softer handoffs
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Nortel Networks Confidential Figure 1-5 Defining our terms
CDMA basics
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Defining Our Terms

s CDMA Channel or CDMA Carrier or CDMA Frequency Duplex channel made of two 1.25 MHz-wide bands of electromagnetic spectrum, one for Base Station to Mobile Station communication (called the FORWARD LINK or the DOWNLINK) and another for Mobile Station to Base Station communication (called the REVERSE LINK or the UPLINK) In 800 MHz Cellular these two simplex 1.25 MHz bands are 45 MHz apart In 1900 MHz PCS they are 80 MHz apart s CDMA Forward Channel
1.25 MHz Forward Link
CDMA CHANNEL
s CDMA Reverse Channel 1.25 MHz 1.25 MHz 1.25 MHz Reverse Link s CDMA Code Channel 45 or 80 MHz Each individual stream of 0s and 1s contained in either the CDMA Forward Channel or in the CDMA Reverse Channel Code Channels are characterized (made unique) by mathematical codes Code channels in the forward link: Pilot, Sync, Paging and Forward Traffic channels Code channels in the reverse link: Access and Reverse Traffic channels
CDMA Reverse Channel
CDMA Forward Channel
CDMA channels
CDMA subdivides the available spectrum in 1.25 MHz bands referred to as CDMA Channels or CDMA carriers. Each of these carriers can typically support 22 or 17 calls (depending on whether 8 or 13 kb vocoders are used), per sector; in addition to supporting handoff with about one third to one half as many mobile stations nominally being serviced by other cells. In addition to the forward and reverse traffic channels, other overhead or support channels (pilot, sync, paging, and access) coexist in the same 1.25 MHz carrier. Multiple carriers can be accommodated in a licensed block of spectrum. The individual channels that share the same CDMA channel, or carrier, are referred to as forward, or reverse code channels. Each code channel behaves as a source of noise from the point of view of the other, and the maximum number of such channels that can coexist on a carrier at any given time is not fixed, but depends on the total level of noise against which each code channel has to contend. It is for this reason that a CDMA system is said to have a soft capacity limit.
1-10
CDMA basics
Figure 1-6 CDMA is a spread-spectrum system
CDMA Is a Spread-Spectrum System

TRADITIONAL COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM Spread Spectrum
Slow Information Sent TX Narrowband Signal Slow Information Recovered RX
Traditional technologies try to squeeze the signal into the minimum required bandwidth Direct-Sequence Spread spectrum systems mix their input data with a fast spreading sequence and transmit a wideband signal The spreading sequence is independently regenerated at the receiver and mixed with the incoming wideband signal to recover the original data The de-spreading gives substantial gain proportional to the bandwidth of the spreading signal CDMA uses a larger bandwidth but then uses resulting processing gain to increase capacity
SPREAD-SPECTRUM SYSTEM
Wideband Signal
Slow Information Sent TX RX Slow Information Recovered
Fast Spreading Sequence
Fast Spreading Sequence
Spread Spectrum Payoff:
Processing Gain
Spread spectrum principles
Traditional radio communication systems transmit data using the minimum bandwidth required to carry it as a narrowband signal. Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum systems mix their input data with a fast spreading sequence and transmit a wideband signal. The spreading sequence is independently regenerated at the receiver and mixed with the incoming wideband signal to recover the original data. The de-spreading gives substantial gain proportional to the bandwidth of the spread-spectrum signal. The gain can be used to increase system performance and range, or allow multiple coded users, or both. A digital bit stream sent over a radio link requires a definite bandwidth to be successfully transmitted and received. The actual spectrum occupied by a digital signal depends on its bit rate and type of radio modulation (AM, FSK, QPSK, etc.).
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The minimum usable bandwidth (in Hertz) is roughly equal to the speed of the information (in bits per second). Only very advanced modulation forms achieve this density. Common techniques use several times as much radio bandwidth as information bandwidth.
Most of radio history has been a series of attempts to squeeze more and more information into smaller and smaller channel bandwidths, thus making room for more users. However, CDMA exploits a different principle: If a signal is transmitted deliberately using much more RF bandwidth than really required, it will be much easier to detect at the receiver. There is actually a reward for wasting spectrum! This reward is called Processing Gain. CDMA uses it to make the RF link more reliable, and uses coding to allow multiple users to share the same very wideband signal. This deliberate technique is called Spread Spectrum transmission.
Figure 1-7 Spread spectrum principles - the math hammer
MAT HAM H MER
Power is Spread Over a Larger Bandwidth
MATH HAMMER
30 KHz 1.25 MHz
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Figure 1-8 Spread spectrum principles - many code channels
Many code channels are individually spread and then added together to create a composite signal
Using the right mathematical sequences any Code Channel can be extracted from the received composite signal
UNWANTED POWER FROM OTHER SOURCES
Course 809A
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Nortel Networks Confidential Figure 1-9 CDMA spreading principle: Anything We Can Do, We Can Undo
CDMA basics
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Anything We Can Do, We Can Undo
ORIGINATING SITE
Spread Data Stream (Base Band + Spreading Sequence) Input Data (Base Band)
DESTINATION
Recovered Data (Base Band)
Spreading Sequence
Spreading Sequence
s Any data bit stream can be combined with a spreading sequence s The resulting signal can be de-spread and the data stream recovered if the original spreading sequence is available and properly synchronized s After de-spreading, the original data stream is recovered intact
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CDMA basics
Figure 1-10 Shipping and Receiving via CDMA
Shipping Fed Ex Fed Ex
Receiving
Data
Mailer
Mailer
Data
s Whether in shipping and receiving, or in CDMA, packaging is extremely important! s Cargo is placed inside nested containers for protection and to allow addressing s The shipper packs in a certain order, and the receiver unpacks in the reverse order s CDMA containers are spreading codes
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Nortel Networks Confidential Figure 1-11 CDMAs nested spreading sequences!
CDMA basics
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ORIGINATING SITE
X+A
Spread-Spectrum Chip Streams X+A+B X+A+B+C X+A+B
DESTINATION
X+A
Input Data
Recovered Data
X
Spreading Spreading Spreading Sequence Sequence Sequence Spreading Spreading Spreading Sequence Sequence Sequence
s CDMA combines three different spreading sequences to create unique, robust channels s The sequences are easy to generate on both sending and receiving ends of each link s The sequences are applied in succession at the sending end and then reapplied in opposite order to recover the original data stream at the receiving end
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CDMA basics
Figure 1-12 Walsh codes
WALSH CODES
# 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 ---------------------------------- 64-Chip Sequence -----------------------------------------0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101 0011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011 0110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110 0000111100001111000011110000111100001111000011110000111100001111 0101101001011010010110100101101001011010010110100101101001011010 0011110000111100001111000011110000111100001111000011110000111100 0110100101101001011010010110100101101001011010010110100101101001 0000000011111111000000001111111100000000111111110000000011111111 0101010110101010010101011010101001010101101010100101010110101010 0011001111001100001100111100110000110011110011000011001111001100 0110011010011001011001101001100101100110100110010110011010011001 0000111111110000000011111111000000001111111100000000111111110000 0101101010100101010110101010010101011010101001010101101010100101 0011110011000011001111001100001100111100110000110011110011000011 0110100110010110011010011001011001101001100101100110100110010110 0000000000000000111111111111111100000000000000001111111111111111 0101010101010101101010101010101001010101010101011010101010101010 0011001100110011110011001100110000110011001100111100110011001100 0110011001100110100110011001100101100110011001101001100110011001 0000111100001111111100001111000000001111000011111111000011110000 0101101001011010101001011010010101011010010110101010010110100101 0011110000111100110000111100001100111100001111001100001111000011 0110100101101001100101101001011001101001011010011001011010010110 0000000011111111111111110000000000000000111111111111111100000000 0101010110101010101010100101010101010101101010101010101001010101 0011001111001100110011000011001100110011110011001100110000110011 0110011010011001100110010110011001100110100110011001100101100110 0000111111110000111100000000111100001111111100001111000000001111 0101101010100101101001010101101001011010101001011010010101011010 0011110011000011110000110011110000111100110000111100001100111100 0110100110010110100101100110100101101001100101101001011001101001 0000000000000000000000000000000011111111111111111111111111111111 0101010101010101010101010101010110101010101010101010101010101010 0011001100110011001100110011001111001100110011001100110011001100 0110011001100110011001100110011010011001100110011001100110011001 0000111100001111000011110000111111110000111100001111000011110000 0101101001011010010110100101101010100101101001011010010110100101 0011110000111100001111000011110011000011110000111100001111000011 0110100101101001011010010110100110010110100101101001011010010110 0000000011111111000000001111111111111111000000001111111100000000 0101010110101010010101011010101010101010010101011010101001010101 0011001111001100001100111100110011001100001100111100110000110011 0110011010011001011001101001100110011001011001101001100101100110 0000111111110000000011111111000011110000000011111111000000001111 0101101010100101010110101010010110100101010110101010010101011010 0011110011000011001111001100001111000011001111001100001100111100 0110100110010110011010011001011010010110011010011001011001101001 0000000000000000111111111111111111111111111111110000000000000000 0101010101010101101010101010101010101010101010100101010101010101 0011001100110011110011001100110011001100110011000011001100110011 0110011001100110100110011001100110011001100110010110011001100110 0000111100001111111100001111000011110000111100000000111100001111 0101101001011010101001011010010110100101101001010101101001011010 0011110000111100110000111100001111000011110000110011110000111100 0110100101101001100101101001011010010110100101100110100101101001 0000000011111111111111110000000011111111000000000000000011111111 0101010110101010101010100101010110101010010101010101010110101010 0011001111001100110011000011001111001100001100110011001111001100 0110011010011001100110010110011010011001011001100110011010011001 0000111111110000111100000000111111110000000011110000111111110000 0101101010100101101001010101101010100101010110100101101010100101 0011110011000011110000110011110011000011001111000011110011000011 0110100110010110100101100110100110010110011010010110100110010110
Course 809A
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Nortel Networks Confidential Figure 1-13 Example of correlation between Walsh Codes
CDMA basics
1-17
EXAMPLE: Correlation of Walsh Code #23 with Walsh Code #59

#23 #59 XOR 0110100101101001100101101001011001101001011010011001011010010110 0110011010011001100110010110011010011001011001100110011010011001 0000111111110000000011111111000011110000000011111111000000001111
Correlation Results: 32 1s, 32 0s: Orthogonal!!

There are 64 Walsh Codes used in the CDMA system. Each sequence is 64 chips in length, where a chip is a binary digit (1 or 0). Each Walsh Code is orthogonal to the other codes: if the result of XORing two Walsh codes results in the same number of 0s and 1s, they are said to be orthographic. If these binary strings were represented as lines, they would be perpendicular to each other.
Figure 1-14 Correlation and Orthogonality
Correlation and Orthogonality

Correlation is a measure of the similarity between two binary strings
Code #23 0110100101101001100101101001011001101001011010011001011010010110
(Code #23) 1001011010010110011010010110100110010110100101100110100101101001 Code #59 0110011010011001100110010110011010011001011001100110011010011001
#59 #23 #23 #23 (#23) #23
PARALLEL PARALLEL
XOR: all 0s XOR: all 0s Correlation: 100% Correlation: 100%
(100% match) (100% match)
ORTHOGONAL ORTHOGONAL
XOR: half 0s, half 1s XOR: half 0s, half 1s Correlation: 0% Correlation: 0%
ANTI-PARALLEL ANTI-PARALLEL
XOR: all 1s XOR: all 1s Correlation: 100% Correlation: 100%
(100% no-match) (100% no-match)
(50% match, 50% no-match) (50% match, 50% no-match)
CDMA Theory and Product Design
September, 1999 - Page 1-16
CDMA
Technology Overview
NBSS9.0
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CDMA basics
The inherent orthographic structure of the Walsh Code table makes it easier to recognize and extract a particular code when multiple codes are being transmitting simultaneously. The codes that are not orthogonal to the code being analyzed are discarded.
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Nortel Networks Confidential Figure 1-15 Short PN Sequences
CDMA basics
1-19
The Short PN Sequences

The two Short PN Sequences, I and Q, are 32,768 chips long Together they can be considered a two-dimensional binary vector with distinct I and Q component sequences, each 32,768 chips long Each Short PN Sequence (and, as a matter of fact, any sequence) correlates with itself perfectly if compared at a timing offset of 0 chips Each Short PN Sequence is special: Orthogonal to a copy of itself that has been offset by any number of chips (other than 0)
32,768 chips long 26 2/3 ms. (75 repetitions in 2 sec.)
I Q Unique Properties:
Short PN Sequence vs. Itself @ 0 Offset
I Q I Q 100% Correlation: All bits = 0
Short PN Sequence vs. Itself @ Any Offset

I Q I Q Orthogonal: 16,384 1s + 16,384 0s
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Technology Overview
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CDMA basics
Figure 1-16 Long PN Sequences
The Long PN Sequence

Long Code Register
(@ 1.2288 MCPS)
1100011000
AND
SUM
PERMUT ED ESN
Public Long Code Mask

(STATIC)
Modulo-2 Addition
User Long Code Sequence (@1.2288 MCPS)
Each mobile station uses a unique User Long Code Sequence generated by applying a mask, based on its 32-bit ESN, to the 42-bit Long Code Generator which was synchronized with the CDMA system during the mobile station initialization Generated at 1.2288 Mcps, this sequence requires 41 days, 10 hours, 12 minutes and 19.4 seconds to complete Portions of the Users Long Codes generated by different mobile stations for the duration of a call are not exactly orthogonal but are sufficiently different to permit reliable decoding on the reverse link
CDMA Technology Overview February, 2000 - Page 1-22
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Nortel Networks Confidential Figure 1-17 Discriminating among forward code channels
CDMA basics
1-21
Pilot FW Traffic (for user #1)
Sync Paging
FW Traffic (for user #2) FW Traffic (for user #3)
s A Mobile Station, tuned to a particular CDMA frequency, receives a Forward CDMA Channel from a sector in a Base Station. s This Forward CDMA Channel carries a composite signal made of up to 64 forward code channels s Some of these code channels are traffic channels while other are overhead channels needed by the CDMA system to operate properly. s A set of 64 mathematical codes is needed to differentiate the 64 possible forward code channels that can be contained in a Forward CDMA Channel. The codes in this set are called Walsh Codes
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CDMA basics
Figure 1-18 Discriminating among Base Stations
Up to 64 Code Channels
Up to 64 Code Channels
s A mobile Station is surrounded by Base Stations, all of them transmitting on the same CDMA Frequency s Each Sector in each Base Station is transmitting a CDMA Forward Traffic Channel containing up to 64 distinct forward code channels s A Mobile Station must be able to discriminate between different Sectors of different Base Stations and listen to only one set of code channels s Two binary digit sequences called the I and Q Short PN Sequences (or Short PN Codes) are defined for the purpose of identifying sectors of different base stations s These Short PN Sequences can be used in 512 different ways in a CDMA system. Each one of them constitutes a mathematical code which can be used to identify a particular sector of a particular base station
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Nortel Networks Confidential Figure 1-19 Discriminating among reverse code channels
CDMA basics
1-23
RV Traffic from M.S. #1837732008
System Access Attempt by M.S. #4348769902 (on access channel #1)
s The CDMA system must be able to uniquely identify each Mobile Station that may attempt to communicate with a Base Station s A very large number of Mobile Stations will be in the market s One binary digit sequence called the Long PN Sequence (or Long PN Code) is defined for the purpose of uniquely identifying each possible reverse code channel s This sequence is extremely long and can be used in trillions of different ways. Each one of them constitutes a mathematical code which can be used to identify a particular user (and is then called a User Long Code) or a particular access channel (explained later in this course)
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CDMA basics
Figure 1-20 Summary of characteristics and functions
Summary of Characteristics & Functions
Each CDMA spreading sequence is used for a specific purpose on the forward link and a different purpose on the reverse link The sequences are used to form code channels for users in both directions
64 chips long
Cell
Type of Sequence
How
Many Length Properties
Special
Forward Link Function

User identity within cells signal
Reverse Link Function

Orthogonal Modulation (information carrier)
64 codes
Walsh Codes Short PN Sequences Long PN Sequences
64
64 chips 1/19,200 sec.
Mutually Orthogonal
32,768 chips long 26-2/3 ms. (75 repetitions in 2 sec.)
I Q
AND
SUM
32,768 chips 26-2/3 ms 75x in 2 sec.
Orthogonal with itself at any time shift value except 0 nearorthogonal if shifted
Distinguish Cells & Sectors
Quadrature Spreading (Zero offset)
242 chips ~41 days
Data Scrambling to avoid all 1s or 0s
Distinguish users
Modulo-2 Addition
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CDMA basics
1-25
Exercise 1-1
Lesson review
Answer the following questions and review your answers with the instructor. 1. If a signal is deliberately transmitted using more RF bandwidth than required, it is easier to detect at the receiver. This waste is formally defined as what?
2. Are all CDMA Walsh Codes orthogonal?
3. What sequence best describes this conversion relationship in CDMA: a. symbols bits chips b. chips symbols bits c. Bits chips symbols 4. List the four overhead (support) channels.
5. What is the size (in MHz) of a CDMA channel?
6. What is the size (in MHz) of a CDMA guard band?
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CDMA basics
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Standard
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Lesson 2 Spectrum usage and system capacity

Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, the student will be able to: understand the capacity issues related to CDMA, TDMA, and AMPS explain what a system overlay is understand the call events of what happens during a wireless call explain what EbNo is
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Technology Overview
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Spectrum usage and system capacity
Figure 2-1 Spectrum usage and system capacity: Signal Bandwidth, Vulnerability, and Frequency Reuse
s Each wireless technology (AMPS, NAMPS, D-AMPS, GSM, CDMA) uses a specific modulation type with its own unique signal characteristics s The total traffic capacity of a wireless system is determined largely by radio signal characteristics and RF design s RF signal vulnerability to Interference dictates how much interference can be tolerated, and therefore how far apart same-frequency cells must be spaced s For a specific S/N level, the Signal Bandwidth determines how many RF signals will fit in the operators licensed spectrum 17 dB = 101.7 50 14 dB = 101.4 25 12 dB = 101.2 16
AMPS, D-AMPS, N-AMPS

