Additional Mathematics

Modules
Form 5
Topic:16
(Version 2010)

My

REALISATION
by

NgKL
(M.Ed.,B.Sc.Hons.Dip.Ed.,Dip.Edu.Mgt.,Cert.NPQH.)

16.1 POSITIVE & NEGATIVE ANGLES

(a) Positive angles angles measured in the anticlockwise direction

from the positive x-axis.

(b) Negative angles angles measured in the clockwise direction

from the positive x-axis. Exercise 16.1 Represent each of the following angles in a unit circle. Then, state (i) the quadrant in which the angles located, (ii) the corresponding acute angle. (a) 150o (b) 315o
(c) 225o

(d)

(e)

2 3

(f)

7 4

16.2 (A) THE SIX TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

y if r = 1, then sin = y r x (ii) cos = if r = 1, then cos = x r r y sin (iii)tan = = x x cos r 1 1 (iv) cosec = y if r = 1, then cosec = y = sin r 1 1 (v) sec = if r = 1, then sec = = x x cos

(i) sin =

(vi) cot = y = = tan sin

16.2 (B) COMPLEMENT ANGLES

cos

(i) sin = cos (90o ) (ii) cos = sin (90o ) (iii)tan = cot (90o ) (iv) cosec = sec (90o ) (v) sec = cosec (90o ) (vi) cot = tan (90o ) 16.2

(C) RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ANGLES > 90O AND ITS ACUTE ANGLES Quadra nt II Sine positive (180o )

90 o

Quadran tI All positive ( )

S T

A C

Quadra nt III Tangent positive ( 180o)

Quadra nt IV Cosine positive (360o )

Quadrant II: sin = sin (180o ) cos = cos (180o ) tan = tan (180o ) Quadrant III: sin ( 180o) = sin cos ( 180o) = cos o tan ( 180 ) = tan

Quadrant IV: sin = sin (360o ) cos = cos (360o ) tan = tan (360o ) Note: If is the corresponding acute angle in the quadrant, then angle in Quadrant III is (180 + ).

16.2 (D) SPECIAL ANGLES: ( 0O, 30O, 45O, 60O, 90O, 180O, 270O, 360O) sin 0O 0 30O 1 2 45O 60O 90O 1 180O 0 270O 1 360O 0

cos tan Exercise 16.2: 1.

1 0 1

1 2

1 0

1 0

Given that sin =

(a) cos

3 , find the value of each of the following 5 (b) cosec

(c) tan

(d) cot

2.

Given cos = p and 180o < < 270o, evaluate the following without using a calculator. (b) sec

(a) tan

(c) sin

(d) cosec

3.
o

Given that sin 55o = 0.8192, cos 20o = 0.9397,

tan 55 = 1.4281 and cot 20o = 2.7473, find the following trigonometric expressions without using a calculator. (a) cot 35o (b) tan 70o

(c) sin 70o

(d) cos 35o

4.

Convert the following trigonometric expression to their corresponding trigonometric expression in Quadrant I. Hence, evaluate their values. (b) cos 200o

(a) sin 120o

(b) tan ( 325o)

(d) cot 350o

(d) cosec

2 3

(e) sec (

5.

Without using calculator, find the value of the following. (b) cos 150o

(a) sin 330o

(c) tan ( 60o)

(d) cot 225o

(e) sec ( 240o)

(f) cosec 390o

6.

Solve the following trigonometric equation for 0o < < 360o. (b) sec = 2

(a) sin = 0.6428

(c) cos

1 = 0.6690 2

(d) tan

1 = 0.25 2

(e) cosec 2 = 2.3662

(f) cot 2 = sin 36o

(g) sin ( + 30o) = 0.3566

(h) tan (2 90o) = 0.8300

7. Find all possible values of x for 0o < x < 360o without using calculator. (a) tan x = cot 46o (b) cos x = sin ( 53o)

(c) sec x = cosec 35o 22

(d) cosec x = sec 82o 15

8. Find all possible values of x for 0o < x < 360o without using calculator. (a) cos x + 3 sin x cos x = 0 (b) 3 sin x = 4 sin2 x

