SCIENTIFIC METHODS OF RESEARCH

Scientific methods of research are logical and rational order of steps by which scientists come to conclusion about the world around them. The scientific methods helps to organize thoughts and procedures, so scientists can be confident in the answers they find. The steps envolve in scientific methods are as following. 1 OBSERVATION 2 HYPOTHESIS 3 INDUCTION 4 DEDUCTION 5 EXPERIMENTATION 6 THEORY 7 LAW Now after the presentation of the steps envolve in scientific 1 OBSERVATION:This step is also called research, it is the first stage in understanding the problem you have chosen. After you decide on your area of science and the specific question you want to ask, you will need to research everything that you can find topic from your own experiences, books, internet or even from

observation such as hearing, smelling, tasteing and touch, observation can be qualitative and quantitative, quantitative observation are considered to be more accurate than qualitative ones, because the former are invariable and measurable and can be recordedin terms of numbers. Examples of qualitative and quantitative observation are as following {QUANLITATIVE OBSERVATIONS} 1: The freezing point of water is colder than the boiling point 2: A liter of water is heavier than liter of ethanol {QUANTITATIVE OBSERVATIONS} 1: The freezing point of water is 0 c and the boiling point of water is 100 c 2: A liter of water weighs 1000 grams and a liter of ethanol weighs 789 grams. It should be kept in view that obersvation includes reading and studying what others have done in the past, because sceientific knowledge is ever growing. 2 HYPOTHESIS: The next stage of the scientific method is known as hypothesis. This word basically means a possible solution to a problem, based on knowledge and

research. The hypothesis is a simple statement defines what you think of outcome of your experiment will be. All of the first stage of the scientific methods, the observation or research stage is designed to help you express a problem in a single question and purpose an answer to the question based on what you know. The experiment that you will design is done to test the hypothesis. To futher explain my point, I take the example of a biologist,a biologist organize his/her and others obervation into a data form and construct a statement that may prove to be the answer of the biological problem under study. It may be defined as a proposition that might be true. A hypothesis should have the following characteristics 1: It should be a general statement 2: It should be a tentative idea 3: It should agree with available observations 4: It should be testable and potentially falsifiable, in other words, there should be a way to show the hypothesis is false. A great deal of careful and creative thinking is necessary for the formulation of a hypothesis.

3 INDUCTION: Under this stage we accept things as they are presented, the example of which can be such that two atoms of hydrogen combine with one atom of oxygen to form water, we do not worry about how this thing has ought to have happened, we accept them as they are, because these are universal principles which can,t be challenged under any circumstances.

4 DEDUCTION: Under this stage we see that how a thing as ought to have a happen, under this stage we do reasoning regarding the topic of research, after arranging and considering our observations, we create a general principle to describe what happened, but more importantly explain why it has happened, for example if a person falls sick, when he will go to the doctor, the doctor will deduct that what kind of disease he is suffering from, this will be done with the help of tests. Deduction is a logical consequences of hypothesis, for this purpose , a hypothesis is taken as a true and expected results are drawn from it 5 EXPERIMENTATION: Experimentation is the fifth stage of the scientific process and is the most important one, because it is the part that test your hypothesis. An experiment is a tool that you

design to find out if your ideas about your topic are right or wrong, it is absolutely necessary to design a scientific fair experiment that will determine the accuracy of hypothesis. Its the logical process that lets scientist learn about the world, the performance of experiments tells us that whether the hypothesis is true or not, the deduction we have drawn from hypothesis are subjected to rigorous testing, through experimentations, the scientist learns that which hypothesis is correct, the incorrect hypothesis are rejected and the one which proves correct is accepted, an accepted hypothesis make further predictions that provide an important way to further test validity. 6 THEORY: A scientific theory summarizes a hypothesis or a group of hypothesis that have been supported with repeated testing, by which we mean experimentation, a theory is valid for so long as there is no evidence to dispute it, therefore, theories can be disproven, basically , if the evidence accumulates to support a hypothesis, then the hypothesis can become accepted as a good explanation of a phenomenon, one definition of the theory is to say its an accepted hypothesis. The example of which can be as that in june 30 1908 in Tunguska, Siberia there was an explosion equivalent to the detonation of about 15 million tons of TNT. Many hypothesis

have been proposed for what caused the explosion. It is theorized that the explosion was caused by a natural extraterrestrial phenomenon and was not caused by man, is this theory a fact? No. The event is a recorded fact ,is this theory generally accepted to be true, based on evidence to date? Yes. Can this theory be shown to be false and be discarded ? Yes, the reason behind the acceptance and rejection basis upon the evidence. 7 LAW: A law generalizes a body of observations, at the time it is made, no exceptions have been found in the law, scientific laws explains, scientific laws explain things, this is the final stage of the scientific methods, a theory which gives us same result on repeated experiments , can finally be transformed into a law, and that law would then be a universal law.