1 3 1 Users Vulnerability: C/I 17 dB 10 kHz 2 7 3 1 6 4 5
30
30
Typical Frequency Reuse N=7
GSM 8 Users
Vulnerability: C/I 12-14 dB 1 4 200 kHz Typical Frequency Reuse N=4 2 3
CDMA 22 Users
1250 kHz
Vulnerability: Eb/No 6 dB
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1
1 1
Typical Frequency Reuse N=1
All wireless technologies depend on frequency reuse to multiply capacity. If the radio signal is fragile, a high carrier to interference ratio (C/I) is required and cells sharing the same frequency must be physically far apart. The same frequency cannot be used in adjacent cells, other cells are required to fill in the gaps, and each cell uses only a fraction of the total available frequencies. If the radio signal is robust, or uses special techniques to distinguish users, then cells sharing the same frequencies can be closer: each cell can have more frequencies and therefore more users. To reduce interference in AMPS and TDMA, in order to achieve the required level of C/I, we must increase the distance between co-channel cells D relative to their coverage radio R. This imposes a reuse factor N which results in a proportional decrease of cell capacity (where capacity expressed as the number of channels per cell is calculated as the total number of channels divided by the reuse factor N). In AMPS and North American TDMA, a reuse factor of N = 7 is the minimum that almost works in most propagation environments, giving about 17 dB of C/I and 56 channels per cell (assuming a total of 395 traffic
Course 809A
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2-3
channels). The C/I can be further improved by subdividing the cell in three sectors and giving each sector one third of the channels in that cell, but this comes at a price: the reduction of traffic capacity measured in Erlangs. As GSM can operate with a lower C/I, a frequency reuse factor of four can be successfully used. This problem does not exist in CDMA where a reuse factor of one is the norm.
Figure 2-2 Relationship between Eb/N0 and S/N
Eb
Signal Power Bit Rate
S R
E/t B/t
N0 =
Noise Power Bandwidth
N W
Signal to Noise Eb N0 S R = N W = S R W N S N W R Processing Gain
8 Kb vocoder (Full Rate) 13 Kb vocoder (Full Rate)
W 1,250,000 2.11 = = 130 = 10 = 21.1dB R 9,600 W 1,250,000 1.94 = = 87 = 10 = 19.4 dB R 14,400

2
Signal strength (Eb/N0) and S/N
The average amount of Energy per Bit of information (Eb) can be calculated dividing the total signal power (energy per unit of time) by the bit rate (number of bits transmitted per unit of time). The average Noise Spectral Density (N0) can be calculated dividing the total noise power by the bandwidth of the channel.
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Technology Overview
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Simple math can be used combining both definitions to obtain a relationship between the rate of Energy per Bit of information to Noise Spectral Density (Eb/N0) and the rate of Signal to Noise (S/N). The rate of Bandwidth to Bit Rate (W/R) which appears in this equation is defined as the Processing Gain. Notice that according to this definition, a CDMA system in which 9600 bps of information are transmitted using a bandwidth of 1.2288 MHz, has a processing gain of 21.1 dB, and a CDMA system in which 14400 bps of information are transmitted using a bandwidth of 1.2288 MHz, has a processing gain of 19.4dB.
Figure 2-3 S/N advantage of CDMA
Signal to Noise Processing Gain (W/R) Eb N0 S N X
10 1.94
10 0.6
S N
10 0.6 10 1.94
Quality Indicator C/I 17 dB C/I 17 dB C/I 17 dB
10 -1.34 =
-13.4 dB
Technology AMPS N-AMPS D-AMPS GSM CDMA
Modulation Type Analog FM Analog FM DQPSK GMSK QPSK/OQPSK
Channel Bandwidth 30 KHz. 10 KHz. 30 KHz. 200 KHz. 1,250 KHz.
S/N S/N 17 dB S/N 17 dB S/N 17 dB S/N 12

to 14
C/I 12-14 dB Eb/No 6dB
dB
S/N 13.4 dB
17 dB = 101.7 50 14 dB = 101.4 25 12 dB = 101.2 16
-13.4 dB = 10-1.34 0.046 =
1 22
In CDMA, when using the 13 Kb vocoder at full rate, noise can be 22 times stronger than the signal, and the signal can still be recovered! To make CDMA work, it is necessary not only to devise a method of making each signal sharing the bandwidth look (and behave statistically) like noise, but to do it in such a way that it is possible later to selectively recover the desired signal making it stand above the noise.
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The Signal-to-Noise rate is not important to CDMA (actually the level of a particular signal is dwarfed by the noise). Instead, what is critical for CDMA is the Eb/N0 rate; that is, the amount of energy used to represent each bit of information (carried over the CDMA channel bandwidth) relative to the noise spectral density (or amount of noise energy by unit of bandwidth). The Bit Error Rate (BER), or number of bits in error per unit of time, is not that important either because the bit coding scheme used allows a large number of individual bit errors to be corrected automatically. The bit stream is divided into 20 ms slices which are processed and converted into frames. It is the Frame Error Rate (FER) that is used instead of the BER as a performance metric.
Figure 2-4 Overlaying CDMA on an AMPS system
1.77 MHz
Power
260 KHz
1.25 MHz Nominal Bandwidth
260 KHz
GUARD BAND
CDMA CARRIER
GUARD BAND
Frequency
Each CDMA Channel: 1.250 MHz 30 kHz = 41.7 = ~41 AMPS channels Each Guard Band: 260 kHz 30 kHz = 8.7 = ~9 AMPS channels TOTAL: 1.77 MHz 30 kHz = 59 AMPS channels
AVAILABLE
41 AMPS channels 41 AMPS channels 41 AMPS channels
AVAILABLE
CDMA
CDMA
41 AMPS channels
CDMA
CDMA
CDMA
9 AMPS channels
Minimum Separation between AMPS/TDMA and CDMA center frequency: (1,250 kHz 2) + 260 kHz = 885 kHz
885 KHz
CDMA
Technology Overview
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Overlaying CDMA on an AMPS system
If the 1.25 MHz band of frequencies identified in the drawing as the nominal band is used to support a CDMA channel in some cells, neither the frequencies in this band nor those in the 260 kHz Guard Bands on either side of it can be used in those cells or in the cells in the surrounding Guard Zone (discussed later) for any other purpose. Frequencies outside this 1.77 MHz band (1.25 MHz nominal plus two 260 kHz guard bands) can be used anywhere, including the central CDMA cells and the surrounding Guard Zone. Frequencies in this 1.77 MHz band can be used in cells beyond the Guard Zone. Notice that about 59 AMPS channels must be cleared to introduce one CDMA channel, that is, 41 for the actual CDMA signal and nine for each Guard Band.
Course 809A
Standard
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October 2000
Nortel Networks Confidential Figure 2-5 800 MHz cellular spectrum utilization
Channel Numbers 1 1023
2-7
1 1023
824 MHz
800 MHz cellular spectrum utilization

The following table is an example of CDMA channel allocation, in chronological order, which allows maximum CDMA channel packing. Order 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Side A 283 242 201 160 119 78 37 1019 691 Side B 384 425 466 507 548 589 630 777 736
991
334 333
667 666
717 716
799
A
1
A
10
B
10
A
1.5
B
2.5
other uses
991
334 333
667 666
717 716
799
A
1
A
10
B
10
A
1.5
B
2.5
894 MHz
Reverse link (i.e., mobile transmits) Possible CDMA Center Freq. Assignments
849 MHz
869 MHz
Forward link (i.e., cell site transmits)
~300 kHz. guard bands possibly required if adjacentfrequency signals are non-CDMA (AMPS, TDMA, ESMR, etc.)
s All CDMA RF carriers are 1.25 MHz. wide can serve ~22 users w/8 kb vocoder (~17 users w/13 kb vocoder) s The cellular spectrum of one operator is 12.5 MHz. wide. Youd expect that 10 CDMA carriers would fit. However, only 9 carriers can be used operators must maintain a token AMPS presence for several years guard bands are required at the edges of frequency blocks or any frequency boundaries between CDMA/non-CDMA signals no guard bands are required between adjacent CDMA carriers
NBSS9.0
2-8
Deploying CDMA on the 1900 MHz band

Figure 2-6 Deploying CDMA on the 1900 MHz band
1.77 M H z
Po wer
260 kHz
1.25 M H z N ominal Bandwidth
260 kHz
CDM A CARRIER
Frequ ency
1770 50 = 35.4 1250 50 = 25 260 50 = 5.2

CDMA
All frequencies All frequencies are available for
are available for non-CDMA use non-CDMA use Only the Only the frequencies in the frequencies in the gray area are gray area are available for non available for non CDM A use CDM A use
Course 809A
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Nortel Networks Confidential Figure 2-7 1900 MHz PCS spectrum utilization
Guard Bands Channel Numbers 0 0 MTA Licensed 1199 Unlicensed 0 Data Voice 300 299 B T A 400 400 MTA 700 699 B T A 800 800 B T A 900 BTA
2-9
Paired Bands
Licensed 1199 1199 300 299 299 MTA B T A 400 MTA 700 699 B T A 800 B T A 900 BTA
A
15 1850 MHz
D
5
B
15
E F
5 5
C
15 1910 MHz 10 10 1930 MHz
A
15
D
5
B
15
E F
5 5
C
15 1990 MHz
Reverse link (i.e., mobile transmits)
Forward link (i.e., cell site transmits)
s A, B, and C licenses can accommodate 11 CDMA RF channels in their 30 MHz of spectrum s D, E, and F licenses can accommodate 3 CDMA RF channels in their 10 MHz of spectrum s 260 kHz guard bands are required on the edges of the PCS spectrum to ensure no interference occurs with other applications just outside the spectrum
The following tables are examples of CDMA channel allocation, in chronological order, which allow maximum CDMA channel packing. Each table represents the preferred set of CDMA channels according to J-STD008.
PCS Band A
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275
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Technology Overview
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Spectrum usage and system capacity PCS Band B

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 425 450 475 500 525 550 575 600 625 650 675
PCS Band C
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 925 950 975 1000 1025 1050 1075 1100 1125 1150 1175
PCS Band D
1 2 3 325 350 375
PCS Band E
1 2 3 725 750 775
PCS Band F
1 2 3 825 850 875
Course 809A
Standard
04.02
October 2000
Nortel Networks Confidential Figure 2-8 Overlaying CDMA on the 1900 MHz band
2-11
Overlaying CDMA on the 1900 MHz Band

1.77 MHz
Power
260 KHz
1.25 MHz Nominal Bandwidth
260 KHz
GUARD BAND
CDMA CARRIER
GUARD BAND
Frequency
Each CDMA Channel: 1.250 MHz 50 kHz = 25 channels Each Guard Band: TOTAL: 260 kHz 50 kHz = 5.2 = ~5 channels
1.77 MHz 50 kHz = 35.4 = ~ 35 channels
Just as with the CDMA on AMPS overlay, a GUARD ZONE is also needed
Overlaying CDMA on the 1900 MHz band If the 1.25 MHz band of frequencies identified in the drawing as the nominal band is used to support a CDMA channel in some cells, neither the frequencies in this band nor those in the 260 kHz Guard Bands on either side of it can be used in those cells or in the cells in the surrounding Guard Zone (discussed later) for any other purpose. Frequencies outside this 1.77 MHz band (1.25 MHz nominal plus two 260 kHz guard bands) can be used anywhere, including the central CDMA cells and the surrounding Guard Zone. Frequencies in this 1.77 MHz band can be used in cells beyond the Guard Zone.
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Figure 2-9 Number of voice channels (as AMPS channels are converted to digital)
Number of Voice Channels
200 200 150 150

100 100 50 50 0 0
8 kbps CDMA
13 kbps CDMA
S4 TDMA S1 AMPS 1 0 2 1 3 2 4 3 5 4 6 5 7 6 8 7 9 10 8 9
Number of CDMA Carriers
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Standard
04.02
October 2000
2-13
Figure 2-10 CDMA frequency channel assignment at 800 MHz (Cellular)

1 1023
991 991
334 333
667 666
716 715
799 799
A
Channel Numbers
A Band
B Band
1013
31
73
115
157
199
241
283
384
426
468
510
552
594
636
691
777
*
CDMA A-Band Carriers CDMA B-Band Carriers
**
Requires frequency coordination with non-cellular interferers A-band carrier
** Requires frequency coordination with

A Band Primary Channel A Band Secondary Channel 283 691 B Band Primary Channel B Band Secondary Channel 384 777
IS-95 RECOMMENDS TO START CDMA DEPLOYMENT WITH EITHER THE PRIMARY OR THE SECONDARY CHANNEL
CDMA frequency channel assignment at 800 MHz (Cellular)

The following table is an example of CDMA channel allocation, in chronological order, which allows maximum CDMA channel packing. Order 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Side A 283 242 201 160 119 78 37 1019a 691 Side B 384 425 466 507 548 589 630 777a 736b
Note: Side A requires frequency coordination with non-cellular interferers. Side B requires frequency coordination with A-side carrier. 493 BTAs (Basic Trading Areas) are grouped into 51 MTAs (Metropolitan Trading Areas).
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Technology Overview
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Figure 2-11 CDMA frequency clearing: A-band (N=7 reuse pattern)
s To deploy a CDMA carrier centered on AMPS/TDMA Channel 283, AMPS/TDMA Channels 254 through 312, inclusive, must be cleared from the CDMA coverage area s The CDMA channel is implemented, centered on AMPS/TDMA Channel 283. The first usable AMPS/TDMA Channels (outside of the Guard Zone) are Channels 253 and 313
N=7
1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 1B 2B 3B
4B 5B 6B 7B 1C 2C 3C
4C 5C 6C 7C
333 312 291 270 249 228 207 186 165 144 123 102 81 60 39 18
332 311 290 269 248 227 206 185 164 143 122 101 80 59 38 17
331 310 289 268 247 226 205 184 163 142 121 100 79 58 37 16
330 309 288 267 246 225 204 183 162 141 120 99 78 57 36 15
329 308 287 266 245 224 203 182 161 140 119 98 77 56 35 14
328 307 286 265 244 223 202 181 160 139 118 97 76 55 34 13
327 306 285 264 243 222 201 180 159 138 117 96 75 54 33 12
326 305 284 263 242 221 200 179 158 137 116 95 74 53 32 11
325 304 283 262 241 220 199 178 157 136 115 94 73 52 31 10
324 303 282 261 240 219 198 177 156 135 114 93 72 51 30 9
323 302 281 260 239 218 197 176 155 134 113 92 71 50 29 8
322 301 280 259 238 217 196 175 154 133 112 91 70 49 28 7
321 300 279 258 237 216 195 174 153 132 111 90 69 48 27 6
320 299 278 257 236 215 194 173 152 131 110 89 68 47 26 5
319 298 277 256 235 214 193 172 151 130 109 88 67 46 25 4
318 297 276 255 234 213 192 171 150 129 108 87 66 45 24 3
317 296 275 254 233 212 191 170 149 128 107 86 65 44 23 2
316 295 274 253 232 211 190 169 148 127 106 85 64 43 22 1
315 294 273 252 231 210 189 168 147 126 105 84 63 42 21
314 293 272 251 230 209 188 167 146 125 104 83 62 41 20
313 292 271 250 229 208 187 166 145 124 103 82 61 40 19
Figure 2-12 CDMA frequency clearing: B-band (N=7 reuse pattern)
s To deploy a CDMA carrier centered on AMPS/TDMA Channel 384, AMPS/TDMA Channels 355 through 413, inclusive, must be cleared from the CDMA coverage area s The CDMA channel is implemented, centered on AMPS/TDMA Channel 384. The first usable AMPS/TDMA Channels (outside of the Guard Zone) are Channels 354 and 414
N=7
1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 1B 2B 3B
4B 5B 6B 7B 1C 2C 3C
4C 5C 6C 7C
334 355 376 397 418 439 460 481 502 523 544 565 586 607 628 649
335 356 377 398 419 440 461 482 503 524 545 566 587 608 629 650
336 357 378 399 420 441 462 483 504 525 546 567 588 609 630 651
337 358 379 400 421 442 463 484 505 526 547 568 589 610 631 652
338 359 380 401 422 443 464 485 506 527 548 569 590 611 632 653
339 360 381 402 423 444 465 486 507 528 549 570 591 612 633 654
340 361 382 403 424 445 466 487 508 529 550 571 592 613 634 655
341 362 383 404 425 446 467 488 509 530 551 572 593 614 635 656
342 363 384 405 426 447 468 489 510 531 552 573 594 615 636 657
343 364 385 406 427 448 469 490 511 532 553 574 595 616 637 658
344 365 386 407 428 449 470 491 512 533 554 575 596 617 638 659
345 366 387 408 429 450 471 492 513 534 555 576 597 618 639 660
346 367 388 409 430 451 472 493 514 535 556 577 598 619 640 661
347 368 389 410 431 452 473 494 515 536 557 578 599 620 641 662
348 369 390 411 432 453 474 495 516 537 558 579 600 621 642 663
349 370 391 412 433 454 475 496 517 538 559 580 601 622 643 664
350 371 392 413 434 455 476 497 518 539 560 581 602 623 644 665
351 372 393 414 435 456 477 498 519 540 561 582 603 624 645 666
352 373 394 415 436 457 478 499 520 541 562 583 604 625 646
353 374 395 416 437 458 479 500 521 542 563 584 605 626 647
354 375 396 417 438 459 480 501 522 543 564 585 606 627 648
Course 809A
Standard
04.02
October 2000
Nortel Networks Confidential Figure 2-13 Overlay guard zone deployment
2-15
The Guard Zones are needed between CDMA and other systems because CDMA increases the noise floor for those systems AMPS Only Cells
approx 19 channels per sector
AMPS Only Cells (GUARD ZONE)

approx 16 channels per cell
CDMA & AMPS Cells

approx 16 channels per sector one CDMA channel/carrier/frequency
( 42 + 9 + 9 ) 21 = 2.8 = ~3 AMPS channels must be cleared per sector in the CDMA & AMPS area and in the Guard Zone to make room for the first CDMA channel/carrier/frequency
Figure 2-14 Other technologies: avoiding interference
s In conventional radio technologies, the desired signal must be strong enough to override any interference s AMPS, TDMA and GSM depend on physical distance separation to keep interference at low levels s Co-channel users are kept at a safe distance by careful frequency planning s Nearby users and cells must use different frequencies to avoid interference
AMPS-TDMA-GSM
1 4 7 6 1 4 2 3 6 1 5 1 7 3 5 1 4 2 3 6 5 1 2 7 1
Figure of Merit: C/I

(carrier/interference ratio )
AMPS: +17 dB TDMA: +14 to 17 dB GSM: +12 to 14 dB
CDMA
Technology Overview
NBSS9.0
2-16
Figure 2-15 CDMA: using a new dimension
s All CDMA users occupy the same frequency at the same time! Frequency and time are not used as discriminators s CDMA operates by using CODES to discriminate between users s CDMA interference comes mainly from nearby users s Each user is a small voice in a roaring crowd -- but with a uniquely recoverable code s Transmit power on all users must be tightly controlled so their signals reach the base station at the same signal level
Figure of Merit: E c/Io, E b /N o

(energy per chip [bit] / interference [noise] spectral density )
CDMA: E c/Io -17 to -2 dB CDMA: E b/N o ~+6 dB
Course 809A
Standard
04.02
October 2000
2-17
What happens during a call?