(c) 2 ( sin x cos x ) = 5 cos x

(d) 2 tan x = 7 cot x

16.3 GRAPH OF SINE, COSINE AND TANGENT FUNCTIONS (A) The Basic Graph of Sine x (in radian) y = sin x y 1 0 0

2
1

3 2 -1

2 0

0 0 1

3 2

(B) The Basic Graph of Cosine x (in degree) y = cos x y 0o 0 90o 1 180o 0 270o -1 360o 0

0 0 1

90

180

270

360

(B) The Basic Graph of Tangent

x (in degree) y = tan x 0o 0 45o 1 90o 135o 1 180o 0 225o 1 270o 315o 1 360o 0

0 0 o

90

180

270

360

Exercise 16.3: 1. Complete the table below and sketch the graph of y = sin 2x for 0 < x < 2

2. Complete the table below and sketch the graph of y = 2 cos 2x for 0o < x < 360o y

2 3. Complete the table below and sketch the graph of y = tan 2x for 0o < x < 180o y

0 0 o

45o

90o

135o

180o

4. Complete the table below and sketch the graph of y = 3 sin x

10

for 0o < x < 360o y

3 5. Complete the table below and sketch the graph of y = 2 sin x for 0o x 360o y

2 6. Complete the table below and sketch the graph of y = 2 cos x + 1 for 0o x 360o y

11

7. Complete the table below and sketch the graph of y = sin 2x 1 for 0o x 180o y

2 1 0 1 2 Exercise 16.4 : Problem Solving of Trigonometric Functions 1. x on the 2 same axes. Hence determine the number of solutions for x between 0 and x 2 which satisfy the equation 2 cos x = . 2 Sketch the graphs of y = 2 cos x for 0 x 2 and y = x y 0 x

12

Number of solutions =

2.

Sketch the graphs of y = tan x for 0 x 2 and y = 1 same axes. Hence 2 which satisfy the

2x on the 3 determine the number of solutions for x between 0 and 2x 3

equation tan x = 1 x y 0

1 0 x

13

Number of solutions = 3x on 2 the same axes. Hence determine the number of solutions for x between 0 3x and 2 which satisfy the equation 4 sin 2x = 1 . 2 Sketch the graphs of y = 4 sin 2x for 0 x 2 and y = 1 x y 0

3.

14

Number of solutions = 16.4 BASIC IDENTITIES The 3 basic identities: sin2 x + cos2 x = 1 1 + tan2 x = sec2 x 1 + cot2 x = cosec2 x 16.5 ADDITION FORMULAE sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B sin (A B) = sin A cos B cos A sin B sin (A B) = sin A cos B cos A sin B cos (A + B) = cos A cos B sin A sin B cos (A B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B cos (A B) = cos A cos B sin A sin B

tan (A + B) = tan (A B) =

tan A + tan B 1 tan A tan B tan A tan B 1 + tan A tan B

tan (A B) =

tan A tan B 1 tan A tan B

15

16.6 DOUBLE ANGLE FORMULAE

sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A cos 2A = cos2A sin2A Applying identity cos2 A + sin2 A = 1, then, cos 2A = 2 cos2 A 1 cos 2A = 1 2 sin2 A 2 tan A 1 tan 2 A

tan 2A =

Note: Similarly, the formulae can be apply to create HALF-ANGLE FORMULAE or other Addition Angle. Exercise 16.4: 1. Prove the following identities; (b) cos4 x sin4 x = 1 2 sin2 x

(a) cot x + tan x = cosec x sec x

(c)

1 1 + tan 2

= cos

(d)

1 + sin cos + = 2 sec cos 1 + sin

16

(e) sec + cosec = sec cosec

2 2 2

(e)

1 tan 2 x = 2 cos 2 x 1 1 + tan 2 x

2.

Solve the following trigonometric equations for 0 x 360o; (b) 3 sin2 x 5 cos x 1 = 0

(a) 6 cos2 x sin x 5 = 0

(c) tan2 x sec x = 1

(d) 3 cosec x + 9 = cot2 x

17

(e) 3 sin x + 2 = cosec x

(f)

tan x + 1 = 2 cot x

Exercise 16.5: 1. Without using a calculator, find the value for the following trigonometric expression. (b) tan 15o tan 84 o tan 54 o (d) 1 + tan 84 o tan 54 o

(a) sin 21o cos 24o + cos 21o sin 24o (c) cos 200o cos 65o sin 200o sin 65o

(e) 2 cos2 22.5o 1

sin 75o

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2.