Figure 2-16 The network view
MTX BSC
9600 4800 2400 1200
BTS
bps bps bps bps 19200 sps 9600 sps 4800 sps 2400 sps Walsh Code Wt 19.2 Ksps Block Interleaver 19.2 Ksps Decimator 64 1.2288 Mcps Data Scrambling 19.2 Ksps M U X
IF Modulation
I PN +t
I other users
T-1 64 kbs PCM
BCN
BCN
T-1 Unch.
BCN
IF
RF UpConversion HPA
RF
Switching
Voice Coding
Packet Routing
CDSU
CDSU
Packet Routing
Convolutional Encoder R=1/2 K=9
Symbol Repetition
1.2288 Mcps User Address Mask (ESN) Long Code PN Generator
800 Hz Decimator 64 Q PN +t Q other users BTU/ STU
T-1 64 kbs PCM Switching
BCN
BCN
T-1 Unch. CDSU Packet Routing Viterbi Decoder
Power Control Decision Block De-Interleaver
Voice Coding
Packet Routing
CDSU
C o m b i n e r
Correlator Correlator Correlator Correlator
1.2288 Mcps IF Demodulation

Down Conversion
RF LNA
PN +t
Figure 2-17 The handset view

Antenna
Receiver
chips IF RF
LNA Mixer
symbols
Traffic Correlator PN Generator Walsh Generator
RF
Duplexer & Bandpass Filters Power Amplifier
IF
IF BPF Traffic Correlator IF PN Generator Walsh Generator
voice bits
Viterbi Decoder
Vocoder
LO
Local Oscillator
(Synthesized)
Traffic Correlator PN Generator Walsh Generator
message bits
audio
RF
Mixer
LO IF IF
IF
Search Correlator (Pilots) PN Generator Walsh =0 CPU & Control Algorithms
Open Loop Pwr Control
Transmit Gain Adjust: Closed Loop Pwr Control

LONG CODE Generator Quadrature Spreading Direct Seq. Spreading Data Burst Randomizer Orthogonal Modulator
IF Modulator Baseband Filtering
message bits audio

Block Conv. Encoder Interleaver & Symbol Rep. Vocoder
chips
symbols
Transmitter
symbols
voice bits
CDMA
Technology Overview
NBSS9.0
2-18
Exercise 2-1
Lesson review
Answer the following questions and review your answers with the instructor. 1. What is the C/I ratio (in decibels) for GSM users?
2. Processing Gain (W/R) is the rate of bit rate to bandwidth the rate of bandwidth to bit rate all of the above none of the above
3. Frame Error Rate (FER) is a better performance measurement than Bit Error Rate (BER)?
4. All CDMA RF carriers are 1.25 MHz wide can serve ~ 22 users with a 8kb vocoder can serve ~17 users with a 13 kb vocoder all of the above none of the above
5. As the number of voice channels increase, the number of AMPS carriers decrease.
6. Long Code PN generation occurs in the MTX BSC BTS * none of the above
Course 809A
Standard
04.02
October 2000
3-1
Lesson 3 CDMA forward channels

Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, the student will be able to: describe the process of vocoding identify the four Forward Traffic Channels and their function describe how the four Forward Traffic Channels are generated and the main modulation parameters associated with them demonstrate how spreading and de-spreading work in a composite signal made of three different bit streams
CDMA
Technology Overview
NBSS9.0
3-2
CDMA forward channels
Figure 3-1 CDMA forward traffic channels

CDMA Cell Site Pilot Forward Traffic Channel
Sync Forward Traffic Channel Paging Forward Traffic Channel
s Used for the transmission of user and signaling information to a specific mobile station during a call s Maximum number of traffic channels: 64 minus one Pilot channel, one Sync channel, and 1 through 7 Paging channels This leaves each CDMA frequency with at least 55 traffic channels Unused paging channels can provide up to 6 additional channels Realistic loading will typically be about 17 subscribers when using the 13 kb vocoder (22 when using the 8 kb vocoder)
Forward channel coding process

A Forward Traffic Channel is identified by: its CDMA RF carrier frequency the unique Short Code PN Offset of the sector the unique Walsh Code of the user
Course 809A
Standard
04.02
October 2000
Nortel Networks Confidential Figure 3-2 CDMA code channels in the forward direction
3-3
Pilot Paging
Walsh 0 Walsh 1 Walsh 6 Walsh 11 Walsh 19 Walsh 20
s PILOT: WALSH CODE 0 The Pilot is a structural beacon which

does not contain a character stream. It is a timing source used in system acquisition and as a measurement device during handoffs
s SYNC: WALSH CODE 32 This carries a data stream of system

identification and parameter information used by mobiles during system acquisition
Sync
Walsh 32 Walsh 37 Walsh 41 Walsh 42 Walsh 55 Walsh 56 Walsh 60
s PAGING: WALSH CODES 1 up to 7 There can be from one to seven paging

channels as determined by capacity needs. They carry pages, system parameters information, and call setup orders
s TRAFFIC: any remaining WALSH codes The traffic channels are assigned to
individual users to carry call traffic. All remaining Walsh codes are available, subject to overall capacity limited by noise
CDMA
Technology Overview
NBSS9.0
3-4
Figure 3-3 Coding process on CDMA forward code channels
MTX BSC
BTS (1 sector)
Walsh #0
Short PN Code PN Offset 246 I Q CDMA Frequency Transmitter, Sector X
Pilot Walsh #32 Sync Paging Vocoder Vocoder Vocoder Vocoder more more FEC Walsh #1 FEC Walsh #12 FEC Walsh #23 FEC Walsh #27 FEC Walsh #44 FEC more
A Forward Channel is identified by:
its CDMA RF carrier Frequency the unique Short Code PN Offset of the sector the unique Walsh Code of the user
Each user is assigned one of the 64 Walsh Codes and their traffic is mixed with the Walsh code to establish a dedicated code channel. Each users Long code is applied incidentally for data scrambling. All users code signals are then analog-summed with the pilot, sync and paging signals to produce one composite waveform. The composite waveform is the combined with the I and Q Short PN Code sequences using a specific offset to uniquely identify this cell sector.
Course 809A
Standard
04.02
October 2000
Nortel Networks Confidential Figure 3-4 Digital Stream 0 (DS0)

Analog Voice Signal Sampling
16
3-5
Quantizing
16 15
15
14 13 12
11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
8 4 3 1 3 4
8 8 15 15 3 3 1 1 3 3 16 16 4 4 4 4 8 8
64 kbs
Signal Regeneration
8 8 15 15 3 3 1 1 3 3 16 16 4 4 4 4 8 8
16 15
14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) is the most common method of encoding an analog voice signal into a digital bit stream. Sampling To digitize an analog signal, it must first be sampled at very precise intervals of time to measure its amplitude. The sampling period is dictated by the application of Nyquists theorem, which states that the sampling rate must be at least double the highest frequency to be transmitted if the original signal is to be recovered from these samples with minimum error. The highest frequency component in an analog speech signal is less than 4 KHz; therefore, the sampling rate is rounded up to eight thousand times per second. Quantizing Only discrete values are applicable in a digital system; therefore, each sample is allocated an integer value that represents the signal level. Eight bits are commonly allocated to represent the samples. Eight bits times 8000 samples per second results in 64,000 bits per second, the familiar rate of a DS0 bit stream.
CDMA
Technology Overview
NBSS9.0
3-6
Linear quantization produces proportionally more error on smaller amplitude signals; on the other hand, large amplitude signals are better able to mask the effects of noise. This imbalance can be improved by using a non-linear form of quantization which acts as level compression during encoding and level expansion during decoding. This technique is referred to as companding (from compressing and expanding).
Simplified vocoder functions

The Codebook stores a collection of arbitrary waveform segments (a sort of digitized vocal clip art collection) in digital form. Within the 20ms sample time, the vocoderthrough approximation based upon previous samples approximates as closely as possible a code representation of the sample signal.
The Pitch Filter can be thought of as modeling the periodic pulse train coming from the vocal cords during voiced speech. The Formant Filter models the characteristics of the vocal tract. It has resonant frequencies near the resonant frequencies of the original speech caused by the vocal tract filtering.
Figure 3-5 Variable rate vocoding & multiplexing (Traffic Channels only)
DSP QCELP VOCODER
s Vocoders compress speech, reduce bit rate s CDMA uses a superior Variable Rate Vocoder

full rate during speech low rates in speech pauses increased capacity more natural sound
20ms Sample Pitch Filter Codebook Coded Result Feedback Formant Filter
bits
Rate Set 2 Frame Sizes
s Voice, signaling, and user secondary data may be mixed in CDMA frames
288 Full Rate Frame 144 1/2 Rate Frame 72 1/4 Rt. 36 1/8 Frame Contents: can be a mixture of Voice Signaling Secondary
Course 809A
Standard
04.02
October 2000
3-7
Digital Signal Processors (DSPs)Special purpose microprocessors designed specifically for high-speed signal processing applications such as speech coding, signaling tone-generation and detection, and speech synthesis. VSELPVector Sum Excited Linear Predictive encoding. QCELPQualcomm Code Excited Linear Predictive encoding.
Figure 3-6 Converting bits into symbols
s The bits in a 20 ms traffic frame may include one or more of the following voice information (from the vocoder) signaling information secondary traffic information s When Forward Error Correction algorithms are applied to these information bits, the resulting 0s and 1s are called symbols bits and symbols are related in a complex many-to-many fashion
the information in one bit is distributed among many symbols, and one symbol carries some of the information of many bits
Bits
Forward Error Correction
Symbols
all forward traffic frames contain 384 symbols all reverse traffic frames contain 576 symbols
BITSThe 0s and 1s representing the original data in one frame of a particular forward or reverse code channel are called bits. SYMBOLSThe 0s and 1s resulting of the addition of Forward Error Correction redundancy to the original bits are referred to as symbols. There are two types of symbols: CODE SYMBOLS, which are the 0s and 1s resulting of processing the data bits in a frame through the convolutional encoder. MODULATION SYMBOLS, which are the smallest independent units of information spread and modulated with a Walsh code.
CDMA
Technology Overview
NBSS9.0
3-8
In the forward code channels each repetition of a code symbol is a modulation symbol. (There are 16 * 24 = 384 code symbols in one Forward Traffic Channel frame.) In the reverse code channels each group of six successive code symbols in a power control group is a code symbol. (There are 16 * 36 = 576 code symbols in one Reverse Traffic Channel frame. Each one of these sixteen 36-symbol groups is called a power control group.)
Figure 3-7 Spreading symbols into chips
s Symbols are converted into special 64-chip patterns for transmission there are 64 such patterns called Walsh
codes in the forward link, just one of these patterns is assigned to each users stream of symbols (code channel) each 0 symbol is replaced by the selected pattern (Walsh code) each 1 symbol is replaced by the logical negation of the selected pattern in the reverse link, all the 64 patterns (but not their logical negations) are used in every code channel each group of six symbols is interpreted as a binary value in the 0-63 range and replaced by the corresponding Walsh code
Symbols
Coding and Spreading
Chips
A Walsh Code is a sequence of 64 0s and/or 1s with a particular pattern. A Walsh Function is a continuous supply of a Walsh Code pattern generated 19200 times per second. That is, 1.2288 million of 0s and/or 1s generated every second. CHIPSThe 0s and 1s resulting from spreading the modulation symbols with Walsh Codes are referred to as chips. The 0s and 1s in a Walsh Function, as well as those in the short and long PN sequences (all of which are generated at a rate of 1.2288 Mcps), are also called chips.
Course 809A Standard 04.02 October 2000 For training purposes only
3-9
Spreading the Modulation Symbols raises the rate to 1.2288 Mcps in the Paging and Forward Traffic Channels, and to 307.2 kcps in the Access and Reverse Traffic Channels. The chip rate in the Access and Reverse Traffic Channels is later raised to the standard 1.2288 Mcps by direct sequence spreading with the long PN code offset by the appropriate mask.
Figure 3-8 Reversing the process
s To revert the process, first the symbols are recovered as follows in the forward direction, the mobile station correlates
the received signal with the selected Walsh code pattern (integrating the power over 64 chips); a perfect match corresponds to a 0 symbol; a perfect no-match corresponds to a 1 symbol; for anything between these extremes, the mobile station guesses based on which case the partial match resembles closer in the reverse direction, the BTS matches the received signal with each possible Walsh code and selects the pattern that produces the highest degree of correlation as the representation of the last group of six symbols sent
Bits
Viterbi Decoder
Symbols
s When all the symbols for a 20 millisecond frame have been recovered, the Viterbi decoder is used to guess the block of bits (frame) that most probably corresponds to this block of symbols s Then, the CRC of this frame is calculated to determine if the guess was successful; if not, the frame is discarded (or erased)
Despreading (integraton)
Chips
Signal regeneration In practice, any signal that is reconstructed from digitized samples will suffer from the approximations made during this quantization process. Such errors produce quantization noise.
CDMA
Technology Overview
NBSS9.0
3-10
Figure 3-9 Forward traffic channels: Vocoding
Forw ard T raffic C hannels: Voco ding

PCM Voice 64 kbps From MT X 20 m s slices (1280 bits) Variable Rate Voice Coding
V oco der P roce ss ing C on volutiona l E nco d in g C od e S ym bol R e petition (S y m b ol P unc turing) B loc k Inte rlea ving D a ta S cram blin g P ow er C ontro l S ubc han ne l O rtho go n al S prea ding Q ua dratu re S prea ding B a se ba nd Filte ring
BS C
Add C R C
Add 8 bit Encoder Tail
To the Convolutional Encoder
s V ocoding reduces the bit rate needed to represent speech s O utput is 20 m s fram es at fixed rates: F ull R ate, 1/2 R ate , 1/4 R ate , 1/8 R ate, & B lank s C R C is added to all the fram es for the 13 kb vocoder, but only to the Full and 1/2 rate fram es for the 8 kb vocoder s C R C is not added to the lower rate fram es in the 8 kb vocoder but that is ok because they consist m ostly of background noise and have a higher processing gain
BT S
s C urrent vocoder rates are 13 kb, 8 kb, and 8 k EVR C (E nhanced Variable R ate C oder)
C D M A Technolog y O verview
Baseband Traffic to RF Section

Febr uary, 2000 - P age 2-10
Course 809A
Standard
04.02
October 2000
Nortel Networks Confidential Figure 3-10 Variable rate vocoder

A-to-D C O N V E R T E R
3-11
64 kbps
V O C O D E R
Codebook Instruction (< 64 kbps)
s Speech coding algorithms (digital compression) are necessary to increase cellular system capacity s Coding must also ensure reasonable fidelity, i.e., a minimum level of quality as perceived by the user s Coding can be performed in a variety of ways (ex. waveform, time or frequency domain) s Vocoders transmit parameters which control reproduction of voice instead of the explicit, point-by-point waveform description
Speech coding takes advantage of the fact that most typical voice conversations consist of better than 50% dead (or idle) time. Thus, it makes sense to compress voice traffic and send only intelligence, thereby increasing capacity. As shown later, CDMA also takes advantage of this to decrease the overall required user power. The average duty cycle for each speaker in a conversation is estimated at about 35% to 40% of the time.
CDMA
Technology Overview
NBSS9.0
3-12
Figure 3-11 Wireless data service
SBS Selector
Data Service Option IWF Traffic Traffic Processing
IS-95 RLP Traffic Frames
BTS
IWF
DSP
s The SBS selector Card Service Options include : Asynchronous Data (9600 bps) at Rate Set 1 and (14400 bps) at Rate Set 2 Group 3 Facsimile (9600 bps) at Rate Set 1 and (14400 bps) at Rate Set 2
The Service Options that are required to support Wireless Data Services includes Asynchronous Data and Group 3 Facsimile for both Rate Set 1 and Rate Set 2. The Service Options are responsible for receiving forward data traffic from the DSP, which is received from the InterWorking Function (IWF), and passing it to the Traffic Processing software, on the Selector Card, to be multiplexed and sent down to the BTS(s). The Service Options are also responsible for receiving reverse data traffic frames from the Traffic Processing software and passing them to the DSP for IS-99 Radio Link Protocol (RLP) processing and sending on to the IWF. As part of the Wireless Data Services the Service Options, on the SBS, necessary to support data calls for both Rate Set 1 and 2. Data calls include Fax or Asynchronous Data Service Options. Specific service options that are supported by this feature are: Asynchronous Data 9600bps at Rate Set 1 or 14400bps at Rate Set 2 Group 3 Facsimile 9600bps at Rate Set 1 or 14400bps at Rate Set 2 The Data Service Options are responsible for passing traffic between the Traffic Processing software and the DSP, which all reside on Selector Card.
Course 809A
Standard
04.02
October 2000
3-13
The Traffic Processing software is responsible for the multiplexing/ demultiplexing of traffic and signalling information to and from the BTS(s)/ Mobile. The Traffic Processing software sends and receives the data traffic frames to/from the Data Service Option. The Data Service Option is responsible for providing the Traffic Processing software forward data traffic frames every 20 milliseconds and the DSP reverse data traffic frame every 20 milliseconds. The Data Service Option also provides an interface for communications to/from the DSP. The DSP is loaded with software, during call setup, that provides the RLP portion of the IS-99 protocol stack that relays the data traffic to the IWF.
Figure 3-12 Forward traffic channel generation
bits symbols CHANNEL ELEMENT
9600 bps 4800 bps 2400 bps R = 1/2, K = 9 1200 bps Convolutional or Encoding & 14400 bps Repetition 7200 bps 3600 bps 28.8 1800 bps Ksps (traffic frames) Power Control Bit M U X
chips
Walsh Function
I PN
Baseband Filter
19.2 Ksps
Block Interleaving
Scrambling
Gain Control
1.2288 Mcps
Baseband Filter
Symbol Puncturing (13 Kb only)
19.2 Ksps
Q PN
19.2 Ksps
User Address Mask (ESN-Based)
1.2288 Long PN Code Mcps Generator
800 Hz
Decimator
Decimator
Vocoding in the forward direction takes place at the BSC, in one of the Cell Site Modem (CSM) chips. The reverse process will take place at the mobile station in the Mobile Station Modem (MSM) chip. In the rest of this and the following lesson, we will be concerned with what happens in the Channel Element of the BTS that has been assigned to handle one particular conversation. In this lesson, we deal with the convolutional coding, repetition, and block interleaving of the 20 ms slices of conversation delivered by the vocoder which result in the creation of the forward traffic frames.
CDMA
Technology Overview
NBSS9.0
3-14
In lesson 4, we discuss all the other transformations experimented by the frames until the signal is ready to go to the antenna. As we discuss all these transformations suffered by each 20 ms slice of conversation in the BTS, we will also explain how these actions are reversed at the mobile station.
Figure 3-13 Forward traffic channel frame structure
Rate Set
Transmission Rate (bps) 9600 4800
Number of Bits per Frame (20 ms) Total Reserved Information 1 1 1 1 CRC 12 8 12 10 8 6 Tail Bits
192 96 48 24 288 144 72 36
172 80 40 16 267 125 55 21
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
1 2400 1200 14400 7200 2 3600 1800
Error checking is not performed on the 2400 bps and 1200 bps frames because they consist largely of background noise. Additionally, the lower rates benefit from a higher processing gain. Notice that the lowest two rates in Rate Set 1 have no CRC because they benefit from a higher processing gain. Why is it so? Remember the definition of processing gain: W/R. The same bandwidth 1.2288 Mbps is used to transmit a lower rate 4800 bps, 2400 bps, and 1200 bps; therefore, the processing gain (W/R) is twice, four times, and eight times higher, respectively.
Course 809A
Standard
04.02
October 2000
Nortel Networks Confidential Figure 3-14 Convolutional encoding and symbol repetition
3-15
Convolutional Encoding and Symbol Repetition

8 kb
Variable Rate O utput from the Vocoder
9.6 kbps 4.8 kbps 2.4 kbps 1.2 Kbps 19.2 9.6 4.8 2.4 ksps ksps ksps ksps
PCM Voice
19.2 ksps to B lock Interleaver Vocoder Processing Convolutional Encoding Code Sym bol Repetition (Symbol Puncturing) Block Interleaving Data Scram bling
bits
Convolutional code Encoder sym bols R=1/2 K=9

28.8 14.4 7.2 3.6 ksps ksps ksps ksps
Symbol Repetition
m odulation sym bols 28.8 ksps to Symbol Puncturing
13 kb
14.4 7.2 3.6 1.8
kbps kbps kbps kbps
s Convolutional encoding Is a m eans of error detection/correction Results in 2 code symbols (or more, depending on the R constant) output for each bit input s Symbol repetition maintains a constant 19.2 K sps output to be fed into the block interleaver Also allows for reduction in transmit power Reduces overall noise and increases capacity
Pow er Control Subchannel Orthogonal Spreading Quadrature Spreading Baseband Filtering

Febr uary, 2000 - Page 2-15
CDM A Technolog y Overview
CDMA
Technology Overview
NBSS9.0
3-16
Figure 3-15 A very simple convolutional encoder
A Very Simple Convolutional Encoder
+
1011000
Only a specified number of bits are processed by the convolutional encoder at any given time. As a bit enters the shift register, the bit stream is staggered by one. The length of the shift register plus one is referred to as the constraint length of the convolutional encoder. In this example, two encoding processes are active. The top process encodes three bits while the bottom process encodes two. Therefor, for each encoded bit stream two code symbols are generated: one by the top process and another by the bottom process. Once the bit has been shifted through the register, it is discarded. If one of these code symbols is corrupted, only 1/2 of 1/constraint length of the information in k contiguous data bits is lost, giving us a better chance to correct the error at the receiving end than if a whole data bit had being altered. On the other hand, if 2k contiguous code symbols in the stream were corrupted, all the information needed to reconstruct one data bit would be compromised (unless some preventive measured, called block interleaving is introduced).
Course 809A
Standard
04.02
October 2000
3-17
The problem is: how can we figure out the original sequence of data bits if all we have is the code symbol output?
Figure 3-16 Rate 1/2, K=9 convolutional encoding
g 0 c 0
Code Symbol Output
Data Bit Input
(Data Bit is discarded)
Code Symbol Output
c 1
s Symbols generated as the information bits transit through the encoder, are related to all the bits currently in the register s Each information bit contributes to multiple generated symbols s This pattern of inter-relationships helps detect and correct errors s The length of shift register plus 1 is called the constraint length of the convolutional encoder (K=9 in this case) The longer the register, the better this scheme can correct bursty errors Reduces power required to achieve same accuracy as without coding s Here, two symbols are generated for every bit input (Rate 1/2)
A convolutional encoder accepts data bits in and outputs code symbols. With each clock cycle, a new data bit is shifted into block 1 of the register, and the data bit previously in the last block is dumped. The inputs to the various taps are added (modulo 2) to produce two or more symbols out each clock cycle; these symbols are represented by C0, C1, etc. Since the symbols generated with each clock cycle are derived from the values of a new bit being input and all the current data bits occupying the shift register during a given interval, a certain level of predictability, hence corrigibility, can be obtained. To avoid confusion, the 0s and 1s resulting of the combination of multiple original data bits in a convolutional encoder are no longer called data bits but code symbols.
CDMA
Technology Overview
NBSS9.0
3-18
Figure 3-17 Symbol repetition and power reduction
Sym bol R epetition and Pow er Reduction
D ata Rate (bps) 14000 / 9600 72000 / 4800 3600 / 2400 1800 / 1200
Energy per M odulation Sym bol Es =E b /2 Es =E b /4 Es =E b /8 E s =Eb /16
Full Energy
MA HAM TH ME R
1/2 Energy 1/4 Energy 1/8 Energy
s s s s
Sym bol repetition provides a constant rate to the block interleaver Low er rates sym bols are sent at reduced pow er levels The energy per bit across all rates is identical w hen integrated O verall signal pow er requirem ent (thus noise) is reduced
C D M A T echnology Overview
F ebruary, 2000 - Page 2-28
The ability to reduce the energy level of lower rate symbols is an essential element to CDMA system design. Recalling that the primary source of interference for any user is other users on the same channel, the ability to minimize interferer noise through power reduction increases overall system capacity. As the above chart shows, information bits at each data rate retain the same level of power. It is simply spread across more symbols at the lower rates. When processed at the receiver, the repeated symbols, when integrated, add up to the same power level as a full rate single symbol.
Course 809A
Standard
04.02
October 2000
Nortel Networks Confidential Figure 3-18 Symbol puncturing Rate Set 2 (13 kb vocoder)
3-19
Sym bol Puncturing Rate Set 2 (13 kbps Vocoder)

PCM Voice From R=1/2 K=9 Convolutional Encoder
Vocoder Processing C onvolutional Encodin g C ode Sym bol R epetition (Sym bol Puncturing) B lock Interleaving D ata Scram blin g Pow er C ontrol Subchannel Ortho go nal Spreading Quadrature Spreading B aseband Filtering
Sym bol Repetition

28.8 14.4 7.2 3.6 ksps ksps ksps ksps
28.8 ksps
Sym bol Puncturing
19.2 K sps
to the Block Interleaver
s S ym bol repetition maintains a constant 28.8 ksps output to puncturing section s S ym bol puncturing deletes 2 of ev ery 6 inputs based on a six-bit pattern s U nrepeated sym bols for 28.8 ksps fram es are also deleted C onvolutional decoder in m obile station will correct these purposeful errors s P uncturing prov ides a constant 19.2 Ksps input to interleav er just like in rate set 1 This allows all other functions to rem ain exactly the sam e
CD M A Tec hnology O verview
Baseband T raffic to RF Section

For the Forward Traffic Channel Rate Set 2, an effective code rate of 3/4 is achieved by puncturing two out of every symbols after symbol repetition. The effective code rate is the rate of the convolutional encoder (1/2) divided by the puncturing rate (4/6). The puncturing pattern is 110101, where a 0 means that the symbol is deleted and the most significant bit in the pattern corresponds to the first symbol in the six symbol group.
CDMA
Technology Overview
NBSS9.0
3-20
Figure 3-19 Block interleaving

PCM Voice
19.2 ksps From Coding & Symbol Repetition
Input Array (Normal Sequence)

24 X 16
Output Array (Reordered Sequence)

24 X 16
To Data Scrambling Function
Vocoder Processing Convolutional Encoding Code Symbol Repetition (Symbol Puncturing) Block Interleaving Data Scrambling
s 20 ms symbol blocks are sequentially reordered s Combats the effects of fast fading s Separates repeated symbols at 4800 bps and below Improves survivability of symbol data Spreads the effect of bursty interference
Power Control Subchannel Orthogonal Spreading Quadrature Spreading Baseband Filtering
Fast fading can destroy segments of data. By resequencing the symbols such that adjacent symbols have no direct relationship to each other, the effects of fast fading can be diminished. This is so because the effect of a fade, when the symbols are reordered at the receiver, is spread across more bits with reduced severity.
Course 809A
Standard
04.02
October 2000
Nortel Networks Confidential Figure 3-20 9600 bps block interleaver (input array)
%QNWOPU
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288
3-21
289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312
313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336
337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360
361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384
s The 384 modulation symbols in a frame are input into a 24 by 16 block interleaver array (read down by columns, from left to right) s The array represents a 20 ms interval worth of information
The Paging Channels and the Forward Traffic Channels use identical block interleavers, spanning 20 ms, which is equivalent to 384 modulation symbols at the rate of 19200 symbols per second. The input (array write) and output (array read) symbol sequence are shown in the block interleaver figures. These tables are read down by columns from left to right. In these tables, symbols with the same number denote repeated symbols.
63;7
CDMA
Technology Overview
NBSS9.0
3-22
Figure 3-21 9600 bps block interleaver (output array)
Assume that a burst of noise damages all these bits
1 65 129 193 257 321 33 97 161 225 289 353 17 81 145 209 273 337 49 113 177 241 305 369
9 73 137 201 265 329 41 105 169 233 297 361 25 89 153 217 281 345 57 121 185 249 313 377
5 69 133 197 261 325 37 101 165 229 293 357 21 85 149 213 277 341 53 117 181 245 309 373
13 77 141 205 269 333 45 109 173 237 301 365 29 93 157 221 285 349 61 125 189 253 317 381
3 67 131 195 259 323 35 99 163 227 291 355 19 83 147 211 275 339 51 115 179 243 307 371
11 75 139 203 267 331 43 107 171 235 299 363 27 91 155 219 283 347 59 123 187 251 315 379
7 71 135 199 263 327 39 103 167 231 295 359 23 87 151 215 279 343 55 119 183 247 311 375
15 79 143 207 271 335 47 111 175 239 303 367 31 95 159 223 287 351 63 127 191 255 319 383
2 66 130 194 258 322 34 98 162 226 290 354 18 82 146 210 274 338 50 114 178 242 306 370
10 74 138 202 266 330 42 106 170 234 298 362 26 90 154 218 282 346 58 122 186 250 314 378
6 70 134 198 262 326 38 102 166 230 294 358 22 86 150 214 278 342 54 118 182 246 310 374
14 78 142 206 270 334 46 110 174 238 302 366 30 94 158 222 286 350 62 126 190 254 318 382
4 68 132 196 260 324 36 100 164 228 292 356 20 84 148 212 276 340 52 116 180 244 308 372
12 76 140 204 268 332 44 108 172 236 300 364 28 92 156 220 284 348 60 124 188 252 316 380
8 72 136 200 264 328 40 104 168 232 296 360 24 88 152 216 280 344 56 120 184 248 312 376
16 80 144 208 272 336 48 112 176 240 304 368 32 96 160 224 288 352 64 128 192 256 320 384
s This 24 by 16 array (read down by columns, from left to right) indicates the order in which the symbols are output from the block interleaver s The effect of bursty errors during transmission is minimized (the 2k contiguous symbols containing the information to restore one data bit have been separated)
Course 809A
Standard
04.02
October 2000
Nortel Networks Confidential Figure 3-22 9600 bps de-interleaving

%QNWOPU
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288
3-23
289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312
313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336
337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360
361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384
Notice how the effect of the burst of noise is spread over the transmitted block
63;7
CDMA
Technology Overview
NBSS9.0
3-24
Figure 3-23 Forward channel demodulation
Mobile Receiver
Correlator 1 Correlator 2 Correlator 3 Search Correlator Combiner
De-Interleaver
Decoder
Vocoder
Speech Output
s IS-95A/J-STD-008 requires a minimum of four processing elements that can be independently directed Three elements must be capable of demodulating multipath components One must be a searcher that scans and estimates signal strength at each pilot PN sequence offset
The Search Correlator searches for other pilot PN sequence offsets (that is, searching for other cell sites with sufficient signal strength for demodulation). Additionally, it identifies usable multipath signal components and assigns these to available correlators. This function permits the mobile station to combine multipath signals, to improve receive signal quality, and to operate in soft handoff. These signals must be on the same CDMA RF channel.
Course 809A
Standard
04.02
October 2000
Nortel Networks Confidential Figure 3-24 Putting it all together: CDMA code channels
3-25
FORWARD CHANNELS LONG CODE: Data Scrambling
WALSH CODE: Individual User SHORT PN OFFSET: Sector

REVERSE CHANNELS
LONG CODE OFFSET: individual handset
WALSH CODES: used as symbols for robustness SHORT PN: used at 0 offset for tracking
BTS
s The three spreading codes are used in different ways to create the forward and reverse links s A forward channel exists by having a specific Walsh Code assigned to the user, and a specific PN offset for the sector s A reverse channel exists because the mobile uses a specific offset of the Long PN sequence
CDMA
Technology Overview
NBSS9.0
3-26
Pilot channel
The pilot channel is a reference channel which the mobile station uses for acquisition, timing, and as phase reference for coherent demodulation. It is transmitted at all times by each base station on each active CDMA frequency. This signal is tracked continuously by each mobile station. Unlike the long code sequence, which has a very long interval between repetitions, the pilot sequence is repeated once every 262/3 ms or 75 times every two seconds. Not only does this aid in initial acquisition when the mobile station (for instance) powers up, but also ensures rapid detection of handoff candidates.
Figure 3-25 Pilot channel
s Used by the mobile station for initial system acquisition s Transmitted constantly by the base station s The same PN sequences are shared by all base stations Each base station is differentiated by a phase offset s Provides tracking of Timing reference Phase reference s Separation by phase provides for extremely high reuse within one CDMA channel frequency s Acquisition by mobile stations is enhanced by Short duration of Pilot PN sequence Uncoded nature of pilot signal s Facilitates mobile station-directed handoffs Used to identify handoff candidates Key factor in performing soft handoffs
Course 809A
Standard
04.02
October 2000
Nortel Networks Confidential Figure 3-26 Pilot channel generation
3-27
Walsh Function 0 Pilot Channel (All 0s)
I PN
1.2288 Mcps
Baseband Filter Gain Control Baseband Filter
Q PN
s The Walsh function zero spreading sequence is applied to the Pilot s The use of short PN sequence offsets allows for up to 512 distinct Pilots per CDMA channel s The PN offset index value (0-511 inclusive) for a given pilot PN sequence is multiplied by 64 to determine the actual offset Example: 15 (offset index) x 64 = 960 PN chips Result: The start of the pilot PN sequence will be delayed 960 chips x 813.8 nanoseconds per chip = 781.25 s s The quadrature spreading and baseband filtering (not shown), which are performed as with all the other forward and reverse code channels, will be discussed later
The pilot channel is sent unmodulated, and it is orthogonally spread with Walsh function zero (which ensures it is easily recognized). Quadrature spreading and channel filtering occur exactly as discussed for the forward traffic channel. Distinct Pilot Channels are identified by a PN offset index (0 through 511 inclusive). This PN offset index specifies the offset value from the zero offset pilot sequence. The PN offset in chips for a given pilot PN sequence equals the offset index multiplied by 64. The zero offset pilot PN sequence is aligned with the beginning of System Time (January 6, 1980 at 00:00:00 hrs, Universal Coordinated Time) and with every even-second boundary thereafter, referred to the base station transmission time (within 10s of the CDMA System Time). The sequence itself fits exactly 75 times within a two-second interval. The starting point of the short PN code (zero pilot PN offset) is the 1 bit in either the I or the Q sequence following 15 zeroes. The starting point of the long PN code is the 1 bit following 42 zeroes in the sequence. They starting point of the long PN code is aligned with the beginning of system time.
CDMA
Technology Overview
NBSS9.0
3-28
Figure 3-27 Walsh Codes generation
W2 n =
Wn Wn Wn Wn
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
W1 = 0
W2 =
0 0 0 1
W4 =
W1 = 1
W2 =
1 1 1 0
W4 =
1 1 1 1
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
1 0 0 1
The Walsh codes used in CDMA are based on a Walsh or Hagamard matrix, which is a square matrix with binary elements. The order (number of rows or columns) of a Walsh or Hagamard matrix is always a power of 2. These matrices are generated by seeding Walsh (1) = W1 = 0 and expanding from there, as shown in the illustration. Notice that if the Walsh matrixes were generated by seeding Walsh (1) with 1 instead of 0, we would have obtained the sequence of the corresponding logically negated matrixes. The logical negation of a Walsh matrix is another matrix of the same order but with every element logically negated (that is, a new matrix where the roles of ones and zeroes are reversed). A dash above a W in the illustration denotes a logically negated matrix. CDMA uses the Walsh matrix of order 64 (that is, of size 64 x 64). The rows of this matrix are called Walsh codes, and they are indexed 0 through 63 from the top down.
Course 809A
Standard
04.02
October 2000
Nortel Networks Confidential Figure 3-28 CDMA Short and Long PN codes
3-29
CDMA uses three PN code sequences: two short and one long s The two short PN codes (called I and Q) are used for quadrature spreading to differentiate between CDMA partitions (sectors/cells) in the forward direction s The two short codes are generated by 15-bit PN code generators. The generated strings are 215 -1 bits long plus one zero inserted following the longest string of generated zeroes (32,768); and their cycle period is 26.666... milliseconds (or 75 times every 2 seconds). s The long PN code is used for spreading and data scrambling/randomization, and to differentiate among mobile stations in the reverse direction. s The long code is generated by a 42-bit PN code generator. The generated string is 242 -1 with no zero inserted (about 4.4 trillion) bits long; and its cycle period is approximately 41 days, 10 hours, 12 minutes and 19.4 seconds. s The three CDMA PN codes are synchronized to the beginning of system time (January 6, 1980 at 00:00:00 hours)
The long code is used for data scrambling the Reverse Traffic Channels. Although all mobile and base stations use the same long code generator perfectly synchronized, each mobile station combines the generated long code with a unique mask (based on its unique Electronic Serial Number or ESN) which produces a unique offset. To prevent the possibility of the close correlation of two subscribers due to their ESNs being consecutive, the ESN portion of the mask is permuted in a predefined way.
CDMA
Technology Overview
NBSS9.0
3-30
Figure 3-29 Pilot channel acquisition
PILOT CHANNEL (Walsh Code 0)

00...01 00...01 00...01 00...01 00...01 00...01 00...01
s The mobile station starts generating the I and Q PN short sequences by itself and correlating them with the received composite signal at every possible offset In less that 15 seconds (typically 2 to 4 seconds) all possibilities (32,768)
are checked The mobile station remembers the offsets for which it gets the best correlation (where the Ec/I0 is the best)
s The mobile station locks on the best pilot (at the offset that results in the best Ec/I0), and identifies the pattern defining the start of the short sequences (a 1 that follows fifteen consecutive 0s) s Now the mobile station is ready to start de-correlating with Walsh code 32 to extract the Sync Channel (next section)
Course 809A
Standard
04.02
October 2000
3-31
Sync channel
Once a strong Pilot Channel is located, the mobile station listens to the corresponding Sync Channel for system information. This information, transmitted at a rate of 1200 bps, is contained in the Sync Channel Message which is broken into 26.666... ms frames.
Notice that the duration of the Sync Channel frames coincides with the period of the short PN codes transmitted on the Pilot Channel. Therefore, once the mobile station acquires synchronization with the pilot channel, the synchronization with the Sync Channel is immediately known. This facilitates the acquisition of the Sync Channel by the mobile station.
Figure 3-30 Sync channel
s Used to provide essential system parameters s Used during system acquisition stage s The bit rate is 1200 bps s The Sync channel has a frame duration of 26 2/3 ms this frame duration matches the
period of repetition of the PN Short Sequences this simplifies the acquisition of the Sync Channel once the Pilot Channel has been acquired
(Acquired Pilot)
Sync Channel
s The Mobile Station re-synchronizes at the end of every call The Pilot channel carries no data, therefore it has no frames. The Sync channel uses 26 2/3 ms frames. All other forward and reverse code channels use 20 ms frames.
CDMA
Technology Overview
NBSS9.0
3-32
Figure 3-31 Frames and messages