Given cos 2A =

1 and A is an acute angle. Determine the value of; 4 (b) cos A

(a) cos 4A

(c) sin A

tan A

3.

Find all the values of x which satisfy the following trigonometric equations for 0o x 360o 3 tan x = 2 sin 2x

(a) cos 2x 3 sin x + 1 = 0

19

(c) cos 2x + cos2 x = 2 cos x

3 cos 2x + cos x 2 = 0

(e) 5 sin2 x = 5 sin 2x

(f) tan 2x = 4 cot x

(g) 1 (+ sin x)(3 + sin x) = 2 cos2 x

(h)

4 + 3 cos x = cos 2x sec 2 x

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PAST YEAR SPM QUESTIONS PAPER 1 /2009:

16. Solve the equation 3sin x cos x cos x = 0 for 0o x 360o.

[3 marks]

PAPER 1 /2008:

17. Given that sin = p, where p is a constant and 90o x 180o. Find
in terms of p: (a) cosec , (b) sin 2. [3 marks]

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PAPER 1 /2007:

18. Solve the equation cot x + 2cos x = 0 for 0o x 360o.

[4 marks]

PAPER 1 / 2006: Solve the equation 15 sin2 x = sin x + 4 sin 30o for 0o x 360o. [4 marks]

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PAPER 1 / 2005: 17. Solve the equation 3 cos 2x = 8 sin x 5 for 0o x 360o. [4 marks]

PAPER 1 / 2004: 18. Solve the equation cos2 x sin2 x = sin x for 0o x 360o. [4 marks]

PAPER 1 / 2003: 20. Given that tan = t, 0 < < 90o, express, in terms of t;

(a) cot (b) sin (90 )

[3 marks]

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PAPER 2 / 2003 / SECTION B: 8. (a) Prove that tan + cot = 2 cosec 2 [4 marks] 3 (b) (i) Sketch the graph of y = 2 cos x for 0 x 2. 2 (ii) Find the equation of a suitable straight line for solving the equation 3 3 x 1 . Hence, using the same axes, sketch the straight cos x = 2 4 line and state the number of solutions for the equation 3 3 cos x = x 1 for 0 x 2. [6 marks] 2 4

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PAPER 2 / 2004 / SECTION A: 3. (a) Sketch the graph of y = cos 2x for 0o x 180o. [3 marks]

(b) Hence, by drawing a suitable straight line on the same axes, find the x number of solutions satisfying the equation 2 sin2 x = 2 for 180 0o x 180o. [3marks]

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PAPER 2 / 2005 / SECTION A: 5. (a) Prove that cosec2 x 2 sin2 x cot2 x = cos 2x. [2 marks]

(b) (i) Sketch the graph of y = cos 2x for 0 x 2. (ii) Hence, using the same axes, draw a suitable straight line to find the number of solutions to the equation x 3(cosec2 x 2 sin2 x cot2 x) = 1 for 0 x 2. State the number of solutions. [6 marks]

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PAPER 2 / 2006 / SECTION A: 4. (a) Sketch the graph of y = 2 cos 2x for 0 x 2. [4 marks]

(b) Hence, using the same axis, sketch a suitable graph to find the number of solutions to the equation

+ 2 cos x = 0 for 0 x 2. x

State the number of solutions.

[3 marks]

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PAPER 2 / 2007 / SECTION A: 3. (a) Sketch the graph of y = |3cos 2x | for 0 x 2. [4 marks]

(b) Hence, using the same axis, sketch a suitable graph to find the number of solutions to the equation 2 - |3cos 2x | = State the number of solutions.

x for 0 x 2. 2

[3 marks]

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PAPER 2 / 2008 / SECTION A: 4. (a) Prove that 2 tan x = tan 2 x 2 2 sec x [2 marks]

(b) (i) Sketch the graph of y = tan 2x for 0 x . (ii) Hence, using the same axis, sketch a suitable graph to find the 3x 2 tan x + = 0 for number of solutions to the equation 2 2 sec x 0 x . State the number of solutions. [6 marks]

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PAPER 2 / 2009 / SECTION A: 4. (a) Sketch the graph of y = 3 2 cos 2x for 0 x 3 2 . [3 marks]

(b) Hence, using the same axis, sketch a suitable straight line to find the 4 3 3 number of solutions to the equation x cos 2 x = for 0 x . 3 2 2 State the number of solutions. [3 marks]

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