MESSAGE
Sync
FRAME
1
+
0
+
0 0
Traffic
FRAME
+
FRAME
+
MESSAGE
s Logical unit of transmission s Fixed length no need for length info s Each frame includes one or more overhead bits in addition to the payload of information bits these overhead bits define the
structure of the frame
s Logical unit of information s Variable length must include length info s A message is broken into small pieces that can fit in the payload portion of successive frames one frame overhead bit could be
used to identify the initial segment of a message
Course 809A
Standard
04.02
October 2000
Nortel Networks Confidential Figure 3-32 Sync channel generation

modulation symbols R = 1/2, K = 9 Convolutional Encoding & Repetition Block 4800 bps Interleaving Walsh Function 32
3-33
I PN
chips
Baseband Filter Gain Control
bits 1200 bps
4800 bps
1.2288 Mcps
Baseband Filter
Q PN
s There are 32 bits (1200 bps x 0.02666... second) in one Sync Channel frame s The Rate 1/2 convolutional encoder doubles the bit rate, and the resulting 0s and 1s are now called code symbols there are 64 code symbols in a Sync Channel frame s The repetition process doubles the rate again, and each repetition of a code symbol is now called a modulation symbol there are 128 modulation symbols in a Sync Channel frame s Four copies of Walsh code #32 are used to spread each modulation symbol, resulting in a x256 rate increase; the resulting 0s and 1s are now called chips there are 32,768 chips in a Sync Channel frame (1024 chips per original bit)
The Sync Channel uses the same convolutional encoding scheme (rate 1/2, k=9) as the Forward Traffic Channel (at 1200 bps) with one difference: The convolutional coder is not reset to all 0s at the end of each frame (that is, no trail bits are added at the end of each frame). Each symbol coming out of the convolutional encoder is repeated twice. This, combined with the 1/2 rate of the convolutional encoder, quadruples the 1200 bps bit rate of the Sync Channel into 4800 modulation symbols before entering the block interleaver. The modulation symbols are interleaved as shown in the following two slides. Notice that as the convolutional coder is not flushed at the end of each frame, the last eight bits of a Sync Channel frame influence the first 36 modulation symbols input in the successive interleaver block. The Sync Channel data is not scrambled with the long PN code, and no power control subchannel is inserted either. It is orthogonally spread with Walsh function 32, which is a series of 32 zeros followed by 32 ones. Quadrature Spreading and Channel Filtering is just as before.
CDMA
Technology Overview
NBSS9.0
3-34
Figure 3-33 Sync channel block interleaver (input matrix)
1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8
9 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 14 15 15 16 16
17 17 18 18 19 19 20 20 21 21 22 22 23 23 24 24
25 25 26 26 27 27 28 28 29 29 30 30 31 31 32 32
33 33 34 34 35 35 36 36 37 37 38 38 39 39 40 40
41 41 42 42 43 43 44 44 45 45 46 46 47 47 48 48
49 49 50 50 51 51 52 52 53 53 54 54 55 55 56 56
57 57 58 58 59 59 60 60 61 61 62 62 63 63 64 64
The Sync Channel uses a block interleaver spanning 262/3 ms, which is equivalent to 128 modulation symbols) at the symbol rate of 4800 sps. These symbols are arranged in a 16 row by 8 column array. The input (array write) sequence is shown in the figure above. Symbols are written down by columns, from left to right. Positions with the same number denote repeated symbols. The arrows show how the read array, appearing in the next page, is built. This technique for interleaving the Sync Channel symbols is sometimes described as a bit reversal method.
Course 809A
Standard
04.02
October 2000
Nortel Networks Confidential Figure 3-34 Sync channel block interleaver (output matrix)
3-35
assume that a burst of noise affects these symbols

1 33 17 49 9 41 25 57 5 37 21 53 13 45 29 61 3 35 19 51 11 43 27 59 7 39 23 55 15 47 31 63 2 34 18 50 10 42 26 58 6 38 22 54 14 46 30 62 4 36 20 52 12 44 28 60 8 40 24 56 16 48 32 64 1 33 17 49 9 41 25 57 5 37 21 53 13 45 29 61 3 35 19 51 11 43 27 59 7 39 23 55 15 47 31 63 2 34 18 50 10 42 26 58 6 38 22 54 14 46 30 62 4 36 20 52 12 44 28 60 8 40 24 56 16 48 32 64
The output (array read) sequence is shown in the figure above. Symbols are read down by columns, from left to right. Assume that during transmission a burst of noise occurs that affects a group of consecutively transmitted symbols.
CDMA
Technology Overview
NBSS9.0
3-36
Figure 3-35 Sync channel block interleaver (block restored)
1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8
9 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 14 15 15 16 16
17 17 18 18 19 19 20 20 21 21 22 22 23 23 24 24
25 25 26 26 27 27 28 28 29 29 30 30 31 31 32 32
33 33 34 34 35 35 36 36 37 37 38 38 39 39 40 40
41 41 42 42 43 43 44 44 45 45 46 46 47 47 48 48
49 49 50 50 51 51 52 52 53 53 54 54 55 55 56 56
57 57 58 58 59 59 60 60 61 61 62 62 63 63 64 64
The output (array read) sequence is shown in the figure above. Symbols are read down by columns, from left to right. Notice that when the symbols are restored to their original order, the effect of the noise burst is spread. The possibly corrupted symbols are not consecutive any longer and the error correction mechanisms have a better chance to correct them.
Course 809A
Standard
04.02
October 2000
Nortel Networks Confidential Figure 3-36 Sync channel structure
3-37
1200 bps
80 ms, 96 bits Sync Channel Superframe Sync Channel Frame Sync Channel Superframe
26.67 ms 32 bits
SOM
Sync Channel Frame Body
31 bits
Sync Channel Message Capsule (93 x Ns bits) Sync Channel Message Sync Channel Message (8 x MSG_LENGTH)
MSG_LENGTH
Padding as required CRC

30 bits Ns = Number of Sync Channel Superframes needed for message transmission
Message Body
2-1146 bits
8 bits
The Sync Channel message is made of the Message Body (containing the message data), preceded by the 8-bit message length (in bytes) and followed by a 30-bit Cyclic Redundancy Code (CRC). The Sync Channel Message is contained within the Sync Channel Message Capsule. The length of the capsule is always an exact multiple of 96 bits. (Notice that at the rate of 1200 bps or 1.2 bits per ms, it takes the same exact multiple of 80 ms for the capsule to be transmitted). 96 bits or 80 ms is called a Superframe, and it happens to be exactly three 262/3 ms (32-bit) frames. If the Sync Channel Message does not fit exactly within the capsule that contains it, enough zeros are padded at the end of the message to match the length of the capsule. Notice that only 31 bits of each frame (the frame body) are used to carry a portion of the message capsule. The first bit of each frame (SOM) indicates whether this is the Start Of a Message capsule (in which case its value is 1) or not (in which case its value is 0).
CDMA
Technology Overview
NBSS9.0
3-38
Figure 3-37 Sync channel message body format

Field Length (bits)
MSG_TYPE (00000001) P_REV MIN_PREV SID NID PILOT_PN LC_STATE SYS_TIME LP_SEC LTM_OFF DAYLT PRAT CDMA_FREQ
8 8 8 15 16 9 42 36 8 6 1 2 11
Total : 170
The Synch Channel Message body is 170-bit long. Add 8 bits for the length and 30 for the CRC, and you have 208 bits. Divide 208 by 31 (number of bits in a frame that can be used to carry a portion of the message capsule) and you get 6.71 or 6 frames and 22 bits of the seventh frame. But the capsule is actually made of an integer number of superframes, each one of them taking three frames; therefore, we must round up the number of frames to 9 to accommodate this message. This is three superframes with most of the third superframe filled with padding zeroes. One superframe takes 80 ms to be transmitted; three take 240 ms. Therefore, the Sync Channel Message is transmitted about four times per second.
Course 809A
Standard
04.02
October 2000
Nortel Networks Confidential Figure 3-38 Sync channel message parameters
3-39
Sync Message Parameters
Message Type (MSG_TYPE) Identifies this message and determines its structure (set to the fixed value of 00000001) Protocol Revision Level (P_REV) Shall be set to 00000001 Minimum Protocol Revision Level (MIN_P_REV) 8-bit unsigned integer identifying the minimum protocol revision level required to operate on this system. Only personal stations that support revision numbers greater than or equal to this field can access the system System ID (SID) 16-bit unsigned integer identifying the system Network ID (NID) 16-bit unsigned integer identifying the network within the system (defined by the owner of the SID) Pilot PN Sequence Offset Index (PILOT_PN) Set to the pilot PN offset for the base station (in units of 64 chips), assigned by the network planner Long Code State (LC_STATE) Provides the mobile station with the base station long code state at the time given by the SYS_TIME field, generated dynamically System Time (SYS_TIME) GPS system-wide time as 320 ms after the end of the last superframe containing any part of this message, minus the pilot PN offset, in units of 80 ms, generated dynamically
CDMA
Technology Overview
NBSS9.0
3-40
Figure 3-39 Sync channel message parameters
Sync Channel Message Parameters (cont)
Leap Seconds (LP_SEC) Number of leap seconds that have occurred since the start of system time (January 6, 1980 at 00:00:00 hours) as given in the SYS_TIME field, generated dynamically Local Time Offset (LTM_OFF) Twos complement offset of local time from system time in units of 30 minutes, generated dynamically Current local = SYS_TIME LP_SEC + LTM_OFF Daylight savings time indicator (DAYLT) Determined by the network planner 1 if daylight savings in effect in this base station 0 otherwise Paging Channel Data Rate (PRAT) The data rate of the paging channel for this system, determined by the network planner 00 if 9600 bps 01 if 4800 bps CDMA Frequency Assignment (CDMA_FREQ) The CDMA channel number, in the specified CDMA band class, corresponding to the frequency assignment for the CDMA Channel containing a Primary Paging Channel, determined by the network planner
CDMA Technology Overview February, 2000 - Page 2-50
Course 809A
Standard
04.02
October 2000
3-41
Paging channels
The Paging Channels are used by the base station to transmit system overhead information and mobile station-specific messages. For each Paging Channel that the base station transmits, the base station continually transmits valid Paging Channel messages, which may include the Null Message which consists of two zero bits. The Paging Channel transmits information at a fixed data rate of either 9600 or 4800, as specified by the PRAT (Paging Channel Data Rate) parameter sent in the Sync Channel Message.
Figure 3-40 Paging channels
Used by the base station to transmit system overhead information and mobile station-specific messages.
s Up to seven paging channels can be supported on a single CDMA frequency assignment s Channel 1 (Walsh function 1) is the Primary Paging Channel s Additional Paging Channels use Walsh functions 2 through 7 s Unused paging channels can be used as Forward Traffic Channels s Two rates are supported: 9600 and 4800 bps (PRAT parameter in the Sync Channel Message) s A single 9600 bps Paging Channel can support about 180 pages per second
CDMA
Technology Overview
NBSS9.0
3-42
Figure 3-41 Paging channel generation

I PN
Baseband Filter Gain Control
Walsh Function 1-7 R = 1/2, K = 9 19.2 Convolutional Ksps Encoding & Repetition 19.2 Ksps Scrambling 1.2288 Mcps 1.2288 Msps Decimator 19.2 Ksps
9600 bps 4800 bps
Block Interleaving
Baseband Filter
Paging Channel Address Mask
Long PN Code Generator
Q PN
s There are 192 [96] bits (9600 [4800] bps x 0.020 second) in one Paging Channel frame s The Rate 1/2 convolutional encoder doubles the bit rate, resulting 384 [192] code symbols in a Paging Channel frame s If the 4800 bps rate is used, the repetition process doubles the rate again, so that, at either rate, 384 modulation symbols per Paging Channel frame result s 384 modulation symbols per frame times 50 frames per second = 19.2 Ksps s One copy of Walsh code #1 (or #2, ... or #7) is used to spread each modulation symbol. This results in a x64 rate increase to 1.2288 Mcps that is, 24,576 chips per Paging Channel frame, or 128 [256] chips per original bit at 9600 [4800] bps
The Paging Channel is encoded, interleaved, spread and modulated in 20 ms frames. In the Paging Channels, the convolutional encoder is not flushed with zeroes at the end of each frame. Therefore, the last 8 bits of a Paging Channel frame influence the first 18 (for 4800 bps) or 36 (for 9600 bps) modulation symbols generated from the first 8 bits of the following frame. The Paging Channel Data is scrambled using the long PN code sequence offset by a 42-bit mask (see next slide). The Paging Channel is orthogonally spread by the Walsh function with index equal to the Paging Channel number. The Paging Channel is then quadrature spread and filtered (discussed later).
Course 809A
Standard
04.02
October 2000
Nortel Networks Confidential Figure 3-42 Paging channel structure
3-43
R = 9600 or 4800 bps

163.84 s, 163.84 x R bits Maximum Paging Channel Slot Cycle 2048 slots Slot Channel 0 Slot Channel n 8 Half Frames per Slot Half Frame Half Frame SCI Half Frame 10 ms Half Frame Half Frame Slot Channel 2047
Half Frame Body
Half Frame Body
Half Frame Body
Half Frame Body
Half Frame Body
(1)
age Capsule Message Capsule
(2)
Message Capsule
(3)
Message
Message
Padding
Paging Channel Message

8 x MSG_LENGTH
Paging Channel Message
Padding as required
Paging Ch
MSG_LENGTH
Message Body (see note in text)
CRC
30 bits
8 bits
(1) First new capsule in slot, Synchronized Capsule (2) Unsynchronized Capsules (3) Synchronized Capsules SCI : Synchronized Capsule Indicator
The Paging Channel is logically divided in 80 ms slots. Each slot is composed of four 20-ms Paging Channel frames, each subdivided into two 10-ms halfframes. The first bit in any half frame is a Synchronized Capsule Indicator (SCI). This bit is set to 1 to indicate that the initial segment of a message capsule immediately follows; otherwise, the SCI bit is set to 0. A Paging Channel Message Capsule is composed of a Paging Channel Message and padding. A Paging Channel Message consists of a length field, a message body, and a CRC field. Padding consists of zero or more 0 bits. The message capsule is subdivided into small pieces, each fitting the rest of a half frame (called a Half Frame Body). The base station may transmit synchronized or unsynchronized Paging Channel message capsules. A synchronized message capsule starts on the second bit of a half frame. An unsynchronized message capsule begins immediately after a previous message capsule. If, after the end of a Paging Channel message, there remain fewer that 8 bits before the next SCI bit, the base station may transmit an unsynchronized message capsule immediately following that message. The base station will not include any padding bits in a message capsule that is followed by an unsynchronized message capsule.
3-44
Note: Any message sent by the base station on the Paging Channel must be completely contained in one or two consecutive Paging Channel slots.
Course 809A
Standard
04.02
October 2000
3-45
Exercise 3-1
Lesson Review
Answer the following questions and review your answers with the instructor. 1. What vocoder function stores a collection of arbitrary waveform segments?
2. What reference channel is used for acquisition, timing, and as a phase reference for coherent demodulation?
3. Lower data rates are transmitted at reduced power rates. [True / False]
4. The frame duration of what channel matches the period of repetition for of the short PN sequences?
5. The sync channel is identified by what Walsh code function?
6. The pilot channel is identified by what Walsh code function?
7. Convolutional encoding occurs before block interleaving (on the forward channel). [True / False]
8. What is the purpose of the paging channel?
9. What Walsh functions are reserved for the paging channels?
10. Unused paging channels can be used as what type of channel?
11. The effect of bursty errors are minimized by what function?
CDMA
Technology Overview
NBSS9.0
3-46
Course 809A
Standard
04.02
October 2000
4-1
Lesson 4 CDMA reverse channels

Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, the student will be able to: identify the CDMA Reverse Traffic Channels describe how the Reverse Traffic Channels are generated explain the concept of code channel in the reverse direction and how this differs from the concept of code channel in the forward direction
CDMA
Technology Overview
NBSS9.0
4-2
CDMA reverse channels
Figure 4-1 CDMA code channels in the reverse direction
There are two types of CDMA Reverse Channels: s TRAFFIC CHANNELS are used by individual users during their actual calls to transmit traffic to the BTS a reverse traffic channel is defined by a user-specific
public or private Long Code mask there are as many reverse Traffic Channels as there are CDMA phones in the world
BTS
s ACCESS CHANNELS are used by mobile stations not yet in a call to transmit registration requests, call setup requests, page responses, order responses, and other signaling information an access channel is defined by a user-independent
public long code mask Access channels are paired with Paging Channels. There can be up to 32 access channels per paging channel
REG
1-800 242 4444
A Reverse Channel is identified by: its CDMA RF carrier frequency the unique Long Code PN Offset of the individual handset
Course 809A
Standard
04.02
October 2000
Nortel Networks Confidential Figure 4-2 Coding process on CDMA reverse code channels
4-3
MTX BSC
Access Channels
BTS (1 sector)
Long Code Gen Channel Element Long Code Gen
A Reverse Channel is identified by: its CDMA RF carrier Frequency the unique Long Code PN Offset of the individual handset
CDMA Frequency Receiver, Sector X User Long Code
Vocoder
Channel Element
Long Code Gen
User Long Code
Vocoder
Channel Element Long Code Gen
Vocoder
Channel Element Long Code Gen
User Long Code
User Long Code
Vocoder more more
Channel Element more
User Long Code
User Long Code
Each mobile is uniquely identified by the offset of the User Long Code, which is generated internally. All mobile stations transmit simultaneously on the same 1.25-MHz wide frequency band. Any nearby BTS can dedicate a channel element to the mobile station and successfully extract its signal. Mobile stations also use the other CDMA spreading sequences, but not for channel-identifying purposes. Short PN Sequences are used to achieve phase modulation. Walsh Codes are used as symbols to give ultra-reliable communications recovery at the BTS.
CDMA
Technology Overview
NBSS9.0
4-4
Access channels
To initiate communication with the base station and to respond to a Paging Channel message, a mobile station uses an Access Channel.
An Access Channel transmission is coded, interleaved, and modulated spread-spectrum signal. The Access Channels use a random-access protocol. Access Channels are uniquely identified by this long codes.
Figure 4-3 Access channels
4800 bps
s Used by the mobile station to Initiate communication with the base station Respond to Paging Channel messages s Has a fixed data rate of 4800 bps s Each Access Channel is associated with only one Paging Channel s Up to 32 access channels (0-31) are supported per Paging Channel
Course 809A
Standard
04.02
October 2000
Nortel Networks Confidential Figure 4-4 Access channel generation
4-5
I PN (No Offset)
Access Channel Information (88 bits/Frame) R = 1/3 Convolutional Encoder & Repetition 28.8 ksps 28.8 307.2 ksps Orthogonal kcps Modulation 1.2288 Mcps 1/2 PN Chip Delay D
Block Interleaver
4.8 kpbs
Access Channel Long Code Mask
Long PN Code Generator
1.2288 Mcps
Direct Sequence Spreading Q PN (No Offset)
s Message attempts are randomized to reduce probability of collision s Two message types: A response message (in response to a base station message) A request message (sent autonomously by the mobile station)
Notice the following: Access Channels operate at a fixed data rate: 4800 bps Access Channels use a rate 1/3 convolutional coder (1 bit in, 3 symbols out) A larger block (32 x 18) interleaving array is needed The Access Channels cannot use the orthogonal spreading scheme as in the Forward Channels. They use orthogonal modulation and direct sequence spreading instead. Both repetitions of each code symbol are transmitted. The Q sequence is delayed by half a chip relative to the I sequence
PROBLEM: The mobile station must capture the attention of the base station. The mobile station makes a series of attempts to send a message (Access Probes). Each instance of a message is sent at higher power level than the previous. Messages are sent at random intervals to reduce the probability of collision with messages from other mobile stations trying to reach the same base station on the same Access Channel.
CDMA
Technology Overview
NBSS9.0
4-6
Figure 4-5 Rate 1/3 convolutional encoder
g0
Code Symbols (OUTPUT)
+
Information bits (INPUT)
+
g1
+
g2
The figure illustrates the Rate 1/3 convolutional coder used by the Reverse Traffic Channels with the 8 kb vocoders.
Course 809A
Standard
04.02
October 2000
Nortel Networks Confidential Figure 4-6 Access channel block interleaving
4-7
28.8 ksps from Conv. Encoding & Symbol Repetition (2x)

32 x 18

32 x 18
28.8 ksps to Orthogonal Modulation
s 576 code symbols (288 x 2) are written sequentially by columns, then read by rows in a particular order (called bit-reverse readout of the row addresses) every 20 ms s Block interleaving separates repeated symbols in two identical sets: one set is transmitted during the first 10 ms and the second set, with the repetitions, is transmitted during the second 10 ms Improves survivability of symbol information Spreads the effect of spurious interference and fast fading
The mobile station uses a 32-row by 18-column array to interleave the 576 modulation symbols coming out of the convolutional coder every 20 ms.
CDMA
Technology Overview
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4-8
Figure 4-7 Access channel block interleaving (4800 X 2 bps WRITE MATRIX)
1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 14 15 15 16 16
17 17 18 18 19 19 20 20 21 21 22 22 23 23 24 24 25 25 26 26 27 27 28 28 29 29 30 30 31 31 32 32
33 33 34 34 35 35 36 36 37 37 38 38 39 39 40 40 41 41 42 42 43 43 44 44 45 45 46 46 47 47 48 48
49 49 50 50 51 51 52 52 53 53 54 54 55 55 56 56 57 57 58 58 59 59 60 60 61 61 62 62 63 63 64 64
65 65 66 66 67 67 68 68 69 69 70 70 71 71 72 72 73 73 74 74 75 75 76 76 77 77 78 78 79 79 80 80
81 81 82 82 83 83 84 84 85 85 86 86 87 87 88 88 89 89 90 90 91 91 92 92 93 93 94 94 95 95 96 96
97 97 98 98 99 99 100 100 101 101 102 102 103 103 104 104 105 105 106 106 107 107 108 108 109 109 110 110 111 111 112 112
113 113 114 114 115 115 116 116 117 117 118 118 119 119 120 120 121 121 122 122 123 123 124 124 125 125 126 126 127 127 128 128
129 129 130 130 131 131 132 132 133 133 134 134 135 135 136 136 137 137 138 138 139 139 140 140 141 141 142 142 143 143 144 144
145 145 146 146 147 147 148 148 149 149 150 150 151 151 152 152 153 153 154 154 155 155 156 156 157 157 158 158 159 159 160 160
161 161 162 162 163 163 164 164 165 165 166 166 167 167 168 168 169 169 170 170 171 171 172 172 173 173 174 174 175 175 176 176
177 177 178 178 179 179 180 180 181 181 182 182 183 183 184 184 185 185 186 186 187 187 188 188 189 189 190 190 191 191 192 192
193 193 194 194 195 195 196 196 197 197 198 198 199 199 200 200 201 201 202 202 203 203 204 204 205 205 206 206 207 207 208 208
209 209 210 210 211 211 212 212 213 213 214 214 215 215 216 216 217 217 218 218 219 219 220 220 221 221 222 222 223 223 224 224
225 225 226 226 227 227 228 228 229 229 230 230 231 231 232 232 233 233 234 234 235 235 236 236 237 237 238 238 239 239 240 240
241 241 242 242 243 243 244 244 245 245 246 246 247 247 248 248 249 249 250 250 251 251 252 252 253 253 254 254 255 255 256 256
257 257 258 258 259 259 260 260 261 261 262 262 263 263 264 264 265 265 266 266 267 267 268 268 269 269 270 270 271 271 272 272
273 273 274 274 275 275 276 276 277 277 278 278 279 279 280 280 281 281 282 282 283 283 284 284 285 285 286 286 287 287 288 288
Course 809A
Standard
04.02
October 2000
Nortel Networks Confidential Figure 4-8 Access channel block interleaving (4800 X 2 bps READ MATRIX)
4-9
1 9 5 13 3 11 7 15 2 10 6 14 4 12 8 16 1 9 5 13 3 11 7 15 2 10 6 14 4 12 8 16
17 25 21 29 19 27 23 31 18 26 22 30 20 28 24 32 17 25 21 29 19 27 23 31 18 26 22 30 20 28 24 32
33 41 37 45 35 43 39 47 34 42 38 46 36 44 40 48 33 41 37 45 35 43 39 47 34 42 38 46 36 44 40 48
49 57 53 61 51 59 55 63 50 58 54 62 52 60 56 64 49 57 53 61 51 59 55 63 50 58 54 62 52 60 56 64
65 73 69 77 67 75 71 79 66 74 70 78 68 76 72 80 65 73 69 77 67 75 71 79 66 74 70 78 68 76 72 80
81 89 85 93 83 91 87 95 82 90 86 94 84 92 88 96 81 89 85 93 83 91 87 95 82 90 86 94 84 92 88 96
97 105 101 109 99 107 103 111 98 106 102 110 100 108 104 112 97 105 101 109 99 107 103 111 98 106 102 110 100 108 104 112
113 121 117 125 115 123 119 127 114 122 118 126 116 124 120 128 113 121 117 125 115 123 119 127 114 122 118 126 116 124 120 128
129 137 133 141 131 139 135 143 130 138 134 142 132 140 136 144 129 137 133 141 131 139 135 143 130 138 134 142 132 140 136 144
145 153 149 157 147 155 151 159 146 154 150 158 148 156 152 160 145 153 149 157 147 155 151 159 146 154 150 158 148 156 152 160
161 169 165 173 163 171 167 175 162 170 166 174 164 172 168 176 161 169 165 173 163 171 167 175 162 170 166 174 164 172 168 176
177 185 181 189 179 187 183 191 178 186 182 190 180 188 184 192 177 185 181 189 179 187 183 191 178 186 182 190 180 188 184 192
193 201 197 205 195 203 199 207 194 202 198 206 196 204 200 208 193 201 197 205 195 203 199 207 194 202 198 206 196 204 200 208
209 217 213 221 211 219 215 223 210 218 214 222 212 220 216 224 209 217 213 221 211 219 215 223 210 218 214 222 212 220 216 224
225 233 229 237 227 235 231 239 226 234 230 238 228 236 232 240 225 233 229 237 227 235 231 239 226 234 230 238 228 236 232 240
241 249 245 253 243 251 247 255 242 250 246 254 244 252 248 256 241 249 245 253 243 251 247 255 242 250 246 254 244 252 248 256
257 265 261 269 259 267 263 271 258 266 262 270 260 268 264 272 257 265 261 269 259 267 263 271 258 266 262 270 260 268 264 272
273 281 277 285 275 283 279 287 274 282 278 286 276 284 280 288 273 281 277 285 275 283 279 287 274 282 278 286 276 284 280 288
Notice that after rearranging the symbols we end up with two identical sets. Both sets are transmitted at full power, one during the first 10 ms and the other during the second 10 ms.
CDMA
Technology Overview
NBSS9.0
4-10
Figure 4-9 Access channel slot structure
4800 bps
20 x (4 + PAM_SZ + MAX_CAP_SZ) ms 96 x (4 + PAM_SZ + MAX_CAP_SZ) bits
Access Channel Slot

20 ms 96 bits
Access Channel Frame Access Channel Preamble

1 + PAM_SZ frames 96 x (1 + PAM_SZ) bits
96 x Nf bits (not exceeding 3 + MAX_CAP_SZ frames)
Access Channel Frame Body
Access Channel Message Capsule

88 x Nf bits
Nf =Number of Access Channel Frames needed for message transmission T = Encoder Tail Bits (eight zeroes)
Access Channel Message 8 x MSG_LENGTH

MSG_LENGTH
Padding as required
CRC 30 bits
Message Body
2-842 bits
8 bits
ACCESS CHANNEL SLOT Group of contiguous Access Channel frames where an Access Channel Message can be contained. As the Access Slot length may differ from base station to base station, a mobile station must determine the beginning and length of the Access Channel slot prior to transmission. All access channels associated with a particular Paging Channel have the same slot size, and all the slots begin at the same time. Each Access Channel Frame contains 96 bits (20 ms frame at 4800 bps). Each Access Channel frame consists of 88 information bits and eight Encoder Tail Bits. The Encoder Tail Bits are a fixed sequence of bits (eight zeroes) added to the end of a block of data (88 bits) to reset (flush) the convolutional encoder to a known state (all zeroes). The Access Channel Preamble consists of frames of 96 zeroes that are transmitted at the 4800 bps rate. The Access Channel Preamble is transmitted to aid the base station in acquiring an Access Channel transmission.
Course 809A
Standard
04.02
October 2000
Nortel Networks Confidential Figure 4-10 Access channel probing
4-11
Access Probe 1 + NUM_STEP (16 m ax)
PI ACCESS PROBE SEQUENCE PI PI IP (Initial Power) Access Probe 1 Access Probe 1 Access Probe 1
Access Probe 1
System Tim e TA RT TA RT TA RT TA
Select Access Channel (RA) initialize transm it po wer
See previous figure
CDMA
Technology Overview
NBSS9.0
4-12
Reverse traffic channels
A mobile station using the 8 kb vocoder transmits information on the Reverse Traffic Channel at variable data rates of 9600, 4800, 2400, and 1200 bps (Rate Set 1, Multiplex Option 1) as in the Forward Traffic Channels. A mobile station using the 13 kb vocoder transmits information on the Reverse Traffic Channel at variable data rates of 14400, 7200, 3600, and 1800 bps (Rate Set 2, Multiplex Option 2) as in the Forward Traffic Channels. The frame duration is 20 ms.
Figure 4-11 CDMA reverse traffic channels
s Used when a call is in progress to send Voice traffic from the subscriber Response to commands/queries from the base station Requests to the base station s Supports variable data rate operation for 8 Kbps vocoder Rate Set 1 - 9600, 4800, 2400 and 1200 bps Multiplex Option 1 13 Kbps vocoder Rate Set 2 - 14400, 7200, 3600, 1800 bps Multiplex Option 2
Course 809A
Standard
04.02
October 2000
Nortel Networks Confidential Figure 4-12 Reverse traffic channel generation
4-13
9600 bps 4800 bps 2400 bps 1200 bps or 14400 bps 7200 bps 3600 bps 1800 bps
R = 1/3 Convolutional Encoder & Repetition R = 1/2 User Address Mask Long PN Code Generator 28.8 ksps Block Interleaver 28.8 ksps Orthogonal Modulation 307.2 kcps 1.2288 Mcps Data Burst Randomizer
I PN (no offset)
1/2 PN Chip Delay D
1.2288 Mcps
Direct Sequence Spreading
Q PN (no offset)
Notice the differences: A Rate 1/3 (1 bit in, 3 symbols out) convolutional encoder is used with 8Kb vocoders/Rate Set 1, while a Rate 1/2 (1 bit in, 2 symbols out) convolutional encoder without symbol puncturing is used with 13Kb vocoders/Rate Set 2. More symbols in and out of the block interleaver each 20 ms; therefore, a larger matrix is needed. Different array reading discipline, depending on the frame rate. Cant use the orthogonal spreading scheme as in the Forward Channels (each reverse channel comes from a different mobile station). Uses Orthogonal modulation instead. The Data Burst Randomizer follows the Orthogonal Modulation step. A 1/2 chip delay is introduced in the Q sequence. The I and Q pilot PN sequences are not offset relative to the mobile station time. However they are offset by an undetermined number of chips relative to the system time because the mobile draws its time reference from the earliest usable pilot component that it receives (which arrives with a delay that depend on the distance between the mobile station and the base station where that pilot signal was generated). Direct Sequence Spreading involving every Long PN sequence chip instead of Data Scrambling involving one out of every 64 is used to differentiate among mobile stations.
Notice that by the time the first frame arrives on the Forward Traffic Channel, the mobile station has had plenty of time to acquire the CDMA system (first the pilot channel, then the synch channel, then the paging channel). This is
4-14
not the case in the reverse direction. The mobile station must therefore give the base station a chance to acquire the Reverse Traffic Channel before it starts sending information. That is why the first few frames sent by the mobile station to the base station do not contain information but just zeroes. This is called the Reverse Traffic Channel Preamble. The Reverse Traffic Channel Preamble is the first frame transmitted in a Reverse Traffic Channel. It consists of all zeroes transmitted with a 100% transmission duty cycle (192 zeroes for Rate 1 and 288 for Rate 2). The Reverse Traffic Channel preamble is transmitted by the mobile station to help the base station acquire the Reverse Traffic Channel.
Figure 4-13 Reverse traffic channel frame structure
Rate Set
Transmission Rate 9600 4800
Number of Bits per Frame Total
Erasure Information CRC

172 80 40 16 267 125 55 21 12 8 12 10 8 6
Tail Bits 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
192 96 48 24 288 144 72 36
1 2400 1200 14400 7200 2 3600 1800
1 1 1 1
Each time a mobile station receives a bad Rate Set 2 Forward Traffic Channel frame, it sets the erasure bit to 1 in the second Rate Set 2 Reverse Traffic Channel frame transmitted following the reception of the bad frame. Otherwise it sets the erasure bit to 0.
Course 809A
Standard
04.02
October 2000
4-15
Figure 4-14 Reverse traffic channel: Convolutional encoding and symbol repetition
9.6 kbps 4.8 kbps 2.4 kbps 1.2 kbps
28.8 ksps (No repetition) 14.4 ksps (2 X repetition) 7.2 ksps (4 X repetition) 3.6 ksps (8 X repetition)
PCM Voice
Variable Rate Output from Vocoder

14.4 kbps 7.2 kbps 3.6 kbps 1.8 kbps
R=1/3 K=9 Convolutional Encoder R=1/2 K=9
Symbol Repetition
28.8 ksps to Block Interleaver
28.8 ksps (No repetition) 14.4 ksps (2 X repetition) 7.2 ksps (4 X repetition) 3.6 ksps (8 X repetition)
s Convolutional encoding: Results in 3 code symbols out for each bit in, at Rate Set 1, and in 2 code symbols out for each bit in, at Rate Set 2 Also allows for reduction in transmit power Reduces overall noise & increases capacity s Symbol repetition maintains a constant 28.8 ksps output to block interleaver
Vocoder Processing Convolutional Encoding Code Symbol Repetition Block Interleaving Orthogonal Modulation Data Burst Randomizer Direct Sequence Spreading Quadrature Spreading Baseband Filtering
When the 8 kb vocoders are used, the Reverse Traffic Channels employ a Rate 1/3, K=9 convolutional coder which triplicates the 9.6 kbps into 28.8 ksps. When the 13 kb vocoders are used, the Reverse Traffic Channels employ a Rate 1/2, K=9 convolutional coder which duplicate the 14.46 kbps into 28.8 ksps. Symbol repetition ensures that a constant output of 28.8 ksps is fed to the block interleaver when any rate other than a full rate is used.
CDMA
Technology Overview
NBSS9.0
4-16
Figure 4-15 Reverse traffic channel: Block interleaving

PCM Voice
28.8 ksps From Coding & Symbol Repetition

32 x 18

32 x 18
28.8 ksps to Orthogonal Modulation
s 20 ms symbol blocks are sequentially reordered s Combats the effects of fast fading s Separates repeated symbols at 4800 bps and below Improves survivability of symbol data Spreads the effect of spurious interference
Vocoder Processing Convolutional Encoding Code Symbol Repetition Block Interleaving Orthogonal Modulation Data Burst Randomizer Direct Sequence Spreading Quadrature Spreading Baseband Filtering
The mobile station uses a 32-row by 18-column array to interleave the 576 modulation symbols coming out of the convolutional coder every 20 ms.
Course 809A
Standard
04.02
October 2000
4-17
Exercise 4-1
Lesson Review
Answer the following questions and review your answers with the instructor. 1. The two types of CDMA Reverse Channels are Traffic Channels and Access Channels. [True/False]
2. Short PN sequences are used to achieve ________________________ .
3. How many access channels are supported by a single paging channel?
4. When generating the Access Channel, why are message attempts randomized?
5. All Access Channels associated with a particular Paging Channel a. have the same slot size b. do not have the same slot size c. all slots begin at the same time d. all slots do not begin at the same time e. a and c f. a and d g. none of the above
6. What is the access channel preamble?
7. Why is the Reverse Traffic Channel preamble transmitted by the mobile to the base station?
8. The pilot PN sequences are offset relative to system time, not mobile station time. Why?
CDMA
Technology Overview
NBSS9.0
4-18
9. What is used in the reverse path: direct sequence spreading or data scrambling?
Course 809A
Standard
04.02
October 2000
5-1
Lesson 5 Power control, registration, and handoffs

Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, the student will be able to: understand the purpose of Power Control in CDMA identify the different types of Power Control mechanisms used in CDMA define the term registration recall the differences between HLR and VLR define the concept of handoff and identify its three phases identify the different cases of CDMA handoffs
CDMA
Technology Overview
NBSS9.0
5-2
Power control, registration, and handoffs
CDMA power control
All code channels transmitted in the forward direction travel together to the mobile station; therefore, they all experience fading at the same time. This is not the case in the reverse direction, where each channel travels a different path from the mobile station that transmits it to the base station. That is the reason why the use of a pilot signal and coherent demodulation is possible in the forward direction and not in the reverse direction, where the mobile stations have to resort to the transmission of preambles of one sort or another. Some mobile stations may be close to the base station, while others may be located far from it. As a result, the path losses and multipath environments affecting the signals from different mobile stations show a great variability. As the path losses can differ by up to 80 dB, if every mobile station transmits at the same power level, the base station could receive a very strong signal from a nearby mobile station, together with another signal, 80 times weaker, from a distant one; and the weaker signal would be drowned by the stronger one. The purpose of Power Control is to ensure that all signals arrive at the base station at approximately the same level. This requirement makes power control in the reverse direction extremely critical and demanding.
Course 809A
Standard
04.02
October 2000
Nortel Networks Confidential Figure 5-1 CDMA power control
5-3
s CDMA is an interference-limited system based on the number of users s Unlike AMPS/TDMA, CDMA has a soft capacity limit Each user is a noise source on the shared channel The noise contributed by users is cumulative This creates a practical limit to how many users a system will sustain s Precise power control of the mobile stations is critical if we want to Maximize system capacity Increase battery life of the mobile stations s The goal is to keep each mobile station at the absolute minimum power level necessary to ensure acceptable service quality Ideally the power received at the base station from each mobile station
should be the same (minimum signal to interference)
Mobile stations which transmit excessive power increase interference to

other mobile stations
The goal of power control is that the signal of interest is received with sufficient strength so that the demodulator has enough Eb/N0 to recover the signal with an acceptable level of errors; while the remaining signals, which from the point of view of this mobile station, are just interference, and are kept at a power level that is as low as possible. As what one receiver perceives as interference happens to be the signal of interest for another (and vice versa), everyone must be kept at the near starvation level for the general good. The first step taken by a mobile station to control its transmit power is called Reverse Open Loop Power control. It essentially consists of estimating how strong the mobile station should transmit based on a coarse measurement of how much power it is receiving from the base station and some correcting parameters delivered in the Access Parameters Message.
CDMA
Technology Overview
NBSS9.0
5-4
Figure 5-2 Reverse open loop power control
Reverse Open Loop Power Control
BTS BTS
Mobile
BTS
The mobile station makes aacoarse initial estimation of the required transmit The mobile station makes coarse initial estimation of the required transmit power, based upon the total received power. power, based upon the total received power. Problems with Reverse Open Loop Power Control: Problems with Reverse Open Loop Power Control:
Assum es sam eeexact path loss in both directions; therefore, cannot Assum es sam exact path loss in both directions; therefore, cannot account for asymmetrical path loss account for asymmetrical path loss Estimates are based on total power received; therefore the power received Estimates are based on total power received; therefore the power received from other cell sites by mobile station introduces inaccuracies from other cell sites by mobile station introduces inaccuracies
Course 809A
Standard
04.02
October 2000
Nortel Networks Confidential Figure 5-3 Estimated reverse open loop output power
5-5
Power output level for the initial probe during open loop probing on the Access Channel (with closed loop correction inactive): mean output power (dBm) = - mean power input (dBm) +K + NOM_PWR - 16 x NOM_PWR_EXT + INIT_PWR Subsequent probes in the sequence are sent at increased power levels (each probe is incremented by a value equal to the parameter PWR_STEP)
The turn around constant K is calculated assuming a nominal cell Effective Radiation Power (ERP) of 5 W and a nominal cell loading of 50%. Its value is -73 for cellular systems and -76 for PCS systems
Power output level for the initial transmission on the Reverse Traffic Channel: Power output level for the initial transmission on the Reverse Traffic Channel: mean output power (dBm) = - mean power input (dBm) +K + NOM_PWR - 16 x NOM_PWR_EXT + INIT_PWR + the sum of all access probe corrections (dB)
The very first attempt by the mobile station to talk to the base station is designed to probably fail. This is determined by the value of the INIT_PWR parameter supplied by the base station.
CDMA
Technology Overview
NBSS9.0
5-6
Figure 5-4 Reverse closed loop power control
Mobile
Reverse Closed Loop Power Control
BTS
or
Signal Strength Measurement
Setpoint
Compensates for asymmetries between the forward and reverse paths Consists of power up (0) and power down (1) commands sent to the mobile stations, based upon their signal strength, measured at the Base Station and compared to a specified threshold (setpoint) Each command requests a 1dB increment or decrement of the mobile station transmit power Transmitted 800 times per second, always at full power Allows to compensate for the effects of fast fading
The Reverse Closed Loop Power Control mechanism provides a correction on the Reverse Traffic Channel mean output power level with respect to the Open Loop estimate. 800 times per second (or once every 1.25 milliseconds) the base station overwrites one (13 kb vocoder) or two (8 kb vocoder) code symbols with a power up or power down command based on the strength of the signal received from the mobile during the preceding 1.25 ms interval. These power control bits are always transmitted at full power. As during some 1.25 ms intervals the mobile stations transmitter is gated on, and during some other 1.25 ms intervals it is gated off, not every power up command received from the base station is meaningful. A power control bit is considered valid (and acted upon) only if it is received in the second 1.25 interval following an interval during which the mobile station transmitted. The mobile station locks on the accumulation of valid level changes and ignores received power control bits related to gated-off periods when the transmitter is disabled. Following the reception of a valid power control bit, the mean output power of the mobile station must be within 0.3 dB of the final value in less than
5-7
500 s. The change in mean output power level per single valid power control bit is 1 dB nominal, and the total change in mean output power is the accumulation of all these individual changes. The actual change must be within 0.5 dB of the nominal value, and the change in mean output power level per 10 valid power control bits of the same sign must be within 20% of 10 times the nominal change. Once the first power control bit has been received, after initializing the Reverse Traffic Channel transmissions, the mean output power is defined by the formula in the illustration above. Following a step change in mean input power, Pin, the mean output power of the mobile station will experience a corresponding transition in the direction opposite in sign to Pin.
Figure 5-5 Power output estimations (summary)
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6JG OGCP KPRWV RQYGT KU FGHKPGF CU VJG RQYGT TGEGKXGF CV VJG OQDKNG UVCVKQP HQT VJG /*\ 4( EJCPPGN DCPFYKFVJ DGKPI WUGF 6JG CEEGUU RCTCOGVGT XCNWGU ECP XCT[ DGVYGGP DCUG UVCVKQPU
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CDMA
Technology Overview
NBSS9.0
5-8
Figure 5-6 Reverse outer loop power control
Mobile
BTS
or
BSC
Setpoint
Reverse Outer Loop Power Control
FER
Not part of IS-95A or J-STD-008. Most gradual form of reverse link error control Setpoint is varied according to the FER on the Reverse Traffic Channel (determined at the Base Station Controller) Sampled at a rate of 50 frames per second (20 ms / frame) Setpoint adjusted every 1-2 seconds
If the received power from the mobile station, as measured at the base station, is below the specified threshold (setpoint), the base station sends a 0 power control bit directing the mobile station to raise its output power. If it is higher, the base station sends a 1 power control bit directing the mobile station to lower its output power. The setpoint itself is raised or lowered by the Reverse Outer Loop Power Control in order to target the desired Frame Error Rate (FER) level, which is typically 1 percent.
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Nortel Networks Confidential Figure 5-7 Forward traffic channel power control
5-9
Mobile
BTS
BSC
Adjust Fwd. power
FER
Forward Link Power Control
The base station slowly decreases power to each mobile station As the FER (determined at the mobile station) increases, the mobile station requests a Forward Traffic Channel power increase
To support Forward Traffic Channel power control, the mobile station reports FER statistics to the base station. If the base station enables periodic reporting, the mobile station reports FER statistics at specified intervals. If the base station enables threshold reporting, the mobile station reports FER statistics when the frame error rate exceeds a specified threshold. Either, or both types of reporting can be enabled or disabled at any given time by the base station. Periodic reporting is controlled by PWR_PERIOD_ENABLE and PWR_REP_FRAMES. Threshold reporting is controlled by PWR_THRESH_ENABLE and PWR_REP_THRESH. The mobile station maintains a counter of the total number of received frames and a counter for the number of received bad frames. At the end of the specified period or when the threshold is exceeded, depending on what has been enabled, the mobile station sends a Power Measurement Report Message to the base station. Then it resets both counters to zero and freezes them for PWR_REP_DELAY x ZERO (0) frames following the first transmission of the message. These five parameters are delivered to the mobile station in the System Parameters Message.
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Figure 5-8 Summary of all power control mechanisms
Reverse Open Loop Power Control
Mobile
BTS
or
BSC
Adjust Fwd. power Reverse Outer Loop Power Control
FER
Setpoint
FER
Forward Link Power Control
All types of power control work together to minimizes power consumption at the mobile stations, and increases the overall capacity of the system transmit power
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Registration
5
A CDMA system could offer to their subscribers the options of local and extended service. This would encompass the cities of Dallas and Fort Worth. Subscribers with the local service option would either be at their home location when in Dallas and NID roaming when accessing the service in Fort Worth, or at their home location when in Fort Worth and NID roaming when accessing the service in Dallas. Subscribers with the extended service option would be considered at their home location (not roaming) both in Dallas and in Fort Worth.
Figure 5-9 Roaming

SID = 4 NID = 0 SID = 2 NID = 7 NID =3
Home SID/NID List
(2, 3) (2, 0) (3, 1)

SID Roaming Roaming Status NID Roaming Not Roaming
s A mobile station may be in any of the following roaming states: Home: mobile station is at its home location (not roaming) NID roaming: mobile station is within a foreign NID but in the home SID SID roaming: mobile station is within a foreign SID s A mobile station maintains a list of one or more home pairs These are SID/NID combinations defining the mobile stations home location They are stored in semi-permanent memory s The identity of current SID/NID is contained in the System Parameters Message (sent on the Paging Channel)
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Figure 5-10 HLR and VLR
HLR
s Contains permanent subscriber data provisioning information service information features available to the subscriber s Contains dynamic information mobile stations current location s Supports call routing s Queried by the MTX when subscriber information is needed, regardless of the mobile stations current location
VLR
s Stores a subset of the HLR information pertaining to the mobile stations currently registered in the VLRs service area
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Nortel Networks Confidential Figure 5-11 CDMA registration
5-13
s Registration is the means by which a mobile station notifies the cellular system of its location, status, identification, and other characteristics s Balance is required between paging and registration
Infrequent registration results in a high rate of paging Frequent registration places a high load on access channels
s Proper system design allows a base station to efficiently page the mobile station when establishing a mobile-terminated call s Registration also provides
The mobile stations SLOT_CYCLE_INDEX and SLOTTED_MODE The mobile station class mark and protocol revision number so that
the base station will know the mobile stations capabilities s Two types of mobile registration
Non-Autonomous: explicitly requested by the base station, or implied

based on other types of messages received by the mobile station
Autonomous: triggered by some event other than the reception of an

explicit or implicit request from the base station
Registration is the process by which a mobile station notifies the base station of its location, status, identification, slot cycle, and other characteristics. The base station makes use of location information to efficiently page the mobile station when establishing a mobile station-terminated call. Registration also provides the mobile stations SLOT_CYCLE_INDEX and SLOTTED_MODE parameters, so that the base station can determine what Paging Channel slots a mobile station operating in the slotted mode is monitoring; and the mobile stations protocol revision number, so that the base station knows the capabilities of the mobile station.
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Figure 5-12 Forms of CDMA registration
s Power-up registration s Power-down registration

Autonomous Autonomous Registration Registration
s Timer-based registration s Zone-based registration s Distance-based registration s Parameter-change registration
Non-Autonomous Non-Autonomous Registration Registration
s Implicit registration s Ordered registration s Traffic channel registration
All types of registration can be enabled or disabled by means of the System Parameters Message
Registration Types NOT Registration Types NOT Supported by Nortel Supported by Nortel
CDMA supports nine forms of registration (discussed in the following slides). These forms of registration fall into two groups: autonomous registration and non-autonomous registration. The five forms in the autonomous registration group are conditioned, in part, by the roaming status of the mobile station, and by indicators contained in the System Parameters Message. The four forms in the non-autonomous registration group are triggered by the base station, either explicitly, by sending a Mobile Registration Order to the mobile station; or implicitly, based on the reception at the mobile station of some other types of messages.
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Nortel Networks Confidential Figure 5-13 Power-up registration
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ON
T Access Channel
s Mobile station registers when Directed to power-on by the user Switched to an alternate serving system Switched from using an analog system s Delays 20 seconds Preventing multiple registrations whenever power is quickly turned on and off
Power-up registration is performed when the mobile station is turned on. To prevent multiple registrations when power is quickly turned on and off, the mobile station delays T57m = 20 seconds before registering after entering the Mobile Station Idle State. The mobile station maintains a power-up / initialization timer. While this timer is active, the mobile station does not attempt to make registration access attempts.
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Figure 5-14 Power-down registration
OFF
T Access Channel
s Mobile station registers when directed to power-down by the user s Mobile station will not power down until attempt is completed s Mobile station will not do power down registration if Not registered in the current system s Prevents unnecessary attempts to reach a user Can be unreliable (v.gr., user powers down in garage)
Power-down registration is performed when the user directs the mobile station to power off. If power-down registration is performed, the mobile station does not power down until after completing the registration attempt. The mobile station does not perform power-down registration if it has not previously registered in the system that corresponds to the current SIDs and NIDs.
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Nortel Networks Confidential Figure 5-15 Timer-based registration
5-17
T Access Channel
s Mobile station registers when a timer expires s Registration period is determined by the base station s Allows system to de-register mobile stations that fail to register on power-down
Timer-based registration causes the mobile station to register at regular intervals. Its use also allows the system to automatically de-register mobile stations that did not perform a successful power-down registration. Timerbased registration uses a Paging Channel slot counter (equivalent to a timer with increments of 80 ms). Timer-base registration is performed when the counter reaches a maximum value of REG_COUNT_MAX that is controlled by the base station via the REG_PDR field in the System Parameters Message. The base station disables timer-based registration by setting REG_PRD to zero. The timer expiration time is calculated as REG_COUNT_MAX = int (2 REG_PRD / 4). The counter is reset on power-up and when switching between different PCS frequency blocks, different band classes, or alternate operating modes. The counter is also reset after each successful registration.
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Figure 5-16 Distance-based registration
T T
Paging Channel Access Channel
REG
ST _D I
BS-1 BS-2 b BS-3 d Idle Handoff c a Idle Handoff
s Mobile Station MS registers whenever it does an Idle Handoff (handoff when not in a call) into a cell which lays outside a circle with REG_DIST radius and centered at the base station where MS last registered At position a MS registers with Base Station BS-1. BS-1 transmits its latitude and At position b MS does an idle handoff into BS-2 and reads the latitude and longitude
of this base station. MS then calculates the distance between BS-2 and BS-1, and if the result is less than REG_DIST it does not have to re-register At position c MS is still listening to BS-2 (no need to re-register yet) At position d MS does an idle handoff into BS-3. MS reads the latitude and longitude of BS-3 and calculates the distance between BS-3 and BS-1. As this distance exceeds REG_DIST, MS re-registers longitude, and the REG_DIST parameter on its paging channel
Distance-based registration causes a mobile station to register when the distance between the current base station and the base station in which it last registered exceeds the threshold defined by the parameter REG_DIST sent to the mobile station in the System Parameters Message. The base station may disable distance-based registration by setting REG_DIST to zero. The mobile station determines that it has moved a certain distance based on the difference in latitude and longitude between the current base station and the base station where it registered last. The mobile station calculates this distance using the following formula: ( lat ) 2 + ( long ) 2 REG D IST = int --------------------------------------------------- 16
where lat = BASE_LAT - BASE_LAT_REG long = (BASE_LONG - BASE_LONG_REG) cos ( / 180 x BASE_LAT_REG / 14400)
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Nortel Networks Confidential Figure 5-17 Zone-based registration
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Z o n e -B a s e d R e g is tra tio n
2 3 4 5
N O T E : T h e se a re re g is tra tio n z o n e s , not T M SI zones!
s T h e m o b ile s ta tio n re g is te rs w h e n it e n te rs a n e w z o n e s A z o n e is a s u b s e t o f th e b a s e s ta tio n s w ith in a n e tw o rk s T h e m o b ile s ta tio n k e e p s a lis t o f th e z o n e s w h e re it h a s re g is te re d , u p to a m a xim u m d e te rm in e d b y th e b a se sta tio n s E a c h z o n e is u n iq u e ly id e n tifie d b y th e re g is tra tio n z o n e n u m b e r p a ra m e te r (R E G _ Z O N E ) p lu s th e S ID a n d th e N ID to w h ich it b e lo n g s s T h e m o b ile s ta tio n a c tiv a te s a tim e r fo r e v e ry z o n e w h e re it h a s re g is te re d , e x c e p t th e a c tiv e o n e , a n d d e -re g is te rs w h e n th e tim e r e x p ire s s T h e m o b ile s ta tio n w ill n o t re -re g is te r if it e n te rs a z o n e w h ic h is a lre a d y in its lis t
C D M A T ec hn olo gy O v erv ie w F eb r u ary , 2 000 - P ag e 4 -16
Registration zones are groups of base stations within a given system and network. A base stations zone is identified by the REG_ZONE field of the System Parameters Message. Zone-based registration causes a mobile station to register whenever it moves into a new zone not on its internally stored list of visited registration zones. A zone is added to the list whenever a registration (including implicit registration) occurs, and is deleted upon expiration of a timer. After a system access, timers are enabled for every zone except the one where the registration attempt was successful. Timers are also enabled at the start of a call. A mobile station can be registered in more than one zone. Zones are uniquely identified by a zone number (REG_ZONE) plus the SID and NID of the zone. The mobile station maintains a list of the zones where it has registered. This list must have at least N9m = 7 entries, each including the zone number, its SID and its NID. The exact number of entries in which a mobile station may be considered registered is determined by the TOTAL_ZONES parameter sent by the base station in the System Parameters Message.
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The mobile station also maintains a timer for each entry in the list. When an entry is removed from the list, the corresponding timer is disabled. The duration of the timer is determined by ZONE_TIMER parameter in the System Parameters Message.
Figure 5-18 Parameter-change registration
SLOT_CYCLE_INDEX SLOT_CYCLE_INDEX SLOTTED_MODE SLOTTED_MODE MOB_TERM_HOME MOB_TERM_HOME etc. etc.
T Access Channel
s The mobile station registers after it modifies any of the following parameters (stored in the mobile station): the preferred slot cycle index the slotted mode indicator the call termination enabled indicators s or the following capabilities supported by the mobile station: the band classes the power classes the rates the operating modes
Parameter-change registration is performed when a mobile station modifies any of the stored parameters or the supported capabilities indicated in the above illustration. Parameter-change registration is independent of the roaming status of the mobile station.
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Nortel Networks Confidential Figure 5-19 Implicit registration
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Originati
age on Mess
T Access Channel
s Occurs when the mobile station and base station exchange messages not directly related to registration Messaging conveys sufficient information to identify mobile station and its location s Considered successful whenever mobile station sends an Origination Message or Page Response Message s Compatible with AMPS and IS-54 methods s Effectiveness considered adequate to preclude use of ordered registration
Whenever an Origination Message or a Page Response Message is sent, the base station can infer the location of a mobile station. This is considered an implicit registration.
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Figure 5-20 Ordered and traffic channel registration
rder quest O ation Re Registr sage tion Mes Registra er uest Ord tion Req Registra on egistrati hannel R Traffic C
s Ordered Registration Allows the base station to order a mobile station to register mobile station can be idle or in an active call s Traffic Channel Registration Allows the base station to obtain registration information about a mobile station that has been assigned to a Traffic Channel Information exchange occurs on the Traffic Channel Suggested use is on inter-system handoffs s Neither one is supported by Nortels CDMA system
T T T T
Paging Channel Access Channel Forward Traffic Channel Reverse Traffic Channel
Ordered registration allows the base station to order a mobile station to register by sending a Registration Request Order to the mobile station over the Paging Channel. The mobile station responds to this order with a Registration Message. This type of registration IS NOT supported by Nortel CDMA. There is limited need in the current DMS-MTX implementation for this capability, except perhaps as part of the algorithm for removing entries from the VLR. However, the overhead incurred in attempting to successful order the mobile station to register prohibits using this type of registration effectively. Traffic Channel registration allows the base station to obtain registration information about a mobile station that has been assigned to a Traffic Channel by sending a Status Request Order message. The mobile station responds with a Status Message and the base station affirms that the mobile is registered by issuing a Mobile Station Registered Message which supplies the mobile station with the current system parameters for the serving base station. This type of registration IS NOT supported by Nortel CDMA. There is no recognized need in the current DMS-MTX implementation for this capability
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since the computing module (CM) is aware of the mobile stations location during a call via the call origination and termination procedures.
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Handoffs
A mobile station can execute a handoff while it is either in the Idle State or while it is in a call.
An idle handoff occurs while a mobile station has moved from the coverage area of one base station into the coverage area of another base station while it is in the Idle State. If the mobile station detects a Pilot Channel signal from another base station that is sufficiently stronger than that of the current station, the mobile station determines that an idle handoff should occur. The other four types of handoff occur while the mobile station is in a call.
Figure 5-21 What is Ec/Io
What is Ec/Io?
s Ec/Io Measures the strength of the pilot Foretells the readability of the associated traffic channels
-25 -15 -10
Ec/Io
dB
Guides soft handoff decisions Is digitally derived as the ratio of

good to total energy seen by the search correlator at the desired PN offset Never appears higher than Pilots percentage of serving cells transmitted energy Can be degraded by strong RF from other cells, sectors Can be degraded by noise
Ec Io
Energy of desired pilot alone
Total energy received
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Nortel Networks Confidential Figure 5-22 Whats in a handset?
5-25
Digital Rake Receiver Symbols Chips Traffic Correlator

PN xxx Walsh xx Walsh xx Walsh xx Symbols
Receiver RF Section IF, Detector

AGC RF Duplexer RF Open Loop
Traffic Correlator
PN xxx PN xxx
Viterbi Decoder Messages Bit Packets Audio
Traffic Correlator
Pilot Searcher
PN xxx Walsh 0 Transmit Gain Adjust
CPU
Vocoder Audio
Transmitter RF Section
Figure 5-23 CDMA handoffs
Transmitter Digital Section

Long Code Gen.
Messages
Bit Packets
Handoff is the process by which a mobile station maintains communications with the Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC/BSC), when traveling from the coverage area of one base station to that of another
While in the Idle State Idle Handoff
Soft Handoff During a Call Softer Handoff CDMA-to-CDMA Hard Handoff CDMA-to-Analog Hard Handoff
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Figure 5-24 CDMA soft handoff mechanics
MTX
BSC
Sel.
BTS BTS
Handset RF
Rake Receiver PN Walsh PN PN Walsh Walsh Voice, Data, Messages Pilot Ec/Io
Searcher PN W=0
s CDMA soft handoff is driven by the handset Handset continuously checks available pilots Handset tells system pilots it currently sees System assigns sectors (up to 6 max.), tells handset Handset assigns its fingers accordingly All messages sent by dim-and-burst, no muting! s Each end of the link chooses what works best, on a frame-by-frame basis! Users are totally unaware of handoff
Soft handoff: This is a handoff in which the mobile station starts communications with a new base station without interrupting communications with the old one. Soft handoff can only be used between CDMA channels having identical frequency assignments. Soft handoff provides diversity of Forward and Reverse Traffic Channel paths on the boundaries between base stations. Soft handoff, in addition to reducing dropped calls, improves their quality. When the mobile station is in soft handoff, the two or three Forward Traffic Channels it receives contain identical modulation symbols with the exception of the power control subchannel. The mobile station provides diversity by combining these different Forward Traffic Channels. The requirements for a Soft Handoff are the following: all links must be on the same CDMA frequency all links must use the same traffic frame offset (frame staggering) participating BTSs must be connected to the same BSC
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Nortel Networks Confidential Figure 5-25 Softer handoff
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Handset
Rake Receiver PN Walsh Walsh Walsh Pilot Ec/Io Voice, Data, Messages
MTX
BSC
Sel.
BTS
RF
PN PN
Searcher PN W=0
s Each BTS sector has unique PN offset & pilot s Handset will ask for whatever pilots it wants s If multiple sectors of one BTS simultaneously serve a handset, this is called Softer Handoff s Handset is unaware, but softer handoff occurs in BTS in a single channel element s Handset can even use combination soft-softer handoff on multiple BTS & sectors
Softer handoff: This is a special case of soft handoff between two or three sectors of the same base station. The DMS-MTX is aware of the softer handoff but does not participate. All the activities are managed by the BTS.
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Figure 5-26 Overall handoff perspective
O verall Handoff Perspective s Soft & Softer Handoffs are the best but a handset can receive BTS/sectors sim ultaneously only on one frequency all involved BTS/sectors m ust connect to a single BSC (the BSC m ust choose packets each fram e) m ust be sam e on all BTS/sectors s If above not possible, handoff still can occur but will be hard like AMPS/TDM A/G SM intersystem handoff: hard change-of-frequency handoff: hard CDMA-to-AMPS handoff: hard, no handback auxiliary trigger m echanism s available
CDM A Technolog y Overview Febr uary, 2000 - Page 4-31
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Nortel Networks Confidential Figure 5-27 CDMA-to-CDMA hard handoff
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PSTN
PSTN
M TX
M TX
BSC
BSC
A ( 1 )
B ( 2 )
A ( 1 )
B ( 2 )
s Between cells operating on different frequencies
s Between cells with traffic channels whose frames are staggered differently
PSTN
MTX
MTX
BSC
BSC
s Between cells that could be on the same frequency and have the same frame alignment, but which are subordinated to different BSCs which are not interconnected. This type of hard handoff would become a soft handoff if the frames received at both cells could be delivered quickly to the same BSC for comparison, by interconnecting both BSCs with a high-speed link (see Inter BSC Soft Handoff / Inter System Soft Handoff)
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CDMA-to-CDMA hard handoff take place in any of the following situations: The mobile station is transitioning between two cells operating on different CDMA frequencies. The mobile station is transitioning between two cells operating on the same CDMA frequency but the traffic channels assigned in both cells have their frames aligned differently (different traffic frames staggering). The value of certain parameters defining the quality of the communication goes below configured thresholds and other predefined conditions are met (see Enhanced Hard Handoff triggers) The mobile station is transitioning between cells which are connected to different MSCs (MSC = DMS-MTX + BSC), whether in the same or in different CDMA systems (called inter- and intra-system handoffs respectively).
CDMA-to-CDMA hard handoffs take place in a break-before-make fashion, and typically take from 0.5 to 1 second to complete. The mobile station is unable to maintain continuous communications with an MSC. It must stop transmitting, adjust its parameters, and restart the transmission.
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Figure 5-28 Pilot detection trigger - CELL_PILOT_BEACON sectors

Handoff Trigger
BTS
BTS
The mobile station has no knowledge of the beacon sector concept. As far as the mobile station is concerned, a beacon sector is just the same as any other standard CDMA sector.
CELL_STANDARD
CELL_PILOT_BEACON
This trigger utilizes the existing soft handoff algorithm in the mobile station to facilitate the hard handoff. Certain pilots in the region where hard handoff is desired are identified as CELL_PILOT_BEACON in the Pilot Database of the SBS Controller The cell on the left serves the mobile station on frequency f1 The cell on the right operates in frequency f2 and has a Pilot Beacon Unit that generates a pilot on frequency f 1 (or this pilot is generated by a standard CDMA cell of an adjacent system/market) As the mobile station travels into the region in which hard handoff is desired, soft handoff processing is initiated when the mobile station reports to the network that the signal of the beacon cell is received with sufficient strength SBS software determines that the reported pilot corresponds to a beacon cell, and hard handoff processing commences
This trigger mechanism utilizes the existing soft handoff algorithm in the mobile station to facilitate hard handoffs. Certain pilots in the region in which hard handoff is desired are identified as pilot beacons in the Pilot Database on the SBS Controller. These pilot beacon could be generated by CDMA cells in an adjacent CDMA system/ market, or by a Pilot Beacon Unit. As the mobile station travels into the region in which hard handoff is desired, handoff processing is initiated when the mobile reports to the network that the signal strength of one of these beacon cells has risen above the T_ADD threshold, or exceeds the strength of a pilot in the Active Set by T_COMP. Notice the difference between pilot beacon and Pilot Beacon Unit: A pilot beacon is simply a cell/sector identified in the Pilot Database with a cell type of pilot beacon. Any pilot used to facilitate hard handoff, regardless of the source of this pilot, can be marked as a pilot beacon in the Pilot Database. A Pilot Beacon Unit is a piece of hardware used to generate a pilot signal. Finally, observe that the mobile station has no knowledge of the beacon cell concept (as far as the mobile station is concerned, the beacon cell is just a
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standard CDMA cell), and that any CDMA cell or any cell equipped with a Pilot Beacon Unit can be designated as a pilot beacon in the Pilot Database.
Figure 5-29 Hard handoff using Beacon Pilot sectors
Beacon Sector on 1
1
BEACON
Beacon Sector on 2
1 1 2
BEACON
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Nortel Networks Confidential Figure 5-30 Boundary sector trigger border cells
First-stage trigger
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BTS RTD
CELL_STANDARD
CELL_BORDER
Second-stage trigger
The mobile station has no knowledge of the border sector concept. As far as the mobile station is concerned, a border sector is just the same as any other standard CDMA sector.
s This is a two-stage trigger which indirectly utilizes the existing soft handoff algorithm in the mobile station to facilitate the hard handoff certain pilots in the region where hard handoff is desired are identified as
CELL_BORDER in the Pilot Database of the SBS Controller as the mobile station travels from left to right, it enters into handoff with both sectors and eventually ceases communication with the sector on the left (CELL_STANDARD) when the active set contains only sectors datafilled as CELL_BORDER, the first-stage trigger is met and the second-stage trigger is enabled the SBS starts monitoring the Round Trip Delay (RTD) of the signals between the mobile station and the base station from which it derives its time reference when the RTD exceeds a certain threshold, the second-stage trigger is met and handoff processing continues with the target selection activity
This is a two-stage trigger mechanism. The first-stage trigger occurs when the mobile indicates that all the strength of all the non-boundary pilots had fallen below T_DROP (and remained there for at least T_TDROP seconds). In other words, this trigger occurs when the mobile stations Active Set consists only of pilots from sectors marked as boundary sectors. This type of Active Set is known as a Boundary Active Set. When the mobile stations current Active Set is a Boundary Active Set, the second-stage trigger is enabled. Since soft handoff processing is independent of hard handoff processing, the mobile stations Active Set could change after the second-stage trigger has been enabled. If the mobile stations Active Set becomes a non-Boundary Active Set prior to the second-stage trigger occurring, the second-stage trigger is disabled. Unlike the Pilot Detection trigger, with the Boundary Sector trigger, target selection does not begin until this second-stage trigger occurs. When the second-stage trigger is enabled, the Round-Trip Delay (RTD) of communication with the mobile station is monitored by the SBS. The RTD measurement is used to estimate roughly the distance between the mobile station and the base station. Setting the RTD threshold to an adequate value
5-34
maximizes boundary sector coverage by preventing hard handoff until the mobile station is a certain distance from the base station. Only when the RTD exceeds a certain threshold (datafilled in the Pilot Database), does handoff processing continues with the target selection phase. The RTD threshold for each boundary sector must be determined through drive testing. It should be set such that the hard handoff can be completed while the mobile is still within the coverage of the boundary sector. Therefore, the RTD is different for different propagation environments and traffic speeds. Summarizing: the boundary sector hard handoff trigger is the state in which the mobile station is in communication only with cells whose pilots are designated as boundary pilots and the RTD of communications with the mobile station exceeds a certain threshold. Notice that for the Boundary Sector Trigger mechanism to work, both the boundary sectors and the sector/cells from where the mobile is exiting must be served by the same BSC. Notice also that this handoff trigger could fail to operate in certain environments. For instance, if a boundary sector has an Active Set which includes a pilot from a distant cell (due to some propagation anomaly), the boundary sector hard handoff trigger does not occur; the Active Set in this case is not a Boundary Active Set, although the mobile station is physically in a boundary sector. The mobile station will drag the boundary sector and runs the risk of dropping the call before a Boundary Active Set exists.
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Nortel Networks Confidential Figure 5-31 Hard handoff using border sectors
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Border Sector for 1
Border Sector for 2

1 1 2 2
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Figure 5-32 CDMA-to-analog handoff
s The mobile station is directed from a forward traffic channel to an analog voice channel s Radio link continuity is not maintained s Two types of handoff: Inter-system - occurs while the mobile station is traveling into another system that has no CDMA service Messaging will tell the mobile station to select AMPS Currently, the mobile station cannot handoff back from AMPS to CDMA (until the end of the call, when the mobile station reacquires the system) because the necessary signaling messages not supported) Intra-system - occurs while the mobile station is traveling within the system Load balancing Improve voice quality No CDMA service
CDMA-to-analog hard handoff: This is a handoff in which the mobile station is directed from the Forward Traffic Channel to an analog voice channel of the 800 MHz analog system. Intra-system CDMA-to-analog handoff In many cases, the CDMA network is installed over an existing AMPS cellular network. In such cases the CDMA cells/sectors are often overlaid on top of the AMPS cells/sectors. It is possible that under certain situations, the RF link quality of a call on the CDMA network may be unacceptable. To avoid a potential call drop, a handoff to the AMPS network is initiated. The AMPS network may be able to support the call, thus saving a call drop. This feature facilitates a handoff trigger, from CDMA to AMPS, if the RF link quality of the cell on CDMA falls below a certain threshold. In order for the handoff from CDMA 1900/800 MHz to 800 MHz AMPS to occur, the CDMA system should be overlayed on an existing AMPS system one-to-one. When one CDMA cell/sector overlays exactly one AMPS cell/ sector then it is referred to as one-to-one overlay, and this the target selection unambiguous.
5-37
Enhanced hard handoff triggers The Enhanced Hard Handoff is designed to be triggered under the following conditions: AMPS provides in-building coverage where CDMA may not. Holes in the core CDMA coverage As a result of getting off a highway and onto a side road which no longer has CDMA coverage Small Core Area with only a few CDMA cell sites
The CDMA cell is overlaying the AMPS cell. The CDMA sector in the region in which Hard Handoff is desired are identified as Link Quality sector in the Pilot Database. Initially the Mobile Station (MS) is communicating through a CDMA link, as the MS moves away from the CDMA cell site the RF link becomes too weak to support the communications at an acceptable level of quality. Threshold for certain quality-related parameters are set depending on the minimum link quality desired to maintain an acceptable voice quality. When this threshold is reached the call could potentially drop. To avoid a call drop, a link quality hard handoff (also called Enhanced Hard Handoff) is triggered. As a result a new communication path is established through an AMPS link, and the mobile is re-directed to that link using the existing hard handoff functionality. From this moment, and until the end of that call, the MS communicates with the AMPS cell site. If the CDMA link quality improves before the mobile is asked to switch over to the AMPS sector, the handoff is abandoned. This may be referred to as a handoff saved. The target AMPS system would time-out and release its resources that were set to receive the call if the handoff had occurred.
CDMA
Technology Overview
NBSS9.0
5-38
Exercise 5-1
Lesson Review
Answer the following questions and review your answers with the instructor. 1. What is the purpose of power control?
2. What is the ideal situation at the base station regarding power level of the received mobile station signals?
3. Define CDMA registration and explain its purpose.
4. Name the forms of registration, indicating whether they are autonomous or not.
5. Identify the cases of CDMA handoff that can occur when the mobile station is in the Traffic Channel State.
6. Identify the message sent by the mobile station to report the strength of the pilots it measures
Course 809A
Standard
04.02
October 2000
Family Product Manual Contacts Copyright Confidentiality Legal statements DocInfo
CDMA
Technology Overview
Student Guide
To order Wireless Solutions documentation, call 1-800-NTI-CARE (1-800-684-2273) To report a problem in Wireless Solutions documentation, call 1-800-NTI-CARE (1-800-684-2273) or send e-mail from the Wireless Solutions Training and Documentation World Wide Web site at http://www1.nortelnetworks.com/wireless/DocuTrain/ Copyright 19962000 Nortel Networks Corporation, All Rights Reserved
NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

The information contained herein is the property of Nortel Networks and is strictly confidential. Except as expressly authorized in writing by Nortel Networks, the holder shall keep all information contained herein confidential, shall disclose it only to its employees with a need to know, and shall protect it, in whole or in part, from disclosure and dissemination to third parties with the same degree of care it uses to protect its own confidential information, but with no less than reasonable care. Except as expressly authorized in writing by Nortel Networks, the holder is granted no rights to use the information contained herein. Information is subject to change without notice. Nortel Networks reserves the right to make changes in design or components as progress in engineering and manufacturing may warrant. * Nortel Networks, the Nortel Networks logo, the Globemark HOW the WORLD SHARES IDEAS, and Unified Networks are trademarks of Nortel Networks. Trademarks are acknowledged with an asterisk (*) at their first appearance in the document. Course number: Course 809A Product release: NBSS9.0 Document version: Standard 04.02 Date: October 2000 Printed in the United States of America

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Course 809A

Copyright Country of printing Confidentiality Legal statements Trademarks

Nortel Networks Confidential

Technology Overview Student Guide

Nortel Networks Confidential

For training purposes only

Nortel Networks Confidential

Lesson 1 CDMA basics

Lesson 2 Spectrum usage and system capacity

Lesson 3 CDMA forward channels

viii Contents Paging channels 3-41

Nortel Networks Confidential

Lesson 4 CDMA reverse channels

Lesson 5 Power control, registration, and handoffs

For training purposes only

Nortel Networks Confidential

About this course

Technology Overview Student Guide

About this course

Nortel Networks Confidential

For training purposes only

Nortel Networks Confidential

Lesson 1 CDMA basics

Nortel Networks Confidential

For training purposes only

Nortel Networks Confidential

Nortel Networks Confidential

Figure 1-1 Why CDMA?

C ode D ivision Multiple A ccess

CDMA is extremely robust and provides excellent audio quality

For training purposes only

Nortel Networks Confidential Figure 1-2 What is Multiple Access?

What is Multiple Access?

February, 2000 - Page 1-4

Nortel Networks Confidential

Figure 1-3 Multiple access technologies

Multiple Access Technologies

FDMA (Frequency Division Multiplex Access)

February, 2000 - Page 1-5

For training purposes only

Nortel Networks Confidential Figure 1-4 CDMA system components

Major subsystems of a CDMA system

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For training purposes only

Nortel Networks Confidential Figure 1-5 Defining our terms

Defining Our Terms

1.25 MHz Forward Link

CDMA Reverse Channel

CDMA Forward Channel

CDMA Technology Overview

February, 2000 - Page 1-6

Nortel Networks Confidential

Figure 1-6 CDMA is a spread-spectrum system

CDMA Is a Spread-Spectrum System

Fast Spreading Sequence

Fast Spreading Sequence

Spread Spectrum Payoff:

CDMA Technology Overview

Spread spectrum principles

For training purposes only

Nortel Networks Confidential

MAT HAM H MER

Power is Spread Over a Larger Bandwidth